Magnolias (玉兰花) are highly esteemed flowering trees that thrive in Yunnan, China, known for their large, fragrant blooms and striking appearance. Yunnan’s diverse climates and ecosystems provide ideal conditions for various magnolia species, making it a key region for these beautiful plants.

Overview of Magnolias in Yunnan

1. Diversity of Species: Yunnan hosts a variety of magnolia species, both native and cultivated. The province’s rich biodiversity includes some rare and endemic magnolias that are particularly noteworthy. Notable species include:
   • Magnolia denudata (玉兰): Commonly known as the Yulan Magnolia or White Magnolia, this species features large, white, fragrant flowers that bloom in early spring. It is native to Yunnan and has been cultivated extensively for its ornamental value.
   • Magnolia officinalis (厚朴): Known as the Houpu Magnolia, it is valued for its medicinal properties. The bark of this magnolia is used in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported benefits, including treating digestive issues and respiratory conditions.
   • Magnolia sprengeri (长白玉兰): This species has pink to purple flowers and is often found in the mountainous regions of Yunnan. It is admired for its large, striking blooms and is used in horticultural displays.
   • Magnolia liliflora (紫玉兰): Also known as the Lily Magnolia, it has beautiful, lily-like purple flowers. It is native to the region and valued for its ornamental beauty.
2. Habitats: Magnolias in Yunnan thrive in a variety of natural environments:
   • Mountain Slopes and Forest Edges: Many magnolia species are found on mountain slopes and at the edges of forests, where they benefit from the well-drained, acidic soils and the moderate climate.
   • Highland Valleys: Yunnan’s highland valleys provide suitable conditions for magnolias, offering cool temperatures and ample moisture.
   • Riversides and Moist Areas: Some magnolia species grow near riversides or in moist, well-drained areas, taking advantage of the rich soil and consistent water supply.
3. Cultural and Medicinal Significance: In Chinese culture, magnolias symbolize purity, nobility, and beauty. They are often associated with the virtues of grace and dignity. Magnolias are also significant in traditional Chinese medicine. For example:
   • Magnolia officinalis is used for its medicinal properties, including its ability to aid digestion and reduce inflammation. The bark, known as Houpu, is used in various herbal remedies.
   • Magnolia denudata is often used in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported calming effects and its role in treating respiratory issues.
4. Magnolias in Horticulture: Magnolias are highly valued in Yunnan’s horticultural industry for their large, fragrant flowers and distinctive foliage. They are popular in gardens, parks, and as street trees. Key aspects of horticulture involving magnolias include:
   • Ornamental Cultivation: Magnolias are cultivated for their striking appearance and are used in landscaping and garden design to create visual interest and add elegance.
   • Hybridization and Breeding: Horticulturists in Yunnan work on breeding new magnolia varieties that exhibit desirable traits such as improved flower color, size, and resistance to pests and diseases.
5. Tourism and Viewing: The blooming season of magnolias, typically from late winter to early spring, attracts tourists and nature enthusiasts to Yunnan. Some notable spots for magnolia viewing include:
   • Kunming Botanical Garden: The garden features a variety of magnolia species, making it a popular destination for visitors during the blooming season.
   • Dali’s Cangshan Mountain: Magnolias grow in the mountainous regions around Dali, offering beautiful views and floral displays.
   • Jade Dragon Snow Mountain: Near Lijiang, this area provides a stunning backdrop for magnolia blooms in a high-altitude setting.
   • Shangri-La: The highland regions around Shangri-La are home to various magnolia species, adding to the area’s natural beauty.
6. Conservation Efforts: Some magnolia species in Yunnan are threatened by habitat loss and environmental changes. Conservation initiatives focus on protecting natural habitats, promoting sustainable cultivation practices, and establishing botanical reserves. Research institutions and botanical gardens in Yunnan play a critical role in the conservation and study of magnolias.
7. Economic Importance: Magnolias have economic value in Yunnan through their use in landscaping, horticulture, and traditional medicine. The cultivation of magnolias contributes to the local economy, with flowers being sold domestically and internationally.

Conclusion

Magnolias are a significant part of Yunnan’s natural and cultural landscape, known for their beauty and fragrance. The province’s diverse environments support a wide range of magnolia species, each contributing to the region’s rich botanical heritage. Yunnan’s commitment to conservation, research, and sustainable cultivation ensures that these magnificent flowers will continue to enhance the province’s natural beauty and cultural significance for years to come. Whether admired in the wild or cultivated in gardens, magnolias in Yunnan symbolize the harmony between nature and culture.

Lilies (百合花) are among the many beautiful and diverse flowering plants that thrive in Yunnan, China. Known for their elegant appearance and fragrant blooms, lilies have a long history of cultivation and appreciation in the region. Yunnan’s diverse climates and varied landscapes make it an ideal location for a wide range of lily species, both native and cultivated.

Overview of Lilies in Yunnan

1. Diversity of Species: Yunnan is home to numerous native lily species, with some estimates suggesting over 20 different species. These include a mix of wild lilies that naturally grow in the mountains and valleys of the region, as well as cultivated varieties that are popular in gardens and horticultural displays. Some notable species include:
   • Lilium regale (香水百合): Also known as the Regal Lily or Royal Lily, this species is famous for its large, trumpet-shaped, white flowers with a strong fragrance. It is native to the Min River Valley of Yunnan and Sichuan provinces.
   • Lilium davidii (细叶百合): Known as David’s Lily, it has orange or reddish flowers with a speckled appearance. It is commonly found in mountainous areas and is often used for ornamental purposes.
   • Lilium duchartrei (滇藏百合): A native species of Yunnan, recognized for its delicate white to pale pink flowers and the characteristic nodding shape of its blooms. This lily is often found in shaded forested areas.
   • Lilium primulinum (小百合): Known as the Yellow Lily, it features small, bright yellow flowers and is well adapted to the high-altitude conditions of Yunnan.
2. Habitats: Lilies in Yunnan thrive in various habitats, including:
   • Alpine and Subalpine Meadows: Many species of lilies are found in the alpine meadows of Yunnan, where they benefit from the cool climate, well-drained soil, and abundant sunlight.
   • Forest Edges and Clearings: Lilies often grow at the edges of forests or in clearings, where they receive partial shade and protection from harsh weather conditions.
   • Mountain Slopes: The mountainous terrain of Yunnan, including areas like the Cangshan Mountains and Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, provide ideal environments for lily species to flourish.
   • Riverbanks and Moist Areas: Some lily species prefer the moist, well-drained conditions found along riverbanks and near streams.
3. Cultural and Medicinal Significance: In Chinese culture, lilies symbolize purity, refined beauty, and transience. They are also associated with good fortune, and in traditional Chinese weddings, lilies are often included in the floral arrangements to symbolize a wish for the couple to have a harmonious and happy life together. Medicinally, some lily species, such as Lilium brownii (卷丹百合), are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat respiratory issues, insomnia, and to promote calmness and relaxation.
4. Lilies in Horticulture: Lilies are highly valued in Yunnan’s horticulture industry for their aesthetic appeal. Many cultivated varieties are grown for use in gardens, parks, and floral displays. The province’s climate is particularly well-suited to lily cultivation, allowing for the production of a wide range of colors and forms. Yunnan has become a significant center for lily breeding, contributing to both the domestic and international flower markets.
5. Lilies in Tourism: The blooming season of lilies, typically from late spring to early summer, attracts numerous tourists and flower enthusiasts to Yunnan. Popular spots for lily viewing include:
   • Kunming Botanical Garden: Home to various native and cultivated lily species, making it a favorite spot for locals and visitors alike.
   • Dali’s Cangshan Mountain: Known for its rich biodiversity, Cangshan Mountain is a great location to see lilies growing in their natural habitat.
   • Jade Dragon Snow Mountain: Near Lijiang, this mountain provides a stunning backdrop for alpine flowers, including various lily species.
   • Lijiang’s Black Dragon Pool Park: Famous for its scenic beauty and flower displays, this park features various lilies, offering a picturesque setting for visitors.
6. Conservation Efforts: Some lily species in Yunnan are threatened by habitat loss, over-collection, and environmental changes. Conservation initiatives focus on protecting the natural habitats of these species, promoting sustainable cultivation practices, and establishing botanical reserves to safeguard rare and endemic lilies. Botanical gardens and research institutions in Yunnan also play a critical role in the conservation and study of lilies, working to maintain the genetic diversity of these plants.
7. Economic Importance: Beyond their ornamental value, lilies have economic significance in Yunnan. They are cultivated for use in floral arrangements, as cut flowers, and for their bulbs, which are sometimes harvested for medicinal or culinary purposes. Yunnan’s lily industry contributes to the local economy through flower markets, tourism, and export.

Conclusion

Lilies are an integral part of Yunnan’s botanical diversity, adding beauty and cultural significance to the province’s landscapes. With their captivating blooms and pleasant fragrance, lilies continue to inspire gardeners, botanists, and tourists alike. Yunnan’s commitment to conservation and sustainable cultivation ensures that these beautiful flowers will remain a cherished part of the region’s natural heritage for generations to come. Whether growing wild in the mountains or cultivated in gardens, the lilies of Yunnan symbolize the natural beauty and cultural richness of this unique province.

Gentians (龙胆花), known for their striking blue flowers, are a prominent feature of Yunnan’s diverse botanical landscape. These flowers belong to the Gentianaceae family, and Yunnan is home to a wide variety of gentian species, many of which are endemic to the region. Yunnan’s unique climate and geography provide ideal conditions for gentians, making the province a key area for the study and appreciation of these beautiful and ecologically significant plants.

