Brief Introduction

Guandu Jingang Pagoda is located in Guandu Township of Kunming City. Guandu Old Town is usually recognizable by Jingang Pagoda in front of Miaozhan Temple. Sponsored by Luo Gui, a eunuch who garrisoned in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, it was constructed in 1457. (“Jingang” is a kind of pagoda construction style originating from India. Buddhist pagodas designed in this style usually comprise two parts: the pedestal and the major part. The pedestal surface appears rectangle or square while the major part turns out to be a big pagoda surrounded by four small ones)

The pagoda is said to be erected to vanquish a devastating devil locally called “Luo Si Guai” (Devil Conch). As the core of the architecture complex of Guandu Old Town, Jingang Pagoda appears to be the oldest of its kind in China.

The Structure of Jingang Pagoda

Jingang Pagoda is composed of the pedestal and the major part. The surface of the pedestal is 10.4 meters wide and long, and 4.7 meters high; its base is hollow and has four gates spacious enough for vehicles to pass through. The major part of the pagoda is five pagodas the biggest of which is as tall as 16 meters and the small four ones all measure 8.84 meters high.

What to Do here?

1. Exploring Buddhism Culture

This temple management takeover attracted its share of criticism for commercializing Buddhism, but on a recent visit we found that Guandu Shaolin Temple felt more cared-for than when it was Miaozhan Temple. 

2. Studying Kung Fu

We sat down for a cup of tea and a chat with Yan Bei (延贝), the head monk from the Shaolin delegation, who told us that we could study Kung Fu for US$500 per week or US$10,000 per year, not including room and board. Not cheap, but probably worth it for martial arts enthusiasts who would rather learn Shaolin Kung Fu in sunny Yunnan than crowded and polluted Henan.

3. Tasting Local Foods

The majority of interesting things to do and see in Guandu Old Town is located south of Vajra Pagoda. A designated food street on the old town’s east side offers a wide selection of local eats including Rice Noodle(米线), Ersi (饵丝), Shao Erkuai (烧饵块), Yellow Pot Chicken, Stinky Tofu and Barbecued Chicken Feet, as well as food from further afield such as Western Yunnan and Burmese food at Ah Bo’s Burmese Cuisine or Kaili-style Sour Soup Chicken (suantang ji, 酸汤鸡).

4. Watching Kunming Opera

The old town is also home to one of the few places keeping the dying tradition of Kunming Opera (滇剧) alive. Gudu Liyuan Theater (古渡梨园) where the high-pitched singing in local dialect – Guandu’s Kunming dialect is considered the most “authentic” in the city – is accompanied by a small orchestra just offstage.

Nearby Atrractions

Major sights of Guandu Old Town can be briefed as “six temples, seven pavilions and eight shrines”, among which the earliest are Tuzhu Temple and Fading Temple.

1. Miaozhan Temple -the No. 1 of the six temples

Miaozhan Temple was first constructed in the 27th year (1290) of Zhiyuan Period of the Yuan Dynasty but was damaged by floods. It was reconstructed and shifted to the present site in 1325. There used to be two 13-storeyed dense-eave and solid pagodas of which the west one has been brought down by earthquake.

One can see a plaque inscribed with “Shao Lin Si” (Shaolin Temple). In 2008, Guandu District of Kunming and Shaolin Temple based in Songshan Mountain in Henan Province signed an agreement, according to which the latter is entitled to take over for 20 years Miaozhan Temple, Tuzhu Temple, Fa’ding Temple and Guanyin Temple in Guandu Old Town. Master Shi Yongxin, the Buddhist Abbot of Shaolin Temple, showed up to attend the opening ceremony of “Guandu Shaolin Temple”.

2. Fading Temple 

Originally erected in the Nanzhao Kingdom Period (around 756), Fading Temple underwent renovation in the 21st year of Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty. It covers an area of about 2,500 square meters, consisting of the Main Hall, the Side Halls, the Wing Rooms and the Gate etc. Being a column-and-tie wooden structure (Chuan Dou Shi), the main hall used to be the shrine of Mahakaya. The side halls and wing rooms are shrines of Buddhist and Taoist deities such as Goddess of Mercy, God of Fortune and Yuewang King (namely Mr. Yue Fei, a brave general in the Song Dynasty).

3. Tuzhu Temple

Originally erected in the Nanzhao Kingdom Period (738-937), Tuzhu Temple covers an area of more than 5,000 square meters and serves as the shrine for Deity Mahakaya (Da Hei Tian Shen)-a protector of the Nanzhao Kingdom. Mahakaya was in fact Siva in Brahmanism in Ancient India. After converting into Buddhism, he became a Buddhist guardian. When Buddhism was introduced into the Nanzhao Kingdom (Dali Area) from Tianzhu (Ancient India), he was enshrined as a “patron god” (Tuzhu) by locals of Dali.

Best Time to Visit Jingang Pagoda

Kunming do not have harsh winter nor hot temple, and is reputed as “Spring City. ” Belonging to the humid temperate type plateau monsoon climate, the average temperature of a year here is around 15℃. With the title of City of Eternal Spring, Kunming is a destination suitable for travelling throughout the whole year. However, the best time to visit Kunming is from March to October. One can find a lot of Yunnan ethnic celebrations during these times in addition to many fruits and blossoms within this period of time. Because of this, visiting within this time will take you the most enjoyment and delight.

How to Get there?

By Bus

You can take bus No.31 in the railway station to Guandu Ancient Town, or taking bus No.165, 169, 174, 185, 908, Kunming C74, and K15 to there.

Cycling

Cycling to Guandu Old Town is easy: simply get on Qingnian Lu, ride south until Guangfu Lu and head east until reaching the intersection with 043 County Road/Baoguan Lu, following the brown bilingual signs.

By Taxi

 A taxi to or from the city center will run around 40 yuan and is not advised during rush hour.

Travel tips

(1)Nearby: Kunming Luosiwan International Trade City;
(2)Hotels: Hotels available in the Old Town; or you can get back to Kunming downtown the same day;
(3)Food: Eateries and restaurants to suite all wallets there; local delicacies (snacks) are Guandu Baba (pancakes) and Er’kuai rice cakes etc;
(4)Folk Customs: You can choose to experience Guandu Temple Fair held during the Spring Festival; to see how traditional Er’kuai is made in workshops; to see Huadeng Opera and intangible cultural heritage facts etc.
(5)Climate: There is stronger sunlight during the daytime in Kunming, tourists have better take along sunscreen and sunglasses. Also people should drink more water and eat more fruit to prevent dehydration. Kunming has a saying of “Wearing the same in the four seasons” which means that Kunming has the two extremes that the seasonal variation of four seasons are change little or unable to distinguish the four seasons are the wearing characteristics of Kunming. So you can see different season clothing in the street;

Why is Miaozhan Temple so special?

Kunming Shaolin Temple also named Miaozhan Temple (昆明官渡区妙湛寺/少林寺)) is known around the world about the rich culture of Chan (Meditation and Buddhist studies), Wu (Martial Arts) and Yi (Chinese Traditional Medicine). You will train with authentic Shaolin Warrior Monks who will teach you a variety of Shaolin style forms, applications and underline basics of Kung Fu. Apart of Kung Fu, you will also be able to learn in a fully immersed environment Chinese Culture such Buddhism, Chinese Traditional Medicine, Chinese Mandarin, Calligraphy so on.

