Laojun Mountain Liming Scenic Area

Laojun Mountain Liming Scenic Area丽江老君山国家公园黎明景区, located in Liming Township, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, is a prestigious site that holds three titles: World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area, and National Geopark. Covering a total area of 1,324 square kilometers, it is an important part of the Three Parallel Rivers World Natural Heritage site. In 2015, it was rated as a “4A” scenic area by the National Tourism Administration and is working towards “5A” status.

The area features the largest Danxia landform in China, spanning approximately 240 square kilometers. This striking landscape is formed by the red sandstone layer that has undergone fracturing, erosion, and weathering due to intense geological movements, resulting in spectacular red cliffs, isolated peaks, and deep valleys. With its unique biodiversity, geological diversity, and rich cultural heritage, this region is of great ecological tourism value.

Liming, located within Lijiang City, is primarily characterized by high mountain Danxia landforms and is distributed across three administrative villages: Liming, Meile, and Ligang. It covers an area of about 240 square kilometers and is one of the four main areas of the Laojun Mountain Scenic Area. The mountain rocks display colors akin to red danxia, with geological structures mainly composed of red gravel, sandstone, and mudstone, exhibiting hues ranging from deep red, purplish-red to light red.

Liming is approximately 120 kilometers from Lijiang city center. Within an expanse of over 300 square kilometers, there are more than 200 square kilometers of Danxia landforms, making it the largest Danxia landform group in Southwest China and one of the largest high mountain Danxia landscapes in the country. According to legend, Taishang Laojun (the Supreme Old Lord) practiced alchemy on Laojun Mountain nearby, and the ever-burning flames spread to this area, giving rise to this region of vibrant red sandstone.

Lijiang Liming Scenic Area Travel Guide

1. Best Time to Visit The Liming Scenic Area can be visited year-round, but the best seasons are spring and autumn when the climate is pleasant and the scenery is beautiful, making it the ideal time to view the Danxia landforms. To avoid peak tourist seasons, visitors are advised to visit during off-peak times for a more tranquil experience.
2. Touring Route The Liming Scenic Area has numerous attractions, and visitors can plan their route based on personal interests and time. Generally, tourists can start from Liming Township and head to Qian Guishan Scenic Area to admire the magnificent Danxia landforms. Next, they can visit Lover’s Pillar, Big Buddha Cliff, and other sites to experience the wonders of nature. Finally, visitors can proceed to Wuzhishan and Luohankuo to appreciate the diversity and richness of the Danxia landforms.
3. Precautions While visiting Liming Scenic Area, tourists should keep the following points in mind: First, respect local customs and religious beliefs; second, protect the environment by not littering or damaging vegetation; and lastly, ensure safety by avoiding climbing steep peaks and cliffs to prevent accidents.

Lijiang Liming Scenic Area Attractions List

Main Attractions

• Qian Guishan: Rocks with a tortoise shell-like surface appear as if thousands of turtles are climbing a gentle slope. The surrounding Danxia rock formations vary in shape, creating a breathtaking vista. From the summit, the Jinsha River appears like a white ribbon, with mountains resembling flames against the sky.
• Lover’s Pillar: A pair of massive stone pillars resembling a man and a woman tightly embracing each other, symbolizing pure and sincere love.
• Big Buddha Cliff: A steep Danxia rock featuring a giant stone resembling a sitting Buddha, watching over the world.
• Mongolian Yurt: The mountain shape resembles a Mongolian yurt, with a clearly defined eave and discernible drapery.
• Southern Heavenly Gate: Two towering Danxia cliffs stand majestically opposite each other, shrouded in mist and surrounded by dense trees, resembling a grand celestial gateway.
• Sky-piercing Ridge: The steep red stone peaks rise sharply, resembling swords piercing the sky.
• Camel Peak: Located about 6 kilometers south of Liming Village, the mountain resembles a resting camel, calm and serene.
• Wuzhishan: Located in Liming Village, this mountain resembles outstretched fingers reaching towards the sky, with its colorful cliffs reflecting red, white, and gray hues.
• Luohankuo: South of Wuzhishan, this cave features diverse karst formations, resembling divine statues and altars, with clear spring water inside.
• Chuanxin Mountain: In Liming Valley, a prominent peak rises above a massive cave, resembling an arch bridge leading to a beautiful realm.
• Red Rock Liming: Opposite Wuzhishan, this area features towering red cliffs and a central pass that resembles a giant saddle, with a stone resembling a Buddha meditating.
• Kenzalu Viewing Ridge: Located 2 kilometers into Kenzalu Canyon, this ridge offers stunning panoramic views of the Danxia landscape.
• Sansongping: About 15 kilometers south of Ligang, this area, covered by three towering cypress trees, serves as a summer pasture.
• Anapufeng: A pyramid-shaped peak between Meile and Goba villages with sheer cliffs on three sides.
• Three Sunrises and Sunsets: Around the winter solstice, the rising sun is blocked twice by high peaks, allowing for three stunning sunrise and sunset experiences in a single day.
• Stone Coffin Mountain: At the intersection of Kenzalu Canyon and Laomo Canyon, this mountain resembles a lacquered stone coffin.
• Yitian Peak: Across from Stone Coffin Mountain, a striking red mountain guarded by a towering peak, visible from miles away.
• Qiaopeng Mountain Peaks: This area features elegant peaks with stark white and pink colors, associated with local folklore.
• Hulu Sheng Village: Most of the male villagers, aged from teenagers to elderly, are skilled at playing the hulusheng (a traditional musical instrument), creating a unique cultural atmosphere.
• Yixiantian: About 3 kilometers east of Liming Village, this narrow gorge features steep cliffs and a limited opening to the sky.
• Fuhuy Rock: Located in Kenzalu Canyon, it resembles a tiger in deep thought.
• High Mountain Danxia: Spanning over 250 square kilometers, this area features the largest and most spectacular Danxia landform in the country.
• Liming Tent Camp: A low-carbon, eco-friendly high-end tent camping site and the only tent hotel located in a high mountain Danxia area.
• Via Ferrata Climbing: Featuring unique Danxia cliffs, this area is known as a world-class climbing destination for experiencing outdoor climbing adventures.

Lijiang Liming Qian Guishan Tour Guide

1. Best Time to Visit
   Qian Guishan is suitable for year-round visits, but the best viewing times are in the morning and evening when sunlight creates beautiful shadow effects on the rocks, enhancing the mountain’s vibrant colors. To avoid peak tourist seasons, visitors are encouraged to visit during non-holiday periods for a more peaceful environment.
2. Touring Method
   Visitors can choose to walk or take a cable car to Qian Guishan. Walking allows for a closer connection with nature, but safety precautions are necessary. The cable car offers an easy ascent to enjoy the stunning views. During the tour, visitors can follow the signs to visit attractions like Qian Guishan Sunrise, Lover’s Pillar, and Big Buddha Cliff.
3. Precautions
   When touring Qian Guishan, visitors should respect nature by not damaging vegetation or rocks. Safety is important, so avoid climbing steep peaks and cliffs, and protect the environment by not littering to maintain the cleanliness of the scenic area.

Additionally, visitors can explore other attractions in the Liming Scenic Area based on their interests and time. For example, they can visit Wuzhishan for its majestic terrain, Luohankuo for its karst wonders, or Sky-piercing Ridge for its breathtaking peaks. During the journey, local delicacies and snacks can be enjoyed, allowing visitors to experience the unique customs and culture of the Naxi people.

Travel Information
On August 8, 2020, the Lijiang Cultural and Tourism Bureau, in collaboration with the Lijiang Tourism Association, released the “Lijiang Tourism Integrity Pricing Guidelines”: A one-day tour of Liming (including meal fees, transportation costs, comprehensive fees, scenic area tickets, and ancient town maintenance fees) costs 160 yuan/person in low season (110 yuan/person if guests pay the ancient town maintenance fee themselves) and 175 yuan/person in peak season (125 yuan/person if guests pay the ancient town maintenance fee themselves).

