Overview

Suoshuige Pavilion (天桥营锁水阁) is located about 3 kilometers east of Mizhicheng (弥城) in Taihua Township (太花乡), nestled in Tianqiaoying Village (天桥营村). Facing east and bordered by the Shuanglong Haitang (双龙海塘) to the north, it is adjacent to the Tianxing Bridge Cultural Relics Scenic Area (天生桥文物景区). This picturesque site boasts stunning views and a tranquil environment. In 1992, it was recognized by the Midu County People’s Government (弥渡县人民政府) as a third batch of county-level cultural relic protection units.

Historical Significance

Suoshuige Pavilion was constructed in the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign (光绪二十三年, 1897 AD) through community funding. The architectural complex consists of the Suoshuige Pavilion, north and south wings, and a screen wall. The pavilion is built in a double-eave, hip-roof style, covering an area of 329.3 square meters. Inside the courtyard, notable trees include a crape myrtle (紫薇), a cypress (柏树), and a centuries-old pine (古松) with a trunk circumference of 2 meters and a height of over 10 meters, making it one of the rare ancient trees in the Midu Basin.

Cultural Context

This ancient structure is conveniently located along the main road leading to the Tianxing Bridge Cultural Relics Scenic Area, making it an ideal and serene stop for visitors. With over a century of history, the pavilion has undergone numerous renovations. In the early 1980s, it served as a village school, and between 1994 and 1995, community funding enabled protective renovations, including the use of blue bricks for the pavilion’s walls. The original architectural layout has been well-preserved to this day.

Address

Yunnan Province, Dali Prefecture, Midu County, Midu Town (云南省大理州弥渡县弥渡镇)

How to Get There

To reach Suoshuige Pavilion, visitors can take a bus or drive from Dali City (大理市) to Midu County. The journey typically takes about 1 to 1.5 hours. Follow signs toward Taihua Township, and once in the area, look for Tianqiaoying Village.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploring.
2. Local Cuisine: Don’t miss trying local specialties in Midu County, such as grilled fish and Yunnan rice noodles.
3. Photography: Bring a camera to capture the scenic beauty of the pavilion and surrounding landscapes.
4. Respect Local Customs: Engage respectfully with local traditions and heritage.
5. Plan Ahead: Ensure to check local weather conditions and any travel advisories before your trip.

Suoshuige Pavilion is not just a cultural relic but a serene getaway that reflects the rich history and natural beauty of the region, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring Dali.

Overview

The Shuimusi Temple Pagoda (水目寺塔) is located in Shuimusi Mountain (水目山) in the Majiang Township (马街乡) of Xiangyun County (祥云县), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), approximately 20 kilometers from the county seat. Built in the tenth year of the Tian Kai era of the Dali Kingdom (大理国) (1211 AD), the pagoda commemorates Gao Liangcheng’s son, Gao Jiaoyuan (高皎渊).

Architectural Features

The Shuimusi Pagoda is a fifteen-tiered, square solid brick tower with a height of 18.17 meters. It is uniquely surrounded by the temple, which has earned it the nickname “Temple Surrounding Pagoda” (寺抱塔). The base of the first tier features 48 stone pillars, with 20 on each side and 2 at each corner, marking the structure’s historical significance. On May 25, 2006, the pagoda was designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Historical Background

The pagoda has undergone several renovations throughout its history, with a significant restoration occurring in the 33rd year of the Wanli era (1605 AD) under the guidance of monk Ru Xiao (如晓) and his followers. According to the “Record of the Restoration of Shuimusi Pagoda,” the renovations greatly enhanced its grandeur. Unfortunately, the pagoda was partially destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, leaving only the main structure and some stone foundations, which have since been restored.

Design and Structure

The pagoda is characterized by its square base and double-layered stone foundation. The first layer is square while the second is octagonal. The east side features an entrance, and colorful murals adorn the southern wall. Each tier has a niche, and the pagoda’s finial consists of a lotus, bowl, and precious top.

The first tier is particularly tall, contributing to the overall height of the structure, and is decorated with 48 stone bases arranged to support the surrounding colonnade, reinforcing its designation as a “Temple Surrounding Pagoda.”

Cultural Significance

The pagoda was established in memory of Gao Jiaoyuan, who became a monk at the age of 21 at Shuimusi Temple. Following his death in 1214 AD, a monument was erected to honor his virtues, thus naming the pagoda after the temple.

Protection Measures

In December 1987, the Yunnan Provincial Government designated the Shuimusi Pagoda as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit. It was later included in the sixth batch of national key cultural relic protection units in May 2006.

How to Get There

The Shuimusi Pagoda is located in Shuimusi Mountain in Xiangyun County. To reach the pagoda:

• From Kunming Changshui International Airport: The distance is approximately 300.8 kilometers, taking about 3 hours and 52 minutes by car.
• From Xiangyun County Town: The distance is about 27.4 kilometers, taking roughly 44 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during spring and autumn when the weather is pleasant.
• Local Accommodations: Look for hotels or guesthouses in Xiangyun County for convenience.
• Respect Local Customs: When visiting the pagoda, be mindful of local customs and practices, especially in religious sites.
• Photography: The pagoda’s unique architecture makes it a great spot for photography, so bring your camera!