Overview of Gentians in Yunnan

1. Biodiversity: Yunnan is renowned for its rich flora, including a wide range of gentian species. The province hosts over 70 species of gentians, many of which are endemic. These species vary in size, color, and habitat preference, but they are generally recognized for their vibrant blue to purple flowers, which are highly attractive and often used as ornamental plants.
2. Habitats: Gentians in Yunnan thrive in a variety of natural habitats:
   • Alpine Meadows: Many gentian species are found in alpine meadows, where they bloom during the late spring and summer months. These areas provide cool temperatures, ample sunlight, and well-drained soil, ideal for gentian growth.
   • Forest Edges and Clearings: Some gentian species are found along the edges of forests or in clearings, where they can benefit from partial shade and the rich, moist soil provided by the forest environment.
   • Mountain Slopes and Riverbanks: Gentians often grow on open mountain slopes and along riverbanks, thriving in areas with good drainage and access to consistent moisture.
3. Notable Species: Some of the prominent gentian species found in Yunnan include:
   • Gentiana sino-ornata (美丽龙胆): Known as the Chinese Gentian, this species is characterized by its deep blue, funnel-shaped flowers. It is often found in alpine meadows and is a popular plant in rock gardens and horticulture due to its vibrant color.
   • Gentiana veitchiorum (丽江龙胆): This species is endemic to Yunnan, particularly around Lijiang, and is recognized by its blue to violet flowers and robust growth habit. It typically grows in rocky, alpine areas.
   • Gentiana scabra (条叶龙胆): Known for its medicinal properties, this species has bright blue flowers and is commonly found in open, grassy areas or forest margins.
   • Gentiana algida (寒龙胆): This species thrives in high-altitude environments and features white to pale blue flowers. It is adapted to the cold conditions of Yunnan’s mountainous regions.
4. Cultural and Medicinal Significance: Gentians have cultural and medicinal importance in Yunnan and throughout China. They are often associated with resilience and purity, symbolizing strength and endurance due to their ability to thrive in harsh conditions. In traditional Chinese medicine, certain gentian species, such as Gentiana scabra and Gentiana macrophylla, are used for their purported health benefits, including treating liver ailments, inflammation, and digestive issues. The roots of gentians are harvested for their bitter compounds, which are believed to have detoxifying and anti-inflammatory properties.
5. Gentian Viewing and Tourism: The blooming of gentians is a seasonal attraction in Yunnan, drawing tourists, botanists, and photographers. Key locations to observe gentians in Yunnan include:
   • Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (near Lijiang): This area is known for its diverse alpine flora, including various gentian species that bloom against the backdrop of snow-capped peaks.
   • Cangshan Mountain (near Dali): Cangshan’s meadows and slopes host a variety of gentian species, making it a popular destination for plant enthusiasts and hikers.
   • Gaoligong Mountain: Recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, Gaoligong Mountain is home to numerous gentian species, providing excellent opportunities for botanical research and eco-tourism.
   • Shangri-La and surrounding highlands: These areas offer ideal conditions for gentian growth, with cool temperatures, high altitudes, and moist environments.
6. Conservation Efforts: Some gentian species in Yunnan are at risk due to habitat loss, over-collection, and environmental changes. Conservation efforts focus on protecting natural habitats, establishing botanical reserves, and cultivating rare species in botanical gardens. These measures help preserve the genetic diversity and ecological role of gentians in Yunnan’s ecosystems.
7. Research and Horticultural Interest: Gentians are of great interest to botanists and horticulturists. Research efforts focus on understanding the taxonomy, ecology, and adaptive strategies of gentian species. In horticulture, gentians are valued for their ornamental qualities, especially their bright blue flowers. Horticulturists work on breeding and hybridization projects to develop new cultivars with enhanced beauty, hardiness, and adaptability to different garden settings.
8. Economic Importance: Beyond their ornamental and medicinal uses, gentians have economic value in Yunnan. They are cultivated for landscaping and garden use, both domestically and for export. The medicinal properties of gentians also contribute to their economic significance, with roots being harvested for use in traditional Chinese medicine and pharmaceutical industries.

Conclusion

Gentians in Yunnan are a vital part of the province’s botanical richness, adding vibrant color and ecological diversity to its landscapes. These flowers are celebrated for their beauty, resilience, and cultural significance. Yunnan’s commitment to conservation and research ensures that gentians will continue to thrive, offering aesthetic pleasure and contributing to the region’s ecological health. Whether admired in the wild or cultivated in gardens, the gentians of Yunnan provide a unique glimpse into the province’s rich natural heritage and its ongoing connection to the beauty and utility of native plants.

Primroses, belonging to the genus Primula, are a delightful group of flowering plants found abundantly in Yunnan Province, China. Known for their vibrant colors and variety, primroses contribute significantly to the rich floral biodiversity of Yunnan, which is often celebrated as the “Kingdom of Plants.” The region’s diverse landscapes and climates provide ideal habitats for these beautiful flowers, making them a notable feature of Yunnan’s flora.

Overview of Primroses in Yunnan

1. Biodiversity: Yunnan is home to a significant number of Primula species, with estimates suggesting over 100 species, many of which are endemic to the region. The diversity is attributed to the wide range of altitudes and microclimates found in Yunnan, from tropical valleys to alpine zones. Primroses in Yunnan range from small, delicate ground covers to larger, more robust species, with flowers in various shades of pink, purple, yellow, red, and white.
2. Habitats: Primroses thrive in different environments across Yunnan:
   • Alpine Meadows: Many primrose species are found in alpine meadows, where they grow in open, sunny areas at high elevations. These meadows provide the cool temperatures and moisture that primroses need.
   • Woodlands and Forest Edges: Some species are well-adapted to the dappled shade provided by forest canopies, often growing along streams or in moist, shaded areas.
   • Rocky Slopes and Scree: Certain primrose species are adapted to grow in rocky or gravelly soil, often at high altitudes where they endure cooler temperatures and strong winds.
3. Notable Species: Yunnan hosts a variety of primrose species, some of which are particularly noteworthy:
   • Primula forrestii (黄花报春): Named after the British botanist George Forrest, this species is characterized by its bright yellow flowers and is commonly found in the high-altitude regions of Yunnan.
   • Primula bulleyana (大黄花报春): Known as the candelabra primrose, it features striking orange to yellow flowers arranged in whorls along a tall stem. It is often found in moist, boggy areas or along streams.
   • Primula sikkimensis (大黄花报春): This species is notable for its tall flower stalks bearing clusters of fragrant, pale yellow blooms. It is commonly found in alpine meadows and along the edges of streams.
   • Primula vialii (塔报春): Known as the orchid primrose or pagoda primrose, this species has a distinctive look with its tall, red-topped flower spikes that bloom into purple flowers. It grows in damp meadows and forest clearings.
4. Cultural Significance: Primroses have cultural and symbolic importance in Yunnan and beyond. They are often associated with beauty, purity, and the arrival of spring. In Chinese culture, they are sometimes included in traditional garden designs and floral arrangements. Primroses also hold a place in Chinese herbal medicine, where certain species are believed to have medicinal properties.
5. Primrose Viewing and Tourism: The blooming of primroses is a seasonal attraction in Yunnan, drawing tourists, botanists, and photographers. Key areas to view primroses include:
   • Cangshan Mountain (near Dali): Known for its diverse plant life, Cangshan is a popular spot for viewing various primrose species during the spring and early summer.
   • Shangri-La: The high-altitude meadows around Shangri-La, particularly in the Pudacuo National Park, are home to a variety of primroses that bloom against the backdrop of stunning natural scenery.
   • Meili Snow Mountain: This area is known for its rich alpine flora, including numerous species of primroses that thrive in the cool, moist conditions of the mountain slopes.
   • Gaoligong Mountain: A biodiversity hotspot, Gaoligong Mountain features a wide range of primrose species, making it a prime destination for botanists and nature lovers.
6. Conservation Efforts: As with many native plant species, some primrose species in Yunnan face threats from habitat loss, over-collection, and climate change. Conservation measures include the establishment of nature reserves, in-situ conservation projects, and the cultivation of rare species in botanical gardens. These efforts aim to protect the natural habitats of primroses and preserve their biodiversity for future generations.
7. Research and Horticultural Interest: Yunnan’s primroses are of great interest to botanists and horticulturists. Research focuses on the taxonomy, ecology, and evolutionary relationships of primula species. Horticulturalists work on cultivating new hybrids and cultivars, enhancing ornamental qualities such as flower size, color, and bloom duration. Yunnan’s primroses are also exported and grown in gardens worldwide, celebrated for their beauty and adaptability.
8. Economic Importance: Beyond their ornamental value, primroses have economic significance in Yunnan. They are cultivated for use in gardens and landscaping, both within China and for export. Certain species are also valued for their medicinal properties, which are utilized in traditional Chinese medicine.

Conclusion

Primroses are an integral part of Yunnan’s natural beauty, adding color and vibrancy to the province’s diverse landscapes. Their presence enhances the aesthetic appeal of mountain meadows, forest edges, and garden settings, making Yunnan a prime destination for plant enthusiasts, researchers, and tourists. The region’s commitment to conservation and botanical research ensures that the beauty and diversity of primroses will continue to thrive, contributing to Yunnan’s reputation as a paradise for nature lovers. Whether encountered in the wild or cultivated in gardens, the primroses of Yunnan offer a unique and enchanting glimpse into the province’s rich floral heritage.

Azaleas, belonging to the genus Rhododendron, are highly cherished for their vivid blooms and are a significant component of Yunnan Province’s rich botanical diversity. Yunnan, often referred to as the “Kingdom of Plants,” boasts a remarkable variety of azalea species, which thrive in the province’s diverse climates and landscapes. These flowers are not only a vital part of the region’s ecosystem but also hold cultural and aesthetic value.