When it comes to the outdoor sport of Via Ferrata, many people may feel unfamiliar with it, and it’s not surprising, as this activity has only been introduced to China in recent years. Currently, there are only a few places in China where you can experience Via Ferrata, the most professional and highest altitude being in the Dawn Scenic Area of Laojun Mountain National Park in Lijiang, Yunnan. Our “Yimei Wild Traveler” activity in Yunnan will allow us to experience this legendary Via Ferrata. For an adventurous Aries girl, this is truly a challenging experience.

Introduction to Via Ferrata

Via Ferrata is an Italian term (Via Ferrata, meaning “iron path”) referring to climbing routes built on mountain rock faces, equipped with steel handrails, footholds, and life cables, allowing people without climbing skills to ascend steep cliffs. Invented nearly a century ago in Europe, it originated during World War I when Italy built these paths for its army to quickly traverse the Dolomites. After the war, these Via Ferrata paths became invaluable for climbers, and many European countries began to establish them, promoting outdoor adventure sports.

After World War I, this method of climbing along iron cables was recognized and loved by the public, gradually developing into a popular sport in Europe.

Distribution of Via Ferrata Climbing Areas

There are over 500 routes across many European countries, including France, Switzerland, and Germany. In Malaysia, the Via Ferrata route on Mount Kinabalu, opened in 2007, is touted as the first in Asia and is recognized as the highest Via Ferrata in the world. This climbing activity has become widely popular in Europe, with millions of people using it to climb each year. After 1990, Via Ferrata joined mountain biking, canyoneering, paragliding, and rafting as the latest fashionable outdoor activities. Local governments in France competed to fund the construction of Via Ferrata to attract tourists. Since 1998, climbing routes have rapidly developed and expanded to Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Andorra, Malaysia, Canada, the United States, and beyond, becoming one of the main choices for family outdoor activities in Europe and the U.S.

The characteristics of Via Ferrata routes retain the thrilling excitement of outdoor rock climbing while providing a way to exercise physical fitness and willpower. At the same time, it greatly reduces the technical requirements for climbers, allowing ordinary people to conquer cliffs safely and gain significant spiritual enjoyment. Via Ferrata does not occupy conventional tourism resources and routes, offering a more three-dimensional, spatial, and systematic development of natural landscapes.

The Via Ferrata projects in China are gradually developing, with thrilling experiences available in various locations such as Yunyang Long Canyon in Chongqing, Wudang Mountain in Hubei, Huaihua Grand Canyon in Hunan, Bajiaozhai in Guilin, Yuewang Mountain in Guangdong, the Three Gorges Tian Keng in Fengjie, and Suobuyah in Enshi, Hubei.

Introduction to Via Ferrata Climbing in Laojun Mountain, Lijiang

Dawn is over 120 kilometers from Lijiang City. Covering an area of over 300 square kilometers, it features more than 200 square kilometers of Danxia landform, making it the largest Danxia landform group in Southwest China and one of the largest in the country. Dawn is rich in red stones, and each cliff and peak is adorned with red rock. According to legend, Taishang Laojun once refined elixirs on Laojun Mountain, not far from here, and the everlasting flames spread here, creating the reddish sandstone that resembles colored beads. It sparkles amid the dense green forests.

Dawn is located within the Laojun Mountain Scenic Area, 120 kilometers from the ancient town of Lijiang. It is renowned for its Danxia landform, with over 200 square kilometers of this unique landscape, making it one of the largest in the country. There is also the stunning Qian Gui Mountain, featuring massive weathered stones that resemble fish scales, with surfaces appearing cracked like a myriad of small turtles in neat rows. Besides the natural scenery, there is a Via Ferrata climbing project equipped with steel handrails, footholds, and life cables, allowing those without climbing skills to ascend steep cliffs. The beginner route is suitable for children over 5 years old and adults, making it a great experience to bring children along for both thrill and physical fitness.

Duoji has attended a summer camp here once before, and he fondly remembers it. This year, his birthday coincides with the Dragon Boat Festival, so we arranged for him to experience “Laojun Mountain again” as a birthday gift.

The Via Ferrata climbing in Laojun Mountain is located in the Dawn Scenic Area and offers two routes:

1. Anthony Via Ferrata Route 1: 280 meters long, with an absolute elevation difference of 75 meters, and an altitude range of 2400-2475 meters. It is rated as difficult and takes about 1 hour to climb. This route is considered a beginner experience.
2. Anthony Via Ferrata Route 2: 650 meters long, with an absolute elevation difference of 180 meters, and an altitude range of 2500-2680 meters. It is rated as difficult and takes about 2.5 hours. This route tests one’s courage; once you start climbing, you can only move forward, so challengers should choose carefully.

Via Ferrata Climbing

The adventure destination is 15 kilometers from Lijiang Old Town and is one of the few eco-friendly outdoor high-altitude experiences in Lijiang. As one of the first invited players to experience it, Little V presents a detailed guide today to unlock this newly popular outdoor spot.

What are the Specific Activities?

1. A Little Science Education

Dongba Valley is located at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain, 15 kilometers from Lijiang Old Town. It is a fault valley formed by tectonic movements. The Via Ferrata climbing project at the Dongba Adventure Center is set within Dongba Valley, which is 9.0 kilometers long. During the climbing process, you will appreciate the incredible craftsmanship of the cliffs, as well as various stalactites, dry vines, bizarre trees, and unique stones. It’s an excellent experience to get close to nature and challenge yourself.

2. Climbing Itinerary Arrangement

Change equipment → Warm up by walking → Coach teaches climbing skills and safety knowledge → Climbing (wire bridge, cloud ladder, high-altitude suspension bridge, zip line) → Remove equipment → End of climbing.

Upon arriving at the Dongba Adventure Center, follow the coach’s guidance to change into climbing gear. As you walk along the path to the climbing starting point, this also serves as your basic warm-up. After reaching the starting point, the coach will explain and demonstrate the basic operations of climbing for about 5 minutes.

Once you learn the basics of climbing, a challenging climbing adventure begins! The entire climbing process primarily involves Via Ferrata climbing, with four exciting challenges added to increase the overall fun and challenge. Here, I’ll focus on these four exciting challenges.

Challenge 1: Wire Bridge

⌛ About 3 minutes

The difficulty increases as you progress along the route. After finishing a section of climbing the rock face, the wire bridge comes into view. This section is relatively friendly in terms of height, making it not too difficult to be a “tightrope walker.” In this challenge, the other two participants in the experience activity, like me, easily made it across.

Challenge 2: Cloud Ladder

⌛ About 2 minutes

Following the wire bridge is the cloud ladder. The cloud ladder is set at a position not too far from the bottom of the canyon. The steepness is estimated to be around 45%. As a climbing novice, I only needed to take one step at a time to easily pass this challenge. Here’s a small reminder: while climbing the cloud ladder, don’t get too excited and just keep moving forward. Always pay attention to the position of your safety hook and ensure it matches your steps.

Challenge 3: High-Altitude Suspension Bridge

⌛ About 8 minutes

As the name suggests, the high-altitude suspension bridge is set high above the ground. At this point, the distance from the ground is not specifically estimated, but it is enough to intimidate a climbing novice like me. Although this challenge has its difficulties, it’s not a problem for those who want to challenge themselves through climbing! After all, even as a climbing novice, I managed to successfully complete this challenge despite my trembling mindset.

Challenge 4: Zip Line

⌛ About 15 seconds

The zip line is actually the coolest challenge, but it also tests the participant’s mental strength the most. It can be said to be a challenge that combines speed and excitement. You have to be willing to let go of your inner restraints and believe that you can succeed in the challenge, which makes it relatively simple. However, after a long mental struggle, I succeeded in completing the challenge by trying to trust the coach.

After the zip line, there is a short section of steps to climb, and the entire climbing activity concludes. Letting go of yourself and forging ahead is the mindset one should have when challenging climbing. Originally thinking I was powerless, overcoming difficulties and succeeding brings about a sense of relaxation and is a great choice for balancing work and leisure. Besides the psychological benefits, the other reward is the beautiful scenery. As the saying goes, “Infinite beauty lies on the dangerous peaks,” with blue skies, white clouds, and hidden valleys in full view.