Introduction

Shaolin Temple in Yunnan is the main branch for South of China Kung Fu training. As a further development we have in plan to open a new Shaolin International Cultural Center within 1 year in Shilin (Stone Forest – First Wonder of the World) : Yunnan Shilin Shaolin Cultural Center. We are currently in developmental expansion phase for Shaolin Temple in several locations therefore we will be able to offer our students a much richer experience in training Kung Fu while experiencing first hand the Chinese Culture and Traditions.

History and Culture of Shaolin Temple

Shaolin Temple was founded in the 20th year (496) of the Taihe reign of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). It was named Shaolin Temple because it is situated in the heart of Songshan Mountain, the middle one of Five Famous Mountains in China, and within dense woods at the foot of Shaoshi Mountain. It is said that this temple was built by Yuanhong (Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty) for the purpose of accommodating Buddha, an Indian monk who came to China to disseminate Buddhist doctrines. Afterwards, Bodhidhama, the founder of the Chan Sect in China, came to Songshan Mountain via Guangzhou City and Nanjing City by sea. In Shaolin Temple, he widely recruited disciples, and carried forward Buddhist doctrines. Since then, the status of Shaolin Temple as the Chan Sect’s birthplace has been established.

Temple Management 

Shaolin Temple (少林寺), the famed temple in Henan province where kung fu is said to have been invented, is going into the temple management business, starting in Kunming.

The temple’s abbot Shi Yongxin (释永信) signed an agreement earlier this week with Kunming’s Guandu district to take over management of four ancient temples in Kunming: Miaozhan Temple (妙湛寺), Tuzhu Temple (土主庙), Fading Temple (法定寺), and Guanyin Temple (观音寺).

According to Kunming media reports, this new ‘Yunnan Shaolin’ is expected to serve as a platform through which the temple will transmit ‘Shaolin Culture’ to South and Southeast Asia. Ten monks from Shaolin Temple will be dispatched to the four Kunming temples, where they will manage business with the goal of attracting tourists.

The reported terms of the 20-year agreement between Shaolin Temple and the Guandu district are for Shaolin to take over management of the four Kunming temples in exchange for all the profits generated by the temples via ticket sales, sales of religious paraphernalia, religious texts and any donations made by visitors.

Eric Mu at Danwei explains that Shaolin’s Shi is facing growing criticism for his business-oriented approach to running the temple.

Shaolin Kung Fu

Shaolin Kung Fu is well known at home and abroad. The original purpose of Shaolin Kung Fu was to keep healthy, treat illnesses, for self-defense and to safeguard ancient temples. It boasts diversified patterns, plain forms, and emphasizes inner peace and external strength. Its essence is to be able to store strength and release the conserved energy. Shaolin Kung Fu is comprised of shadowboxing, armed combat, free combat, hitting vital points, and grappling. Shaolin Kung fu became popular in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and soon grew stronger by absorbing the techniques from many schools. It became the largest school of martial arts in China with branches all over the country.

How to Get there?

By Bus

You can take bus No.K42, 908, K15, 165 and get off at Guandu Old Town Station. Then walk for 15 minutes to Shaolin Temple.

By Taxi 

It takes tourists about 40 minutes to Shaolin Temple from downtown of Kunming by taxi.

Caoxi Temple (曹溪寺) is located in the northwest of Anning City (安宁市), Kunming (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was originally built during the Song Dynasty (宋朝) and was reconstructed in an ancient style during the Guangxu era of the Qing Dynasty (清光绪, 1875–1908).

Architectural Layout

Caoxi Temple sits facing east, following a traditional temple layout that ascends the mountainside with tiered steps. The symmetrical arrangement includes a mountain gate, the Weituo Hall (韦驮殿), the Main Hall (大殿), and the Back Hall (后殿). To the sides, there are the Bell Tower (钟楼), Drum Tower (鼓楼), Zen rooms (禅房), and guest halls (客堂).

The Main Hall features a double-eaved hip roof, measuring five bays wide (12.3 meters) and five bays deep (11 meters), constructed in a bracket structure style. The eaves exhibit a sturdy, spacious design characteristic of the Song Dynasty (宋代). The outer eaves are adorned with cross-braces, while the inner lower eaves showcase a five-section heavy arch.

The temple houses various cultural relics, including a wooden sculpture from the Southern Song Dynasty (南宋) depicting the Three Saints of Nanhai (南海三圣像: Guanyin (观音), Wenshu (文殊), and Puxian (普贤菩萨)), a Ming Dynasty (明代) sculpture of the Three Saints of the Western Paradise (西方三圣像: Amitabha (阿弥陀佛), Guanyin, and Da Shizhi (大势至菩萨)), and bronze statues from the Qing Dynasty (清代) of Mahakala (大黑天) and the Three Saints of Nanhai.

Additionally, the temple features inscriptions by prominent scholars, such as Yang Shen (杨慎), a top scholar of the late Ming Dynasty, and Fan Chengxun (范承勋), a governor of Yunnan and Guizhou during the Kangxi era of the Qing Dynasty (清康熙, 1662–1722). These inscriptions are known for their elegant language and exquisite calligraphy.

Historical Background

Caoxi Temple was initially built during the Song Dynasty. The temple has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt, suffering damage during the Tongzhi era (同治, 1869) due to warfare. It was reconstructed in an ancient style during the Guangxu era (1875–1908).

Cultural Heritage

On the back wall of the Back Hall, there is a “Three Uniques Stele” (三绝碑) dated to the twelfth year of the Jiajing era (嘉靖十二年, 1533). The stele, titled “Record of the Reconstruction of Caoxi Temple” (重修曹溪寺记), was composed by Yang Shen and features the running script of the famous Tang Dynasty (唐代) calligrapher Li Yong (李邕). This stele is praised for its literary quality, calligraphy, and craftsmanship.

Within the temple grounds, there are also remnants of a red plum tree (红梅) and plants from the Yuan Dynasty (元代), which, after being damaged during warfare in the late Ming period, sprouted anew in the early Qing Dynasty (清初). To the north of the temple lies the Golden Toad Sacred Spring (金蟾圣泉), also known as the Holy Water of San Tide (三潮圣水). The temple features numerous inscriptions from the Ming and Qing periods, including a large inscription of “Pine Wind and Water Moon” (松风水月) penned by Emperor Chongzhen (崇祯).

Unique Features

Generally, in most Buddhist temples, the statue of Maitreya (弥勒) is positioned behind a statue of Weituo (韦驮). However, in Caoxi Temple, the statue of Guanyin is placed behind the Maitreya statue. This unusual arrangement is said to be due to a leaking hexagonal pavilion that originally housed the Guanyin statue. To protect the clay Guanyin statue, it was moved to the Weituo’s position, while the bronze Weituo was relocated to the pavilion.

Another account suggests that since the bronze Weituo statue is more valuable than the clay Guanyin, the monks feared it might be stolen and decided to keep it inside the hexagonal pavilion, while the clay Guanyin was placed in the outer Heavenly King Hall (天王殿).