Overview

Erhai Lake Gate Tower (洱海门) is located at the East Gate of Dali Ancient Town (大理古城), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is also known as Erhai Gate. Due to changes in topography and water resources, the area of Erhai Lake has shrunk, placing the gate approximately 4 to 6 kilometers away from the lake itself.

• Chinese Name: 大理古城洱海门
• Location: Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Opening Hours: Open year-round, Monday to Sunday, 00:00 – 24:00

Attractions

Introduction to the Area

While some streets in Dali Ancient Town, such as Yangren Street (洋人街), have become commercialized, areas like Yu’er Road (玉洱路) and the latter half of Renmin Road (人民路) maintain an antique charm and historical feel. The Erhai Gate is situated on Renmin Road in the ancient town.

Dali Ancient Town Erhai Gate Market

When traveling, I enjoy exploring local vegetable markets or bazaars to experience the vibrancy of local life. If time permits, I also visit larger shopping malls. In my view, visiting a vegetable market offers insight into the local lifestyle, species diversity, culinary preferences, and even the happiness index of the residents.

During the summer of 2019, I traveled around Yunnan with friends, with Dali Ancient Town being our first stop. As someone who enjoys visiting markets, I woke up early while my friends lingered in bed. I strolled towards the ancient town, where the stone-paved streets were freshly cleaned, and tourists had yet to stir, giving the town a serene atmosphere.

Before my trip, I learned about a Bai-style (白族) Catholic church near Dali Ancient Town. Following my navigation, I walked along the stone path and reached the Erhai Gate.

Following the signs, I arrived at the church, which indeed features a unique Bai architectural style. The church is situated in a courtyard, with white walls adorned with blue patterns depicting elements like flowers and the moon, and the roof exhibits characteristic flying eaves.

Historical Significance

Built in the 1930s, this church stands as a testament to the bravery of missionaries who ventured deep into remote regions to spread their faith, often at great personal risk. I felt a deep respect for them as I entered the church and took a moment to pray.

Walking back to the main road, I noticed many local residents heading to a halal beef shop, where they sold both raw and prepared beef. Curious about their butchering methods, I watched the owner slicing meat at the entrance, discovering they also offered beef noodles!

Seeing the locals enjoying their meal, I sat down and ordered a bowl of beef rice noodles. The shop provided delicious mint pickles, and the noodles were wonderfully chewy, with the braised beef rich in flavor and a delightful beef broth. I highly recommend this dish!

After my meal, I strolled down the street and saw some residents carrying fresh vegetables. This indicated a nearby market, so I followed the crowd and found a small bazaar. At the entrance, there was a small flower stall, and nearby, a local woman sold homegrown vegetables and dried mountain goods. I purchased half a pound of fragrant red fungus (红乳菌) from her.

Continuing further, I encountered several stalls selling frozen ingredients and live chickens. A few steps ahead, I found a square building on the first floor with various meat vendors. Locals used iron cages to store freshly slaughtered pork, which was processed cleanly without any blood, showcasing the cleanliness of the stalls. It made me wonder if the Bai people typically do not consume organ meats.

Overall, the market was relatively small with fewer vendors, indicative of a local, intimate marketplace.

How to Get There

To reach Erhai Lake Gate Tower, you can take public transportation or a taxi to Dali Ancient Town. The area is pedestrian-friendly, so walking is a pleasant option once you arrive.

Travel Tips

• Explore Early: Visiting early in the morning allows you to enjoy a quieter atmosphere and avoid crowds.
• Local Delicacies: Don’t miss out on trying local dishes at nearby shops for an authentic experience.
• Market Etiquette: Engage with local vendors respectfully and try to use basic Mandarin phrases to enhance your interactions.
• Comfortable Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes, as you will likely be walking on cobblestone streets.

Overview

Kuixingge Pavilion (Kuíxīnggé, 魁星阁) is a traditional architectural marvel located in Shuanglang Village (Shuāngláng Cūn, 双廊村), Dali City (Dàlǐ Shì, 大理市). It was built in the third year of the Guangxu Era (1877) and was renovated in the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935). This three-story wooden structure, featuring three bays and a gabled roof, covers a total width of 9.75 meters and a depth of 9.8 meters, supported by 36 ground pillars.

Architectural Features

The pavilion is known for its impressive proportions and exquisite design. The middle bay measures 3.2 meters wide, while the side bays each measure 2.4 meters. An inscription on the main ridge reads, “In the 24th year of the Republic of China, the year of the pig, during the Qinghe month, on the auspicious day.” The pavilion’s sturdy construction utilizes high-quality materials, with elegantly carved brackets, headers, and decorative panels, largely preserving the architectural style from the Republic of China era.

Cultural Significance

Kuixing (Kuíxīng, 魁星) is a deity in Chinese mythology believed to govern the success of literature and scholarship. The pavilion embodies the essence of traditional Chinese architecture, showcasing the artistic beauty of wooden structures. The striking eaves and the harmonious proportions reflect the elegance of ancient building techniques.

History

Originally built in 1877, the pavilion stands as a testament to the historical significance of Shuanglang during the Qing Dynasty. It offers insights into the architectural heritage and cultural practices of the region.