Climbing Tips

1. Preparation Before Climbing
   • Clothes: Wear suitable clothing for climbing. (If you don’t have professional climbing gear, wear leggings and a long-sleeve shirt.)
   • Shoes: The most important gear is shoes; wear suitable shoes for climbing. Avoid wearing slippers and casual shoes to prevent slips or discomfort.
2. Safety Knowledge Before Climbing
   • When climbing Via Ferrata, it is crucial to understand and implement safety knowledge.
   • Pay attention to safety ropes and ensure they are properly secured and connected.
   • Ensure you have a reliable safety harness and helmet before starting.
3. Follow the Coach’s Instructions
   • In climbing activities, do not ignore the coach’s advice. It is vital to follow the coach’s guidance for safety reasons.

What else can you do when visiting Laojun Mountain in Lijiang besides seeing the Danxia landforms?

The answer is that, aside from not being able to walk up to the Danxia landform scenic area, you can freely enjoy other activities.

The rich alpine vegetation, rare flora and fauna, numerous glacial lakes, and unique Danxia landforms provide a visual feast. The diverse local customs and traditions will take you into a different world. There are also thrilling and interesting activities within the scenic area…

The fun of Laojun Mountain can only be truly known through personal experience!

Via Ferrata Rock Climbing — Once you start, there’s no turning back Via Ferrata is an outdoor activity that originated in Italy. It mainly uses iron chains, cables, and other devices to allow ordinary people to climb and walk on rock walls.

This sport tests both courage and physical strength. You need to stay focused throughout, and while it may seem dangerous, there are safety guarantees in place. Every year, thousands of tourists come here to challenge themselves. Every climber who successfully reaches the top jokingly says, “After this, nothing else seems impossible.”

Laojun Mountain’s Via Ferrata is located in the Liming scenic area, with two routes:

1. Anthony Via Ferrata Route One: It is 280 meters long, with a vertical drop of 75 meters and an altitude range of 2400-2475 meters. The difficulty level is relatively challenging, taking about one hour to climb; this route is suitable for beginners.
2. Anthony Via Ferrata Route Two: It is 650 meters long, with a vertical drop of 180 meters and an altitude range of 2500-2680 meters. The difficulty level is challenging, taking approximately 2.5 hours to complete. This route tests a climber’s courage; once you start climbing, you can only move forward and cannot retreat, so challengers should choose carefully.

Prices: Route One: 180 yuan/person, Route Two: 300 yuan/person (online purchase is more cost-effective).
Note:

1. People with acrophobia or heart conditions are prohibited from participating.
2. It is recommended to wear hiking shoes or non-slip footwear for climbing.
3. Remember to protect yourself from sun exposure.

Gorge Rafting — All the way with screams No sport is quite like rafting, where you advance entirely by the force of the water, splashing around and screaming all the way, making it both thrilling and fun.

At Laojun Mountain’s gorge rafting, visitors simply need to sit in the raft and enjoy the fun of rafting while taking in the beautiful mountain scenery. This activity is perfect for those looking to relax and get close to nature.

The gorge rafting spans 9 kilometers, with a drop of about 300 meters, starting from Wang Sanping Village in Shitou Township to Yonghong Village in Shitou Township. The entire rafting experience takes about 3 hours.

Rafting hours are from 13:00 to 17:00, with the latest entry time being 16:00. Each raft can accommodate 6-7 people.

Ticket Prices: Full rafting ticket: 198 yuan/person, half-trip ticket: 88 yuan/person. The ticket includes insurance and a set of rain gear. Besides the ticket price, there are no mandatory expenses in the scenic area; friends can voluntarily purchase water guns and other small items.
Note:

1. Children under 1.2 meters tall and seniors over 60 years old are advised to raft only half the distance; adults may also choose to raft half the distance.
2. People with heart disease, high blood pressure, pregnant women, and those with mental illnesses are not allowed to participate in rafting.
3. Please do not carry valuable or fragile items, such as phones or jade bracelets.
4. It’s recommended to prepare a change of clothes and shoes before rafting.
5. Visitors wearing glasses should secure them with rubber bands or similar to prevent them from falling off.
6. Follow the instructions and arrangements of the rafting personnel.
7. Be mindful of the ticket usage time.

Danxia Landforms — Liming Scenic Area The Danxia landforms in Liming are the largest and most spectacular in the country, with the highest relative height, absolute height, and stunning colors.

The most typical feature is Thousand Tortoises Mountain, whose scale and quality are among the most representative in the country, making it a true wonder of China.

In the Lisu language, Liming is referred to as “Yigu Luoma Di,” which means “ancestor of the giant valley.” The Lisu people call this place the homeland of the sun. The high-altitude Danxia landforms are a main feature of the Liming landscape, distributed across the administrative villages of Liming, Ligang, and Meile.

The Liming scenic area is a gathering place for the Lisu ethnic group, where you can enjoy Lisu-style hand-held rice and bonfire parties.

Ninety-Nine Dragon Pools The Ninety-Nine Dragon Pools are said to have formed from the elixir furnace of Taishang Laojun falling on Laojun Mountain. Hundreds of large and small deep pools are scattered across the mountains, adorned with a sea of rhododendrons. Attractions within include Nine Sons Rock, Three-Eyed Pool, Holy Mother Pool, Yellow Dragon Pool, and Black Dragon Pool.

Geladan Grassland Geladan Grassland is known as the “Heavenly Grassland,” featuring several alpine meadows, bright sunshine, fresh air, and beautiful scenery, completely isolated from the world, making it a rare “paradise.”

Jinsi Factory Snow Mountain Jinsi Factory Snow Mountain is the main peak of Laojun Mountain. Historically, the Mu chieftains operated a gold mine here, giving it its name. It is home to the first-class protected animal “Yunnan Golden Monkey,” which is referred to as the “Golden Silky Jade Peak.”

Scenic Area Visitor Guide Transportation + Tickets

Transportation:

1. Hire a car to get there.
2. Buy bus tickets to Liming from Lijiang Bus Station (0888-5121106). There are three buses daily, departing at 10:30, 11:30, and 14:00, with a ticket price of 24.5 yuan.

Opening Hours: 8:00-18:00
Ticket Prices: Laojun Mountain ticket: 80 yuan/person, scenic area electric car: 60 yuan/person. The round-trip cable car ticket for Thousand Tortoises Mountain in Laojun Mountain’s Liming scenic area is 140 yuan/person, with a journey time of 20 minutes; walking takes about 1 hour. Rafting and Via Ferrata tickets need to be purchased separately.

Notes:

1. The best time to visit Laojun Mountain is between May and June during the rhododendron bloom, and around October in autumn for great views. However, it’s best to avoid the rainy season (July-August) due to various inconveniences.
2. There is limited electricity at Laojun Mountain at night, so it’s advisable to bring a flashlight.
3. It can be damp at night, so if you plan to camp, be sure to bring a sleeping bag.
4. Laojun Mountain is over 3000 meters above sea level, so be cautious of altitude sickness.
5. You can take a bus from Lijiang or Shigu Town to the scenic area; the terrain is not as steep as Yulong Snow Mountain, making it climbable.
6. If you’re hiking, it’s essential to hire a trained local guide and have porters to assist with transporting luggage and other items.

Tips:

1. The nearby Shigu Town and the First Bend of the Yangtze River scenic area can be visited along the way.
2. The Liming Danxia landform scenic area and the Ninety-Nine Dragon Pools highland lake scenic area are more than 120 kilometers apart by car.

Thousand Tortoises Mountain, located in Liming Township, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang, is the largest and highest known area of Danxia landform in China. The scenic area features many beautiful red rocks that have weathered into tortoise shell-like structures. One of the slopes resembles thousands of small tortoises forming a larger tortoise, arranged naturally and orderly as if they are heading towards the rising sun in the east, making it a unique highlight of the Danxia landscape in Liming.

Geographical Environment

Liming Thousand Tortoises Mountain is situated in the western part of Liming Village, within Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang. In the southwestern part of Liming Village, there are many beautiful tortoise shell-like rock formations created by the weathering of red rocks. One slope resembles thousands of small tortoises forming a larger tortoise, arranged naturally and orderly, as if continuously moving toward the rising sun in the east. This is the magic of Liming Thousand Tortoises Mountain, the largest and highest known area of Danxia landform in China.