Pathways and Buddhist Statues

To reach the inner courtyard, visitors can ascend along two pathways flanking the sides, where twelve Buddha statues are arranged against the walls. When combined with the thousand-handed and thousand-eyed Guanyin statue from the hexagonal pavilion, they collectively represent the Twenty-Five Universal Bodhisattvas (二十五圆通). Here, “圆” symbolizes the fulfillment of enlightenment, while “通” represents a thorough understanding of the Dao. These bodhisattvas exemplify the ideals of complete awakening and realization, transcending ordinary human achievement.

Conservation Efforts

On May 25, 2006, Caoxi Temple was officially designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit (第六批全国重点文物保护单位) by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院).

Visitor Information

Address

Caoxi Temple is located in the northwest of Anning City (安宁市), Kunming (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省).

Transportation

By Public Transport: Take bus No. 18 from the Kunming Bus Company’s fifth company yard in the city center to the terminal stop.

By Car: Drive along the Kunming Ring Road (G56-X) to the hot spring exit or take the Hangu Highway (G56) to the Anning exit. It takes about one hour to reach the temple.

Overview of Longquan Taoist Temple

Longquan Taoist Temple (龙泉观) is a historic Taoist temple located at the foot of Longquan Mountain (龙泉山), about 12 kilometers north of Kunming City, Yunnan Province. The temple’s history dates back to the Hongwu Era in 1395 during the Ming Dynasty. According to the “Record of Longquan Mountain Taoist Monastery” (《龙泉山道院记》), the temple was constructed on the orders of Mu Ying (沐英), the Duke of Xiping. He chose the elevated terrain for the temple and appointed the Taoist priest Xu Rixian (徐日暹) as its head. Later, the renowned Taoist master Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然), also known as Changchun Zhenren (长春真人), came to Yunnan and stayed at Longquan Temple to promote Taoist teachings.

During the Qing Dynasty, the temple underwent several major renovations. Under the reign of Emperor Kangxi, high-ranking officials such as Fan Chengxun (范承勋), the Governor of Yunnan-Guizhou, Wang Jiwen (王继文), the Provincial Governor, and Xu Hongxun (许弘勋), the Provincial Judicial Commissioner, oversaw the temple’s restoration. Later, during the reign of Emperor Guangxu, additional repairs were carried out by the Governor Cen Yuying (岑毓英) and Provincial Governor Du Ruilian (杜瑞联).

The temple complex includes several notable halls, such as the Patriarch Hall (祖师殿), dedicated to Bai Yuchan (白玉蟾), the Hall of the Northern Pole (北极殿), the Thunder God Hall (雷神殿), the Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿), the Jade Emperor Pavilion (玉皇阁), and the Doumu Pavilion (斗姥阁).

Notable Features of Longquan Taoist Temple

One of the most remarkable features of Longquan Temple is its collection of ancient trees, which include the Tang Dynasty plum trees (唐梅), Song Dynasty cypresses (宋柏), Yuan Dynasty fir trees (元杉), and Ming Dynasty tea trees (明茶). These trees reflect the long history of the temple and its surroundings.

Another notable artifact is a bronze cauldron weighing over 2,000 jin (about 1,200 kilograms), cast during the Daoguang Era of the Qing Dynasty. The temple also houses a pavilion containing over 20 stone steles from the Ming Dynasty onward. Some of the most famous inscriptions include the “Tang Mei Stele” (唐梅碑) by Li Shiyao (李侍尧) from Korea, the “Biography of Zhang Sanfeng” Stele (张三丰行状碑), and the “Talisman Stele” (符箓碑) by Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然). These inscriptions are precious historical records and offer a glimpse into the rich cultural and religious heritage of Longquan Temple.

Key Details

• Name: Longquan Taoist Temple (龙泉观)
• Location: 12 km north of Kunming, at the foot of Longquan Mountain (龙泉山)
• Built: 1395, Hongwu Era of the Ming Dynasty
• Founder: Mu Ying (沐英), Duke of Xiping
• Significant Figures: Xu Rixian (徐日暹), Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然), Fan Chengxun (范承勋), Wang Jiwen (王继文), Cen Yuying (岑毓英), Du Ruilian (杜瑞联)

Attractions Within the Temple

Historical Halls and Pavilions

• Patriarch Hall (祖师殿): Dedicated to Bai Yuchan (白玉蟾), a renowned Taoist figure.
• Hall of the Northern Pole (北极殿): Dedicated to the god of the North Star.
• Thunder God Hall (雷神殿): Honors the Thunder God, an important figure in Taoist mythology.
• Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿): Devoted to the Three Pure Ones, the highest deities in Taoism.
• Jade Emperor Pavilion (玉皇阁): Dedicated to the Jade Emperor, the ruler of heaven in Taoism.
• Doumu Pavilion (斗姥阁): Honors Doumu, a goddess in Taoism associated with the stars.

Ancient Trees and Artifacts

• Ancient Trees: Tang Dynasty plum trees, Song Dynasty cypresses, Yuan Dynasty fir trees, and Ming Dynasty tea trees are all part of the temple grounds.
• Bronze Cauldron: A 2,000-jin bronze cauldron cast during the Daoguang Era, a rare and impressive artifact.
• Stele Pavilion: Houses over 20 steles from various periods, including:
  • “Tang Mei Stele” (唐梅碑) by Li Shiyao (李侍尧)
  • “Biography of Zhang Sanfeng” Stele (张三丰行状碑)
  • “Talisman Stele” (符箓碑) by Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然)

Travel Information

How to Get There

• Address: South gate of Heilongtan Park (黑龙潭公园), 100 meters from the entrance, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province
• Public Transportation: Take bus routes 9 or 79 and get off at Ganxiusuo Station (干休所站).

Temple Highlights

Longquan Temple is recognized as the oldest Taoist temple in central Yunnan, known as the “First Ancient Shrine of Central Yunnan.” The temple is built along the mountain’s natural terrain, with each hall carefully integrated into the landscape. From the majestic Ziji Xuandu Gate (紫极玄都山门) to the sacred Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿), every corner of the temple reflects the profound cultural and spiritual essence of Taoism. The temple’s rich history and stunning architecture make it a must-see destination for anyone visiting Kunming.

Overview of Fading Temple

Fading Temple (法定寺) is situated in the southeastern outskirts of Kunming, within the historic Guandu Old Town (官渡古镇). Built during the Dali Kingdom by the Gao family (高氏), it became an important center for the development of Tantric Buddhism in the region. The temple also served as a significant educational institution at the time. The area is lush with trees, giving it a serene atmosphere, which earned the site the poetic name “Luofeng Diecui” (螺峰叠翠), meaning “Layered Green Peaks.” It is one of the famous attractions in Guandu.

Although the temple is not large in scale, its architecture is notably tall. The main structure of Fading Temple is unique for its use of 45-degree wing-shaped dougong brackets, which are richly decorative. The front eaves are ornately adorned, with a double phoenix motif carved beneath the central eave, symbolizing the rising sun. The eave columns are topped with wooden carvings of qilin (麒麟), a mythical creature, and the ends of the roof beams are carved into lively phoenix shapes. These features retain the style of Song Dynasty architecture, making the temple a valuable example of ancient architectural artistry.