Overview of Azaleas in Yunnan

1. Biodiversity: Yunnan is home to over 50 species of azaleas, many of which are endemic to the region. The province’s varied topography, which ranges from tropical valleys to alpine mountains, provides ideal habitats for these plants. Azaleas are particularly prevalent in areas with cool, moist climates, such as mountainous regions and forested slopes.
2. Habitats: Azaleas can be found in various natural settings across Yunnan, including:
   • Mountainous Regions: Azaleas are often found on high-altitude slopes and ridges, thriving in the cool, misty environments typical of Yunnan’s mountains.
   • Forest Understoreys: Many azalea species grow under the canopy of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests, benefiting from the dappled sunlight and rich soil.
   • Alpine Meadows and Shrublands: High-altitude meadows and open shrublands are ideal for certain azalea species, where they contribute to the vibrant tapestry of seasonal wildflowers.
3. Notable Species: Some of the prominent azalea species found in Yunnan include:
   • Rhododendron delavayi (大白杜鹃): Known for its large, red blooms, this species is a favorite among locals and tourists. It is often found in the high-altitude regions of Yunnan, such as Cangshan Mountain and Jade Dragon Snow Mountain.
   • Rhododendron decorum (秃房杜鹃): This species features large, white or pale pink flowers with a sweet fragrance. It is commonly found in mixed forests at altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 3,500 meters.
   • Rhododendron yunnanense (云南杜鹃): A smaller species with pink to pale lavender flowers, often found in lower mountain areas and along riverbanks.
   • Rhododendron simsii (映山红): Popularly known as the Chinese Azalea, it has bright red or pink flowers and is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.
4. Cultural Significance: Azaleas have deep cultural roots in Yunnan and China as a whole. They are often associated with beauty, love, and passion. The blooming of azaleas is celebrated in local festivals and is a subject of Chinese art, poetry, and folklore. In Yunnan, the azalea is not only admired for its beauty but also seen as a symbol of perseverance, thriving even in rugged mountain conditions.
5. Azalea Viewing and Tourism: Yunnan’s azalea blooms attract many visitors each spring, making it a prime destination for nature enthusiasts and photographers. Key places to enjoy azaleas include:
   • Cangshan Mountain (near Dali): Known for its rich biodiversity, Cangshan is home to various azalea species that bloom in spectacular colors from April to June.
   • Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (near Lijiang): This mountain hosts many azalea species, offering breathtaking views of azalea-covered slopes against the backdrop of snow-capped peaks.
   • Gaoligong Mountain: Recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, Gaoligong Mountain is a prime location for seeing both azaleas and rhododendrons in their natural habitats.
   • Jiaozi Snow Mountain: In spring, this area becomes a sea of azalea blossoms, attracting visitors to its scenic landscapes.
6. Economic Importance: Beyond their ornamental value, azaleas have economic significance in Yunnan. They are cultivated for use in landscaping and horticulture, both domestically and for export. Some azalea species are also used in traditional Chinese medicine for their purported health benefits, such as treating inflammation and improving circulation.
7. Conservation Efforts: As with many native plant species, azaleas in Yunnan face threats from habitat loss, climate change, and over-collection. Conservation measures include the establishment of nature reserves, protection of natural habitats, and cultivation of rare and endangered species in botanical gardens. These efforts help ensure the survival of Yunnan’s rich azalea diversity.
8. Botanical Research and Hybridization: Yunnan is a center for botanical research, focusing on the taxonomy, ecology, and breeding of azaleas. Researchers and horticulturists work on developing new azalea cultivars with enhanced aesthetic qualities, disease resistance, and adaptability to various climates. This work contributes to the global appreciation and cultivation of azaleas.

Conclusion

Azaleas in Yunnan are a testament to the region’s rich botanical heritage and ecological diversity. Their vibrant blooms enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, making Yunnan a key destination for plant enthusiasts, botanists, and tourists. Whether exploring mountainous trails, visiting botanical gardens, or attending local festivals, the azaleas of Yunnan offer a unique and memorable experience, highlighting the profound connection between nature and culture in this remarkable province.

Yunnan Province is one of China’s important production areas for zinc concentrate, with abundant zinc concentrate resources that play a crucial role in supporting the domestic zinc mining industry. Here is some information about Yunnan’s zinc concentrate resources and production:

1. Distribution of Zinc Concentrate Resources

• Reserves: As of now, the total reserves of zinc concentrate in Yunnan Province have exceeded 30 million tons.
• Main Distribution Areas: Zinc concentrate resources are primarily concentrated in the regions of Honghe Prefecture, Chuxiong Prefecture, Wenshan Prefecture, and Nujiang Prefecture. Among these, Honghe and Chuxiong are the main production areas, known for their large output and high ore quality.

2. Zinc Production

• Annual Production Fluctuations: Yunnan Province’s annual zinc production typically ranges between 500,000 and 700,000 tons. This production accounts for a significant proportion of China’s total zinc output, making Yunnan a major contributor to domestic zinc production.
• Major Production Areas: Honghe and Chuxiong are the main production areas in Yunnan. These regions not only have high production volumes but also produce relatively high-quality ore, making them key suppliers of zinc concentrate both within and outside the province.

3. Resource Types and Processing

• Resource Types: Yunnan’s zinc resources are diverse, including karst-type zinc deposits, skarn-type zinc deposits, and coal-series zinc deposits found in coal mines, among others.
• Processing Capability: Yunnan Province has established advanced production lines and processing technologies for zinc concentrate, which effectively enhance production efficiency and provide high-quality zinc concentrate products.

4. Industry Development Trends

• Market Demand: As market demand for zinc continues to increase annually, Yunnan’s zinc mining industry is also growing and expanding.
• Technological Advancements: In recent years, through technological upgrades and equipment modernization, Yunnan’s zinc mining and concentrate processing capabilities have continuously improved, leading to higher production efficiency.
• Economic Contribution: The sustained growth of the zinc mining industry will further boost the local economy and provide stronger economic support for Yunnan Province.

5. Estimated Annual Production Data

• 2019: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 tons.
• 2020: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 55,000 and 65,000 tons.
• 2021: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 60,000 and 70,000 tons.
• 2022: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 65,000 and 75,000 tons.

These figures reflect the growth trend of Yunnan’s zinc mining industry and its significant role in China’s overall zinc production. In the future, with further technological advancements and growing market demand, Yunnan’s zinc mining industry is expected to continue its steady growth trajectory.

1. Production Capacity: Yunnan Province is one of China’s key aluminum producers, with significant bauxite resources that provide the raw material necessary for aluminum production. Over the years, Yunnan has developed a robust aluminum industry, thanks to its rich bauxite deposits and favorable conditions for hydroelectric power generation, which is essential for the energy-intensive process of aluminum smelting.

2. Major Production Areas: The primary bauxite mining and aluminum production areas in Yunnan include:

• Wenshan Prefecture: This region is known for its substantial bauxite reserves and plays a crucial role in Yunnan’s aluminum production. The bauxite extracted here is used as raw material in alumina and aluminum production.
• Puer and Baoshan: These areas have also been identified as key zones for bauxite mining. The establishment of processing facilities in these regions supports the local aluminum industry by providing a steady supply of raw materials.
• Qujing and Chuxiong: These cities host significant aluminum smelting facilities, benefiting from Yunnan’s abundant and inexpensive hydropower resources, which help lower production costs and reduce carbon emissions compared to coal-based power.

3. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Considerations: Yunnan’s aluminum industry is characterized by its use of clean and renewable energy sources. The province’s abundant hydropower resources make it an attractive location for aluminum production, as it reduces the carbon footprint associated with the smelting process. This energy efficiency aligns with China’s broader goals of reducing emissions and promoting sustainable development in its industrial sectors.

4. Economic Impact: The aluminum industry significantly contributes to Yunnan’s economy, providing employment opportunities and supporting local businesses. It also plays a vital role in the national aluminum supply.

Yunnan Province’s Green Aluminum Industry: Production and Distribution

1. Strategic Importance and Development: Yunnan Province has emerged as a critical area for the transfer of China’s electrolytic aluminum industry, particularly under the “Northern Aluminum to the South, Eastern Aluminum to the West” strategy. The province is seizing opportunities presented by initiatives like the Belt and Road, the new round of Western Development, and regional cooperation. Yunnan aims to build the “China Green Aluminum Valley,” leveraging its abundant energy resources to foster a green, low-carbon, integrated, and competitive aluminum industry cluster. This strategy has resulted in the development of a comprehensive industrial chain that spans from raw materials and electricity to green aluminum, deep processing of aluminum products, and comprehensive utilization.

2. Policies and Planning: Yunnan is the only province in China that actively supports the development of a full green aluminum industry chain. In recent years, Yunnan has issued several policy documents, including the “Three-Year Action Plan for the Development of Yunnan’s Green Aluminum Industry (2022–2024)” and measures to support the green aluminum industry. The goal is to establish the “China Green Aluminum Valley” by 2030, making Yunnan’s green aluminum industry globally competitive in terms of scale, processing, and innovation.

3. Resource Base and Energy Advantage: Yunnan is rich in green energy resources, a key factor in its aluminum industry development. The province’s total exploitable green energy capacity exceeds 200 million kilowatts, making it a leader nationwide. This includes 104 million kilowatts of hydropower, around 98 million kilowatts of theoretical exploitable capacity, and significant wind and solar power potential. By May 2024, Yunnan’s total power generation capacity reached 136.24 million kilowatts, with clean energy (hydropower, wind power, photovoltaic) accounting for 89.5% of total power generation. This extensive use of clean energy reduces the carbon footprint of aluminum production and provides a competitive edge with electricity costs significantly lower than the national average.

4. Bauxite Resources and Aluminum Production: Yunnan has substantial bauxite resources, ranking sixth in China in terms of confirmed bauxite reserves. The province has 30 bauxite mining areas, primarily located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (including Qiubei, Malipo, Xichou, Yanshan, and Wenshan County), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (Heqing County), and Zhaotong City. As of now, Wenshan has proven reserves of 1.5 billion tons, with 1.1 billion tons available for development, positioning it as the leading bauxite reserve area in Yunnan.