Main Attractions

• Tortoise Back: The weathered, giant scales of the rocks protrude in rounded shapes, resembling the backs of tortoises. Because of their abundance and density, this area is called “Thousand Tortoises Mountain.”
• Sleeping Tortoise: The high reddish cliffs resemble an elderly person’s head lying down, known as “Old Man’s Alchemy,” where the Supreme Old Man is said to practice alchemy.
• Lingzhi Peak: Viewed from across the way, it looks like a gigantic head of Buddha or a naturally grown Lingzhi mushroom leaning against the cliff, both fascinating and magical.
• Lover’s Pillar: Two closely embraced red stone pillars stand over thirty meters high, looking especially enchanting under the setting sun, a scene that has attracted countless heroes and admirers.
• Danxia: Danxia, simply put, refers to red stones, a geological wonder formed by rocks devoid of vegetation that emerge in nature, creating a unique landscape.

Cultural Geography

Returning from Kenzhalu to Liming Street, ascend the hillside west of Liming Middle School. After about an hour of winding up a mountain path among the Danxia rock formations, you will arrive at a large area of exposed and weathered rocks resembling giant scales, known as Thousand Tortoises Mountain. The scale-like weathered rock layers create a unique landscape. You first see “Buddha Peak,” a giant upright mountain with spiral layers of weathered scales on top and a red bare cliff on the lower half. Viewed from across, it resembles a giant Buddha’s head, which is also why it is called “Lingzhi Peak.” You can easily climb to the peak by scaling the “giant scales,” and the photos taken by your friends from the opposite side are spectacular. To the east of “Buddha Peak,” the second sight is “Thousand Tortoises Racing.” This consists of a large slope of neatly arranged “giant scales,” each resembling a tortoise in motion. Upon closer inspection, you will find that the hundreds of stone tortoises on the slope also resemble a larger tortoise moving toward the rising sun. Because of this exquisite scenery, the area is named “Thousand Tortoises Mountain.” In winter, you can gaze southward from Thousand Tortoises Mountain and admire the snow-covered peaks of Laojun Mountain. The mountain also features sheer cliffs, isolated peaks, and breathtaking landscapes worth exploring.

Travel Information

• Best Time to Visit: In winter, you can see the snow-covered Laojun Mountain from Thousand Tortoises Mountain, which is also beautiful. In spring, beautiful rhododendrons bloom among the fiery red rocks.
• Food: The pickled radishes and peanut candy from the town are renowned local specialties.
• Accommodation: Use the Laojun Mountain Pasture as your base camp. There are no shops here, and the accommodation is very basic, so it’s best to bring your own sleeping bag. You can also enter the Liming scenic area for accommodation, which offers options like international youth hostels, the Normandy Hotel, and other lodges.
• Travel Route: Departing from the ancient town of Lijiang, head to Shigu Town at the first bend of the Yangtze River. After traveling 50 kilometers upstream, continue west along the Jinzhuang River for another 30 kilometers, reaching the eastern foothills of the middle section of Laojun Mountain, home to one of the few Danxia landform wonders in southwestern China.

Transportation Information

• There is a bus from Lijiang Passenger Station to Liming Thousand Tortoises Mountain every day at 12:00 PM. The ticket price is 39 yuan, with a travel time of about 3.5 hours. In the morning, there are buses leaving Liming, but none in the afternoon due to time constraints.
• Additionally, there are private minibuses at the Yulong County Hospital on Longshui Road in Lijiang going to Liming, priced at 30 yuan, but they usually do not return. If you plan to return the same day, be sure to confirm the return schedule.
• For chartered vehicles, the distance from Liming County to Shanglan is 81 kilometers, with a long-distance bus fare of 12 yuan per person. The cost of a chartered vehicle is around 200 yuan, typically accommodating 5 to 6 people, with lower prices for round trips. The distance from the county town to Shuanghe is about 30 kilometers, with similar minibus costs of around 50 yuan.
• Self-driving to Thousand Tortoises Mountain is also an option.

Location: The Yunnan Bian Tun Cultural Museum is situated in the village of Maojiatuan, Fengyu Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province. This area was where Mao Zedong’s 20th ancestor, Mao Taihua, lived for over thirty years.

Overview: The museum is part of the China Yongsheng Bian Tun Cultural Expo Park project, which covers an area of 3,500 acres with a total investment of 697.5 million yuan.

Establishment: The museum was officially established on December 26, 2011, and spans a total area of 64 acres (42,668.8 square meters). Its facilities include the Bian Tun Cultural Museum, the Ancestor Memorial Park of Mao Zedong, Guangming Square, and the Mao Family Ancestral Hall. The total building area is 4,700 square meters, with an exhibition area of 2,800 square meters and a green space of 6,699 square meters.

The China Yongsheng Yunnan Bian Tun Cultural Museum is located in Maojiatuan, Fengyu Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County. This site is where Mao Zedong’s 20th ancestor, Mao Taihua, lived for over thirty years. The museum is part of the China Yongsheng Bian Tun Cultural Expo Park project, which covers an area of 3,500 acres and has a total investment of 697.5 million yuan.

The museum was established on December 26, 2011, and spans a total area of 64 acres (42,668.8 square meters). Its facilities include the Bian Tun Cultural Museum, the Ancestor Memorial Park of Mao Zedong, Guangming Square, and the Mao Family Ancestral Hall. The total building area is 4,700 square meters, with an exhibition area of 2,800 square meters and a green space of 6,699 square meters.

The museum features seven exhibition halls, including: the Introduction Hall, Bian Tun Yunnan, Famous Historical Figures of Yunnan from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Yongsheng, Art and Calligraphy in Bian Tun, Beisheng Prefecture and Lancang Guard, and Cangyang Spring and Autumn. The Ancestor Memorial Park includes four pavilions: Mao Taihua Pavilion, Yongsheng Mao Family Genealogy Pavilion, Shaoshan Mao Family Genealogy Pavilion, and Personal Stories of Mao Zedong Pavilion. The Mao Family Ancestral Hall features three exhibition rooms. Between the museum and the memorial park is Guangming Square, which features a life-sized bronze statue of Mao Zedong. The statue is backed by Phoenix Mountain and faces east, with the inscription “光明在前” (Bright Future Ahead) carved into its base.

The Yunnan Bian Tun Cultural Museum relies on the existing Mao Family Ancestral Hall to build the China Yongsheng Bian Tun Cultural Expo Park. The construction includes eight functional areas: the Bian Tun Cultural Spirit Park, Chinese Bian Tun Cultural Zone, Agricultural Development Zone, Ethnic Integration Zone, Agricultural Research and Development Zone, Specialty Business Street, Comprehensive Service Area, and Leisure and Wellness Area. The Yunnan Bian Tun Cultural Museum is a systematic showcase of Bian Tun culture, aiming to deeply explore its connotations with a focus on “rooted in Yunnan, facing the nation, and highlighting Yongsheng,” and to present excellent Bian Tun culture, which is predominantly based on Han culture.

Exhibition Halls

The museum features several exhibition halls, including:

• Introduction Hall
• Bian Tun Yunnan
• Famous Historical Figures of Yunnan from the Ming and Qing Dynasties
• Intangible Cultural Heritage of Yongsheng
• Art and Calligraphy in Bian Tun
• Beisheng Prefecture and Lancang Guard
• Cangyang Spring and Autumn

The Ancestor Memorial Park includes:

• Mao Taihua Pavilion
• Yongsheng Mao Family Genealogy Pavilion
• Shaoshan Mao Family Genealogy Pavilion
• Personal Stories of Mao Zedong Pavilion

The Mao Family Ancestral Hall features three exhibition rooms. Between the museum and the memorial park is Guangming Square, which features a life-sized bronze statue of Mao Zedong. The statue faces east and is backed by Phoenix Mountain, with the inscription “光明在前” (Bright Future Ahead) carved into its base.