Key Details

• Name: Fading Temple (法定寺)
• Location: Guandu Old Town, southeastern outskirts of Kunming
• Architectural Style: Song Dynasty characteristics
• Main Attractions: “Luofeng Diecui” (螺峰叠翠) scenic view, ornate eave decorations, Song Dynasty-style dougong brackets

Temple’s Significance

In 2008, Fading Temple, along with three other temples in Kunming—Tuzhu Temple (土主寺), Miaozhan Temple (妙湛寺), and Guanyin Temple (观音寺)—signed an agreement with Shaolin Temple (少林寺). According to this agreement, Shaolin Temple would send a group of monks to manage these temples following Shaolin’s management principles, which emphasize culture, education, regional ties, charity, and the integration of Zen and martial arts. Abbot Shi Yongxin (释永信) of Shaolin Temple noted that this collaboration would bring spiritual and cultural enrichment to the local area, increase the temple’s prominence, and attract more visitors.

Important Individuals

• Abbot of Fading Temple: Shi Yongxin (释永信)
• Signatory on behalf of Guandu District: Liu Yuejin (刘跃进), the District Mayor of Guandu

By maintaining Shaolin’s management philosophy, Fading Temple and its counterparts have grown in both cultural and spiritual significance, drawing a larger following and further enriching Kunming’s religious landscape.

he Tomb and Ancestral Shrine of Lan Mao (兰茂墓及兰公祠) is located in Nanjie Village, Laocheng Village Committee, Yanglin Town, Songming County, Kunming, Yunnan Province. This historical site honors the famous Ming Dynasty phonologist and physician, Lan Mao (兰茂) (1397–1470). It stands as a significant cultural and historical landmark in the region.

Historical Overview

Lan Mao’s Contributions

Lan Mao was renowned during the Ming Dynasty for his advancements in phonology and medicine. His contributions to traditional Chinese medicine and linguistic studies have left a lasting legacy, making him a celebrated figure in Yunnan’s history.

Construction of the Shrine

The Ancestral Shrine of Lan Mao (兰公祠) is divided into three parts: the front courtyard, the shrine hall, and the rear courtyard. The shrine was originally built in 1470, shortly after Lan Mao’s death. Throughout the centuries, it has been restored and renovated several times. During the Republic of China period, it was reconstructed into a siheyuan (四合院) courtyard-style complex, comprising a main hall, east and west wing rooms, and a gate tower. In 1988, the provincial, municipal, and county governments invested 122,000 yuan to rebuild the shrine on its original site, maintaining its historical appearance.

The Tomb of Lan Mao

The Tomb of Lan Mao (兰茂墓) is located in the rear courtyard of the ancestral shrine. It is a circular earthen mound with a curved stone structure. The tomb has a diameter of 4.7 meters and stands 2 meters high. The tombstone features an inscription authored by Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷), a prominent scholar.

Lan Mao Memorial Museum

In 1985, the Lan Mao Memorial Museum (兰茂纪念馆) was established within the ancestral shrine complex. The museum collects and organizes a wealth of academic materials related to Lan Mao’s life and work. It includes three exhibition rooms dedicated to his biography, offering visitors an in-depth look at his contributions to phonology and medicine.

Cultural and Historical Significance

In 1983, the site of Lan Mao’s tomb and ancestral shrine was officially listed as part of the second batch of provincial-level key cultural relics protection units in Yunnan Province. Later, in 1998, the shrine was designated by the Yunnan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government as a provincial patriotism education demonstration base.

Notable Attractions at the Site:

• Ancestral Shrine of Lan Mao (兰公祠)
• Tomb of Lan Mao (兰茂墓)
• Lan Mao Memorial Museum (兰茂纪念馆)

This site serves as an important educational and cultural location for those interested in the life and work of one of Yunnan’s most influential scholars of the Ming Dynasty.

Zhenqingguan Taoist Temple (真庆观古建筑群) is located at the intersection of the southern section of White Pagoda Road (白塔路) and Tuodong Road (拓东路) in the center of Kunming (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Originally named Zhenwu Temple (真武祠), it was built during the Yuan Dynasty (元代) and dedicated to Zhenwu the Great (真武大帝) and the two generals, the Turtle and the Snake (龟蛇二将). In the Ming Dynasty (明代), disciples of Liu Yuanran (刘渊然), specifically Jiang Rihe (蒋日和), oversaw the reconstruction and expansion. In the first year of Hongxi (洪熙元年, 1425), it was officially named Zhenqingguan by Emperor Ren of the Ming Dynasty (明仁宗). Historically, the temple occupied an area of 40,000 square meters; however, due to urban development, its area has been reduced to 16,000 square meters.

The Zhenqingguan complex consists of several key structures, including Zhenqingguan itself (which encompasses the Front Hall (前殿), Ziwei Hall (紫薇殿), and Laojun Hall (老君殿)), as well as Du Lei Palace (都雷府) and Yanlong Shrine (盐隆祠). It is the largest ancient architectural complex in the central area of Kunming, preserving the architectural styles of the Ming and Qing dynasties (明、清) with remarkable completeness. The historical and artistic values of the Zhenqingguan complex are significant for the study of ancient architecture, art, religion, and cultural exchanges between Yunnan and the Central Plains.

On May 25, 2006, the Zhenqingguan complex was designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Historical Development

Zhenqingguan was established during the Yuan Dynasty and originally named Zhenwu Temple, dedicated to Zhenwu the Great and the two generals, the Turtle and the Snake. In the Ming Dynasty, Daoist priest Liu Yuanran (刘渊然), also known as Changchun Zhenren (长春真人), reformed and expanded the temple with Jiang Rihe at the helm. In 1425, it was named Zhenqingguan by order of Emperor Ren of the Ming Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, Du Lei Palace was added, dedicated to the God of Thunder. In 1881, local salt merchants funded the construction of Yanlong Shrine as a guild for salt traders. Historically, the site spanned 40,000 square meters but now covers 16,000 square meters.

In 1984, the Kunming city and Panlong District governments allocated funds to restore the main building, Ziwei Hall, to its Ming architectural style. Just before the 1999 Kunming International Horticultural Exposition, the government provided additional funds to renovate Ziwei Hall.

Architectural Layout

The Zhenqingguan complex comprises Zhenqingguan (including the Front Hall, Ziwei Hall, and Laojun Hall), Du Lei Palace, and Yanlong Shrine, making it the most extensive ancient architectural site in Kunming’s central area, preserving the official architectural styles from the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The main structure of Zhenqingguan faces south and is aligned on the same axis. The entrance features a mountain gate (山门) measuring 12 meters wide, with soaring eaves that exhibit ancient elegance. Inside, two large red-painted doors lead to the Front Hall courtyard, filled with flowers and trees. Corridors on both sides connect the Front Hall to Ziwei Hall. The grand Ziwei Hall occupies an area of 320 square meters, constructed with a wooden frame and a single-eaved roof. The hall is topped with yellow glazed tiles and features decorative ridge beasts. The interior boasts robust, widely spaced dougong brackets, and the ceiling showcases intricate wooden carvings. The doors are adorned with detailed carvings depicting auspicious symbols such as dragons and phoenixes, and scenes of longevity.

In addition to the Front Hall, Ziwei Hall, and Laojun Hall, the complex also includes Yanlong Shrine, Du Lei Palace, the Fire God Temple (火神庙), the Earth God Temple (土主庙), and an ancient opera stage (古戏台).