5. Aluminum Production Capacity: Yunnan is one of China’s leading regions in electrolytic aluminum production, with a capacity of 6.33 million tons (about one-sixth of the national capacity). This is expected to increase to 8.26 million tons, approaching one-fifth of China’s total capacity. Key production areas include:

• Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture: The largest contributor, with a capacity of 2.48 million tons already built and another 950,000 tons under construction, totaling 3.43 million tons, accounting for 41.5% of the province’s capacity.
• Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture: Second largest, with 2.48 million tons of completed and under-construction capacity.
• Zhaotong City: Contributing 700,000 tons per year.

6. Production Growth and Economic Impact: Yunnan’s electrolytic aluminum production has shown an upward trend, with a total output of 4.3874 million tons in 2023, marking a 5.6% increase from the previous year. Wenshan, Dali, and Zhaotong are major contributors, accounting for approximately 79% of the province’s total output. In 2023, Yunnan’s green aluminum industry’s output value surpassed 100 billion yuan for the first time, reaching 118.4 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of 23.7%.

7. Industry Layout and Key Enterprises: The “Two Plus Four” spatial development strategy outlined in the “Three-Year Action Plan” aims to concentrate green aluminum development in Wenshan and Honghe, with coordinated development in Dali, Zhaotong, Qujing, and Kunming. Key aluminum industry parks are established in these regions, attracting major projects like Yunnan Hongtai’s 2.03 million-ton green aluminum project and Yunnan Shenhuo’s 900,000-ton integrated aluminum project. Leading companies such as Chinalco Group, Shandong Weiqiao, Shenhuo, and Sichuan Qiya have established a strong presence in Yunnan, enhancing the scale and influence of the province’s green aluminum industry.

8. Innovation and Research: Yunnan’s green aluminum industry boasts a comprehensive and robust industry-academia-research system. It includes key institutions such as Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Nonferrous Metallurgy Design Institute Co., Ltd., and Yunnan Aluminum Co., Ltd., known for their advanced technological capabilities in aluminum research and development.

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This overview reflects Yunnan Province’s ongoing efforts to lead in the development of a sustainable and competitive aluminum industry, supported by rich natural resources, favorable policies, and significant investment in innovation and infrastructure.

Caterpillar fungus冬虫夏草 is a common name for the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. This parasitic fungus is known for its medicinal properties and is particularly famous in traditional Chinese medicine.

Description

• Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps sinensis
• Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
• Genus: Ophiocordyceps

Morphology:

• Fruit Body: The fruiting body is a stick-like structure that can reach up to 6 cm in length and 2 mm in diameter. It is initially leathery, yellowish at the base, brownish in the middle, and dark brown at the tip. After drying, it becomes cork-like and changes color to grey-brown or black.
• Stroma: The stroma (the main body of the fungus) is cylindrical, smooth to slightly rough, and white inside when fresh.
• Spores: The ascospores are thread-like, colorless, thin-walled, and segmented. They measure approximately 120-262 micrometers in length and 5-6 micrometers in width.

Habitat

• Altitude: Ophiocordyceps sinensis typically grows in high-altitude regions, between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level.
• Environment: It is found in the soil of alpine meadows, river valleys, and grassy areas.
• Distribution in China: It is native to Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces.

Growth Cycle

• August to October: The larvae of the bat moth (a host) become infected with Ophiocordyceps sinensis spores. Infected larvae become sluggish and die, turning into “zombie worms.”
• November to February: The fruiting body growth is very slow or halted due to low temperatures.
• March to April: As temperatures rise and the soil thaws, the fungus grows rapidly, and mycelium forms a membrane on the surface of the dead larvae.
• May to June: The fruiting body emerges from the ground and grows to 20-50 mm in length.
• June to July: The head of the fruiting body expands, and spores mature and are released. The fungus completes its life cycle by infecting new larvae.

Chemical Composition

• Nucleotides: Includes cordycepin, adenosine, uridine.
• Polysaccharides: Contains D-mannitol (cordycepic acid).
• Sterols: Includes ergosterol, cholesterol.
• Other Components: Crude protein, fats, fatty acids, vitamin B12.

Medicinal Uses

• Immune Modulation: Polysaccharides in the fungus help regulate the immune system.
• Respiratory Health: Effective in treating cough, phlegm, and asthma.
• Sexual Health: Exhibits androgen-like effects, helping with sexual dysfunction.
• Anti-Tumor: Inhibits cancer growth, including lung cancer and lymphoma.
• Other Benefits: Antibacterial, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-myocardial ischemia, and renal protective effects.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as cordyceps or winter worm summer grass, is a type of parasitic fungus from the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. Its scientific classification is as follows:

• Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
• Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
• Genus: Ophiocordyceps

Morphological Characteristics

Fruiting Body:

• Structure: The fruiting body is annual and rod-shaped. When fresh, it is leather-like, with a base that is pale yellow, a middle section that is yellow-brown, and a tip that is black-brown. It can grow up to 6 cm long and 2 mm in diameter.
• Texture: Internally, it is white when fresh, turning corky when dried. Externally, it is gray-brown to black-brown, smooth to slightly rough.
• Spore-producing Structures: The fruiting body produces a black-brown, prominent perithecium with a slightly pointed, sterile apex. The base is covered with fine hairs when young, which fall off when mature.

Hyphae:

• Appearance: The hyphae are colorless, thick-walled, frequently septate, and occasionally branched. They are regularly arranged, typically 3-6 micrometers in diameter, occasionally expanding up to 12 micrometers.

Asci and Ascospores:

• Asci: The asci are cylindrical, colorless, and have a linear opening. They contain two ascospores, measuring (175- )190-305( -312) micrometers by (7.5- )7.8-9.5( -10) micrometers.
• Ascospores: The ascospores are thread-like, colorless, thin-walled, and frequently septate when mature, measuring (118- )120-262( -270) micrometers by (4.5- )5-6( -6.5) micrometers. The average length is 204 micrometers, average width is 5.46 micrometers, with a length-to-width ratio of 37.3.

Complex Formation:

• The fungus forms a complex with the larvae of the bat moth. The larvae, which resemble silkworms, are 3-5 cm long and 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter, with a deep yellow to yellow-brown surface marked by 20-30 rings. The head is red-brown with 8 pairs of legs, the middle 4 pairs being more prominent. The texture is brittle and breaks easily, with a slightly flat surface that is pale yellow-white.

Uses and Distribution:

• Habitat: Cordyceps sinensis grows in high-altitude regions between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level, typically in the soil of grasslands, river valleys, and grass patches. In China, it is found primarily in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
• Traditional Uses: It is a unique traditional Chinese medicine, known alongside ginseng and deer antler as one of the three major supplements. According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is sweet and neutral, used to tonify the kidneys and lungs, stop bleeding, and resolve phlegm. It is prescribed for kidney deficiency, impotence, nocturnal emissions, lower back and knee pain, chronic cough with weak breathing, and hemoptysis.

Conservation Status:

• Red List Status: Listed in the “Chinese Red List of Biodiversity—Volume on Large Fungi” with a conservation status of Vulnerable (VU).

Habitat and Growth Conditions

Habitat:

• Altitude: Ophiocordyceps sinensis primarily grows in high-altitude areas between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level. It is commonly found in the soil of grasslands, river valleys, and grassy patches.
• Distribution in China: It is distributed across the high-altitude regions and snow-capped grasslands of Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces.

Growth Conditions:

• The distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis is closely related to various environmental factors including altitude, climate, temperature, humidity, light, soil, and vegetation. Among these, rainfall and temperature have the most significant impact.

Growth Habits

• August to October: In late August, the larvae of the bat moth, which serve as hosts, come into contact with the spores of Ophiocordyceps sinensis carried by wind or rain. If environmental conditions are favorable, the spores infect the larvae. Infected larvae become sluggish and die in October when temperatures are between 2-9°C, turning into “zombie worms.”
• November to February: During this period, the ground temperature is extremely low, causing very slow or halted growth of the fruiting body.
• March to April: As temperatures rise to 4-10°C and the soil thaws, mycelium grows on the surface of the dead larvae and forms a membrane with the soil.
• May to June: The fruiting body rapidly grows to 20-50 mm in length, emerging from the ground.
• June to July: In late June to July, the head of the fruiting body expands, and the ascospores mature and are ejected under suitable temperature, humidity, and light conditions. The decayed larvae underground leave a hollow fruiting body, and the released spores can infect new bat moth larvae. In a natural setting, completing both the asexual and sexual generations of Ophiocordyceps sinensis takes approximately three years.

Main Values

Chemical Components:

• Nucleotides: Includes cordycepin, adenosine, uridine, etc.
• Polysaccharides: Contains D-mannitol (cordycepic acid).
• Sterols: Includes ergosterol, cholesterol, etc.
• Also contains crude protein, fats, fatty acids, and vitamin B12.

Pharmacological Effects:

• Immunomodulation: Cordyceps polysaccharides have bidirectional regulatory effects.
• Antitussive, Expectorant, and Bronchodilator: Significant effects in relieving cough, phlegm, and asthma.
• Androgen-like Effects: Regulates and restores sexual dysfunction in male test animals.
• Anti-tumor: Inhibits primary lung cancer and spontaneous lung metastasis, as well as lymphoma in mice. Also has antibacterial, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-myocardial ischemia, and renal protective effects.

Function and Indications:

• Properties: Sweet, neutral.
• Functions: Tonifies kidneys and lungs, stops bleeding, resolves phlegm. Used for kidney deficiency, impotence, nocturnal emissions, lower back and knee pain, chronic cough with weak breathing, and hemoptysis.

Conservation Status

• Conservation Level: Listed in the “Red List of China’s Biodiversity – Macrofungi” with a conservation status of Vulnerable (VU).