Attractions in the Area

1. Erhai Lake (Érhǎi Hú, 洱海) – A picturesque lake known for its stunning views and recreational activities.
2. Shuanglang Village (Shuāngláng Cūn, 双廊村) – A charming village with traditional architecture and a vibrant local culture.
3. Cangshan Mountain (Cāngshān, 苍山) – A scenic mountain range offering hiking trails and breathtaking landscapes.
4. Dali Ancient City (Dàlǐ Gǔchéng, 大理古城) – A historical site featuring ancient architecture and rich culture.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Take a bus from Dali North Bus Station (Dàlǐ Qū Kè Yùn Běi Zhàn, 大理汽车客运北站) to Shuanglang Town (Shuāngláng Zhèn, 双廊镇). Buses depart approximately every 40 minutes, and the journey takes about 1 hour, with a ticket price of around 15 yuan.

Travel Tips

• Visiting Hours: Open all day from January 1 to December 31.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the best weather and scenic beauty.
• Photography: Capture the intricate architectural details but be respectful of local customs.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss trying local specialties available in nearby eateries.

Overview

The Gongchen Tower (拱辰楼) in Weishan Old Town (巍山古城), Dali (大理), was originally the north gate tower of the Menghua Weicheng fortress. It was built in the 23rd year of the Hongwu period (1390 AD) of the Ming Dynasty (明朝), originally featuring three stories. During repairs in the 2nd year of the Yongli period (1648 AD), it was modified to two stories. On January 3, 2015, the tower was severely damaged by fire.

• Chinese Name: 巍山拱辰楼
• Year Established: 明洪武二十三年 (1390年)
• Height: 16 meters
• Depth: 15.7 meters
• Structure: Wooden construction
• Location: 云南巍山 (Yunnan Weishan)
• Cultural Heritage Status: Provincial-level cultural heritage protection unit

Geographic Location

Weishan (巍山) is a national historical and cultural city and the birthplace of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国). The Gongchen Tower is located in the Nanzhao Town (南诏镇) of Weishan County, Yunnan, and serves as one of the iconic structures of the ancient town, designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit.

Architectural Structure

Originally part of the Menghua Weicheng fortress, the Gongchen Tower is a significant architectural relic of the Ming Dynasty. It features a double-eave hipped roof style with a width of 25.76 meters and a height of 16 meters. The tower is supported by 28 sturdy columns, surrounded by corridors, and constructed atop a brick wall measuring 47.1 meters long, 26.6 meters wide, and 8.1 meters high. The entire structure boasts a majestic appearance, with the roof’s eaves extending out slightly.

Upon reaching the top floor, visitors can enjoy breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape, including the cascading mountains to the east, the famous Wobao Mountain and Wenbi Tower to the south, the Guajiang River to the west, and the snow-capped Cangshan Mountain to the north.

Prominent plaques hang beneath the southern eaves: the “Kuixiong Liuzhao” (魁雄六诏) plaque and the “Wanli Zhantian” (万里瞻天) plaque, showcasing calligraphy that exudes power and grace. The Gongchen Tower, preserved remarkably well, has become an emblem of Weishan’s historical and cultural heritage and was listed as a provincial-level cultural heritage protection unit in 1993.

Historical Evolution

• 1390 AD: Construction of the Gongchen Tower begins.
• 1648 AD: The three-story structure is modified to two stories during repairs.
• 1771 AD: A plaque commemorating the status of the Nanzhao Kingdom is installed.
• 1785 AD: Another plaque expresses the relationship between Nanzhao and Central China.

Fire Incident

At 2:49 AM on January 3, 2015, a fire broke out in the Gongchen Tower. Despite efforts to extinguish the flames, by 4:48 AM, the tower was significantly damaged, although no casualties or damage to surrounding residential buildings occurred. The area burned was approximately 300 square meters. An investigation into the cause revealed that electrical faults ignited combustible materials, leading to the fire’s spread.

Causes of the Fire

Following the incident, the Dali Prefecture government established a fire accident investigation team. Their investigations ruled out various potential causes, including lightning strikes and human negligence. It was determined that the fire originated from electrical wiring issues.

Aftermath and Reflections

The Gongchen Tower, having been recognized as a provincial-level cultural heritage site since 1994, faced challenges in preservation, including its transformation into a commercial tea house in 2010 to cater to tourists. Despite local opposition, it became a venue for showcasing Nanzhao culture until the fire incident in 2015 led to its closure.

Getting There

To reach Weishan and the Gongchen Tower, visitors can fly into Dali Airport (大理机场) and take a taxi or local transport to Weishan County. It’s approximately a one-hour drive from Dali.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer pleasant weather for exploring the ancient town.
2. Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs and traditions, especially in cultural sites.
3. Photography: Early mornings and late afternoons provide the best lighting for photography.
4. Local Cuisine: Don’t miss trying local dishes in Weishan, which reflect its rich cultural heritage.

Overview

Lengyan Tower, located at the peak of Jizu Mountain (鸡足山) over 30 kilometers northwest of Binchuan County (宾川县), Yunnan Province, is a key cultural relic protected at the provincial level by Dali Prefecture (大理州). Jizu Mountain is a famous Buddhist holy site in Southeast Asia, serving as a convergence point for Han and Tibetan Buddhism, and is recognized as the birthplace of Zen Buddhism. It is also the site where the Buddha’s foremost disciple, Kasyapa (迦叶), established a spiritual practice. The mountain, known for its distinctive shape resembling a chicken’s foot, is classified as a national scenic area.