Main Structures

Zhenqingguan

The central ceiling of Ziwei Hall features a nine-palace, eight-trigram design, and the unique dougong brackets are a rarity in all of Yunnan. The restored hall is vividly painted in its original colors, and the glazed tiles have been restored to their former glory. The hall, a wooden structure, has a single-eaved roof, topped with a decorative pinnacle, with ridge beasts embellishing the sides. The interior features decorative brackets, with colorful designs, while the doors bear intricately carved auspicious motifs.

The ancient opera stage at Zhenqingguan, built around the Ming-Qing transitional period, is more spacious and grand than those in rural areas. The roof is designed with a four-pitched, five-ridge structure, presenting a dignified and exquisite atmosphere. This stage has hosted various performances, including Yunnan opera, lantern shows, and Dongjing music concerts.

Du Lei Palace

Located to the east of Ziwei Hall, Du Lei Palace features an entrance with a single signboard. The corners are elegantly curved, supported by dougong brackets, and the front board reads “Du Lei Palace,” with the back reading “Wangu Shenfeng.” Inside, there is a pavilion named “Qingfeng Pavilion,” with flying eaves and intricate carvings, while behind it lies the “Thunder God Chamber.” The chamber has three openings, faces west, and is surrounded by a stone railing. A historic well, known as the Bagua Well (八卦井), is located nearby, providing sweet water.

Yanlong Shrine

To the north of Du Lei Palace lies Yanlong Shrine, established in 1881 by Yunnan salt merchants. The shrine is composed of a stage, a central hall, and a main hall. The main hall has a high, steep roof with three openings and a deep hall, featuring a corridor with carvings depicting the Twenty-Four Filial Exemplars. The intricate stone carvings are vividly lifelike.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Zhenqingguan complex encompasses buildings from the early, mid, and late periods of the Ming and Qing dynasties, serving as a physical testament to the history of architectural development in Yunnan, as well as the evolution of religious culture and the arts. Its preservation and research value is high. The architectural features of the complex, with exquisitely detailed components and well-preserved decorative paintings, illustrate the local artistic style and craftsmanship.

The nine-palace, eight-trigram design of the ceiling in Ziwei Hall is unique to Yunnan and is also rare nationwide. Both Du Lei Palace and Yanlong Shrine exhibit unique characteristics, with stone and wood carvings showcasing exquisite craftsmanship. The Zhenqingguan complex holds significant historical and artistic value in the study of ancient architecture, art, religion, and cultural exchanges between Yunnan and the Central Plains.

Protection Measures

Cultural Heritage Protection

In 1983, the Zhenqingguan complex was designated a Kunming municipal cultural heritage protection unit. In 1998, it was upgraded to a provincial-level protection unit. On May 25, 2006, it was listed as the sixth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Conservation and Development

Today, Zhenqing Cultural Square combines culture, architecture, greenery, and leisure tourism, becoming a new highlight in Kunming and a popular destination for residents. The five main buildings of Zhenqingguan will host various cultural activities, showcasing Yunnan handicrafts such as wood carving, bronze, tin, and purple clay, establishing it as the largest center for displaying and auctioning antiques in Yunnan.

Tourism Information

Location

Zhenqingguan is located at the intersection of the southern section of White Pagoda Road and Tuodong Road in the center of Kunming, Yunnan Province.

Zhenqingguan Details
Address: 82 Tuodong Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.

Transportation Information

Visitors can take the Kunming Bus A2 route to reach the Zhenqingguan complex, disembarking at the Mid-section of Tuodong Road.

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The Anning Confucius Temple (安宁文庙), located within the Museum of Anning Town, Anning City, Kunming, Yunnan Province, was first established in the sixth year of the Dade era (大德) during the reign of Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty (元成宗) in 1302. The temple covers an area of 4,500 square meters.

Architectural Scale and Layout

The Anning Confucius Temple boasts a grand scale with various architectural components including the Civilization Archway (文明坊), Screen Wall (照壁), Pond (泮池), Golden Sound and Jade Vibration Archway (金声玉振坊), Lingxing Gate (棂星门), Dacheng Gate (大成门), Dacheng Hall (大成殿), Chongsheng Shrine (崇圣祠), two courtyards (东西两院), the Academy Gate (黉门), and the Shrine of Local Worthies (乡贤祠). In total, there are 22 buildings in the seven courtyards and six halls layout. However, most of the original structures have been lost over time, with only the main buildings, Dacheng Hall and Chongsheng Shrine, remaining intact.

On May 25, 2006, the Anning Confucius Temple was officially listed as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Location

• Geographical Location: Museum of Anning Town, Anning City, Kunming, Yunnan Province
• Established: Sixth year of the Dade era (大德), 1302
• Area: 4,500 m²
• Protection Level: Sixth batch of National Key Cultural Relic Protection Units
• Code: 6-0746-3-449
• Approval Unit: State Council of the People’s Republic of China

Historical Development

The Anning Confucius Temple was first built in the sixth year of the Dade era (1302) and was destroyed during the military conflicts in the first year of the Tianli era (天历) in the Ming Dynasty (明宗) in 1329. It was rebuilt in the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (元) in 1337, overseen by General Xuanwei and the governor of Zhongqing Road. According to local chronicles, it underwent several reconstructions and expansions in the Yongle era (永乐) of the Ming Dynasty in 1403, the Xuan De era (宣德) in 1427, the Tian Shun era (天顺) in 1457, the Chongzhen era (崇祯) in 1629, and the 55th year of the Kangxi era (康熙) in 1716.

Architectural Features

The architectural area of the Anning Confucius Temple is 4,500 square meters. It features a grand design with a total of 22 structures, including the aforementioned components. Most of the original buildings have been lost, with only the primary structures, Dacheng Hall and Chongsheng Shrine, still standing.

Dacheng Hall

Dacheng Hall is oriented north to south and features a beam-column structure. It has five bays (16.6 meters wide) and three depths, with a front and rear corridor (14 meters). The hall features a single-eaved, nine-ridge hip roof that rises to a height of 10 meters, with eaves edged in glazed tiles. The interior adopts a method of reducing and shifting columns to maximize space. The essence of this architectural design, as detailed by Wang Haitao, the former director of the Kunming Museum in his book “Cultural Relics and Historical Sites in Kunming,” lies in the thick, open bracketing system, with two brackets in the central bay, one in the adjacent bay, and none in the slightly recessed bay. The front eaves bracketing features double-down angled five-purlin bracket sets, while the inner brackets are structured in a complex manner. Noted Chinese architectural historian Liu Dunzhen in “Overview of Ancient Architecture in Southwest China” recognizes the Dacheng Hall’s bracketing style as following the Song and Yuan architectural regulations.

Chongsheng Shrine

Located 13.7 meters north of Dacheng Hall, Chongsheng Shrine was constructed in the first year of the Yongzheng era (雍正) in the Qing Dynasty (清) in 1723. It features a beam-column structure, with five bays (16.12 meters wide) and a front corridor. Both the central and two adjacent bays have lattice doors, and it is topped with a single-eaved hard mountain roof.