Fengqing walnuts凤庆核桃 are a famous specialty of Fengqing County in Yunnan Province. The area is so well-known for its walnut production that it has been designated as “China’s Walnut Town” by the national government. Fengqing is one of the key bases for the construction of high-quality walnut orchards in the Linxiang region. The cultivation of walnuts is widespread in Dasi, and farmers in the region have a long-standing tradition of growing walnuts. Currently, the area under walnut cultivation in the town has reached over 4,800 acres, with an annual yield of 200 tons. In 2003, a 10,000-acre high-quality walnut orchard was established, and today the total walnut-growing area in the town has expanded to 15,000 acres. Additionally, it is a key area for ecological construction in the Xiaowan Reservoir area. To support the Xiaowan Hydropower Station, Dasi Township has been actively implementing the “Green Mountain Afforestation Project” and the “Grain-to-Forest Project” over the past two years, continuously strengthening ecological construction efforts.

History

Fengqing has a long history of walnut cultivation, dating back approximately 3,000 years. The walnuts grown in Fengqing are mainly in natural, pollution-free environments in mountainous and high-altitude canyons. These walnuts are large, with thin shells, white kernels, and a rich flavor, and they have a high oil content. They are a traditional export commodity and are renowned as the “Walnut Town of China.”

Honors

In 1976, Fengqing’s export walnuts, known for their large size, thin shells, thick meat, and excellent flavor, received praise from foreign merchants. That year, the county was designated as a development base for walnuts by the province. In 1978, the county government decided to designate the villages of Luoxing, Shili, Ziwei, Heshun, Xinyuan, and Xinmin as walnut-growing bases. By 1978, a census revealed that the county had over 570,000 walnut trees, including more than 460,000 iron walnuts and over 110,000 bubble walnuts. In 2004, the county was recognized by the National Standardization Management Committee for its unified standards for high-quality bubble walnuts, and in December of the same year, it was awarded the title of “China’s Walnut Town” by the National Forestry Bureau. In December 2021, Fengqing walnuts were included in the list of the third batch of national famous and excellent new agricultural products.

Development

Before liberation, Fengqing had both iron walnuts and bubble walnuts, along with a small quantity of mixed walnuts. In 1953, the county government made grafting walnuts a focus for developing economic forestry, setting plans and measures for walnut development. In 1958, Xinjiang walnut varieties were introduced, but they were not widely promoted due to their small fruit and short trees. That year, local white-skin walnuts began to be processed for export. In 1961, policies were implemented to reward the planting, grafting, and sale of walnut oil and walnuts.

Characteristics

Fengqing has a long history and cultural heritage related to walnut cultivation. The walnuts are known for their large size, thin skins, thick meat, white kernels, and rich flavor. Currently, walnuts cover 13 townships, 174 villages, and over 70,000 households in the county, accounting for 71% of all households. The walnut-growing area has reached 1.2356 million acres. In 2008, walnut production reached 15,100 tons, with a production value exceeding 300 million yuan. The average walnut income per farmer was 720 yuan. Over 1,000 households earned more than 10,000 yuan from walnuts, with the highest income from walnuts exceeding 80,000 yuan. Walnuts have become a key industry for increasing farmers’ incomes and are a significant growth point for wealth in the mountainous regions. In recent years, Fengqing has consistently prioritized the walnut industry as a pillar of economic and social development, striving to achieve the goal of developing 1.4 million acres of bubble walnuts with a focus on refining and expanding the industry.

1. Variety Characteristics

Yunnan Fengqing walnuts, also known as Dianchi walnuts, are one of China’s renowned local varieties. They are highly favored by consumers due to their large size, thin shells, full kernels, and rich flavor. Fengqing walnuts come in various types, including “bubble walnuts,” “paper-skin walnuts,” and “sweet walnuts,” with the “Qingxiangtian” (lightly fragrant and sweet) series being particularly well-known.

2. Growing Environment

Located in a low-latitude, high-altitude region, Yunnan Fengqing has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil, providing ideal conditions for walnut growth. The walnut trees here are long-lived, yield high quantities, and have stable quality. The unique geographical environment imparts a rich flavor and substantial nutritional value to Fengqing walnuts.

3. Harvesting and Storage

Fengqing walnuts are generally harvested between September and November each year. During harvesting, care should be taken to handle the fruits gently to avoid damage. For storage, walnuts should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated place, avoiding direct sunlight and moisture. For long-term storage, methods such as refrigeration or vacuum packaging can be used to maintain freshness and quality.

4. Nutritional Value

Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are rich in nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamin E. The fats are primarily unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Additionally, walnuts contain essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, which help strengthen bones and maintain bodily function balance.

5. Consumption Methods

1. Direct Consumption: Shelled walnuts can be eaten directly. They are crunchy and nutritious.
2. Cooking Porridge: Walnuts can be cooked with millet, red dates, and other ingredients to make porridge, which is beneficial for boosting energy, nourishing the stomach, and strengthening the spleen.
3. Making Snacks: Walnut kernels can be added to cakes, cookies, and other snacks to enhance flavor and nutritional value.
4. Pairing with Beverages: Chopped walnuts can be added to soy milk, milk, and other beverages to enrich flavor and nutritional content.

6. Market Prospects

With increasing health awareness and advancements in food processing technology, the market prospects for Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are promising. They are in high demand both domestically and internationally, providing opportunities for related industries such as walnut cultivation, processing, and sales. In the future, Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are expected to become a prominent product in China’s nut market, driving local economic development.

As a renowned local specialty, Yunnan Fengqing walnuts have won consumer favor with their excellent quality and rich nutritional value. Understanding their variety characteristics, growing environment, harvesting and storage, nutritional value, consumption methods, and market prospects allows us to better appreciate and benefit from this natural nutritional treasure. When purchasing Yunnan Fengqing walnuts, choose reputable brands and vendors to ensure quality and taste. Enjoy your healthy and delicious walnuts!

Yangbi walnuts are known for their large size, thin shells, white kernels, aromatic flavor, high kernel yield, and oil content, as well as their rich nutritional profile. The oil content in walnut kernels averages between 65.08% and 68.88%, with some reaching up to 76.26%, which is higher than that of soybeans, rapeseed, peanuts, and sesame. The protein content typically hovers around 15%, reaching as high as 29.7%, which exceeds the protein content of eggs (14.8%) and duck eggs (13%), and is 2.1 times that of tofu and 5 times that of fresh milk. The walnut kernels are also high in net protein, with excellent digestibility and absorption, making them a source of high-quality protein. In addition, walnut kernels contain 18 amino acids, including eight essential amino acids in higher concentrations, as well as various vitamins and trace elements such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc.

Growing Environment

Yangbi County, located in Yunnan Province, is characterized by its vast area, ample rainfall, moderate climate, fertile soil, strong water retention, and adequate sunlight. The average annual temperature ranges from 9°C to 16°C, and the annual precipitation exceeds 800 mm, which is ideal for walnuts, which thrive in sunny environments. Walnuts are susceptible to waterlogging and drought, preferring moist conditions. Yangbi’s abundant water supply from the Yangbi River and the snowmelt from Cangshan Mountain creates an optimal environment for walnut growth, leading to widespread cultivation. The region is dotted with lush, fruitful walnut trees.

Yangbi’s Big Puffed Walnuts are typically round or slightly oval-shaped with narrow and prominently raised seams, and smooth shells. The kernels are large, with very thin shells (about 1 mm thick), and a high yield rate of 50% to 76.56%. The walnuts are known for their excellent productivity and superior quality.

Growing Conditions

This walnut variety thrives in areas with an average annual temperature between 11.4°C and 18°C, a coldest monthly average temperature of 3.8°C to 10.9°C, and an absolute minimum temperature of -5.8°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 1,100 mm (concentrated from May to October), with a distinct dry and wet season. It is a sun-loving species, preferring well-drained, fertile, and moist soil on the sides of valleys, mid-slopes, and lower slopes, and can grow well in limestone, red soil, yellow soil, purple soil, and brown forest soil (pH 5.5 to 7.5). Yangbi walnuts are deep-rooted with well-developed main roots and extensive lateral roots, reaching depths of 4 to 6 meters and horizontal extensions of over 10 meters in good soil conditions. Proper soil and water management, along with minimal damage during harvest, can help mitigate the occurrence of alternate bearing.

Morphological Characteristics

Yangbi walnut trees have a medium growth habit with an open tree form and a rounded crown. They bud early, exhibit a male-first flowering pattern, and produce fruit from terminal buds. This mid-maturing variety has short to medium fruiting branches with a fruiting branch rate of 52.6%, and each fruiting branch bears approximately 2.3 fruits. The nuts are flat-rounded spheres with narrow, prominent seams and smooth shells. Each nut weighs between 12 to 16 grams, has a shell thickness of about 1 mm, and the kernels are easily extracted with a yield rate of 53.5% to 57.6%, and an oil content of around 70%. The kernels are full, plump, creamy yellow, and have a fragrant flavor. Grafted trees begin fruiting in their seventh year, are highly productive, have good quality, and are relatively adaptable. Budding starts in mid-March, male flowers bloom in late March, female flowers bloom and pollinate in early April, fruit matures in late September, and leaves fall in late October. The entire growth cycle from budding to leaf drop spans 230 days.

Historical Origins

Over 3,500 years ago, walnuts were distributed in the Lancang River basin within the region.

More than a thousand years ago, during the Song Dynasty’s Dali Kingdom period, commercial walnuts appeared within Dali Prefecture.

Kangxi’s “Yunnan Tongzhi” Volume 10 records that “the walnuts of Yangbi are the best.” The “Dianhai Yuhengzhi” also notes that “walnuts from the Yangbi River are the finest, with thin shells that can be broken by hand.” This indicates that as early as the Qing Dynasty, the Yangbi River basin had already cultivated the famous Yangbi Big Puffed Walnut.