Introduction to the Attraction

Architectural Features

The Lengyan Tower is a thirteen-story, pagoda-style tower standing over 40 meters tall, with seven levels accessible to visitors. The original site of the tower was home to the Guangming Pagoda (光明宝塔), built during the Ming Dynasty (明朝). This earlier structure was described as having a square base with seven levels, each approximately one zhang high, and took seven years to complete. Unfortunately, during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), the governor Fan Chengxun (范承勋) fell prey to slander and ordered its demolition.

In 1929, after visiting Jizu Mountain, the then Governor of Yunnan, Long Yun (龙云), approved the construction of the Lengyan Tower on the original site of the Guangming Pagoda. The new tower took over three years to complete and has become a significant cultural landmark of Jizu Mountain. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Lengyan Tower served as a vital navigational beacon for the “Camel Peak Route” in the Dali area, contributing uniquely to the war effort.

Cultural Significance

Lengyan Tower houses several inscriptions, including Yang Mengnan’s (杨萌南) “Inscription of Lengyan Tower” (鸡足山楞严塔碑记), Zhou Zhongyue’s (周钟岳) “Epitaph of Lengyan Tower” (鸡足山楞严塔碑铭), and Long Yun’s (龙云) “Dharma Appearance is Majestic” (法相庄严), which reflect its profound cultural significance. Despite being constructed relatively recently, the tower inherits and advances the traditional styles of Dali’s ancient pagodas, symbolizing a historical continuum that has thrived for over a thousand years.

Scenic Views

The majestic architecture of the Lengyan Tower stands out beautifully against the backdrop of Jizu Mountain, serving as a prominent geographical landmark in the region. The tower’s exterior is gray-white and resembles the Qianxun Pagoda (千寻塔) of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺), though it is more slender. Notably, the second tier of the tower is surrounded by iron railings and features a corridor for visitors to enjoy panoramic views, supported by eight inverted triangular structures that give the appearance of a decorative “skirt,” infusing modern architectural elements.

Throughout the seasons, the scenery surrounding the Lengyan Tower transforms dramatically: in spring, it is adorned with blooming azaleas; in summer, it appears as a floating landmark amid the sea of clouds; in autumn, it stands out against the clear blue sky and lush trees; and in winter, it sparkles like crystal in the snow, becoming an indispensable part of Jizu Mountain.

Standing beneath the tower and gazing upward, one feels a sense of awe at the clouds racing across the sky. The tower, standing majestically between heaven and earth, evokes a profound appreciation for the beauty of ancient Chinese architecture. From the tower, one can admire the panoramic views of Cangshan (苍山) and Erhai Lake (洱海), where mountains and lush landscapes converge. Visitors can witness the sunrise to the east, the colorful clouds to the south, the vast Cang and Er lakes to the west, and the majestic Yulong Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山) to the north. This breathtaking scenery captivates the spirit and invites reflections on the wonders of nature.

Historian Xu Xiake (徐霞客), during his exploration of Jizu Mountain, was so enchanted that he spent several days there, famously remarking, “To see the sun in the east, the sea in the west, the clouds in the south, and the snow in the north—this combination is indeed extraordinary, but the pinnacle of Tianzhu Peak captures all these sights, making it not just the premier site of Jizu Mountain, but the foremost in all the realm.”

Conclusion

Today, the interior of the Lengyan Tower is no longer open to visitors, preventing direct access to its heights. However, the grandeur of the tower and the harmonious integration of architecture with nature continue to inspire awe and reflection. This tower, imbued with historical memories and spiritual significance, proudly stands in Dali, in the land of colorful clouds.

How to Get There

To reach Lengyan Tower, visitors can travel to Binchuan County by bus or car from Dali City. From Binchuan, it is a scenic drive or bus ride up to Jizu Mountain. Local transportation options include taxis or private vehicles, which provide flexibility for exploring the area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most comfortable weather and vibrant scenery.
• Clothing: Wear comfortable walking shoes and layered clothing as the weather can change quickly.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning views and architectural details.
• Respect Local Customs: As a religious site, visitors should dress modestly and maintain a respectful demeanor.

Location:

Introduction

Wenxian Gate Tower (文献楼) is situated one kilometer outside the south gate of Dali Old Town (大理古城) in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省). This tower is not only an architectural highlight but also serves as the first significant scenic spot for visitors entering Dali Old Town, symbolizing the rich cultural heritage of the region.

Reconstruction

The current structure of Wenxian Tower was reconstructed in 1999, enhancing its historical and architectural significance while maintaining traditional Bai style elements.

Historical Background

Why Dali is the “Land of Literature”

The title “Land of Literature” (文献之邦) associated with Dali has deep historical roots. Several ancient tales are intertwined with Dali’s legacy, including Han Xi Lou Chuan (汉习楼船), Tang Biao Tie Zhu (唐标铁柱), Song Hui Yu Fu (宋挥玉斧), and Yuan Kua Ge Nang (元跨革囊). Archaeological evidence shows that Dali was the center of ancient civilization in Yunnan, with human activities dating back to the Neolithic period.