Cultural Relics

The Anning Confucius Temple currently preserves more than ten steles from the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties. Among these, the Yuan steles include the “Imperial Edict Stele” (圣旨碑) and the “Stele of the Reconstruction of Anning Confucius Temple” (重修安宁文庙记碑). The Ming steles include the “Imperially Inscribed Analects Stele” (御制儒学箴碑), “Stele of the Reconstruction of Minglun Hall” (重修明伦堂记), “Stele of the Reconstruction of the Scripture Pavilion” (重修尊经阁记), “Stele of Reflection” (去思碑记), “Stele of the Imperial Examination Name” (科举题名碑), and others. The Qing Dynasty stele includes the “Zhang Gong De Teaching Stele” (张公德教碑记). In front of Dacheng Hall, there are also two stone lions, originally positioned on both sides of the east gate of Yaocen Tower. After the Yaocen Tower was burned in a fire in 1985, the stone lions were relocated to their current site. These stone lions, carved from red sandstone, are 2 meters tall and 2 meters long. The male lion holds a pearl in its mouth, while the female lion is silent and protects a small lion with its front paw.

Historical and Cultural Significance

The brackets on both the interior and exterior of the Anning Confucius Temple represent the essence of the main hall’s architecture. The exterior brackets were renovated during the Kangxi era, exhibiting some characteristics of the Qing Dynasty. However, overall, the bracketing is robust and imposing. The central bay has two brackets, while the adjacent bay has one, with none in the slightly recessed bay. The front eaves brackets are structured in double-down angled five-purlin sets, while the inner brackets uniformly follow the three-bay, six-purlin style. The style of the arches adheres completely to the regulations of the Song Dynasty. Liu Dunzhen also emphasized in his writings that the architectural styles in Anning and Zhenxiong are consistent with the heritage of the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

During the Xianfeng (咸丰) and Tongzhi (同治) eras, the Hui people’s uprising led to the destruction of nearly all Buddhist and Taoist buildings around Kunming. Many mosques were also burned during the suppression of the uprising. In contrast, most Confucius Temples survived this period, indicating that during the feudal society, reverence for Confucius was a common ideology across different sects and social classes. Furthermore, the construction of Confucius Temples often utilized the best materials, artisans, and designs, accompanied by richly varied architectural forms such as halls, pavilions, and courtyards. This is why the older ancient architectural complexes in the Kunming area are predominantly Confucius Temples, including those in Kunming, Lunan, Yiliang, Chenggong, and Guandu. A comprehensive survey and classification of all Confucius Temples in Yunnan Province would yield a comprehensive dictionary of wooden structures from the Yuan Dynasty onward.

Preservation Efforts

On May 25, 2006, the Anning Confucius Temple was designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Tourist Information

• Address: Anning Confucius Temple, 122 Lianran Street, Anning City, Kunming, Yunnan Province
• Transportation:
  • Bus Route: Anning Bus No. 9, approximately 39.6 kilometers in total.
  1. Walk about 320 meters from the temple to Shengli Hall (Victory Square) Station.
  2. Take Anning Bus, passing 11 stops to reach Anning Xiaozhan (小站).
  3. Continue on Anning Bus No. 9 for 7 stops to reach the Metallurgy Back Door Station.
  4. Walk approximately 450 meters to the destination.

Location:

Fajiesi Temple (法界寺), located at the foothills of Lingyun Mountain (灵云山) in Songyang Town (嵩阳镇), is a county-level cultural heritage site. Its exact founding date is unknown, but historical records indicate that it underwent repairs during the Ming Dynasty (明代) under the Chenghua reign (成化年间). By the late Ming Dynasty (明末), during the Chongzhen period (崇祯), the temple had developed into a large architectural complex featuring overlapping halls, altars, pavilions, and structures representing both Buddhism and Daoism, making it the most significant temple among the Eight Great Temples of Songming (嵩明八大寺). The Ming geographer Xu Xiake (徐霞客) documented Fajiesi Temple in his writings.

Historical Background

Originally built between 936 and 947 AD, Fajiesi Temple became a renowned Buddhist holy site. However, from the Republic of China era to the 1960s, it suffered extensive destruction. In 1989, devotees raised funds to rebuild the Guanyin Hall (观音殿). By 1997, during the development of Fajiesi Forest Park (法界寺森林公园), the Daxiongbaodian (大雄宝殿) and side halls were reconstructed, followed by the construction of the Tianwang Hall (天王殿), Caishen Hall (财神殿), Wenchang Palace (文昌宫), and Longwang Hall (龙王殿), all built in ancient-style reinforced concrete. Existing inscriptions from the Ming Dynasty include the “Stele of the Renovation of Fajiesi Temple” (重修法界寺设龙华会碑记) and the “Stele of the Monastery” (丛林碑记), while a Qing Dynasty (清代) inscription from the Daoguang era (道光年间) commemorates the renovation of Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺). On July 5, 1999, the People’s Government of Songming County officially designated Fajiesi Temple as a county-level cultural heritage site.

Architectural Features

Fajiesi Temple comprises three gates: the First Gate (一天门), the Second Gate (二天门), and the Third Gate (三天门). Upon passing through the Third Gate, visitors enter the temple area, where numerous halls and shrines, including the Daxiongbaodian, Dizang Hall (地藏菩萨殿), Yuelao Temple (月老神庙), Sanqing Temple (三清观), Yaowang Temple (药王庙), and Guanyin Hall, are situated. The temple features various statues, such as the compassionate Bodhisattva, the formidable Four Heavenly Kings, robust warriors, and smiling Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛).

Inside the Daxiongbaodian, three majestic figures of the Tathagata Buddha (如来佛) are prominently displayed. Behind the Tathagata is the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (千手观音), depicted with hundreds of hands and numerous expressions, truly embodying her title. The surrounding walls feature vividly expressive statues of the Five Hundred Arhats (罗汉), each with unique appearances, including the long-legged Strength Arhat and the Dragon Subduing Arhat, among others. Visitors often admire these intricate sculptures.

Particularly notable is the Dizang Wang Bodhisattva Hall (地藏王菩萨殿), which, while appearing similar to others, holds profound significance. According to legend, Dizang Wang could have become a Buddha but chose to remain in the mortal realm, famously declaring, “I vow not to become a Buddha until hell is empty!” (人间地狱不空，我誓不成佛！). This sense of justice resonates deeply with many.

Seasonal Beauty

In autumn, entering Fajiesi Park (法界寺公园) reveals a picturesque scene. Songming is known for its saying, “Three mountains, four seas, and eight great temples,” suggesting a harmony of natural beauty and spirituality. Fajiesi Forest Park is located 2.5 kilometers northwest of Songming County, once a well-known Buddhist sacred site, with Fajiesi Temple built during the Later Jin period (后晋年间). At its peak, the temple complex included over ten halls, creating a grand architectural ensemble that ranked first among the Eight Great Temples of Songming.

Poetic Tribute

Located on Lingyun Mountain, shaped like a half-bloomed lotus flower, Fajiesi Temple is often celebrated for its natural beauty. The temple is surrounded by bamboo forests, creating a serene atmosphere. The ancient path leading up the mountain is reminiscent of a dragon or serpent, winding through lush pine trees. Visitors frequently pray for love at the Yuelao Shrine, attaching love locks as symbols of their promises.