Yangbi walnuts have been a traditional crop of the Dali people. Over the years, growing walnuts has become a common practice in Dali, and it is a cherished variety among countless households in the mountainous regions of Dali Prefecture.

Production Status

By the end of 2016, walnut cultivation in Yangbi County had expanded to 245,600 acres, with 2.456 million trees, accounting for 71.2% of the county’s economic forest area. The production reached 4 million kilograms, with a value of 40 million yuan, representing 59.1% and 84.8% of the total economic forest production and value, respectively. Some farmers in major walnut-producing areas have an average walnut income of 1,430 yuan per person, while large-scale walnut growers earn over 50,000 yuan annually.

Product Honors

On November 3, 2017, at the “2017 Third China Fruit Industry Brand Conference·National Fruit Industry Poverty Alleviation Conference·China (Changsha) Quality Fruit Expo” held in Changsha, Yangbi Yi Autonomous County was awarded the “China Fruit Industry Brand Building Outstanding Contribution Award,” and Yangbi walnuts were listed on the China Fruit Industry Brand List.

On October 26, 2023, Yangbi walnuts were included in the second batch of key geographical indication application promotion guidance lists published by the National Intellectual Property Office.

Related Activities

Since 2008, the Dali Prefecture Committee and the Dali People’s Government have organized the “China·Dali Yangbi Walnut Festival” annually from September 1 to 30 in Yangbi County, the main walnut-producing area in Yunnan Province.

Distribution

Yangbi Big Puffed Walnuts are distributed throughout Yunnan Province and can grow normally at altitudes between 1,200 and 2,900 meters, with the best conditions at 1,600 to 2,500 meters. The cultivation has expanded to Guizhou, Sichuan, and Tibet.

Nutritional Benefits

1. Brain Health
   Walnuts are rich in proteins and essential unsaturated fatty acids, which are crucial for brain cell metabolism, nourishing brain cells, and enhancing brain function. They are particularly beneficial for pregnant women, children, and individuals with high mental workload.
2. Anti-Aging
   The rich monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenol antioxidants in walnuts protect cells from oxidative damage by free radicals, earning them the titles “longevity fruit” and “everlasting child.”
3. Skin Care
   Walnuts are high in squalene and linoleic acid, along with calcium, phosphorus, and iron, making them ideal for skin health. They are quickly absorbed and help maintain skin elasticity and moisture.
4. Cardiovascular Health
   Walnuts contain various unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids that effectively lower cholesterol levels, preventing arteriosclerosis and its complications, high blood pressure, heart disease, heart failure, kidney failure, and cerebral hemorrhage.
5. Digestive Health
   Walnuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and carotenoids, which are easily digestible. They reduce stomach acid, prevent gastritis and duodenal ulcers, stimulate bile secretion, and enhance pancreatic enzyme activity, thus reducing the incidence of cholecystitis and gallstones.

Consumption Methods

Walnuts can be enjoyed raw, cooked, baked into cakes, stir-fried, dipped in honey, deep-fried, or blended into soy milk, offering a variety of delicious ways to consume them.

Precautions

1. Avoid Consuming with Wild Chicken
   Do not consume walnuts with wild chicken, as it may cause adverse reactions. It is better to consume them separately.
2. Not Suitable for Patients with Pneumonia or Bronchiectasis
   Individuals with pneumonia, bronchiectasis, or similar conditions should avoid eating walnuts to prevent exacerbating their symptoms.
3. Not Recommended for Those with Yin Deficiency and Fever
   People with yin deficiency and fever should avoid walnuts, as they may aggravate their condition.

Why Do Walnuts Taste Bitter?

The bitterness in walnuts primarily comes from the brown outer skin. This skin contains tannins, which can impart a slight bitterness. This is a normal occurrence, and the taste is improved after removing the skin.

Why Are Some Walnuts Black on the Surface?

Walnuts may turn black on the surface due to the oxidation of the green husk. This is a normal process. Our dried walnuts are not washed or bleached and are roasted at a constant temperature with charcoal, ensuring they are natural and healthy.

Friendly Reminder

The color of walnuts can vary due to factors such as climate, sunlight, rainfall, and roasting methods. These variations are natural and not the result of machine production. Each walnut is a natural gift with its own unique appearance and color, but all maintain authentic taste and rich aroma.

Flower Cake (鲜花饼)

Flower Cake, also known as “Xianhua Bing,” is a traditional Chinese pastry made with flour and various edible flowers such as roses, magnolias, and chrysanthemums. Originating in Yunnan Province, this delicacy is especially popular during the peak blooming season of edible roses, which occurs from late April to early May.

Historical Background

Origin and Evolution
Flower Cake has a history of over 300 years, dating back to the Qing Dynasty. It was originally created by a skilled pastry chef and was later favored by the Qing Emperor Qianlong. The pastry’s distinct floral aroma, balanced sweetness, and beautifying properties made it a favorite in the imperial court. The tradition of making Flower Cake has been passed down through generations, and it remains a beloved treat in Yunnan.

Historical Records
According to historical records, Flower Cake was mentioned in the “Yanjing Suishilu” from the late Qing Dynasty: “In April, cakes made with rose flowers are called rose cakes, and those made with wisteria flowers are called wisteria cakes.” The use of edible rose petals, which have a limited blooming period, contributes to the cake’s rarity and value. Its popularity spread from southwestern Kunming to northern Tianjin.

Emperor Qianlong was particularly fond of Flower Cake and issued an imperial decree stating that rose cakes could be offered at ceremonies without prior approval, highlighting its esteemed status in the royal court.

Ingredients

Edible Roses
Edible roses belong to the Rosaceae family and are known for their superior quality when grown in Yunnan. The province’s favorable climate—spring-like weather year-round, abundant sunlight, and unique geographical conditions—provides ideal growing conditions for these roses.

Production Process

1. Harvesting: Edible roses are harvested early in the morning while still covered in morning dew, typically before 9 AM. This timing helps preserve the flowers’ fragrance and quality as temperatures rise later in the day.
2. Filling Preparation: Fresh rose petals are separated from the stems, mixed with sugar, and gently kneaded. Honey is added for flavor, and the mixture is allowed to ferment in a dark place for 2-3 days. To adjust moisture levels and consistency, cooked glutinous rice flour is incorporated into the filling.
3. Pastry Dough: The pastry is made using a combination of lard, water, and flour to create the oil skin and flaky dough. The filling is encased in the dough with the flaky layer on the inside and the oil skin on the outside.
4. Baking: The cakes are brushed with egg wash and pierced with a bamboo stick to prevent deformation during baking. They are baked at 150°C (302°F) for 25-30 minutes.

Health Benefits

Flower Cake is not only a delicious treat but also offers several health benefits. According to the “Bencao Gangmu Shiyi,” edible roses have properties that improve blood circulation, relieve liver heat, and detoxify. Nutritional analyses reveal that edible roses contain more nutrients than common vegetables. They are known for their mild, slightly sweet flavor and warming properties, beneficial for soothing liver qi, relieving depression, and regulating menstrual cycles.

In summary, Flower Cake is a unique and cherished pastry with deep historical roots, exceptional ingredients, and notable health benefits, making it a special treat from Yunnan.

Ingredients

Main Ingredients: Flour
Additional Ingredients: Rose, Magnolia, Chrysanthemum, Rock Candy, White Sugar, Sesame, Peanuts, Walnuts, Jujube Paste, Lard

Methods

Method 1

1. Prepare the Filling: Mix the rose, magnolia, and chrysanthemum with rock candy, white sugar, and other ingredients to create the flower filling.
2. Make the Pastry: Wrap the filling with oil pastry.
3. Bake: Place in the oven and bake until done.

Method 2

1. Rose Flower Cookies: These are handmade and unique in terms of recipe, ingredients, process, and taste.

Carefully Selected Ingredients

• Highland Rose “Big Sweet Petals”: Pure highland rose unique to Yunnan with top global quality.
• Butter: Healthier option.
• Yunnan Premium Highland Wheat: Grown in highland terraced fields with traditional farming methods, using mountain water and natural fertilizers.
• Highland Wild Honey: Produced from flowers in mountain forests, cliffs, and lakes.
• Highland Cane Sugar: Grown in highland river valleys, with traditional farming and irrigation methods.
• Farm Fresh Eggs: Directly sourced from farms, avoiding feed and hormone-treated farms.

Production Steps

1. Creaming Butter: Use manual stirring, consistently in one direction to incorporate air into the butter, which prevents the cookies from being too dry.
2. Mixing Dough: Handle gently and mix from bottom to top repeatedly until finished.
3. Shaping: Press the dough into shape by hand.
4. Baking: Bake at a constant temperature of 200°C. Although this extends the baking time, it ensures the cookies are soft, moist, and less likely to cause discomfort.
5. Cooling: Strict cooling requirements; let the cookies cool at room temperature until the center reaches 35°C to avoid mold or contamination.
6. Packaging: Pack in EU food safety standard boxes with a special stone paper inner box. Include a detailed product description and seal. Special attention is given to prevent breaking during transport with sealed outer boxes and air-filled bags.

Rose Flower Cake

Features:

1. Ingredients: High-quality flour, white sugar, water, vegetable shortening, rose flower filling (fresh rose petals, honey, cooked flour).
2. Shelf Life: 60 days.
3. Production Technique: Handmade, with a sugar-to-flower ratio of 1:1 or higher. Lower ratios may result in excess syrup and moisture, making the cake overly sweet and potentially greasy.
4. Baking: Bake to ensure nutrition while extending shelf life and preventing mold.

Yunnan’s climate conditions are unique, and its plant resources are abundant, making many areas famous for producing medicinal herbs. Yunnan produces over a thousand types of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, enjoying high reputation both domestically and internationally. Today, let’s explore some of Yunnan’s famous traditional Chinese herbs.

