Chinese Name:大理市大理镇
English Name: Dali Town of Dali City

Chinese Name:大理市下关镇
English Name: Xiaguan Town of Dali City

Introduction

In the southern part of Yunnan, a special railway lies in the mountains. It is special due to the history: it was built during 1903-1910 in the very late time of the Qing Dynasty. Because of the one-metre-wide gauge it is called the narrow gauge railway. This special railway was built in mountains through many tunnels and bridges, running through ethnic areas in the south of Yunnan.

In December 1883, the 2-years Sino-French War broke out. Surprisingly, China “lost the war with victory” and France “won the war with defeat”. A treaty was then signed in June 1885, the result is that China lost the control of Vietnam and France got Vietnam as its colony. Furthermore France got the right to trade in Yunnan and the authority to build a railway from Hai Phong of Vietnam to Kunming of China.

The History of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway

Historical Background of the RailwayIn the early 20th century, France succeeded colonizing Vietnam and switched their target to China. The corrupted and incompetent Qing Court signed an agreement with France that if China consider building railways, France should take charge.” As a result, the very first international railway in China, namely, this Sino-Vietnamese Railway was in the charge of France.

The Construction of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway

The construction of the Yunnan part namely the Hekou-Kunming (Kun-He) Railway started in 1903, completed and opened to traffic in 1910, with a total length of 468 km. The railway was built in the mountains and over the rivers, with 425 bridges, 155 tunnels and 62 railway stations along it. The lowest point of the railway is Hekou Railway Station with the elevation of only 76.4m above the sea-level; while the highest point is Shuitang Railway Station with the elevation of about 2,400 metres above the sea level. The vertical drop difference is over 2,300 metres in a distance of 430 km.

The most attracting part of the railway is the Herringbone Bridge in Pingbian County of Honghe Prefecture. From Wantang to Zhicun Station, the 67-km-long railway had 78 tunnels and 47 bridges built, with a vertical going-up of about 900 metres and another steep climb from Yiliang to Shuitang Station going up about 800 metres.

The Kun-He Railway runs through many ethnic areas in the south of Yunnan, which covers Kunming City, Yuxi City, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture where the Yi, Hani, Miao, Yao, Mongols, Zhuang, Dais and other people toil and multiply, and their colorful traditions are big attraction to the passengers from home and abroad and the local delicacies are tasty and really special.

The area the railway runs through enjoys the beautiful sceneries: lofty ridges and towering mountains covered with dense forests, rivers and trickling waters.  Because of the plentiful rainfalls, mild weather, the lands are fertile with good harvest of grains, vegetables, fruits, herbs and many other kinds of products. All of these show visitors a wonderful travel paradise to discover.

Why were French people so obesessed with the construction of the railway?

1. To begin with, Yunnan was rich in mineral resources. The railway can make it easier for them loot transport to its colony vietnam. In order to maximize their interest, they even deliberately made detours through the mineral-rich areas. Yunnan is the back door of China, which, at that time, the most attractive source of raw materials and market for their commodities.
2.The third reason is that Yunnan is close neighbor to rich Sichuan Province.
3.The last reason is because of the mild climate here. They were hoping to turn it into a backyard garden for its people.

The Importance of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway

Despite the fact that this railway was constructed against our will, we have to admit that we did benefit from it in certain way. Since Yunnan is a mountainous province, transportation was really inconvenient, which was accomplished mostly by human and animals. Thanks to this railway, Yunnan was greatly opened and even became the window to the southwest.In 1910, the very first hydropower station Shi Long Ba Hydropower station was built in Kunming, the engine of which was transported here by this railway.The national protection movement also benefited from it.During the anti-Japanese war, the railway brought a large number of intellectuals to Yunnan. With the establishment of the Southwest Associated Univeristy, Yunnan was turned into one of the most influencial culture centers in China.Nowadays, oriental planes /platan everywhere was introduced by French people at that time.Someone conducted a comparison between the pace of life of Kunming people to that of the Shanghai people, and they found that Kunming people was generally one hour and a half slower.

Related Attractions

1. Bisezhai – the First Major Station on the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway Map

Being the juncture of the meter-gauge Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and the inch-gauge Gejiu-Bisezhai-Shiping Railway, the station was also the hub for cargo transshipment.  In the prime years of the two railways, business people from France, the UK, USA, Germany, and Greece swarmed into Bisezhai to set up companies, firms, bars and coffee shops, whereas governments of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China had established post offices and taxation authorities there. Bisezhai has well preserved the major architectures of those years, such as the rows of French-style buildings, the passenger hall of the station, the big French railway clock and the Geluz Bar.

2. The Ren-shaped Bridge (人字桥)

The giant Ren-shaped steel-frame bridge of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway is located in Pingbian County. Noted for its unique design and delicate structure, the bridge has been registered as a key site of historical relics for national-level protection.

3. Jijie Railway Station (个旧鸡街火车站)

Jijie Railway Station of Gejiu Municipality was the transshipment depot of the meter-gauge and inch-gauge railways. The station has preserved an inch-gauge locomotive, which is the only survived one in China. Jijie Railway Station has been registered as a key site of historical relics for national-level protection.

4. Cross-border Folk Customs of Hekou City  (河口跨国边境风情)

Hekou, which is one of the class-one national ports of entry, is 468 kilometers from Kunming. Across the Red River, Hekou overlooks the Vietnamese Lao Cai City (capital of the Lao Cai Province) and Gu Liu Town. Hekou is also the hub where the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Kunming-Hekou Highway, and the Red River route meet. Today, Hekou has developed into a trade- and tourism-centered city incorporating functions of border trade and border-area tourism.

Recommended Tour Routes

Touring with us will make your time well-spent well spent and your trip in Yunnan-Vietnam Railway with a unique experience.

Travel Tips

Nowadays, travellers can take a train ride from Kunming to visit the major destinations in the south of Yunnan including Yuxi, Jianshui, Mengzi and Hekou etc.

This article is about tranportation between Daoshanbao Black-necked Crane Nature and Kunming.  Dashanbao(大山包) is one of the most popular destination for Yunnan Birding Tours, which has become the largest winter habitat of black-necked cranes and is regarded as one of the Hometowns of Black-necked Cranes in China(中国黑颈鹤的故乡). Zhaotong City(昭通市) is about 350 km away from Kunming and Dashanbao is about 80 km away from the seat of Zhaotong.

How to Get to Dashanbao from Kunming

Buses and planes are two optional ways from Kunming to Zhaotong and tourists need to transfer to Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Nature by coach, which takes about 2-3 hours.

By Air

Zhaotong Airport(昭通机场) lies in the east of the city proper on the south bank of the Jinsha River(金沙江), operating 3 flights to Kunming, which takes about 50 minutes carried by China Eastern Airlines(东方航空). You can depart at Kunming Changshui International Airport(昆明长水国际机场).

Kunming-Zhaotong Airline Schedules

Zhaotong-Kunming Airline Schedules

Kunming Changshui Airport
Add:Changshui Village, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
How to Get:  Airport Express No.919, Taxi
Zhaotong Airport
Add: Airport Road, Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province

By Coach

There are more than ten buses departing from Kunming North Coach Station(昆明北部客运站) to Zhaotong Central Coach Station(昭通客运中心站). The journey takes about 4-4.5 hours. Then tourists can transfer to Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Nature by coach.