Cultural Significance

The Yunnan Bian Tun Cultural Museum aims to systematically showcase border culture and is focused on exploring the cultural connotations of Bian Tun culture with an emphasis on Han culture. The museum is part of a larger plan to develop the China Yongsheng Bian Tun Cultural Expo Park, which will include eight functional zones:

• Bian Tun Cultural Spirit Park
• Chinese Bian Tun Cultural Zone
• Agricultural Development Zone
• Ethnic Integration Zone
• Agricultural Research and Development Zone
• Specialty Business Street
• Comprehensive Service Area
• Leisure and Wellness Area

Historical Background

The museum is located in a historically significant area for the Mao family, where Mao Taihua lived for over thirty years. It officially opened in 2011 and covers a substantial area with various facilities dedicated to both cultural and historical education.

Visiting Information

• Address: No. 89, Maojiatuan, Fengyu Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province
• Opening Hours: 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM, open year-round
• Transportation: Visitors can take a bus from Lijiang City or Yongsheng County to Chenghai Town and then reach Fengyu Village Committee, Maojiatuan.

Honors

In February 2023, the museum was selected as one of the first education practice bases for solidifying the awareness of the Chinese national community in Yunnan Province.

Chinese Name: 中煙國際（香港）有限公司 (Incorporated in Hong Kong with limited liability) (Stock code: 6055)
English Name: China Tobacco International (HK) Company Limited
(1) Resignation of Executive Director, General Manager, and Authorized Representative
(2) Appointment of General Manager and Authorized Representative
(3) Appointment of Executive Directors
(4) Change in Composition of Board’s Committees
The Board announces that with effect from March 17, 2020:

1. Resignation of Mr. Zhang Hongshi:
   • Positions: Executive Director, General Manager, Authorized Representative
   • Reason: Change of work arrangements
   • Confirmation: No disagreement with the Board; no matters relating to his resignation need to be brought to the attention of the shareholders or The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited.
   • Acknowledgment: The Board expresses sincere gratitude to Mr. Zhang for his commitment, diligence, and contributions, including leading the Company’s business reorganization and initial public offering.
2. Appointment of Ms. Yang Xuemei:
   • Positions: General Manager, Authorized Representative
   • Background:
     • Joined the company in October 2018 as Vice General Manager.
     • Executive Director since December 2018.
     • Held various positions at Kunming Machine Tool Company Limited, Yuxi Cigarette Factory, Yunnan Hongta Import & Export Company Limited, and Hongta International Company Limited.
     • Vice General Manager, General Manager, and Chairman of Yunnan Tobacco International Company Limited.
     • Senior economist awarded by China National Tobacco Corporation.
     • Educational qualifications include a bachelor’s degree in engineering, a master’s degree in economics, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
3. Appointment of Ms. Li Yan and Mr. Liang Deqing:
   • Positions: Executive Directors, Vice General Managers
   • Background of Ms. Li Yan:
     • Joined in March 2020.
     • Worked at China Tobacco International Inc. in various departments.
     • Deputy Director of Corporate Investment Department, Director of Compliance Office.
     • 11 years of experience in investment management of the overseas tobacco industry.
     • Educational qualifications include a bachelor’s degree in economics and an MBA.
   • Background of Mr. Liang Deqing:
     • Joined in March 2020.
     • Worked at Qinghai First Machine Tool Factory, Henan Xuchang Flue-cured Tobacco Plant, Tianchang International Tobacco Co., Ltd., China Tobacco Henan Import and Export Company Limited, China Tabaco International Do Brasil Ltda., China Tobacco International (North America), Inc., and China Tobacco International Group Limited.
     • Senior engineer awarded by State Tobacco Monopoly Administration.
     • Educational qualifications include a bachelor’s degree in engineering.
4. Change in Composition of Board’s Committees:
   • Resignations:
     • Mr. Zhang ceased to be a member of the Connected Transactions Control Committee and the Strategic Development Committee.
   • Appointments:
     • Ms. Yang was appointed as a member of the Connected Transactions Control Committee.
     • Ms. Li was appointed as a member of the Strategic Development Committee.

Board Composition (As of March 17, 2020)

• Chairman and Non-Executive Director:
  • Mr. Shao Yan
• Executive Directors:
  • Ms. Yang Xuemei
  • Ms. Li Yan
  • Mr. Liang Deqing
  • Mr. Wang Chengrui
• Independent Non-Executive Directors:
  • Mr. Chow Siu Lui
  • Mr. Wang Xinhua
  • Mr. Chau Kwok Keung
  • Mr. Qian Yi

By order of the Board,
China Tobacco International (HK) Company Limited
Shao Yan, Chairman

Date of Announcement: March 17, 2020

The English translation of an entity’s or a company’s name in Chinese which is marked with “” is for identification purpose only. If there is any inconsistency between the Chinese names of entities or companies established in the PRC and their English translations, the Chinese names shall prevail.*

YunNan Tobacco Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (云南巴菰生物科技股份有限公司) was established in December 2015. The company’s name pays tribute to the historical origins of tobacco. Since its inception, YunNan Tobacco Biological Technology has been renowned for its expertise in tobacco leaves and technological advancements. The company is dedicated to providing innovative solutions and systematic improvements to enhance quality and efficiency for leading tobacco enterprises worldwide.

Core Business Areas

Product Lines

• Explosive Capsules: Manufacturing and production of explosive capsules used in cigarettes.
• Tobacco Flavor and Fragrance: Development and manufacturing of tobacco flavor and fragrance for cigarettes.
• Cigarette Materials: Innovation in cigarette materials and supporting application programs.
• Quality Control Services: Services focused on cigarette quality control and improvement.
• New Tobacco Products: Research and development of new tobacco products.

Operational Philosophy

Innovation

• Start of Operations: Officially started operations in 2016, marking it as a “new” company.
• High-Tech Enterprise: Certified as a high-tech enterprise in 2017.
• Patents: By October 2019, the company had obtained 22 authorized patents and had 85 patents accepted.

Openness

• Cooperation Platform: Built an open, pragmatic, efficient, and successful multi-party cooperation platform.
• Global Partnerships: Welcomes like-minded partners from around the world to create a better future and share achievements.

Leading

• International Presence:
  • Subsidiaries: Four subsidiaries located in Russia, Korea, and Ukraine.
  • Global Business: Operations span Asia, Africa, Europe, and America.
  • Global Resources and Vision: Supply chain and information chain covering the world.

Conclusion

YunNan Tobacco Biological Technology Co., Ltd. is committed to leading the way in tobacco technology innovation. With a strong emphasis on openness and collaboration, the company aims to create a global impact through its advanced products and services, ensuring sustainable growth and shared success with its partners.

Chu Oranges

Chu Oranges, also known as Ice Sugar Oranges, are a type of sweet orange renowned as a famous specialty of Yunnan. They are celebrated for their thin skin and sweet taste with a hint of acidity. Named after Chu Shijian, the former chairman of Hongta Group, who was known as the “King of Tobacco,” these oranges have gained widespread popularity.

Chu’s Agriculture

Founded by Chu Shijian, Chu’s Agriculture is dedicated to fruit cultivation using modern agricultural techniques and standardized management systems. The company also focuses on the research and development of high-quality fruit varieties, planting techniques, advanced processing technologies, and craftsmanship. It boasts well-known brands such as “Chu Orange” and “Yunguan Orange.”

Chu Orange

In 2002, Chu Shijian planted the first batch of Ice Sugar Oranges in Gasa Town, deep in the Ailao Mountains, and named them Chu Oranges. Through years of meticulous cultivation, Chu Oranges became known for their thin skin, juicy flesh, ideal sweet-to-acid ratio, and delightful taste. They have earned a stellar market reputation and have become one of the most beloved sweet orange brands in Asia. By 2017, Chu Oranges achieved an impressive annual revenue of nearly 300 million yuan.