Notoginseng (Sanqi)三七

Primarily produced in Wenshan Prefecture, Honghe, Yuxi, Qujing, Dali, Chuxiong, Kunming, and other places, with cultivation in various regions. It has a long history, excellent quality, and is renowned both in China and abroad. The annual production in Yunnan accounts for more than 70% of China’s total.

Notoginseng is a perennial herb in the Araliaceae family. Li Shizhen referred to it as “gold that cannot be exchanged.” Its stems, leaves, and flowers can all be used medicinally.

Notoginseng has the effect of “breaking and nourishing,” meaning that raw notoginseng can activate blood circulation, reduce swelling, and relieve pain, making it effective for trauma and strain; cooked notoginseng (fried with chicken oil or other oils until golden) can nourish the blood and strengthen the body.

Notoginseng is categorized into “spring notoginseng” and “winter notoginseng,” based on the harvesting season. Spring notoginseng is harvested before the seeds set, while winter notoginseng is harvested afterward. Spring notoginseng is of higher quality, with large, heavy, well-colored, smooth, and solid roots being the best. Winter notoginseng tends to have more wrinkles and is of lower quality.

Yunnan’s main production areas are in Wenshan Prefecture’s counties, including Yanshan, Maguan, and Xichou, where cultivation has a history of three to four hundred years.

Gastrodia Elata (Tianma)天麻

Produced in Zhenxiong, Daqian, Weixin, Yongshan, Lijiang, Weixi, Yunlong, Fugong, and Gongshan counties. The commercial gastrodia is large, firm, and has a bright yellow-white color, commonly known as “bright gastrodia.”

Gastrodia, also known as “Chijian,” “Dingfengcao,” or “Shuiyangyu,” is a precious medicinal herb used recently to treat high blood pressure and nervous system disorders.

Yunnan is one of China’s main production areas for gastrodia, with the highest yield and best quality found in Zhaotong’s counties, particularly in the Yi Liang and Zhenxiong regions.

Yangchun Sand (Yangchunsha)阳春砂

Primarily produced in Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Wenshan, Honghe, and Lincang. The annual production in Yunnan accounts for about 60% of China’s total, making it the leading producer.

Yangchun Sand is the dried mature fruit of the cardamom genus in the ginger family and is one of the medicinal plants listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Originally from Guangdong, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan has become the main production area for Yangchun Sand in China.

Dendrobium (Tiepi Shihu)铁皮石斛

Distributed in Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Honghe, Lincang, Qujing, and other regions. Yunnan accounts for about 50% of China’s annual procurement, making it the leading producer.

Dendrobium is a perennial epiphytic herb in the Orchidaceae family, also known as “black-jointed herb” or “Yunnan dendrobium.” It contains polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, and various trace elements, and is recognized as a top-tier health supplement.

Wild Dendrobium is a nationally protected rare and endangered plant, with artificial cultivation in Yunnan’s Dehong, Xishuangbanna, and Baoshan regions.

Angelica (Danggui)当归

Mainly produced in Lijiang, Zhongdian, Deqin, Lanping, Weixi, Heqing, and Jianchuan counties. Known as “Yun Angelica,” it is praised for its large size, firmness, strong flavor, and rich oil content. It is primarily exported.

Angelica, from the Apiaceae family, is used to nourish and invigorate the blood, moisten dryness, smooth the intestines, remove stasis, and relieve pain and regulate menstruation. The root is used in stews with chicken or meat and is a warming tonic with effects for nourishing blood and treating deficiencies. Yunnan’s high-altitude areas are the main production regions, with the best quality being dry, with a large root head, firmness, oil content, aromatic smell, and white flesh.

Rock Cabbage (Yanbaicai)岩白菜

Rock cabbage is the dried rhizome of the rock cabbage plant in the Saxifragaceae family, also known as “dull cabbage,” “short cabbage,” “rock wall vegetable,” “stone cabbage,” “red rock seven,” and “snow-head flowering.”

It has nourishing and strengthening properties and is used to stop bleeding and cough. Originally a folk remedy, its main component, yanbaicai saponin, has expectorant and cough-relief effects, showing good results in treating chronic bronchitis.

There are 10 species of rock cabbage worldwide, with 7 species found in China. In Yunnan, it is primarily distributed in the northwest, central, and northeast regions.

Yunnan Wood Fragrance (Yunmuxiang)云木香

A genuine medicinal material. Main production areas include Lijiang, Diqing, Dali, Baoshan, and Nujiang, with some cultivation in Chuxiong, Qujing, and Zhaotong. The roots are uniform, solid, heavy, oily, and aromatic. Yunnan’s annual procurement is among the top one or two in China.

It is a perennial herb in the Asteraceae family, with a height of 100-200 cm. The main root is robust, cylindrical, and has a distinctive fragrance. The leaves are triangular-ovate or long triangular, with shallowly serrated or wavy edges. The stem leaves are broadly oval. The achenes are linear.

It blooms from July to August and fruits from August to October. Found in Yunnan and other regions in China, its roots are used to strengthen the stomach, relieve bloating, regulate qi, and ease pain.

Coptis (Huanglian)黄连

Mainly distributed in Nujiang Prefecture and Tengchong County; with some cultivation in Weixi, Yunlong, and Jianchuan counties. It is characterized by its solid texture, yellow color, bitter taste, and the presence of a chrysanthemum-like heart.

Also known as “Weilian,” “Chuanlian,” or “Jizhualian,” it belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and is a perennial herb. The leaves are basal, thick, ovate-triangular, three-parted, with the central lobes being ovate-rhombic and deeply cleft. The leaf margins are sharply serrated, and the leaf stalks are 5-12 cm long. It grows wild or is cultivated in cool, shaded valleys at altitudes of 1000-1900 meters. It has effects of clearing heat, drying dampness, and detoxifying.

Coptis deltoidea (Huhuanglian)胡黄连

Distributed in Deqin, Weixi, Zhongdian, and Gongshan counties, with initial success in cultivating wild varieties.

Coptis deltoidea, from the Ranunculaceae family, is the dried rhizome of the plant. It is also known as “Hu Lian,” “Jia Huanglian” (Tibetan name), “Tibetan Coptis,” or “Domestic Coptis.” It is used as a medicine to clear heat and dry dampness. It is mainly found in the northwest of Yunnan, including Deqin, Zhongdian, Weixi, and Gongshan.

Poria (Fuling)茯苓

Also known as “Yunling.” Wildly distributed in Lijiang, Weixi, Zhongdian, Fugong, Yunlong, Jianchuan, Tengchong, Luquan, Wuding, Fumin, Xuanwei, and other counties.

Cultivated mainly in Chuxiong Prefecture, Kunming City, and Qujing; Weixi and Lijiang also grow it. The product is noted for its weight, solidity, large size, smoothness, non-cracking, white and delicate cross-section. It is supplied domestically and for export.

Magnolia officinalis (Daye Houpu)大叶厚朴

Magnolia officinalis is the dried branches, roots, and bark of the plant from the Magnoliaceae family. Known as “Tengchong Houpu,” “Gongshan Houpu,” or “Dianmian Houpu,” due to its primary production areas in Tengchong, Gaoligong Mountain, and the Myanmar border.

Magnolia bark is commonly used in traditional medicine for treating common and frequent ailments. It is mainly distributed in the northwest of Yunnan and the western Myanmar border regions, including Tengchong, Luxi, Fugong, Gongshan, and Deqin counties.

Snow Lotus (Xuelian)雪莲

In Tibetan, it is called “Gangla Mei Duo” or “Xia Gui Suo Ba.” It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a plant 10-30 cm high, covered with dense white cotton-like hairs, resembling cotton. It is used to clear heat, detoxify, relieve heat pain, regulate menstruation, and stop bleeding.

In Yunnan’s Zhongdian area, there are varieties such as Cotton-head Snow Lotus, Jellyfish Snow Lotus, and Three-finger Snow Lotus.

Catechu (Ercha)儿茶

Mainly produced in Xishuangbanna. The catechin content is 40-50%. It is the peeled branches of the Acacia catechu plant, dried and boiled to make a concentrated extract. It is harvested in winter, with branches dried, peeled, chopped, boiled, concentrated, and dried. It is also cultivated in Hainan.

Catechu has properties to invigorate blood and relieve pain, stop bleeding and promote tissue regeneration, astringe and heal wounds, and clear phlegm. It is used for injuries, external bleeding, hematemesis, ulcers, eczema, and lung heat cough.

Chebula (Hezi)诃子

Distributed in Baoshan, Lincang, and Dehong regions. The product is known for its firmness, weight, and thick flesh. Yunnan accounts for about 80% of China’s annual procurement.

Chebula, from the Combretaceae family, is the dried mature fruit of the Terminalia chebula plant. It has astringent properties to stop diarrhea, relieve cough, reduce fire, and soothe the throat. It is commonly used for chronic diarrhea, dysentery, rectal prolapse, lung weakness, persistent cough, and sore throat.

White Snow Tea (Bai Xue Cha)白雪茶

Also known as “Di Xue Cha,” this tea is grown in high-altitude areas of Yunnan. It has a delicate fragrance with a hint of bitterness and a sweet aftertaste. White Snow Tea contains various beneficial compounds that can lower blood lipids, aid weight loss, refresh the mind, clear heat, quench thirst, moisten the lungs, and relieve cough. It is effective for hypertension, nervous disorders, and pharyngitis.

Fritillaria (Bei Mu)贝母

Fritillaria is a perennial herb from the Liliaceae family, named for its resemblance to the shape of a “shell” (bei). It is commonly used for lung diseases, such as pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, dry cough, and hemoptysis. It is widely produced in Shangri-La.