Kunming-zhaotong Coach Schedules

Zhaotong-Kunming

Tickets cannot be booked online from Zhaotong to Kunming. You can go to Zhaotong Station to buy tickets.

Kunming North Coach Station
Add:Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
How to Get: Metro Line 2, bus or taxi
Zhaotong Centeral Coach Station
Add:No.403, Zhaoyang Road, Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province

Transportation in Yunnan:

Yunnan Travel by Air

• Airlines in Yunnan
• Flights to Yunnan
• Airport Transfer
• International Flights to Yunnan
• Airports in Yunnan

Rail Transport in Yunnan

• High-speed Rail in Yunnan
• Railway Stations in Yunnan
• Railways in Yunnan
• Trains to Yunnan
• Trans Asia Railway
• Metro in Yunnan

Roads in Yunnan

• Bridges in Yunnan
• Freeways in Yunnan
• Highways in Yunnan
• Roads to Yunnan
• Trans-Asia Roads
• National Roads in Yunnan

Chinese Name: 双江勐库茶山
English Name: Mengku Tea Mountain Area in Shuangjiang County, Lincang
ADD:临沧市双江县勐库镇

Mengku Tea(勐库茶)

Mengku Tea refers to Pu’er tea, which is made from the new leaves of Yunnan large-leaved species in Mengku(勐库), Yunnan, and processed by traditional technology. Traditional technology refers to the whole process of picking fresh leaves(鲜叶采摘), killing green leaves(鲜叶杀青), kneading(揉捻), drying(晾晒), screening(分筛), picking stalks(捡梗), fermenting in Ottawa heap (渥堆发酵 Specially for Pu’er Pipe Tea), pressing by stone milling(石磨压制), packaging and shipment(包装). Mengku Tea – Yunnan Daye Tea Mengku Tea(云南大叶茶勐库种), as the original tea species of Pu’er Tea, is deeply sought after by the majority of Pu’er tea enthusiasts.

Geographical Distribution

Mengku Tea is produced in Lahu, Wa, Brown and Dai Autonomous Counties of Shuangjiang County(双江县), Lincang City（临沧市）, Yunnan Province.Mengku Town （勐库镇）is the hometown of Mengku Daye Tea. Mengku Town is located in the north of Shuangjiang Autonomous County（双江自治县）, between 99° 46’21”——99 °58 ’27” East Longitude and 23 °33’——23 °49’ North Latitude. Mengku Town has a total land area of 475.3 square kilometers. There are many mountains and fewer dams in the area. The area of mountain area accounts for 99.55% while the area of dam area only accounts for 0.45%. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The valleys are crisscrossed and hills are undulating. The rivers run across the Nanmeng River, which runs through the whole town.

Dongbanshan(东半山) and Xibanshan(西半山)

Mengku Town is divided into East and West. The highest elevation in Mengku Town is 3233 meters of snow mountain, and the lowest elevation is 1040 meters of the Great Bay where Mengku River(勐库大河) and Huilei River(回雷河) meet. The terrain of Mengku is two mountains with one river and one dam, two mountains refer to Bangma Mountain(邦马山) and Ma’anshan Mountain(马鞍山), one river refers to Nanmeng River(南勐河), and one dam refers to Mengku Dam(勐库坝). Bangma Mountain confronts Ma’anshan. The Nanmeng River flows between the two mountains. Mengku people customarily take the Nanmeng River as the boundary. They call the eastern part of the Nanmeng River the eastern part mountain while the western part of the Nanmeng River the western part mountain. Maanshan is in the east of the river. Mengku people call it the Eastern Half Mountain or Dongbanshan(东半山). Bangma mountain is in the west of the river. Mengku people call it the Western Half Mountain or Xibanshan(西半山).

Mengku Tea and History

Suitable natural environment breeds excellent Mengku large-leaved tea species. In 1957 and 1984, two meetings of the National Committee for the examination and approval of tea varieties(全国茶树良种审定委员会) approved Mengku Daye tea(定勐库大叶茶种) as a national excellent tea variety. In April 1962, the Mengku Tea Science Research Institute(勐库茶叶科学研究所) of the former Lincang Commissioner’s Office(临沧专员公署), dispatched personnel to the Gongnong(公弄村) and Xiaohuzhai（小户寨） areas of Mengku Tea Production Zone(勐库生产茶区) to collect samples, according to the notification of the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. For the first time, the Mengku large-leaved group tea species were distinguished and named: Mengku big-leaved green tea(勐库大叶绿茶), Mengku big black-leaved tea(勐库大黑叶茶), Mengku big-long-leaved tea(勐库大长叶茶), Mengku big-round tea(勐库大圆叶茶) and Mengku small black-leaved tea(勐库小黑叶茶) .

Investigation on Mengku Tea Varieties

In June 1981, under the leadership of Yu Fulian Institute(虞富莲研究院), Director of Breeding Department(育种室) of China Nongkeyuan Tea Institute(中国农科院茶叶研究所), 12 people from Yunnan Provincial Tea Varieties Collection Investigation Group(云南省地方茶树品种征集) visited Mengku Bingdao Village(冰岛村) for five days to obtain the original data of Mengku Daye Tea. Yu Fulian proposed that Mengku Daye Tea should be renamed as tubular Daye Tea，which is more accurately. After Iceland’s investigation, Mr. Yu Fulian wrote “Yunnan Daye Tea Variety Yinghao-Mengku Species” (《云南大叶茶品种英豪——勐库种》)in the first issue of “Chinese Tea”(《中国茶叶》) in 1982. In the second issue of “Tea” in 1985, he introduced the fine quality of Mengku Daye Tea to the Chinese people from the aspects of physiology and biochemistry, which made Mengku Daye Tea win a higher reputation.

In November 1985, at the summing-up meeting of “Collection of Tea Varieties Resources in Yunnan Province”(云南省茶树品种资源征集) held by Yunnan Tea Research Institute(云南省农科院茶叶研究所), a variety garden was established based on the results of the investigation, and Mengku Great Green Leaf Tea was specially planted, showing a vigorous growth trend. Mengku Daye Tea, as a national fine variety, ranks first in Yunnan Daye Tea. It is recognized by Chinese tea experts as “the hero of Daye Tea Varieties”(大叶茶品种的英豪) and “the authenticity of Yunnan Daye Tea Varieties”(云南大叶种茶的正宗). Because of its excellent quality, it has been widely disseminated in China.

Distribution of Mengku Tea

In Shuangjiang County（双江县）, 80% of the ancient tea plantations over 120 years old are located in Dongbanshan(东半山) and Xibanshan(西半山) of Mengku Town. These ancient villages over 200 years old in the eastern and western half mountains have artificially cultivated ancient tea gardens.
Mengku is a subtropical mountain monsoon climate, with distinct dry and wet seasons, large temperature difference between day and night, prominent three-dimensional climate, annual sunshine of about 2400 hours, annual average temperature of 18℃. There are abundant precipitation in the territory, and annual average precipitation is 1065 mm in the dam area while 1700mm-1900mm in the mountainous area.
Tea is the traditional pillar industry in Mengku Town and one of the main sources of rural economy and farmers’ income.
Mengku people have a long history of tea planting and created a unique and splendid tea culture. Because Mengku has suitable climate and soil conditions for tea growth, excellent large-leaf tea population varieties have been produced in Mengku area. Mengku tea plants are large-leaved tea population varieties with big black leaves and big green leaves as the main body. Tea plant has strong growth potential, obvious trunk,with many plump buds and leaves, as well as many substances and high yield, which is recognized as an excellent variety.
Several famous ancient tea villages in Mengku are familiar with Dahusai Village (大户赛), Bingdao Village(冰岛), Mangbo Village（忙波）in the western half mountains, as well as Nasai Village（那塞）Banuo Village（坝儒） in the eastern half mountains.