Yunguan Orange

In 2015, the Chu Orange team began developing the Longling production base, covering an area of 10,000 acres. The new generation of Chu Orange farmers adopted the standardized management of Chu Orange orchards, adapting it to local conditions to create the new brand “Yunguan Orange.” In 2017, a key provincial academician workstation was established at the Longling base, led by Deng Xiuxin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, chief scientist of the modern citrus technology system, and president of Huazhong Agricultural University. This scientific planting technology boosted the project’s progress, and by 2019, the base had achieved a production output of 6,000 tons, with 3,000 tons of selected finished products, achieving a 50% yield rate.

Establishment of the Plantation

In June 2003, Chu leased 134 hectares (330 acres) of land in Xinping County and hired 300 employees. He applied the same management principles that had led to his earlier success with Yuxi Tobacco. These included emphasizing quality over quantity and linking workers’ income to the company’s profits. As the company grew, his employees were able to earn several times the average local wage.

Marketing and Success

Chu used the Internet to market his “Chu Oranges” nationally, appealing to wealthier customers who were willing to pay higher prices for a premium brand perceived as nutritious and safe. The company quickly became highly successful, selling 10,000 tons of oranges a year by 2013. Chu’s innovative approach and focus on quality made his oranges a sought-after product across China.

Expansion into Ecotourism

Chu also developed his orange plantation in the Ailao Mountains into an ecotourism resort. This diversification helped to further solidify the brand’s reputation and provided additional revenue streams.

Leadership Transition

On 17 January 2018, his 90th birthday, Chu appointed his son Chu Yibin (褚一斌) as the chief executive officer of Chu’s Fruit Company Limited, while he retained the title of chairman. This transition ensured the continuity of the company’s operations and its values.

Legacy

Chu’s Agriculture has built its brand over more than a decade with dedication and craftsmanship. Despite its illustrious history, it continues to move forward with a farmer’s heart, striving for excellence in every step.

Overview

Chu Shijian (Chinese: 褚时健; 24 December 1927 – 5 March 2019) was a Chinese business executive and entrepreneur, known as the “king of tobacco” and the “king of oranges”. He turned the near-bankrupt Yuxi Cigarette Factory into one of China’s most profitable state-owned companies and developed its Hongtashan cigarette into one of the country’s most valuable brands. At its peak, the company contributed 60% of total revenues of the Yunnan provincial government.

Chu supplemented his low official salary by taking bribes. He was arrested for corruption in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1999. After being released on medical parole in 2002, he started his second company at age 75, an orange plantation with the brand name “Chu Orange”. It became a nationally famous brand, giving Chu a new nickname as the “king of oranges”. His achievements and unyielding spirit made him “one of China’s most iconic entrepreneurs”.

Early Life

Chu was born on 24 December 1927 in Yuxi, Yunnan, Republic of China. He participated in the Chinese Communist Revolution in his youth, but was later denounced as a “rightist” during the Anti-Rightist Campaign, and was not politically rehabilitated until the end of the Cultural Revolution. He managed a sugar cane factory in his early career.

Career

Yuxi Tobacco

In October 1979, Chu was appointed head of Yuxi Cigarette Factory (later known as Yuxi Tobacco Company and Hongta Group). Yuxi was a near-bankrupt state-owned factory that made the Hongtashan (Red Pagoda Hill) brand of cigarettes, with an annual revenue of less than US$1 million.

Chu recognized that as China’s economy was starting to grow, more people could afford cigarettes, and he began to promote the Hongtashan brand all over the country. The brand became famous and demand grew quickly. Chu was able to sell the cigarettes for US$1.5 to $2 per pack, although the official price was fixed at $1. He spent the unreported profit on buying state-of-the-art equipment and building new offices and apartments for his employees.

By 1995, the company produced more than 100 billion cigarettes per year but still could not meet the demand even at the higher unofficial prices. Wholesalers were willing to pay bribes to Chu and his family members to secure supplies of Hongtashan. While Yuxi Tobacco generated more than 99 billion yuan in profits and taxes for the government during his 16-year tenure, Chu’s official monthly salary was less than US$250. He and his family members could not resist the temptation of augmenting their income by taking bribes. In February 1995, an informant sent evidence of the illegal payments to the government. Chu’s wife Ma Jingfen (马静芬) and their daughter Chu Yingqun (褚映群) were arrested, and Yingqun committed suicide in prison.

Chu was arrested in 1996. In 1999, he was convicted of embezzling US$1.74 million and diverting more than $145 million to company accounts from state coffers. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, although many considered it unjust and he remained a popular hero in Yuxi. His sentence was later reduced several times and officially ended in 2011.

Chu Orange

Chu developed diabetes while in prison and was released in 2002 on medical parole. Already 74, he decided to start his second company, an orange farm.

In June 2003, he leased 134 hectares (330 acres) of land in Xinping County and hired 300 employees. He employed the same management methods as at Yuxi Tobacco, such as the emphasis of quality over quantity and linking workers’ income to the company’s profits. As the company grew, his employees were able to earn several times the average local wage. He used the Internet to market his “Chu Oranges” nationally, and attracted wealthier customers who were willing to pay higher prices for a premium brand perceived as nutritious and safe. The company became highly successful, selling 10,000 tons of oranges a year by 2013. He also developed his orange plantation in the Ailao Mountains into an ecotourism resort. Chu, already known as the “tobacco king” of China, gained another title as the “king of oranges”.

On 17 January 2018, his 90th birthday, Chu appointed his son Chu Yibin (褚一斌) as chief executive officer of Chu’s Fruit Company Limited, while he retained the title of chairman.

Death

On 5 March 2019, Chu died from complications from diabetes at Yuxi People’s Hospital. He was 91.

Chu Shijian: A Legendary Life in China’s Tobacco Industry

Chu Shijian, the former chairman of Hongta Group (a key subsidiary of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.) and Yuxi Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd., passed away at the age of 91 on March 5, 2019. The news went viral on the Internet in China, with many people remembering the life of this legendary man, who began to cultivate oranges and became wildly successful in his 70s. However, this story will focus on the great course of his life during 1979 and 1994. During these 15 years, Mr. Chu created Hongtashan, a renowned Chinese cigarette brand, leading to Yuxi Cigarette Factory ranking first in Asia and joining the ranks of the world’s largest modern tobacco companies.

The Transformation of Yuxi Cigarette Factory

When Chu Shijian first became head of Yuxi Cigarette Factory, it was a tired, old Chinese state-owned factory in which factionalism was taken very seriously, the decision-making process was slow, and execution was very poor. In terms of the products, there were many brands, but all fell into the middle and lower grades, leading to product homogenization. In terms of production, it was a semi-mechanized workshop operation. In terms of mentality, factory workers were sluggish and lazy.

Faced with such a factory, one may imagine how Chu Shijian felt –“in fear”, of course. But, he worked out solutions and direction for his work, rather than being intimidated by this fear.

He initiated a series of reforms after he took over as manager of Yuxi Cigarette Factory, among which the most important was a technical improvement and raw material guarantee.

Introducing Advanced Technology Equipment

In the mid-1980s, China still implemented a planned economic system. Therefore, cigarette manufacturers had no power to apply for foreign equipment themselves but had to wait for the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA) to allocate purchasing indicators and then the local foreign exchange department would allocate foreign exchange for it. Then, the purchase indicator was assigned to China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd. At that time, the Guizhou Cigarette Factory was a famous factory that produced well-known cigarette brands such as Yunwu Mountain and Huaxi. The State Administration of Foreign Exchange also agreed to grant foreign exchange indicators for Guizhou province. At that time, the equipment was priced at US$27 million (based on the exchange rate then, this was equal to about RMB70 million). However, the Guizhou Cigarette Factory decided to give this up.

The indicator was therefore transferred to Yunnan province. The tobacco department of the province first sought the opinions of Kunming Cigarette Factory, which was not interested in it. Chu Shijian, on the other hand, was very much interested in the opportunity. But, the executive of Yuxi Cigarette Factory had to first convince several deputy managers who felt that it was too risky.

To purchase the equipment, all the assets of the factory would need to be mortgaged. Yet, Chu Shijian had made up his mind. He worked out a purchase scheme with the deputy managers in the car on the way to Kunming and went on to persuade the provincial economic commission and the provincial planning commission. Thus, Yuxi Cigarette Factory became the only factory in China in the late 1980s set up with the world’s first-class cigarette equipment, which could automatically produce filtered cigarettes.