Cultural Significance

Dali was a crucial hub along the Ancient Tea Horse Road (茶马古道) and was one of the earliest established regions in Yunnan. The establishment of Ye Yu (叶榆), now Dali, dates back to the second year of the Yuanfeng period of the Western Han Dynasty (公元前109年). The region’s fertile lands facilitated agriculture and sericulture.

During the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) era, Dali became a political, economic, and cultural center. The kingdom, supported by the Tang Dynasty, developed strong ties with the Central Plains, embracing Han culture. This cultural amalgamation led to significant achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting. The renowned Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺三塔) and the Shibao Mountain Grottoes (石宝山石窟) are notable examples.

Contributions of Notable Figures

In 1680, during the 19th year of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign (清康熙), Pantu (偏图), a leader from the Han army’s White Banner, played a pivotal role in suppressing Wu Sangui (吴三桂). His repeated military successes earned him a promotion to Governor of Yunnan. Pantu spent 15 years in Dali, deeply appreciating its cultural richness. He petitioned the Qing Dynasty for a plaque inscribed with “Wenxian Mingbang” (文献名邦), which is prominently displayed at Wenxian Tower today.

Architectural Features

Wenxian Tower is a two-story building designed in the traditional Bai architectural style. Its wooden structure is characterized by:

• Stately Appearance: The tower features a magnificent brick and stone archway that adds grandeur to its presence.
• Couplets: It has two pairs of couplets. One notable couplet, penned by the modern scholar Zhou Ren (周仁), highlights the cultural essence of Dali:

溯汉唐以还，张叔传经，杜公讲学，硕彦通儒代有人，
莫让文献遗风暗消在新潮流外；
登楼台而望，鹫岭夕阳，鹤桥小路，熙来攮往咸安业。
但愿妙香古国常住于大世界中。

• Surrounding Scenery: The tower overlooks a picturesque landscape, with willows lining the pathway to the south entrance of Dali Old Town, creating a serene atmosphere.

How to Get There

Wenxian Tower is easily accessible from the center of Dali Old Town. Visitors can walk to the south gate, following the signs for approximately one kilometer to reach the tower. Additionally, local buses and taxis operate along this route, providing convenient transportation options.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Local Cuisine: Be sure to try local specialties, such as “Dali cheese” (大理乳酪) and “grilled fish” (烤鱼), which are popular among visitors.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs, especially when engaging with Bai cultural practices. It’s common to greet locals with a smile.
• Photography: The best lighting for photography occurs in the early morning and late afternoon. Capture the scenic views from the tower and the charming streets of Dali Old Town.
• Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other attractions in Dali, such as Erhai Lake (洱海), Cangshan Mountain (苍山), and the ancient town’s local markets.

The Four Japanese Buddhist Pagodas, also known as Sisengta (四僧塔), Shisengta (诗僧塔), or Japanese Four Monks Pagoda, are located within the Tianlong Babu Film City (天龙八部影视城) in the southwest of Dali Ancient City (大理古城). This pagoda features a unique hammer-shaped design typical of Lama-style stone structures. The exterior is weathered and covered with patches of lime, showcasing its ancient heritage.

Historical Background

According to the records of Li Yuanyang (李元阳) in the Jiajing Era, the pagodas are situated above the Beijian (北涧) at Longquan Peak (龙泉峰). Two monks named Lu Guanggu (逯光古) and Dou Nan (斗南), both originally from Japan, were exiled to Dali during the late Yuan Dynasty and were known for their poetic and calligraphic talents. After their passing, the locals respected them and buried them at this site. The nearby Lüyuxi (绿玉溪), located between Yujufeng (玉局峰) and Longquan Peak, feeds into the stream known as Beijian.

The Four Japanese Pagodas were officially recognized as a provincial cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial Government on January 7, 2012. Built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (公元1368-1398年), the pagodas date back over 700 years and serve as the joint burial site for four Japanese monks who achieved enlightenment in Dali.

Architectural Features

The pagodas are characterized by their unique spindle shape and are quite rare in the Dali region. Standing at a total height of 6 meters, the structure is constructed from natural stones. It consists of three main parts: the base (塔基), the body (塔身), and the top (塔刹). The body stands 2.9 meters tall, while the base is 2.4 meters high and has a diameter of 4 meters. An oval-shaped entrance is located on the west side, with a niche on the northern side housing a damaged inscription in Sanskrit.

The pagodas exhibit a weathered beauty, with their deep stone colors and lime layers giving them a timeworn appearance, making them a significant historical site.

Cultural Significance

In early 2005, Japanese actor Takakura Ken (高仓健) contributed funds for the restoration of the Four Japanese Pagodas during the filming of “Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles” (千里走单骑). This site symbolizes the integration of minority cultures and foreign influences in the border regions, serving as a historical witness to exchanges between China and the West.

Protection and Management

The preservation zone is defined as follows:

• East: 7 meters from the tomb
• South: 14 meters from the tomb
• West: 11 meters from the tomb
• North: 10 meters from the tomb

The construction control area adheres to the ancient city preservation plan.

Development History

During the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, several Japanese monks settled in Yunnan. Notable figures included Jianjixian (鉴机先), Tianxiang (天祥), Dou Nan (斗南), Yanci Zong (演此宗), and Jingzhong Zhao (镜中照). However, the specific identities of the four monks buried at the Four Pagodas remain uncertain due to the passage of time and limited records.