Characteristics of Mengku Tea

Characteristics of Mengku species: thick and broad leaves, special fragrance, vigorous, not as smooth as the other six tea areas; tasting sweet, fragrant and stimulating .

Mengku Ancient Tea Area: (Dongbanshan东半山/Xibanshan西半山)
The Mengku terrain of Shuangjiang County is two mountains with one river and one dam, two mountains refer to Bangma Mountain and Ma’anshan, one river refers to Nanmeng River, one dam refers to Mengku dam, Bangma Mountain and Ma’anshan confront each other, the Nanmeng River passes between the two mountains, Mengku people habitually take the Nanmeng River as the boundary, the mountain on the East side of Nanmeng River is called the eastern half mountain, and the mountain on the west side is called the western half mountain; that is, Maanshan is called the eastern half mountain because it is located in the east of the river and Bangma Mountain is called the western half mountain because it is located in the west of teh river. In Shuangjiang County, 80% of the ancient tea plantations over 120 years old are located in the eastern and western half mountains of Mengku, and there are artificially cultivated ancient tea plantations in every ancient villages which are more than 200 years old.

Tea Villages in Eastern Half Mountain/Dongbanshan东半山 and Western Half Mountain/Xibanshan西半山
Eastern Half Mountain/Dongbanshan东半山: Mangbeng(忙蚌), Banuo(坝糯), Najiao(那焦), Bangdu(帮读), Nasai(那赛), Donglai(东来), Mangna(忙那), Chengzi(城子)
Western Half Mountain/Xibanshan西半山: Bingdao(冰岛), Baka(坝卡), Dongguo(懂过), Dahusai(大户赛), Gongnong(公弄), Banggai(帮改), Bingshan(丙山), Hudong(护东)

Five Villages in Bingdao Tea(冰岛茶)
Dongbanshan: Bawai（坝歪寨）, Nuoru（糯儒寨）
Xibanshan: Bingdao(冰岛), Dijie(地界寨) and Nanpo(南迫寨)

Mengku Eighteen Village Committee (Mengku Eighteen Village/勐库十八寨)

Dongbanshan东半山: Mangbeng(忙蚌), Banuo(坝糯), Najiao(那焦), Bangdu(帮读), Nasai(那赛), Donglai(东来), Mangna(忙那), Chengzi(城子)
Xibanshan西半山: Bingdao(冰岛), Baka(坝卡), Dongguo(懂过), Dahusai(大户赛), Gongnong(公弄), Banggai(帮改), Bingshan(丙山), Hudong(护东), Daxueshan(大雪山), Xiaohusai(小户赛)
Daxueshan and Xiaohusai are the famous Mengku Snow Mountain in the southwest of Iceland. It is about ten kilometers away in a straight line, separated by two peaks: Daliangshan and Dajianshan.

There is a river in the east of Bingdao(冰岛): the Dananmei River(大南美河), which flows through Bingdao and becomes the Mengku River.
Facing to Bingdao Village, it is Linxiang District（临翔区）, Lincang City（临沧市）, which is also one of Linxiang’s famous ancient tree townships: Nanmei Tea Area(南美茶区).
The most famous ancient trees in Linxiang District are mainly in two places: one is Bangdong Town(邦东乡), which is the hometown of Manglu Mountain Tea or Xigui Tea(忙麓山昔归茶); the other is Nanmei Town(南美拉祜族乡). Bingdao Village is adjacent to the Nanmei Town in Linxiang District. It is a very good place. Tea of Nanmei Town will be bright one day.

Eastern Half Mountain/Dongbanshan Tea Plantation东半山茶区

Haigong Tea Area(亥公茶区)
Haigong(亥公) is the northern gate of Shuangjiang River and the gate of Mengku Town. The Haigong Mountains(亥公山脉) are the boundary mountain between Lincang and Mengku, with a high elevation. The elevation difference between the Heigong Mountains and Mengku Dazi is nearly 1000 meters. Haigong has more than 3000 acres of organic tea garden, ranking first in Mengku. The big tea factories in Shuangjiang make the raw materials of Haigong as the first choice for tea export and black tea.

Nasai tea area(那赛茶区)
On both sides of the Nasai Highway are rattan tea plantations(藤条茶园) planted before 1965.
The Nasai village is an ancient Lahu ethnic village. Most of the oldest and largest ancient tea gardens in Nasai are here. There are more than 80 families in the village, 90% of them are Lahu people. The ancient post road from Mengkuba to Boshan and Lincang passes through the village. On both sides of the old road, there are hundreds of ancient tea gardens. Many ancient tea trees are more than 80 centimeters in circumference, which was planted by Lahu people, before Han people moved here.
Zhengqi Tang(正气塘) is a Han village on the top of a small village. There are more than 30 families in Zhengqi Tang. Zhengqi Tang used to be inhabited by Lahu people, and now dozens of acres of tea plantations are planted by Lahu people. The trunk of tea trees has grown thicker than the mouth of the big bowl. In 1903, the Lahu people moved away and the Han people planted tea trees.
Zhengqi Tang is very convenient for people to sell tea. They can walk from Zhengqi Tang to Boshang Street(博尚街) for three hours. If they don’t want to go to Boshang(博尚), they can put the tea at the door and buy it when there are horse bands.

Nasai Dazhai Village(那赛大寨)
Nasai Dazhai is crossed by an ancient road, dividing the Dazhai into two stockades, Shangzhai(上寨) above the ancient road and Xiazhai (下寨) below, both of which are Han stockades. The old tea trees in Nasai Dazhai are scattered along the ancient road, planted by the Han people in the early years of the Republic of China(民国初年).
Since the 1980s, the Nasai Village Committee(那赛村委会) has planted more than 2,000 Mu high-yielding tea plantations. The Han people have also set up small tea processing factories in Nasai, and the products are popular everywhere.

Najiao tea area(那蕉茶区)
There are seven villages of Najiao Villagers Committee (那蕉村委会) along the highway. Each village is over 1700 meters above sea level. In addition to Dazhai, the other six are Lahu villages, each of which has an ancient tea garden.

Beiyin village(背阴寨)
Near the village there is a clear stream with a great flow of water. Tea trees are planted all around the village. New and old tea trees have been mixed up.

Nanbatian(南坝田) and Sanjiacun(三家村)
On the way from Nanba Tian to Sanjiacun Villages, hundreds of old and new tea gardens can’t be finished seeing within in one hour. There is a huge stone in this tea garden, which looks like a cow. So this tea garden is named Shiniu Tea Garden(石牛大茶园). This tea garden used to be a rattan tea garden(藤条茶园). Half of it was transformed and dwarfed more than 10 years ago. However, the shape of rattan tea has gradually emerged in recent years because Lahu people do not like to cut down redundant branches. The area of this ancient tea garden is too large, the labor force of each village is insufficient, so a large number of fresh leaves can not be picked every year. Behind Sanjiacun Village, there is an ancient tea garden called Yanzijiao Ancient Tea Garden(岩子脚古茶园).
There are many ancient tea gardens in Najiao village(那蕉村), but few tea trees are over two or three hundred years old. Before the Han people moved in, the Lahu ethnic people in Najiao Village did not make tea a big industry.