A couplet commemorating the temple’s grandeur reads:

Upper Line:
“Silent twin springs cascade down, beautiful landscapes unfold.
At the valley’s base, the Zen temple is deep; envisioning wealth piled high in all directions, with gentle rains nourishing all.”

Lower Line:
“Ancient paths meander like a snake, steps undulating and winding.
At the mountain’s base, the winding path feels fresh; gazing at the mountain reflecting the sun and moon, prosperity continues in Songming, and all trades flourish.”

Note:

The “silent twin springs” refers to the now-dry Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭), which no longer features the scenic waterfalls of the past. The phrases in the couplet celebrate the beauty of Songming and its prosperous future, highlighting the community’s harmonious development.

Location:
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Overview

Wanfu Temple (万福寺) is located on Yongjin Mountain (涌金山) in Tangchi Town (汤池镇), Yiliang County (宜良县), Kunming, Yunnan Province. The temple is said to have been named because it housed ten thousand Buddha statues. Its construction date is unknown, but it is one of the eight major temples in Yiliang County and is a key cultural relic protected by the county.

• Chinese Name: 万福寺
• Location: Yongjin Mountain (涌金山), Tangchi Town (汤池镇), Yiliang County (宜良县), Yunnan Province
• Name Origin: The temple is said to have housed ten thousand Buddha statues, which inspired its name.
• Renovation: June 17, 1986

Temple History

Wanfu Temple’s history is rich with cultural significance. The temple’s name is derived from the legend that it once contained statues of ten thousand Buddhas. Its precise construction date remains uncertain.

During the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), Yang Shen (杨升庵), a scholar exiled to Yunnan, wrote a poem titled Wanfu Temple (《万福寺》), praising the temple:

“The temple overlooks the distant flight of birds, its tower hangs at the end of a rainbow.
The mountains’ green fades into the dark clouds, and boats on the lake are dyed by the cold rain.
Doors and windows are carved into the cliffs, and the rocks form a pavilion.
Cicadas rest peacefully in the twin trees, and picking a flower is difficult for passersby.
The setting sun half-submerges the twilight mist, and the clouds take a different hue at dusk.
At this height, we compose our verses, immortal brushes dip into the waves.”

• Chinese: “寺临飞鸟外，楼出挂虹端。山翠沉云暗，湖舟染雨寒。因阿凿户牖，依石构赞元。双树蝉栖稳，一花人折难。阴霞仍半没，晚霭试横看。攸对登高赋，仙毫点笔澜。”

In 1626, the temple was commemorated with the construction of the Stele for the Construction of the Temple and the Casting of Holy Statues (《建殿宇铸圣像施常住碑引》), which still exists today.

Related Legends

In the Qing Dynasty, local scholars paid homage to the temple. Chen Da (陈达), a famous scholar during the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, composed a poem:

“A mountain entirely of stone, rising straight up like a tower.
The trees at the top protrude from the eaves, and the path winds around the cliffs.
Clouds connect the peaks in the dawn, and the autumn sky is clear above half the lake.
Sitting by chance in the long corridor, the temple feels even more secluded with the monks.”

• Chinese: “一山都是石，直上似登楼。树杪檐层出，岩端路曲周。云连千嶂晓，天朗半湖秋。偶入长廊坐，僧贫院更幽。”

In March 1834, a major earthquake struck the area, causing the temple’s theater stage to collapse, killing performers and damaging the temple. It was later repaired in the early Xianfeng period. In 1908, a request was submitted to ban the “March 3rd” opera performances during the temple fair, and a stone stele was erected to enforce the ban.

Peak Period

In 1920, the tradition of welcoming the Buddha and holding opera performances during the temple fair was revived. Thousands of people from neighboring counties attended, making it a vibrant event. In 1931, Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷), the top scholar during the late Qing Dynasty, visited the temple and inscribed a stele with the words “Supreme Enlightenment” (无上菩提), which was later carved and erected by a local man named Li Jingshi (李荆石).

Layout and Structure

As of the temple’s prime, it included a Mountain Gate, Heavenly Kings Hall, Guanyin Hall, Dizang Hall, and the Main Hall—all centered around five courtyards. The temple also had a Tuzu Hall (土主殿), a Theater Stage (戏台), and a Sea-Viewing Tower (望海楼). There were hundreds of copper Buddha statues, as well as a large bell, drum, and wooden fish used in ceremonies. Generous donations from followers contributed to the temple’s landholdings, known locally as “monk’s land” (和尚田).

In 1945, the temple grounds were repurposed for the Minghu Middle School. In 1950, the “March 3rd” temple fair was discontinued, and the temple was used by the Tangchi Elementary School.

Decline and Closure

In 1955, as part of collective efforts, the temple became the site of an ironworks factory, leading to the destruction of several parts of the temple. In 1958, the temple was repurposed again for Yiliang Fourth Middle School, and later for Tangchi Elementary School until the 1970s. The temple was eventually closed due to safety concerns, though cultural relics such as Neolithic artifacts were discovered on Yongjin Mountain, including red pottery fragments, carbonized grains, and shell mounds.

Buddhist Activities

On June 17, 1986, the temple was approved for renovation by the Yunnan Branch of the China Buddhist Association, with support from various levels of government. The temple was restored and reopened as a center for Buddhist activities.

Cultural Preservation

In July 1987, Wanfu Temple was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit by the county government.

Folk Festivals

In 1863, the descendants of the Hong Family (洪氏) erected the Tomb of Lady Hong (《洪氏圣母坟》) in the temple grounds. The “March 3rd” Temple Fair resumed and continues to be held annually, drawing over 50,000 participants, contributing significantly to the local economy and culture.

Restoration and Development

In 1991, the Yiliang County Government approved Wanfu Temple as an open temple. Subsequent investments led to the reconstruction of the Mountain Gate, Fortune Hall, and Theater Stage. Famous inscriptions such as “Yongjin Park” (涌金公园) and “Gathering Wealth” (聚金源) were added by notable individuals.

Notable Events:

• In 1993, Zhang Jingru (张景儒), a Chinese national residing in Myanmar, donated a jade Buddha statue to the temple.
• In 1996, a new copper bell was cast for the temple, standing 1.9 meters tall and weighing 1.4 tons.

Publications:

In 1998, a local former county governor, Na Kaigui (那开贵), compiled and published The Stories of Tangchi (《汤池民间故事–粗糠宝》), with financial support from various contributors.

Land Area

• The temple covers 21,071.9 m² of land on Yongjin Mountain.
• The temple also includes a pickle factory site of 1,094.7 m² and a parking lot of 909.84 m².
• The highest elevation of the temple is 1,813 meters.

Overview

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan (升庵祠) is located at the foot of the Xishan Mountain (西山) and by the shores of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in the village of Gaoyao (高峣村), Kunming City (昆明市). Built during the Wanli period (万历年间) of the Ming Dynasty (明朝), the temple commemorates Yang Shengan (杨升庵) by transforming his former residence, “Biyao Jingxie” (碧峣精舍), into a shrine that houses his statue. This traditional Chinese courtyard features three courtyards and three halls, backed by Xishan Mountain, facing Dianchi Lake, with clear springs nearby and flourishing flowers, creating a serene and elegant atmosphere. The temple has been a protected cultural relic of Yunnan Province (云南省) since it was designated in 1987.