Chu Shijian had long attached great significance to technology. He started to renovate the production line after he took over the factory. He imported 85 sets of cigarette machines and two production lines from Britain, Japan, and the Netherlands, which were in line with the international criteria in the 1970s, albeit not the most advanced ones in the world. Thanks to the improvement of its technical capabilities, Yuxi Cigarette Factory quickly entered the ranks of China’s first-line cigarette factories.

Creating the Tobacco Fields, the First Workshops for Enterprise Production

In 1984, Chu Shijian invited Dr. Zuo Tianjue, who served as the tobacco expert at the US Department of Agriculture and returned to China more than 100 times to guide agricultural production, to improve Yuxi’s crop planting. Yuxi was home to gold leaf, and it began to produce a variety of tobacco leaves in the late Qing Dynasty. In 1914, British American Tobacco had already entered this city. In 1953, Yuxi tobacco leaves, known as “yellow chicken oil”, participated in the National Tobacco Conference held in Xuchang, Henan province, and gained a high score of 108. Since then, it became a representative variety of Yunyan.

However, when Chu Shijian took over the factory in 1981, Yuxi tobacco leaves could not compete with those in foreign markets. Despite the introduction of many different advanced equipment, the quality of cigarettes produced was still flawed—the tobacco leaves were not fragrant enough and the taste was not strong enough. So, the issues drove Chu Shijian to turn his attention to the tobacco fields.

In August 1984, Chu Shijian and Zuo Tianjue came to Tonghai county, Yuxi. Although the Tonghai tobacco fields were outstanding, Dr. Zuo immediately discovered the issues – improper use of fertilizer (only 40% of the quantity which was used in the US) resulting in insufficient nutrition of tobacco leaves; late planting of tobacco seedlings resulting in poor growth of tobacco leaves in such a short growing period; and too early picking leading to tobacco leaves that were not mature enough.

Chu Shijian thought that Zuo Tianjue found the key to high-quality Chinese tobacco leaves. He felt that there were two issues to be solved in order to change the quality of the crop production: First was lack of funds, because the transformation of tobacco fields relied on the transformation of the water source, and it also needed expensive fertilizers at the time. Secondly, the technology used was not up to standard.

To counter these two issues, Chu Shijian proposed a plan: Yuxi Cigarette Factory would provide funds and fertilizers and help farmers build reservoirs and water pipes to completely renovate the tobacco fields on one condition – that all tobacco leaves must be sold to Yuxi Cigarette Factory. This was the origin of the concept that “tobacco fields served as the first workshops for the production of manufacturers” that was later highly praised. This reform brought not only the improvement in the quality of tobacco leaves but more importantly, the entire Tonghai county first farmed out more than 1,700 mu (113.39 hectares) of tobacco fields as the base of Yuxi Cigarette Factory.

In 1985, the quality of the middle and upper-grade tobacco leaves produced in the test fields of Tonghai county accounted for more than 91%, which was consistent with international levels. Chu Shijian had achieved an important step towards success.

Shock & Inspiration

Chu Shijian proposed to build a workshop in the tobacco field, which seemed to be a very deviant idea then because according to the established deployment, the tobacco fields belonged to the tobacco company system, parallel with tobacco factories. In today’s Tonghai county, people no longer grow tobacco, and dense tobacco stations only appear in the villages near the mountains. In these tobacco-planting villages, there are a number of reservoirs, many of which are the products of Chu Shijian’s era, including sprinklers that extend into the tobacco fields, which are still in use. But in fact, these were not the things he was proud of. His great achievement was to put a lot of money into tobacco companies to help farmers buy fertilizers, or build water reservoirs, so that tobacco companies, farmers, and tobacco factories were firmly linked in the same chain.

At that time, the leadership of Tonghai county was in favor of Chu Shijian’s practices. But, when he further promoted it, he met with resolute opposition in the suburbs of Yuxi where he was located. The Tobacco Regulations promulgated in 1983 stipulated that tobacco factories were not allowed to intervene in the purchase and planting of the crop, as this was rather the responsibility of tobacco companies. The most popular phrase at the time was,” Chu Shijian put the bucket of the tobacco factory into the well of the tobacco company to bail water out.”

The county economy unquestionably benefited from the promotion of high-quality tobacco planting. At that time, the leaders of several counties under Yuxi were very supportive. Among them, Qianxi county received nearly RMB200 million in support funds from Yuxi Cigarette Factory for years. These counties grew to be economically strong.

Chu Shijian didn’t stop at this. He thought that the system at that time could not guarantee the maximum benefit of the tobacco factory because holding the tobacco company and the tobacco factory only meant holding the manufacturing channels, but the circulation channels were still in the hands of the tobacco monopoly administration, which was responsible for sales. The three were completely separated according to the system design. However, since he had merged the former two, he, of course, wanted to merge all the three, a three-in-one that could guarantee maximum benefit.

In 1987, China Tobacco Yunnan approved the plan. At that time Yuxi Cigarette Factory was already a significant local taxpayer with Chu Shijian at the head. The Hongtashan brand started to take off under this three-in-one system. Then, the Golden Doll brand was released. Soon, the national tobacco industry began to implement this management system. This move got rid of the past rigid link control, creating a great impact on the system under the planned economy.

However, Chu Shijian was imprisoned for economic problems in 1998, and the system was finally terminated. Since then, the manager of a tobacco factory can no longer serve as the general manager of a tobacco company.

Long-term Incentives

Many people believed that a person like Chu Shijian must have extraordinary ideas. In fact, he believed that many things could be implemented. He believed in being practical, serious, and forward-thinking.

The tobacco industry had long been the highest-paid industry in China. At that time, he proposed that workers should be paid more, with the hard-working ones earning higher wages. Many people thought that he was encouraging workers to ask for more money, but he did not believe this. He thought that “if a man makes more money through his own hard work, he would think that it was his own ability, not the factory’s favor.”

As he said later, “if a person was working to make a living, he would be very timid and afraid of making mistakes; he would not be able to fulfill his role, and his talents would not be fully utilized.” With such a goal in mind, Yuxi Cigarette Factory not only quickly adjusted to become a first-class national cigarette factory, but the overall quality of cigarettes produced was greatly improved.

The tobacco factory only had a few thousand people, but their income increased more than 10 times over the decade. Many employees of the Yuxi Cigarette Factory can’t forget the surprise of their first time receiving RMB5,000 as a monthly salary. The average income in other places was only RMB500.

Besides, there was another long-term incentive he proposed to cultivate the young. He believed that, “it’s difficult for middle-aged people to reform themselves as they are very used to their existing knowledge and experience. Young people must constantly challenge their limits and explore their potential. They must not be bound by rigid systems or rules.” Therefore, he promoted the principle of “giving the stage to the young”. The first deputy manager of Yuxi Cigarette Factory was only 26 years old when he was appointed, and many managers were all under 30 years old.

Many of these young people later became industry leaders, like Lin Jianguo who became the general manager of Kunming Cigarette Factory and led the second revolution of Yuxi Cigarette Factory. The young talents that Chu Shijian promoted are now leading the second generation of the tobacco industry.

Regrets and Apology

Many people believed that Chu Shijian was extremely resolute. When he proposed the innovation of establishing a tobacco field as a workshop, he encountered huge obstacles. Even the secretary of the party committee called him a traitor. He faced great pressure but kept on pursuing the reforms, thinking that “it is impossible for everyone to be wrong”.

However, this resolute man often regretted not being able to be with his daughter. Due to her ill health, she passed away in her early 20s. He once said, “I regret that I did not have time to care for my daughter. I hope others can avoid this regret.”

Post-Prison Life: Orange Farmer

After being released from prison, Chu Shijian started an orange farm and became highly successful once again. His oranges became a high-demand product, proving his business acumen was not limited to tobacco.

Conclusion

Chu Shijian’s life is a story of resilience, innovation, and success. He transformed Yuxi Cigarette Factory into a world-class enterprise, influenced China’s tobacco industry, and later found success in agriculture. His story serves as an inspiration and a reminder of the impact of determination and vision.