Banuo tea area(坝糯茶区)
Banuo(坝糯) is the largest village in the Eastern Half Mountain (Dongbanshan/东半山) of Mengku Town. There are more than 300 families, 85% of which are Han, and the rest are Lahu, with an altitude of more than 1900 meters.
Banuo is well-known throughout Lincang City, whose fame comes from the rattan tea(藤条茶) produced by Banuo. The rattan tea garden has the best preservation, the largest area and the most beautiful shape, which is amazing. There are dozens or hundreds of vines on a tree, the longest of which can reach 3 to 4 meters, and the vines from several tea trees are intertwined and woven into a row of rattan nets.
Banuo’s rattan tea(坝糯藤条茶), when fresh, has round and strong buds, light green and dense plush. After drying, the buds are white and bright with a slight golden yellow. It is made into tea cakes with clear lines and shiny buds on the cake surface, which makes people fond of it.
The pruning and cultivation of tea branches into canes should be a technique brought by the Han people. This method of self-cultivation can not be found in Xiaohusai Lahu ethnic village(小户赛拉祜族寨), Gongnong Bulang ethnic village(公弄布朗族寨) and Bingdao Dai ethnic village(冰岛傣族寨) in Mengku.

There are large areas of rattan tea plantations in the villages with the majority of Han people in the eastern half mountains. Before 1949, there were more than 2000 acres rattan tea plantations in Banuo, but now there are 1500 mu left behind. The area is also the first in Shuangjiang area.

Mangbang tea area(忙蚌茶区)
Mangbang(忙蚌) is a Lahu village. There are more than 140 families, divided into big (Dazhai/大寨) and small (Xiaozhai/小寨) stockades. There are more than 120 families in the big stockade, 95% of them are Lahu, and only 20 families in the small stockade, mainly Han. Mangbang Dazhai(忙蚌大寨) is an ancient Lahu ethnic village. There is a large amount of water passing through the middle of the village. Lahu people build houses on both sides of the stream. There is a large ancient tea garden on the south slope of the village. The tree age is about 100 years. It is also cultivated according to the cultivation method of rattan tea in Mangnuo Dazhai ancient tea garden. The ancient tea garden of the Mangbang was planted by the Lahu people. Before 1930, the Mangbang Dazhai had not been inhabited by the Han people. Lahu people’s own Kachai (卡些/village head) had prestige, which made the Han people dare not go to the Mangbang Dazhai village to change their fields for tea gardens with wine, so that the tea gardens were preserved.

Zhangwai tea area(章外茶区)
Zhangwai is an old tea district in Shuangjiang. Now there are many ancient tea gardens in Ming and Qing Dynasties and in the period of the Republic of China.
Zhang Wai was once under the jurisdiction of Mengku Town in the early days of the founding of New China. And then it was classified as Heliu Town (贺六乡) in the 1980s. Heliu Town was merged into Mengku town in 2006, and Zhang Wai was also classified as Mengku town. Zhang Wai is far from Mengba and closer to Mengku Basin. Because Zhangwai is close to Mengku and connected with Haigong, Zhangwai is assigned to the ancient tea garden in the eastern half of Mengku Mountain in the division of tea districts. Zhangwai is now a village committee in Mengmeng Town. There are more than 10 natural villages in size. The ancient tea gardens in Zhangwai are mainly distributed in Yingpan Village(营盘村), Shangzhangwai Village(上章外村) and Xia Zhangwai Village(下章外村), Shitouzhai(石头寨) and Xinzhai(新寨) . These ancient tea villages are connected by an earthen road.

Yingpan Village（营盘村）
Yingpan village is located on the high side of the road with an elevation of about 1800 meters. The earliest inhabitants of Yingpan village are Lahu people. Now it is a Han people’s village with 50 families. Lahu people planted many tea trees in Yingpan. Now there are more than 10 remaining trees. The tree circumference is more than 80 centimeters, and the growth is very good.

Shangzhangwai (上章外)
Shangzhangwai Village(上章外村) is the largest village in Zhangwai Village, with 80 families and only 3 Lahu families. Sporadic tall ancient tea trees with a tree circumference of more than 100 cm can be seen on the hillsides around Shangzhangwai. These tea king trees are planted by Lahu people. Zhangwaihe River flows through the middle of Shangzhangwai village. There are ancient tea gardens on the slopes of both sides of the river, which were planted by Han people in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
Before 1949, Zhangwai Tea had become famous in Boshang Street(博尚街). Businessmen in Lincang Basin often rushed to buy tea in Zhangwai. The natural environment conditions in Shangzhangwai(上章外) are good, the land is rich in fertilizer and water, the fields are abundant, the tea garden is abundant, the economic strength is very strong. Although the villages are few, the people in the eastern and western half mountain not dare to look down on Shangzhangwai.

Shitouzhai Village(石头寨)
There are 18 families in Shitouzhai Village, one of which is Lahu ethnic people and the rest is Han. The ancient tea gardens in Stone Village are the most in several villages of Zhangwai. Most of them are left by Lahu people. After the second great uprising of Lahu people was suppressed by the Qing government in 1887, they moved out of Shitouzhai Village(石头寨). The Han people moved in and took over the remaining tea gardens. Some new tea gardens were planted. After 1958, Shangzhangwai and Shitouzhai Village(石头寨) planted another five or six hundred acres tea gardens. The tea gardens in the two villages were connected.

Xiazhangwai (下章外)
Xiazhangwai consists of two small villages, together with more than 60 families. The villages above are called the first group(Erzu/一组) and the villages below are called the second group(Erzu/二组). The first group, also known as Yang Jiazhai(杨家寨), has 21 families, mostly surnamed Yang(杨). Because there are many paddy fields, there are not many tea trees planted .
Several villages in Zhangwai have tea gardens planted in the early years of the Republic of China. There are a few old tea gardens planted on the hillside and in the middle of the new-style platform tea gardens. By 1950, the area of tea gardens had been very large. In 1954, Shuangjiang Tea Station had set up a purchasing point in Zhangwai. By 1955, 12,000 Jin tea was collected. At that time, there are only about 100 or so families in total in Zhangwai, so the output was not low.
Zhangwai is very close to Mengku, and once belonged to Mengku. Mengku people recognize Zhangwai tea(章外茶) as Mengku tea. Zhangwai tea is different from the tea in other villages in Mengku. One can feel sweet as soon as tasting it. Tea makers all like Zhangwai tea.

Western Half Mountain/Xibanshan Tea Plantation西半山茶区

Gongnong village（公弄大寨）
Gonglang Village is the inhabitant of the Bulang Ethnic People, the oldest village in Mengku, and the place where  Gupu people(The ancestors of Tea古濮人) lived.
Gongnong is situated in a small mountain range extending from Bangma Snow Mountain(邦马大雪山) to Mengku, about 12 kilometers away from Mengku Basin. Standing by the Nanmeng River(南勐河) of Mengku Basin, you can see the big green trees of Gonglang Laozhai. Gonglang’s elevation is not the highest in the villages of Mengkuxi Banshan, but Gonglang’s geographical position is good and its vision is wide. Gonglang’s people can see the main peak of Bongma Snow Mountain when they sit at their doorstep.