Nature of the Site

• Cultural Relic Status: Yunnan Province Protected Cultural Relic Unit (云南省文物保护单位)
• Location: Gaoyao Village, Kunming (昆明高峣村)
• Former Residence: Biyao Jingxie (碧峣精舍)

Introduction

Originally the garden of the local gentry Mao Yu (毛玉), who served as an official in the Ministry of Personnel (吏部), this site reflects his deep friendship with Yang Shen (杨慎). Mao Yu was imprisoned and tortured to death during a political struggle over the “Great Rites” (议大礼). The “Biyao Jingxie” was specifically prepared for Yang Shengan by Mao Yu’s son, Mao Yizhuan (毛沂专). The temple underwent renovations in 1986 and now occupies an area of 2,000 square meters, dedicated as the Yang Shengan Memorial Museum (杨升庵纪念馆). East of the temple originally stood the Puxian Temple (普贤寺), which was constructed in the early Ming Dynasty. The famous traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) visited this location during his travels in Yunnan and subsequently restored the temple, turning it into the Xu Xiake Memorial Museum (徐霞客纪念馆).

Geographical Location

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan is situated in Gaoyao Village at the foot of Xishan Mountain, facing Dianchi Lake. During the Wanli period (1573-1619) of the Ming Dynasty, the governor Liu Zhilong (刘之龙) first transformed the residence “Biyao Jingxie” into the “Taishi Shrine” (太史祠), serving as a memorial for the renowned scholar Yang Shen. In the 28th year of the Kangxi era (康熙二十八年, 1689), the governor of Yunnan, Fan Chengxun (范承勋), undertook renovations. The temple was rebuilt in the seventh year of the Xianfeng era (咸丰七年, 1857) and renamed the Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan. Among the many historical sites, the Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan in Kunming is well-preserved and frequently visited, contributing to its significant cultural impact.

Architectural Composition

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan features a brick and wood structure, consisting of a gate tower, main hall, and side halls, forming a traditional siheyuan (四合院) layout. The main hall has a single-slope roof and consists of five bays, measuring 19.8 meters in length and 10 meters in width, covering an area of 200 square meters. The beam structure is a six-bracket type (六架式斗拱), and the eaves are adorned with dougong (斗拱) brackets. The six-shuttered doors are intricately carved with motifs of auspicious flowers and the Eight Immortals (暗八仙) design. The colors are vibrant and luxurious. In the courtyard, there are two fragrant cedar trees believed to have been planted by Yang Shengan himself; their fragrance fills the air during spring and summer. The temple also preserves two stone tablets: the “Inscription on the Original Lease of Boluo Village’s Fields for Taishi Shrine” (《规复太史祠原置波罗村田亩租石碑记》) and the “Haizhuang Tablet” (《海庄碑》). In January 1988, the temple was designated as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit and has been established as the “Yang Shengan Memorial Museum” (杨升庵纪念馆).

Overview

The Dedesi Temple (大德寺) and its renowned Twins Pagodas (双塔) are located on Huashan East Road (华山东路), atop Zupian Mountain (祖遍山) on the eastern side of Wuhua Mountain (五华山), within the premises of the Yunnan Provincial Animal Husbandry Bureau (云南省畜牧局院内).

Originally built in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (元大德五年, 1301), the temple was initially named “Palace of Ultimate Bliss” (极乐宫) before being renamed Dedesi. During the early Ming Dynasty, most of the temple’s buildings were destroyed, leaving only the front hall and the entrance. In the first year of the Tianshun era (明天顺元年, 1457), the recluse He Zhongyuan (何仲渊) oversaw significant renovations. Today, the temple is situated on Pingzheng Street (平政街). In 1983, it was approved by the Kunming Municipal People’s Government (昆明市人民政府) and designated as a city-level key cultural heritage site. Along with the East and West Pagodas (东、西寺塔), it serves as a symbol of Kunming’s ancient civilization.

Historical Significance

The Twins Pagodas (双塔) of Dedesi Temple are famous Buddhist towers within Kunming City (昆明市). Following the construction of the pagodas, Dedesi Temple became known as the Twins Pagoda Temple (双塔寺). Zupian Mountain, where Dedesi Temple is situated, is celebrated for its stunning scenery. The mountain is lush with ancient cypress trees, providing dense shade. From the top, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the city, the charming forested hills, and the clear waters of Dianchi Lake (滇池).

Throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasties (明清), the temple underwent several renovations, becoming one of the largest Buddhist temples in Kunming City.

Construction and Structure

The Twins Pagodas were constructed in the thirteenth year of the Chenghua era of the Ming Dynasty (明成化十三年) and were modeled after the Small Wild Goose Pagoda (西安小雁塔) in Xi’an. They are located between the Hall of Reception (接引殿) and the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿). Each tower stands 21 meters tall, with a distance of 27 meters between them. They are solid square pagodas with a tiered eave design, featuring Buddha niches on all four sides of each level to house statues of Buddha, along with inscribed steles.

The pagodas have an unadorned yet dignified appearance, maintaining their integrity despite enduring over five hundred years of changes. In the late Qing Dynasty, the site of Dedesi Temple housed a mining school. During the Republic of China period, several educational institutions, including a Normal School, a Senior High School, an Agricultural School, Kunhua Women’s Teacher Training College, and Qiushi Middle School, were established there. The original structures of Dedesi Temple no longer exist, leaving only the Twins Pagodas.

During repairs in 1957, the entire tower was coated with cement, obscuring its original appearance. The top of the tower was also altered to a gourd shape made of cement, although the structure of the pagoda itself remained unchanged.

Scenic Introduction

In Kunming City, the East and West Pagodas stand to the south, while the Twins Pagodas gaze at them from a distance. The original Small Green Water River (小绿水河) and Large Green Water River (大绿水河) flowed beneath the pagodas, reflecting their beauty, earning them the title of “Green Reflecting Twins Pagodas” (绿映双塔). Along with the saying “Twins Pagodas in the Clouds, One Floor Touching the Sky” (双塔云中，一楼天际), they were praised as one of the top ten scenic spots in Kunming during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Unfortunately, the original Songzi Tower (松子楼) no longer exists, leaving the Twins Pagodas standing tall.

The Qing Dynasty poet Zhu Xiaoyuan (朱筱园) wrote a poem titled “Twins Pagoda Temple” (《双塔寺》):

“Ancient temple set in the spiral peaks,
Exceedingly strange beyond Wuhua.
Two stupas float in the sky,
Bowing down to receive the worship of the chaotic mountains.
After many tribulations, the city still stands tall,
Enduring and unbroken.”

The Twins Pagodas are a prominent Buddhist tower within the city. Following their construction, Dedesi Temple gained the name of Twins Pagoda Temple. Zupian Mountain, where the temple is located, is known for its extraordinary scenic beauty, featuring dense ancient cypress trees that provide shade. From the top, visitors can admire the city’s layout, the beautiful forest scenery, and the clear waters of Dianchi Lake, all visible in one sweeping view.

Throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the temple underwent multiple renovations and became one of the larger Buddhist temples in Kunming. The temple connects to the Yalong Shrine (盐龙祠) on the west side, attracting numerous worshippers and tourists throughout the year, making it one of the most popular ancient temples with active incense offerings.