In 1999, local cultural authorities conducted repairs on the pagodas. Further restoration occurred in 2005, thanks to donations from Zhang Yimou (张艺谋) and Takakura Ken during the filming of “Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles.”

Importance in Dali’s Cultural Landscape

Dali has been a focal point of cultural exchange since the Qin and Han dynasties, serving as a key junction on trade routes such as the Southern Silk Road and the Tea Horse Road. As Buddhism flourished, Dali became a renowned center for religious and cultural interactions, earning titles like “Miaoxiang Ancient Country” and “Buddha Capital.”

The presence of Japanese monks in Dali underscores the historical ties between China and Japan, with the Four Pagodas standing as a testament to Dali’s openness to foreign influences.

Educational Exchange

Today, the Dali University (大理大学) across from the Green Stream (绿溪) has hosted thousands of international students from over 30 countries, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Australia, South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos. In 2017, Dali University ranked among the top ten institutions nationwide for international undergraduate students, with over 1,000 currently enrolled.

Annual International Day

The university’s annual International Day attracts attention from South and Southeast Asian countries and has received recognition as an “Excellent Award for Campus Cultural Activities” by the Ministry of Education, representing a significant part of Yunnan’s efforts in implementing its strategic development initiatives.

How to Get There

To reach the Four Japanese Pagodas, you can take public transportation or drive. The pagodas are located within the Tianlong Babu Film City, about 1 kilometer north of the Hongsheng Temple Pagoda (弘圣寺塔).

Travel Tips

• Entrance Fee: Typically included in the ticket for Tianlong Babu Film City.
• Opening Hours: The site generally follows the operating hours of the film city.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather.
• Photography: Bring a camera for stunning photos, especially in the surrounding gardens.
• Cultural Respect: Be mindful of the site’s historical significance and follow any posted guidelines.

The Four Japanese Buddhist Pagodas not only provide a glimpse into Dali’s rich history but also serve as a poignant reminder of cultural exchanges that have shaped the region over centuries.

The JingEn Pagoda (景恩塔), known in the Dai language as “Ta JingEn,” is situated on GuangjingEn Mountain (广景恩山) and serves as the central Buddhist pagoda of the Menghai (勐海) area. According to inscriptions on the pagoda’s stele, it originally began as a single tower. It has undergone three repairs in the Dai years 141 (AD 779, Tang Dynasty), 1133 (AD 1771, Qing Dynasty), and 1139 (AD 1777). Subsequently, in the Dai year 1315 (AD 1953), during one of its repairs, four smaller pagodas were added. Due to various reasons, the pagoda was later destroyed but was rebuilt to its original appearance in 1983.

Structure and Design (塔的结构与设计)

The JingEn Pagoda (景恩塔) features a brick and stone structure, characterized as a group pagoda in the style of an octagonal diamond throne. It consists of a total of nine towers, varying in size. The base of the main tower has a square shape with sides measuring 17 meters, while the main tower stands 17.2 meters tall, and the surrounding smaller towers each reach a height of 6 meters.

The pagoda has a multi-faceted design resembling a string of beads, with the seat styled as an octagonal Sumeru base. The body and base of the pagoda are adorned with floral designs and vivid images of dragon-like creatures. The pagoda’s pinnacle consists of various elements, including a treasure vase (宝瓶), chakra (相轮), precious umbrella (宝盖), and wind chimes (风铃).

Overall, the pagoda is grand and magnificent, with exquisite decorative painting, making it an architectural gem rich in artistic value and ethnic characteristics. It has been designated as a county-level cultural heritage protection unit.

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场), then take a taxi or local transport to Menghai County (勐海县).
• By Bus: Several bus lines connect Jinghong City (景洪市) with Menghai County (勐海县), making it accessible for travelers.
• By Car: If driving, follow signs to Menghai County (勐海县) from Jinghong City (景洪市), approximately 80 kilometers away.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal visiting period is between October and April, when the weather is pleasant for sightseeing.
• Dress Appropriately: As a religious site, visitors should dress modestly and respectfully.
• Photography: Capture the stunning architecture and intricate details of the pagoda, but be mindful of any restrictions on photography inside.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to learn more about the history and significance of the pagoda and the surrounding area.
• Respect Local Customs: Observe local customs and practices, especially when interacting with the local Buddhist community.

Introduction

The Jinglong Black Pagoda (勐龙黑塔) is a significant cultural landmark located in Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). It serves as an important spiritual site for the Dai people (傣族) and is believed to bring joy and prosperity to the local community. The pagoda is steeped in legend, connected to Shakyamuni (释迦牟尼) Buddha, whose left foot is said to bless the nearby Manfeilong White Pagoda (曼飞龙白塔) with happiness, while the right foot blesses the Jinglong Black Pagoda with wealth. Clear spring water in the area is thought to have borrowed the Buddha’s staff, providing continuous blessings to the Dai people.

Historical Background

Construction and Restoration

The Jinglong Black Pagoda was originally constructed in 784 AD and underwent significant reconstruction in the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (南宋嘉泰二年, 1202 AD). There are two prevailing theories about its origin: one claims it started in 1202 AD, while another suggests it was built even earlier than the Manfeilong White Pagoda, which dates to before 1204 AD.