Gongnong Village is a Bulang ethnic village. Before 1950, it was a famous tea-producing village in Mengku, Shuangjiang. Its tea garden area is at least 2,000 acres above. In 1954 Shuangjiang County Tea Station had already set up some tea collection points in the Gongnong.
Gongnong was listed in the low-yielding tea garden transformation area and the new-style tea garden demonstration area in the 1950s. The ancient tea trees in Gongnong were cut down a lot. At present, few of the 300-year-old ancient tea trees have been preserved. The largest existing tea tree with a circumference of 220 cm can be comparable to the King Tea Tree of Jingmai Mountain(景迈山) in Lancnag County and Nannuoshan Mountain(南糯山) in Menghai County. In spite of this, Gongnong Daye tea has been concerned and valued for half a century, and its varieties have been optimized continuously, which makes Gongnong tea with high popularity and high tea price, and it still sells well.

Xiaohusai（小户赛）
Another well-known village of Gongnong Village Committee(公弄村委会) is Xiaohusai. Xiaohusai and Gongnong villages are separated by a deep gully. Now there are earth roads connecting the two places. The earth roads can be reached by about 12 kilometers along the mountain.
There are more than 200 families in Xiaohusai. They are composed of three stockades, one Han stockade, two Lahu stockades and three stockades, which are situated on the middle of the main peak of Bangma Snow Mountain(邦马大雪山). The Han stockade is about 1 kilometer away from the two Lahu stockades. Behind Xiaohusai is Bangma Snow Mountain, on which is the most concentrated primitive forest of wild tea trees. The distance from Xiaohusai to wild tea trees is much closer than Dahusai, but the hills behind Xiaohusai are too steep to climb, so people go to Bongma Snow Mountain to see the wild tea forest generally from Dahusai.

The majority in Xiaohusai is Lahu, accounting for 70% of the total household. The Lahu people live in Liangzizhai（梁子寨） and Wazizhai（洼子寨）. These two villages are very close. Most of the largest and oldest ancient tea gardens in Xiaohusai are in these two villages. Liangzizhai is a very distinctive ancient tea village. Almost every family has ancient tea trees in front of and behind their houses. It is not clear whether the village was built in the tea forest or whether the tea trees were planted in the village.
Gungang River(滚岗河) and Chashan River(茶山河) flow down from Bangma Snow Mountain. One left, one right ,one front and one behind separates the three villages of Xiaohusai in the middle. All the roads entering and leaving Xiaohusai must pass through these two rivers. The River blockage slows down the transformation speed of Xiaohusai Old Tea Garden(小户赛老茶园), which makes the ancient tea trees here retain more.

Tofu Village(Doufuzhai/豆腐寨)
Tofu Village is another big tea village of Gongnong Village Committee(公弄村委会). It is now inhabited by all Han people and has more than 70 families. The Tofu village was formerly called Zhonghusai(中户赛) by the Lahu people in Xiaohuzhai(小户寨).
In 1950, more than 100 acre of tea plantations were planted at the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. After 1952, more and more people moved in. More and more houses were built. Half of the old tea plantations were cut down. Today, only twenty or thirty acres of tea were left and enclosed in the middle of the stockade.
The Tofu village is a low-lying village in Gongnong. There are Wujia village(五家村) and Sanjia village(三家村) above Tofu village. The terrain of Wujia village is higher than that of the tofu village. The sea level is nearly 1800 meters. There is a Sanjia villages on it, one kilometer away. Sanjia village is the tea producing village with the highest altitude in Shuangjiang and Mengku, with an altitude of 2000 meters. Sanjia village can not only see the west half of the mountain(西半山), but also collect the Mengku dam under the mountain.
The ancient tea garden in Sanjiacun is just in front of the village. The trees are very close to each other. People can climb up trees to pick leaves without climbing down and climb directly to another tree. The main diameter of the tea tree in this ancient tea garden is more than 90 centimeters, and the tree age is at least 200 years.

Dahusai（大户赛）
There are 150 families in Dahusai, including Lahu and Han, 60 of which are Lahu and the rest are Han. The Han people live in the upper Liangzi(Shangbian Liangzi/上边梁子) and the Lahu people live in the lower depression(Xiabian Wazi/下边洼子) about half a kilometer apart.
The best preserved ancient tea garden in Dahusai is in the riverside village inhabited by the Lahu people. Most of the ancient tea trees over 200 years are here. This ancient tea garden has about 50 or 60 mu, which has not been dwarfed. The tree girth is mostly between 90 cm and 110 cm.
Dahusai’s Mao Tea(毛茶) is a little different from its villages in the Western Half Mountains(西半山). It is dark and shiny after being dried. Mengku people call it big black leaves. The tea soup is bright and brilliant. Dahusai was the main tea-producing village in Mengku in 1949. Dahusai was the key tea-growing area delimited by Shuangjiang County in the 1950s. Tea trees were planted every year. Now the tea gardens that can be picked have Sanjiacun Village(三家村) and Tofu village(豆腐寨) in Gongnong(公弄), one is closed to Dongguo Village(懂过) and Dijie Village(地界).

Dongguo tea area(懂过茶区)
Dongguo village（懂过大寨） is the place where the village committee is located. It is the largest village in Mengku western half mountains(西半山). There are more than 400 families now. Dongguo village(懂过大寨) is composed of two natural villages, and knowing the village committee has a total of four natural villages. The villages are mainly planting tea. New and old tea fields account for half of the four villages. The total area of new and old tea fields has reached more than 5700 acres, which is the largest village committee in Mengku western half mountain tea garden.
Dongguo is an ancient village, before returning to the mainland(改土归流) is a Lahu village, where more than 150 years of tea plants are planted by the Lahu people, these large tea trees have been known not to lose to Bingdao(冰岛), 60 to 100 years of tea garden accounts for half in Dongguo mountain(懂过山), tea gardens planted in 1904 to 1940 are not less than 2,000 acres, these tea gardens are now retained, has now developed to 5000 acres.

Baka tea area（坝卡茶区）
Baka is very high, nearly 2,000 meters above sea level. Standing at Baka, looking at Bongma Snow Mountain, I feel that Bongma Snow Mountain is not so lofty anymore. Baka consists of three villages, Shangzhai(上寨), Zhongzhai(中寨) and Xiazhai(下寨). There are more than 200 families, of which 95% are Han. There are more than 1500 acres tea plantations in Baka, mainly planted in the 1980s by 20 people. There are not many old tea plantations in Baka, but only more than 100 acres are left. The main areas are in Xiazhai.
Since 1950, there are not many tea gardens in Baka, and few people come to visit it. Since 1960, more than 1000 acres of new tea gardens have been built in Baka, but for a long time, Baka tea was sent to the primary processing institute in Dongguo(懂过初制所). Because of the inconvenience of transportation and little communication with the outside world, although there are more than 1500 acres tea plantations, the price of tea has been low.