Dengzhanxi Xin (Deng Zhan Xi Xin)灯盏细辛

Also known as “Deng Zhan Ju,” “Tu Xi Xin,” “Di Ding Cao,” “Xi Xin Cao,” or “Dong Ju,” this herb is the dried whole plant of the short-stemmed Asteraceae member. Dengzhanxi Xin has a warm nature with a spicy, slightly bitter taste. It can disperse cold, relieve surface symptoms, expel wind and dampness, and relieve pain. It is primarily distributed in Wenshan, Honghe, Yuxi, Kunming, Chuxiong, Qujing, Zhaotong, Dali, Lijiang, and Diqing regions of Yunnan.

Pinellia (Ban Xia)半夏

This herb is abundant in wild resources, mainly found in Zhaotong, Qujing, Kunming, and Wenshan regions. The product is round, pearl-like, white, firm, finely powdered, and has a spicy taste.

Pinellia is used to dry dampness, transform phlegm, stop vomiting, and resolve abdominal distension. It is employed for phlegm-related cough and asthma, dizziness from phlegm, phlegm-induced headaches, vomiting, and chest discomfort. It is also used externally for treating abscesses and phlegm nodules.

Gentiana (Qin Jiao)秦艽

Distributed in Lijiang, Dali, Diqing, and Nujiang regions. The product is noted for its thick, firm, and well-textured roots. It is also known as “Da Ye Long Dan,” “Da Ye Qin Jiao,” or “Xi Qin Jiao.”

This perennial herb has cylindrical roots and large basal leaves, with stem leaves being lance-shaped and arranged in whorls. It blooms in summer and autumn with deep blue-purple tubular flowers. It has high medicinal value and is used to treat rheumatic joint pain, tuberculosis, tidal fever, and jaundice.

Lijiang Mountain Dioscorea (Li Jiang Shan Ci Gu)丽江山慈菇

This is the dried bulb of the Lijiang Mountain Dioscorea from the Liliaceae family. It is also known as “Guang Ci Gu,” “Tu Bei Mu,” “Cao Bei Mu,” “Jia Bei Mu,” “Nao Gou Yao,” or “Yi Bi Jian.” It has a warm nature, bitter taste, and is toxic. It can detoxify, reduce swelling, and resolve hardness.

Research has found that it contains colchicine, which can be used as a raw material for extracting colchicine. It is mainly distributed in the northwest Yunnan regions of Lijiang, Diqing, and Dali.

Yunnan Scutellaria (Dian Huang Qin)滇黄芩

Yunnan Scutellaria, also known as “Scutellaria,” “Kunming Scutellaria,” and “Southwest Scutellaria,” is the dried root of the Scutellaria baicalensis plant from the Lamiaceae family. It has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine and is widely distributed in most parts of Yunnan, except for the southern and southwestern regions.

Poria (Zhu Ling)猪苓

Poria is found in counties such as Weixi, Lijiang, Ninglang, Eryuan, Jianchuan, Yunlong, Lanping, Gongshan, and Zhenxiong. The product is characterized by large size, firmness, black skin, and white flesh.

Poria is a medicinal fungus from the Polyporaceae family and genus. The young fruiting body is edible and highly flavorful. Its underground sclerotia are black, vary in shape, and are a famous Chinese medicine with diuretic properties for treating edema. Poria contains poria polysaccharides (glucans) and has been tested for anticancer properties.

Polygonatum (Pi Ma Cao)披麻草

Polygonatum is a plant from the Liliaceae family, including species like Dali Polygonatum, Mengzi Polygonatum, Narrow-leaved Polygonatum, and Hairy-leaved Polygonatum. It is known by various names such as “Small Polygonatum,” “Polygonatum,” “Small Brown Package,” and “Human Hair.” It is a raw material for traditional Chinese medicines and is distributed in many parts of Yunnan.

Pangolin (Chuan Shan Jia)穿山甲

The pangolin is found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions below 2,500 meters in altitude. The scales are large, glossy, odorless, and free from meat oil.

Long Pepper (Bi Ba)荜茇

Long Pepper is distributed in counties such as Yingjiang, Ruili, Luxi, Longchuan, Lianghe, and in regions like Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, and Nujiang. The product features large, firm, plump, dark brown fruit spikes with a slightly red cross-section. Yunnan accounts for over 70% of the annual national harvest.

Dew Grass (Lu Shui Cao)露水草

Dew Grass is the root or whole plant with roots from the Commelinaceae family, known by names like “Pearl Dew Grass” (Qujing), “Cock’s Comb Ginseng” (Kunming), “Zhimu” (Mengzi), “Hairy Blue Ear Grass,” and “Chicken Claw Ginseng” (Gejiu). Its main functions include dispelling wind, activating channels, relieving dampness and swelling, and reducing heat. It is found throughout most of Yunnan, except for the high-altitude cold regions in the northeast and northwest.

Tofu Dregs Fruit (Dou Fu Zha Guo)豆腐渣果

Tofu Dregs Fruit comes from the plants in the family Sapindaceae, including the Deep Green Dragon Eye. It is also known as “Tofu Fruit,” “Mother Pig Fruit,” “Luo Luo Fruit,” and “Radish Tree.” Its seeds are used to extract Tofu Fruit Glycoside (Shen Shuai Guo Su) and are used by various ethnic groups in Yunnan. The medicinal use of the seeds, roots, leaves, and stems varies. It is primarily distributed in Dehong, Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Simao, Yuanjiang, Chuxiong, and Weishan counties.

Musk (She Xiang)麝香

Musk is distributed in areas such as Diqing, Lijiang, Nujiang, Dali, Chuxiong, Baoshan, Qujing, and Zhaotong. It is warm in nature, non-toxic, and bitter in taste. It enters the heart, spleen, and liver meridians and is used for opening orifices, dispelling filth, unblocking channels, and dispersing blood stasis. It is primarily used to treat stroke, phlegm obstruction, convulsions, distress, abdominal pain, traumatic injuries, and abscesses.

Purple Salvia (Zi Dan Shen)紫丹参

Purple Salvia, also known as Yunnan Salvia, Small Purple Salvia, or Dian Salvia, is the root of the Salvia miltiorrhiza plant from the Lamiaceae family. It has a slightly bitter taste and a slightly cold nature, with effects that calm the mind and soothe the heart. It is mainly distributed in the eastern, central, and northwestern regions of Yunnan.

Fo-ti (He Shou Wu)何首乌

Fo-ti, also known as Polygonum multiflorum, is distributed in Yuxi, Honghe, Wenshan, Chuxiong, Kunming, and Zhaotong. The product is large, firm, and exhibits a significant powdery texture, with a black-brown exterior and yellowish-white or reddish-brown interior, often marked with cloud-like patterns. It is a tonic herb used for its restorative properties.

Coarse-stemmed Gentian (Cu Jing Qin Jiao)粗茎秦艽

Coarse-stemmed Gentian, also known as “Niu Wei Qin Jiao,” “Niu Wei Jiao,” “Radish Gentian,” and “Dian Gentian,” is the dried root of the Gentiana macrophylla plant from the Gentianaceae family. Its functions include dispelling wind-dampness, clearing damp-heat, and relieving joint pain. It is mainly found in Yunnan’s Lijiang, Diqing, Nujiang, Dali, and Zhaotong, and is commonly grown in high-altitude areas.

Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao)冬虫夏草

Cordyceps is distributed in counties such as Lijiang, Zhongdian, Deqin, and Gongshan. The product is known for its dry, plump, robust body with a white cross-section, and short, non-blackened fungal base.

Red Snow Tea (Hong Xue Cha)红雪茶

Red Snow Tea, also known as Gold Silk Tea, has been used in Tibetan medicine for centuries. Modern research shows that it is rich in essential trace elements and has effects such as lowering blood lipids and cholesterol, clearing the heart and opening orifices, nourishing blood, and improving heart health. It is effective for hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity, with no toxic side effects, making it an excellent health product and gift.

Gentian (Long Dan)龙胆

Gentian is distributed in Baoshan, Wenshan, Dali, Chuxiong, Zhaotong, Qujing, and Lincang. The root is characterized by its coarse, fat, bright yellow color, and extremely bitter taste.

Dragon’s Blood (Xue Jie)血竭

Dragon’s Blood is processed from the Dragon’s Blood Tree in the seasonal rainforest of Xishuangbanna and is known as the “Holy Medicine for Blood Circulation.” It is used to treat traumatic injuries, blood stasis pain, rheumatism, and gynecological disorders. It is also a key ingredient in the “Qili San” medication.

Snow Mountain Aconite (Xue Shang Yi Zhi Hao)雪上一枝蒿

Snow Mountain Aconite is the dried tuber of the Aconitum gymnandrum from the Ranunculaceae family, known by names such as “Snow Mountain Aconite,” “One-stem Aconite,” “Iron Rod Hammer,” “Iron Bull Seven,” and “Three-turn Half.” It has unique effects on internal and external pain but is highly toxic. Due to its potency and the narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses, it is classified as a special management drug.

Lampstand Leaf (Deng Tai Ye)灯台叶

Lampstand Leaf is the dried leaf of the Sugar Maple Tree from the Apocynaceae family, also known as Lampstand Tree, Lampstand Tree, Noodle Tree, and Duck Foot Tree. It is used in Yunnan folk medicine to treat chronic bronchitis.

There is also a related plant called Small-leaved Lampstand Leaf from the Apocynaceae family, which should be differentiated. It is mainly found in southern, southeastern, and southwestern Yunnan, such as Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Honghe, Wenshan, Dehong, and Baoshan.

Qing Yang Shen (青羊参)

Qing Yang Shen, also known as Qingyang Ginseng, is the dried root of the Qingyang Shen plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. It is a traditional herbal medicine discovered among the Bai and Naxi ethnic groups in western Yunnan. It has a warm nature and a taste that is both spicy and sweet, with mild toxicity. It is used to treat rheumatic bone pain, lumbar muscle strain, and general weakness or exhaustion. Qing Yang Shen is distributed in most parts of Yunnan Province.