The term “龙” in Dai language translates to “large,” and “篮” means “grandchild.” Thus, it is also referred to as the “Grandfather-Grandson Pagoda” (爷孙大塔), honoring the two ancestors who contributed the most to its construction. Originally adorned with colorful glass, the entire structure was primarily black, leading to its nickname “Black Pagoda.”

Architectural Features

Design and Structure

The Jinglong Black Pagoda features a square base measuring 17.9 meters on each side and stands at over 18 meters in height. The pagoda is hexagonal in shape and resembles a gourd, made from grey bricks and featuring a solid inner structure. Over time, it has been whitewashed multiple times, resulting in its current silver-white appearance.

Each tier of the main pagoda has copper bells hanging from its corners. Additionally, four decorative pillars are located at the corners, standing over two meters tall, designed for devotees to place offerings such as food, flowers, and incense.

Iconography

The architecture is rich in symbolism, with eight colorful dragon sculptures encircling the pagoda’s base, enhancing its grandeur and sacredness. The base is adorned with four lotus flowers, under which are sculptures of various creatures: a golden turtle, a crab, a python, and a peacock, each symbolizing different virtues in local culture.

Cultural Significance

The Black Pagoda has withstood the test of time for over 800 years. It has been a site of worship and cultural significance for the Dai community. In 1978, repairs included widening access roads and constructing a small pavilion to enhance visitor experience. A nearby temple houses a bronze statue of Buddha, gifted by friends from Thailand, and a 160 cm-long footprint, believed to have been left by the deity Pajao Gotama during his journeys to bless the people.

In 2002, the Jinglong Black Pagoda was designated as a second-class municipal cultural heritage site, highlighting its importance in local history and culture.

Location

The Jinglong Black Pagoda is situated in Menglong Town (勐龙), about 60 kilometers from the southern edge of Jinghong City. This area is notable for its vast flatlands and dense population, making it one of the largest townships within Xishuangbanna.

Nearby Attractions

• Manfeilong White Pagoda (曼飞龙白塔): Located 3 kilometers north of the Black Pagoda, it also holds cultural significance and is linked to local legends about the Buddha.
• Menglong Temple (勐龙佛寺): A nearby temple where visitors can experience local religious practices and culture.

How to Get There

To reach the Jinglong Black Pagoda, visitors can choose from several transport options:

1. By Bus: Regular buses operate from Jinghong City to Menglong Town. The journey typically takes about 1-2 hours. Check schedules at Jinghong’s main bus station.
2. By Car: Renting a car or hiring a taxi is a convenient option for those who prefer flexibility. The scenic drive along the countryside offers beautiful views.
3. Guided Tours: Some local travel agencies offer guided tours that include transportation to various attractions, including the Black Pagoda.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during local festivals, especially the Dai New Year or the Pagoda Festival (赕塔节), to witness vibrant cultural activities.
• Cultural Respect: Dress modestly and follow local customs when entering religious sites. Remove shoes before entering the pagoda and temple areas.
• Photography Etiquette: While capturing the unique architecture is encouraged, be respectful of the spiritual significance and avoid using flash photography inside temples.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to try local Dai dishes available in nearby eateries. Be sure to sample traditional foods, such as bamboo rice and spicy salads.
• Water Supply: Bring water with you, especially during warmer months, as it can get quite hot in the region.

Overview

Miyang Jianguo Tower (弥阳建国楼, Míyáng Jiàn Guó Lóu) is situated within the courtyard of the People’s Government of Mile County (弥勒县, Mílè Xiàn), located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州, Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu), Yunnan Province (云南省, Yúnnán Shěng). Constructed in 1946 (the 35th year of the Republic of China), this tower is a significant architectural and cultural landmark.

Architectural Features

• Structure: Brick and wood construction
• Orientation: Facing south, with a total area of 315 square meters

Design Elements

The central building of Jianguo Tower features a four-tier eave, while the eastern and western sides are adorned with three-tier hip roofs. The structure utilizes a traditional penetrated beam framework (穿斗式梁架, chuān dǒu shì liáng jià), with columns around the eaves wrapped in green bricks. The eave tiles are imprinted with the words “建国” (Jiàn Guó), meaning “establishing a nation,” symbolizing the post-war victory and the construction of a new country.

Historical Significance

The tower is adjacent to Wenchang Palace (文昌宫, Wénchāng Gōng) and holds deep historical and cultural value. Originally built in the 22nd year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1389 AD), the existing structure was reconstructed in 1947, following the original design as documented in the Guangxi Prefectural Records (《广西府志》, Guǎngxī Fǔzhì).

Dimensions

• Width: 21 meters
• Depth: 15 meters
• Height: Approximately 21 meters
• Total Area: 315 square meters
• Configuration: Five openings and two courtyards

In 1998, Jianguo Tower was designated as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit, further emphasizing its importance as a landmark and witness to the city’s history.

Cultural Importance

The tower stands as a testament to the evolution and development of the region. Its grand design showcases the pinnacle of traditional Chinese architectural art, reflecting the exceptional craftsmanship of Chinese artisans. Both the interior and exterior are adorned with exquisite decorations that blend ethnic charm with modern elements, making it a hallmark of Mile City (弥勒市, Mílè Shì).

Jianguo Tower is not just a building; it embodies the spirit of Mile City, quietly narrating the stories of its past. Each brick and tile seems to recount the passage of time, bearing witness to the city’s growth and transformation.