Bingdao tea area(冰岛茶区)
Bingdao is located in the northernmost part of Mengku Town, 33 kilometers away from Mengku Town, bordering Nanmei Township(南美乡) of Lincang City. Before 1950, Bingdao Old Village was enclosed by Tea Garden(茶园围村). In order to improve its output, Shuangjiang County has carried out the transformation and optimization of Iceland’s old tea garden. After decades of transformation and breeding, the tea garden before 1949 still has more than 100 acres, and there are still two or three mother trees in Ming Dynasty. These ancient tea trees grow near the village. Since 1985, Iceland has planted 6700 mu of new tea plantations. Compared with Gongnong and Dahusai villages, the tea plantations in the old Icelandic village are not too many, but because there are not many people in the old Icelandic village, the tea plantations owned by each family are still considerable.

Sixty years ago, people said that Bingdao tea refers to the tea of Bingdao old village. Today Iceland is an administrative village, namely the Bingdao Village Committee(冰岛村委会). Bingdao Villagers’ Committee has five natural villages, including Iceland, Nanxu, Bawa, Nuowu and Territory. Looking down from the old village of Bingdao, the Nanmeng River is a Nanmei town（南美乡） originating from Lincang. It enters the boundary of Shuangjiang River fromBingdao. The Nanmeng River divides the Mengku River into two parts. The Mengku people call the mountains on both sides of the river the Eastern Peninsula and the Western Peninsula. Bawa and Nuowu old villages belong to the eastern peninsula, while Bingdao old villages, Nanpo and Dijie villages belong to the western peninsula.
If Bingdao Tea is called Bingdao Tea in the five natural villages under the jurisdiction of Bingdao Village Committee(冰岛村委会), Bingdao Tea has both eastern and Western mountains(东半山和西半山), so when buying Bingdao Tea, it must be clear whether to buy Bingdao Tea under the jurisdiction of Bingdao Village Committee.

Nanpo Laozhai Village(南迫老寨)
Nanpo old village（南迫老寨） is a Lahu ethnic village. In the past, there were more than 70 families. Because of the high altitude and inconvenient traffic, the Shuangjiang County Government decided in 2000 to move Nanpo old village as a whole to the highway below Bingdao Village. However, some Lahu people could not afford to leave their fields, walnut forests and old tea gardens after moving to the new village, and more than 10 families moved back to the old village. There are many ancient tea plantations in Nanpo, which are widely distributed. One kilometer away from the old village, we can see a series of ancient tea plantations in the forest. There are hundreds of acres old tea plantations in Nanpo old village. The history of this village will not be less than 500 years. Because the processing technology of Lahu people is not good, the dried wool tea processed can not be sold at a price. The Lahu people will carry the fresh leaves picked to the old village in Bingdao for sale.

Dijie Laozhai Village(地界老寨)
There used to be 60 families in Dijie old village（地界老寨）.But becuase it is inconvenient and close to forest, in 2004, Shuangjiang County arranged for the whole village to move to the highway, but by 2007, more than 10 Lahu families had moved back to the old village. There are 50 or 60 acres old tea gardens in old village, where Lahu people can pick more than 1,000 kilograms of fresh leaves and sell them to tea merchants in Icelandic villages every year.

Bawai Laozhai Village(坝歪老寨)
Before 2000, there were more than 50 families in the old village of Bawai（坝歪老寨）. Because of a large village of Lahu nationality and a small village of Han nationality, in 2004, the county arranged to move all of them down the mountain. But two years later, more than 10 Lahu people returned to the old village from the new village under the mountain. There were four or five hundred acres tea gardens in the old village on the mountain. This may be the reason why the Lahu people moved back to the old village. The ancient tea gardens of more than 200 years in Bawa are almost all in Lahu stockade. Now there are no less than 100 acres left behind. There are also more than 100 acres old tea gardens around Han stockade. It seems that the tea tree is much smaller than Lahu stockade. It is a tea garden planted during the Republic of China. From the tea gardens of the two stockades, it can be seen that Lahu people planted tea earlier than Han people in Bawa.

Old village of Bawai is nearly 2000 meters above sea level and far away from Mengku dam. It is a village with very inconvenient traffic in Mengku. However, the Shuangjiang County Government still developed two or three hundred mu tea plantations in Bawai, from 1958 to 1965. It may be that there has been no primary tea production Institute in Bawai, and tea plantations have not been developed on a large scale. There are far fewer tea gardens in Bawai than in Iceland, Dahusai and other villages, but no new tea tree has been planted in Bawai since 1980. So 100% of pure Mengku large-leaved species in Bawai old village are pure Mengku large-leaved species, and the raw materials of pure Mengku large-leaved species are sold at a higher price in Shuangjiang than other varieties.

Nuowu Laozhai Village(糯伍老寨)
In 2003, there were 35 families living in Nuowu Old Village（糯伍老寨）. In 2004, the Shuangjiang County Government arranged for the whole village to move to the side of the highway below the mountain. The government allocated funds to build Nuowu New Village(糯伍新寨). Although the village has been relocated, the Lahu people still go back to the old village to pick tea in the season of tea picking. There are also fifty or sixty acres old tea gardens in Nuowu. The size of tea trees is similar to that of the old village in Bawai, which should be planted in the same age as that of the old village in Bawai.

Nuowu tea is well-known in Mengku, but its output is small, and its price is similar to that of Icelandic old village . It is not easy to buy pure tea of Nuowu old village than pure tea of Bingdao old village.

Bingshan tea area（丙山茶区）
Before 1960, Bingshan was called Bangbing, which was a combination of Bang Yan and Bingshan. Because of the same name as Bangbing Township along the Xiaoheijiang River, it was changed to Bingshan. Bingshan is an administrative village, under the jurisdiction of the village committee, there are several mountain villages, such as Bangma village（邦骂大寨）, Bingshan Shangzhai(丙山上寨) Village, Bingshan Xiazhai(丙山下寨) Villageand Gunshangshan(滚上山) Village and so on.

Bangma Dazhai Village(邦骂大寨) is a natural village of Bingshan Village Committee(丙山村委会). More than 130 families are mostly Han people. Bangma Dazhai is very close to Gongnong Dazhai(公弄大寨), only 4 kilometers away. Before 1950, Bangma was under the jurisdiction of Gongnong District Public Office(公弄区公所). Behind the village is a hill. When you cross the hill, you can see XiaoHusai(小户赛), Tofu Village(豆腐寨) and Sanjiacun Village(三家村) on the opposite hill. On the slopes of half the hill, there are all tea gardens. This is the famous DapiepoTea Garden. Dapiepo Tea Garden(大撇坡茶园) is the largest preserved ancient tea garden in Bangma(邦骂), with at least 300 acres. According to the memory of the old people in the village, it was planted between 1880 and 1945.

Binshan Dazhai Village(丙山大寨)
Binshan village(丙山大寨) is now the seat of Binshan Village Committee(丙山村委会). Binshan Dazhai is divided into Shangzhai(上寨) and Xiazhai(下寨). Shangzhai is a Han Nationality Village with 50 families. Xiazhai is mainly a Wa nationality. There are more than 70 families. Binshan village is a big tea village. It is surrounded by five kilometers of tea fields. Old tea fields and new tea fields can not be separated. In the 1950s, there was a large area of tea plantations in Bingshan. From 1950 to 1956, there were no new tea plantations. All the existing tea plantations were old ones.