Yuxi, located in central Yunnan Province, China, is renowned as the hometown of Yunnan tobacco. This city has a rich history and tradition of tobacco cultivation, making it a significant center for the tobacco industry in the region.

Key Highlights of Yuxi’s Tobacco Industry

1. Historical Significance:
   • Tobacco cultivation in Yuxi dates back several centuries, and the region has long been recognized for its ideal climate and soil conditions, which are highly conducive to growing high-quality tobacco.
2. Economic Impact:
   • The tobacco industry is a crucial component of Yuxi’s economy. It not only provides employment opportunities to thousands of local farmers and workers but also contributes significantly to the region’s GDP through the production and export of tobacco products.
3. Quality and Reputation:
   • Yuxi tobacco is renowned for its distinctive flavor and quality. The specific environmental factors of the region, such as the mild climate, ample sunshine, and fertile soil, contribute to the unique characteristics of Yuxi tobacco.
4. Innovation and Research:
   • Yuxi has made significant strides in tobacco research and innovation. The city is home to several research institutions and facilities dedicated to improving tobacco cultivation techniques, pest control, and product quality.
5. Cultural Heritage:
   • Tobacco culture is deeply ingrained in Yuxi’s heritage. The city hosts various events and festivals celebrating its tobacco industry, attracting tourists and tobacco enthusiasts from around the world.

Visiting Yuxi

• Tobacco Plantations: Visitors to Yuxi can tour expansive tobacco plantations, learning about the cultivation process and the meticulous care that goes into growing premium tobacco leaves.
• Tobacco Museums: The city boasts museums dedicated to the history and culture of tobacco in Yuxi, offering insights into its development and significance over the years.
• Local Festivals: Participating in local tobacco-themed festivals provides a unique cultural experience, showcasing traditional practices, music, dance, and local cuisine.

Yuxi’s legacy as the hometown of Yunnan tobacco continues to thrive, contributing to both the cultural and economic landscape of the region. Whether you are a tobacco aficionado or a curious traveler, Yuxi offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of tobacco cultivation and its enduring heritage.

The College of Tobacco Science (云南农业大学烟草学院) at Yunnan Agricultural University is a secondary college under Yunnan Agricultural University and is one of the earliest institutions in China to conduct tobacco education and research.

The College of Tobacco Science was established on July 10, 1997, based on the Tobacco Department of the Agricultural Science and Technology College and the Tobacco Research Institute of Yunnan Agricultural University. It was renamed the Tobacco College in May 2001. According to information from the college’s official website in August 2021, it offers 2 undergraduate programs, 1 master’s degree in a secondary discipline, and 1 professional master’s degree; it has 25 full-time faculty members, 704 full-time undergraduate students, 160 full-time and part-time master’s students, and 8 doctoral students.

History of the Institution

From the 1940s to the 1980s, courses on Tobacco Cultivation were offered in the agricultural colleges that preceded Yunnan Agricultural University.

• In September 1986, it began enrolling undergraduate students majoring in tobacco.
• In September 1987, it started accepting master’s students in the field of tobacco based on the Crop Cultivation master’s program.
• In December 1996, the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government approved the establishment of the Yunnan Agricultural University Tobacco Cultivation Technology College.
• On July 10, 1997, the Yunnan Agricultural University Tobacco Cultivation Technology College was formed, based on the Tobacco Department of the Agricultural Science and Technology College and the Tobacco Research Institute of Yunnan Agricultural University.
• In May 2001, it was renamed the College of Tobacco Science.
• In 2007, with approval from the Yunnan Provincial Degree Office, Yunnan Agricultural University and the Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Agricultural Science Research Institute jointly established an innovative training base for graduate students in the tobacco industry.
• In 2008, the college began admitting doctoral students in crop varieties and ecology based on the doctoral program in Crop Genetics and Breeding.
• In 2012, it was approved by the Ministry of Education to set up a secondary master’s program in tobacco science outside the discipline catalog.

Academic Programs

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, it offers 2 undergraduate programs:

• Undergraduate Programs: Tobacco, Flavor Fragrance Technology and Engineering.

Faculty Strength

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, there are 25 full-time faculty members: 7 senior professors, 13 associate professors, and 6 mid-level professionals.

• There are 19 doctoral degree holders; 5 are doctoral supervisors, and 18 are master’s supervisors.
• There is 1 teaching master of the “Ten Thousand Talent Program” in Yunnan Province, 1 teaching master under the Special Support Program for High-level Talents in Yunnan Province, 1 teaching and research leader in Yunnan Province’s higher education institutions, 2 academic leaders of young and middle-aged people in Yunnan Province, and 1 reserve talent; there is also 1 provincial-level teaching team.
• More than 20 honorary professors, part-time professors, and part-time master’s supervisors are employed.

Teaching and Quality Engineering

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, the college has:

• 1 first-class undergraduate program construction point in Yunnan Province
• 1 key major in Yunnan Province
• 1 distinctive major in Yunnan Province
• 1 comprehensive reform pilot major in Yunnan Province
• 1 experimental teaching center in Yunnan Province
• 1 national off-campus practice education base for college students
• 1 innovative training base for graduate students in the Yunnan tobacco industry
• 7 off-campus practical teaching bases co-built with tobacco and other enterprises

The college has:

• 1 national-level excellent resource-sharing course
• 1 national-level excellent course
• 1 “first-class” course in Yunnan Province
• 1 demonstration course at the school level
• 6 first-class courses at the school level
• 1 national-level digital course under construction.

Courses

• National-level Excellent Resource-sharing Course: Tobacco Cultivation
• National-level Excellent Course: Tobacco Cultivation
• Yunnan Province Excellent Course: Tobacco Cultivation

Teaching Achievements

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, the college has edited and co-edited 15 textbooks, 5 industry training textbooks, and has 1 digital textbook under construction.

Teaching Achievement Awards

• Project Name: Strengthening the Construction of Practice Bases and Enhancing Practical Teaching Links
  Award Category: First Prize of Teaching Achievement in Yunnan Province (2001)
• Project Name: Research and Practice on Building Specialties Combining with Yunnan’s Biological Resource Industry Advantages
  Award Category: First Prize of Teaching Achievement in Yunnan Province (2009)
• Project Name: Exploration and Practice of National Excellent Course Construction in Tobacco Cultivation
  Award Category: Second Prize of Teaching Achievement in Yunnan Province (2009)

Discipline Development

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, it has:

• 1 master’s program in a secondary discipline
• 1 professional master’s degree
• 1 key support discipline in Yunnan Province
• Secondary Discipline Master’s Program: Tobacco Science
• Professional Master’s Degree: Crop Science
• Key Support Discipline in Yunnan Province: Economic Crop Science (Tobacco, Sugar, Tea, and Fruit)

Academic Research

Research Platforms

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, it has:

• 1 engineering technology research center in Yunnan Province
• 1 key laboratory for universities in Yunnan Province
• 2 academician workstations
• Key Laboratory for Universities in Yunnan Province: Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Sustainable Utilization
• Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province: Yunnan Aromatic Biotechnology Engineering Research Center

Research Achievements

According to the college’s official website in August 2021, it is involved in over 40 ongoing national natural science foundation projects and various tobacco projects at provincial and national levels, with more than 100 authorized patents. The college has received over 10 provincial-level scientific and technological awards from the National Tobacco Corporation and the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government, and over 30 scientific achievements awards from provincial tobacco enterprises.

Research Awards

• Project Name: Agricultural Science Research Methods
  Award Category: Third Prize for Excellent Achievements in Educational Science Research in Yunnan Province (2006)

Cultural Traditions

Emblem

The college’s emblem features green and yellow as standard colors and adopts a circular design. It consists of two concentric circles forming two main areas, with the annular area between the circles used to display the college’s name and its English name. The central part features a stylized tobacco leaf pattern as the main element of the emblem. The upper and lower edges of the outer part are marked with the college name in both Chinese and English.

Current Leadership

Position	Name
Party Secretary	Li Zuosen
Dean	Liu Yating
Deputy Secretary	Wang Liping
Deputy Deans	Wang Na, Chen Jianbin