Visiting Jianguo Tower

Visitors can ascend Jianguo Tower using wooden staircases that spiral up from both the east and west sides. The building features a unique layout with corridors wrapping around, creating a distinct architectural experience. It was also recognized as a cultural heritage unit by Yunnan Province in 1998.

Geography and Climate of Honghe Prefecture

Honghe Prefecture is located in the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by diverse landforms including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The region features a significant altitude variation, resulting in complex terrain.

Climate Characteristics

• Precipitation: Abundant rainfall, primarily concentrated from May to October
• Frost Period: Late November to February of the following year
• Climate Type: Subtropical plateau monsoon climate

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the region, temperatures and humidity generally increase from north to south, creating a warm and humid environment.

Best Travel Period

For optimal travel experiences in Honghe Prefecture, it is advisable to avoid the rainy and hot summer and autumn months. The best times to visit are March to April and September to November when the weather is mild and rainfall is minimal.

How to Get There

1. By Taxi: Taxis are available throughout Mile City. Simply provide the address of the People’s Government courtyard to reach Jianguo Tower.
2. By Bus: Local buses may connect to Mile County Government; inquire about routes that stop nearby.
3. On Foot: If staying in central Mile City, you can walk to the tower as it is conveniently located.

Travel Tips

1. Visit Early or Late: To enjoy a quieter atmosphere, plan your visit for early morning or late afternoon.
2. Photography: The tower’s architectural details and surroundings provide great opportunities for photography.
3. Hire a Local Guide: For deeper insights into the tower’s history and significance, consider hiring a local guide.
4. Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of the cultural heritage and practices while visiting.
5. Explore Nearby Attractions: Take time to discover other historical sites in Mile City, enriching your understanding of the region’s culture and history.

Overview

Dongmen Tower and Yisa Folk House 红河县东门楼及迤萨民居 are located on Dongmen Street (东门街) in Honghe County (红河县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). These historical buildings are a reflection of the rich cultural heritage of the mule caravan trade, featuring 11 ancient structures that include the East Gate Tower, mule caravan inns, and courtyard houses.

Dongmen Tower is the only remaining city gate tower in Honghe County. The complex includes nearly a hundred ancient houses, combining both Chinese and Western architectural styles, with a total area of approximately 7,850 square meters. The structures have a fortress-like appearance and have remained solid and stable for nearly a century. The main components of Dongmen Tower and Yisa Folk House include the Dongmen Tower, Yao Chu Residence (姚初民居), and Qian Erguan Residence (钱二官住宅).

On March 5, 2013, Dongmen Tower and Yisa Folk House were designated by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院) as a seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Historical Background

• Construction: Dongmen Tower was first built in the 33rd year of the Republic of China (民国三十三年, 1944).
• Yao Chu Residence: Constructed in the early years of the Republic of China.
• Protection Planning: In 2022, the Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Honghe Prefecture (红河州住房和城乡建设局) planned for the preservation of Dongmen Tower and Yisa Folk House.

Architectural Features

The ancient buildings, including the East Gate Tower, mule caravan inns, and courtyard houses, serve as a microcosm of the history and culture of the mule caravan trade. Dongmen Tower is the only remaining city gate tower in Honghe County, and the structures exhibit a blend of architectural styles.

Main Buildings

• Dongmen Tower: Covers an area of 56 square meters, with a total building area of 168 square meters. It features a three-story brick structure with a double-sloped roof. The tower is rectangular, with an arched entrance inscribed with the characters “普天同庆,” serving as the sole entrance into the county from the east.
• Yao Chu Residence: This courtyard-style building connects to Dongmen Tower, covering 528 square meters with a construction area of 980 square meters. It features a three-story, three-entry courtyard design, with a fortified square appearance. The design incorporates shooting holes for defense, blending seamlessly into the sloped terrain.
• Qian Erguan Residence: Located at No. 33 Dongmen Street in Honghe County, this residence has a building area of 2,300 square meters. It features a two-story mixed brick and wood structure with a double-sloped roof. The layout is irregular, with various sizes of courtyards, creating an atmosphere of depth and intrigue.

Cultural Significance

Related Figures

Qian Wanxing, also known as Qian Erguan, was the 24th generation of the Gajian Wazha chieftain family. He built a residence for his concubine in the southeastern part of Yisa Town, which was later confiscated by the state for use as a detention center. The structure has been preserved intact.

Preservation Status

• 1992: Designated as a second batch of county-level cultural relic protection units by the Honghe County People’s Government (红河县人民政府).
• 2003: Recognized as a fourth batch of state-level cultural relic protection units by the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government (红河哈尼族彝族自治州人民政府).
• 2013: Announced as a seventh batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Travel Information

Location

Dongmen Tower and Yisa Folk House are located on Dongmen Street in Honghe County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province.

How to Get There

Visitors can take public buses No. 2, No. 3, or No. 5 to the Baohuodagong Station (百货大楼站) and then walk to the site.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and scenic views.
• Nearby Attractions: Explore other historical sites in the region for a deeper cultural experience.
• Photography: The unique architecture provides excellent opportunities for photos.
• Local Cuisine: Enjoy local delicacies in nearby restaurants to enhance your visit.

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