Gunshangshan Village(滚上山)
Gunshangshan Village(滚上山) is across the river from Bingshan village. Gunshangshan sounds funny. People in Bingshan village say that the origin of this name is related to a couple of young men and women who are in love. I wonder that year, a girl in Bingshan village did not listen to her parents’ advice. She decided to stay with her lover and her parents threw out a sentence in a rage: “Rolling up the hill.” Go! ” From then on, the young couple lived here. Gunshangshan is a mainly Han village with 86 households. It is between Bangai(邦改) and Bingshan(丙山). There are ancient tea gardens in Bangai(邦改) and Bingshan, as well as Gunshangshan. From 1958 to 1980, a large number of new tea gardens were planted along with Bingshan and Banggai. Tea seeds were introduced from Bingdao Village, Gongnong and Banggai, all of which were authentic large-leaved species. Mengku people also understand that good raw materials can not be all flowed away, now the new tea garden in Gunshangshan, the old tea garden are handed over to the acquisition point which was set by some tea factories.

Banggai tea area(邦改茶区)
Banggai Village Committee(邦改村委会) has one Lahu and four Han villages, all of which are dominated by tea. The first big stockade we saw in Banggai was Lahu nationality stockade. The people of Banggai were called Banggai Dazhai(邦改大寨) or Banggai Laozhai(邦改老寨).
There are 99 Lahu ethnic groups in Banggai village, which is the second largest Lahu ethnic group in Mengku western half mountain after Xiaohusai. The site of the ancient tea garden can be seen 300 meters away from Bangjian Dazhai, leaving only some ancient tea tree stumps.

Yaojiazhai Village(姚家寨)
Yaojiazhai is the nearest one among the four Han villages in Banggai, less than 300 meters away from the old village. Near the ancient road of Yaojiazhai is the oldest tea garden in Banggai. Unfortunately, only about 10 tea trees with a height of 4.5 meters and a tree circumference of more than 80 centimeters are preserved. The rest are large tea stumps that have been cut off.

Yizhai（以寨）, Waizhai（外寨） and Xiazhi（下寨）are the other three Han villages in Banggai. Tea gardens of three villages, each half kilometer apart, have been closed. Most of the tea gardens in Bangjiao from 1900 to 1980 were in this area. Shuangjiang people knew that Shuangjiang had not introduced tea species from other places before 1983. Tea species were collected from Mengku area. People called these tea authentic Mengku big leaf species.

In 1954, Banggai set up a tea purchasing station. In 1957, under the training and instruction of technicians sent from Lincang Special Zone, the modern processing technology of tea has been continuously improved. The processing quality of tea is very good. Most of the tea has been purchased by Shuangjiang Mengku Tea Company(双江勐库茶叶公司).

Mangpo tea area（忙坡茶区）
Mangpo(忙披) is a Dai ethnic village, which is read Wanbo in Dai language, located on the edge of Mengku dam on the West Bank of the NanMeng River(南勐), about 3 kilometers away from Mengku Street. There are more than 80 families in Mangpo Village, more than 50 Dai families, more than 20 Wa families, and several Han families who have moved in. Mangpo is at the most edge of the dam, mountains from the beginning of Mangpo, Dai people there open paddy fields and tea plantations in accordance with local conditions. According to old Dai people, these tea gardens were planted by the Lahu people before the Dai people moved in.

Looking from the ancient tea trees left behind by Mangpo, the Dai people have been planting tea since they moved in. The tea garden behind Mangpo Village is called Hainong Tea Field(亥弄大茶地). The largest ancient tea trees in Mangpo are all there. “Hainong” means a large area of Dai language. Before 1903, “Laliwanbo” (the best tea in Mangpo/腊丽宛波) was sent to Fanong, the village official of Mengku Chengzizhai every year. Fanong gave part of it to Mengku Tusi, which was the first choice for nobles and rulers. The fame and value of busy tea had been decided by the chieftain a hundred years ago.

The sea level of Mangpo(忙披寨) is about 1200 meters, which is lower than other stockades on Mengku Dam. For some reason, tea of Mangpo is different from those on the mountain in taste and soup color. Many people don’t like it. Unfortunately, most of the big trees in Hainong tea field were cut down in 1959 when they were transformed into tea gardens. Only two or three of them are left. Fortunately, some new tea gardens were opened after 1958, and many new tea trees were planted in the old tea gardens. Now, there are more than 400 acres of tea gardens in Mangpo. Whether the tea garden of Mangpo is new or old, the trees around the tea garden are well protected.

Translated by Zheng Qian/郑倩

Being around 430 kilometers from the provincial capital Kunming（昆明）, Daguan County（大关县）is known for its water scenery and local ecological products. It is also one of the most famous scenic areas in Yunnan, which can be easily reached by coach and plane.

How to Get to Daguan County From Kunming

1. By Long-Distance Coach

Everyday, there will be about 2 coaches departing from Kunming North Coach Terminal（昆明北部汽车客运站）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming North Coach Terminal:
Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This coach terminal can be reached by taking City Bus No. 9; No. 23; No. 25; No. 57; No. 79; No. 96; No. 168; No. 182; No. 906; No. 907; No. C136; No. K43(ranges from CNY 1 to CNY 10), and Metro Line 2(can be transferred to at South Ring Road and Dongfeng Square Station). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 40 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 30 mins.

2. By Plane

Please be noted, that after you have arrived at the local airport of Zhaotong City（昭通市）, you will still need to transfer by local coach or taxi to Daguan County（大关县）. However, it is absolutely important for you to reach a deal with the driver or conductor before departure.

Besides, this transportation method may consume more transfer time, and always cost more than coach.

Everyday, there will be about 4 flights departing from Kunming Changshui International Airport（昆明长水国际机场）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming Changshui International Airport:
Changshui Village, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This airport can be reached by taking Airport Express No.919 (approximately CNY 13) from different locations in the city, and Metro Line 6(can be transferred to at Kunming East Coach Terminal). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 100 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 45 mins.

Hi , I am Martin Mu (Mu Shangxun/木尚勋 in Chinese), a native man of Naxi ethnic minority in Lijiang Northwest Yunnan. Working as an English-speaking hiking guide and driver for Yunnan Exploration Travel, I graduated Yunnan University，to be English teacher Countrside BaoShan Stone town. In 1998 gave up teacher to be tour guide work for Yunnan Exploration，like hikking，singing Naxi folk music.
In 2004 I walked along the Burmer road 959 Kms with American old man. I hiked 400 time through Tiger leaping gorge，BaoShan Stone Town to Lugu lake. Martin is described by clients as gentle，kind and intelligent，with an in_built ablity to know what clients need and enjoy before they know it themselves. He has a wealth of knowledge of his culture and local customs. Well travelled，many of Yunnan tour centre round the mountains and minority villages of his hometown and led by Martin.

Education and Background

• Graduated from Yunnan University
• Former English teacher in BaoShan Stone Town, transitioned to tour guiding in 1998

Areas of Expertise

• Hiking Tours: Specialized in routes from Lugu Lake to Baoshan Stone Village to Tiger Leaping Gorge
• Extensive Experience:
  • Guided 400+ hikes through Tiger Leaping Gorge, Baoshan Stone Town, and Lugu Lake
  • Walked 959 km along the Burma Road with an American traveler in 2004

Personal Attributes and Skills

• Client Feedback: Described as gentle, kind, and intelligent with an innate ability to anticipate clients’ needs and preferences
• Cultural Knowledge: Deep understanding of Naxi culture and local customs
• Personal Interests: Enjoys hiking and singing Naxi folk music

Unique Offerings

• Local Expertise: Many of Yunnan’s tours, particularly those centered around mountains and minority villages, are led by Martin
• Memorable Experiences: Known for creating enjoyable and culturally rich hiking tours

I look forward to guiding you through the breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage of Lijiang. Thank you!

Chinese Name:凤庆小湾大坝旅游区
English Name: Xiaowan Dam Tourist Area of Mekong River in Fengqing County, Lincang
The Xiaowan Dam (simplified Chinese: 小湾坝) is an arch dam on the Lancang (Mekong) River in Nanjian County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 4,200 MW power station. Constructed between 2002 and 2010 by Huaneng Power International at a cost of ¥32 billion (nearly US$3.9 billion), it is the world’s second highest arch dam at 292 m (958 ft). It is also third highest among dams of all types behind Jinping-I and Nurek and the third largest hydroelectric power station in China.

Background
The feasibility study for the dam was completed in 1992, with it as part of the Lancang River Project. In 1995 the report was reviewed and approved by the Chinese government. Three years later in 1998, a consortium to fund and construct the dam was organized. In 1999, preliminary construction (roads, bridges, river diversion) began. Official construction on the dam started on 1 January 2002. The river was diverted by November 2003 and concrete pouring began in 2005. The river diversion was closed and the reservoir began to impound in November 2007.[1] The first generator was commissioned in September 2009 and the dam was complete in March 2010.[4][7] The last of the six generators went operational on 22 August 2010.[8] The creation of the dam’s reservoir submerged 55,678 ha (137,583 acres) of land and displaced 32,737 people.

Specifications
The Xiaowan Dam is a 292 m (958 ft) tall and 902 m (2,959 ft) long double-curvature arch dam. Its crest is 13 m (43 ft) wide while the base sits at 69 m (226 ft) in width. The dam’s crest is at an elevation of 1,245 m (4,085 ft) while the normal reservoir level is slightly lower at 1,240 m (4,068 ft). The dam’s reservoir has a normal storage capacity of 15,043,000,000 m3 (12,196,000 acre·ft); of that capacity, 9,895,000,000 m3 (8,022,000 acre·ft) is active (or “useful”) storage. The dam traps water from a catchment area covering 113,300 km2 (43,700 sq mi). The surface of the reservoir at normal level covers 190 km2 (73 sq mi).

Helping to control floods, the dam has two spillways, 5 gates near the crest and a tunnel on the left bank. The gates can discharge up to 5,130 m3/s (181,164 cu ft/s) while the tunnel has a maximum discharge of 4,884 m3/s (172,477 cu ft/s). In the middle portion of the dam, there are six orifice openings that can discharge 6,500 m3/s (229,545 cu ft/s). In addition, the dam can release additional water and sediment with two bottom outlets. All of the dam’s outlets including the power station give it a maximum flood discharge of 20,709 m3/s (731,331 cu ft/s).

On the right bank of the dam is the power station intake which receives water into six 9.6 m (31 ft) diameter penstocks which each feed a 700 MW Francis turbine-turbine in the underground power station. The drop in elevation from the intake to the turbine affords a maximum hydraulic head of 251 m (823 ft). Once discharged by the turbine, the water is sent down one of two 18 m (59 ft) diameter tailrace tunnels towards the river.

Being around 600 kilometers from the provincial capital Kunming（昆明）, Suijiang County（绥江县）is known for its rice-noodle, tea product and local folk culture. It is also one of the most famous scenic areas in Yunnan, which can be easily reached by coach and plane.

How to Get to Suijiang County from Kunming

1. By Long-Distance Coach

Everyday, there will be about 1 coach departing from Kunming North Coach Terminal（昆明北部汽车客运站）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming North Coach Terminal:
Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This coach terminal can be reached by taking City Bus No. 9; No. 23; No. 25; No. 57; No. 79; No. 96; No. 168; No. 182; No. 906; No. 907; No. C136; No. K43(ranges from CNY 1 to CNY 10), and Metro Line 2(can be transferred to at South Ring Road and Dongfeng Square Station). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 40 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 30 mins.

2. By Plane

Please be noted, that after you have arrived at the local airport of Zhaotong City（昭通市）, you will still need to transfer by local coach or taxi to Suijiang County（绥江县）. However, it is absolutely important for you to reach a deal with the driver or conductor before departure.

Besides, this transportation method may consume more transfer time, and always cost more than coach.

Everyday, there will be about 4 flights departing from Kunming Changshui International Airport（昆明长水国际机场）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming Changshui International Airport:
Changshui Village, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This airport can be reached by taking Airport Express No.919 (approximately CNY 13) from different locations in the city, and Metro Line 6(can be transferred to at Kunming East Coach Terminal). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 100 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 45 mins.

Tourist Attractions Map of Daguan County in Zhaotong

Being around 590 kilometers from the provincial capital Kunming（昆明）, Shuifu County（水富县）is known for its hot spring resort and forest park. It is also one of the most famous scenic areas in Yunnan, which can be easily reached by coach and plane.

How to Get to Shuifu County From Kunming

1. By Long-Distance Coach

Everyday, there will be about 1 coach departing from Kunming North Coach Terminal（昆明北部汽车客运站）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming North Coach Terminal:
Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This coach terminal can be reached by taking City Bus No. 9; No. 23; No. 25; No. 57; No. 79; No. 96; No. 168; No. 182; No. 906; No. 907; No. C136; No. K43(ranges from CNY 1 to CNY 10), and Metro Line 2(can be transferred to at South Ring Road and Dongfeng Square Station). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 40 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 30 mins.

2. By Plane

Please be noted, that after you have arrived at the local airport of Zhaotong City（昭通市）, you will still need to transfer by local coach or taxi to Shuifu County（水富县）. However, it is absolutely important for you to reach a deal with the driver or conductor before departure.

Besides, this transportation method may consume more transfer time, and always cost more than coach.

Everyday, there will be about 4 flights departing from Kunming Changshui International Airport（昆明长水国际机场）, and the schedule is listed as follows:

Address of Kunming Changshui International Airport:
Changshui Village, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
This airport can be reached by taking Airport Express No.919 (approximately CNY 13) from different locations in the city, and Metro Line 6(can be transferred to at Kunming East Coach Terminal). The taxi fare from downtown area is around CNY 100 (according to the Chinese Uber, Didi), and expected time of arrival will be around 45 mins.

Mangshi City, located in Yunnan Province, China, offers a variety of entertainment options that reflect its cultural diversity and natural beauty. Here are some popular entertainment activities and attractions in and around Mangshi City:

1. Hot Springs and Spas: Relax and rejuvenate in the natural hot springs found in and around Mangshi. Many resorts and spas offer hot spring baths with beautiful mountain views.
2. Mangshi Night Market: Explore the bustling night market in Mangshi City, where you can sample local snacks, fresh fruits, and traditional Yunnan cuisine. It’s a vibrant place to experience local culture and nightlife.
3. Mangshi Park (芒市公园): Enjoy leisurely walks or picnics in Mangshi Park, a green oasis in the city center. The park features lush gardens, pavilions, and ponds, providing a serene environment for relaxation.
4. Mangshi Museum (芒市博物馆): Learn about the history and culture of Mangshi and the surrounding areas at the Mangshi Museum. It showcases artifacts, traditional costumes, and exhibits that highlight the region’s ethnic diversity.
5. Cultural Performances: Attend cultural performances featuring traditional dances, music, and theatrical shows. These performances often celebrate the rich ethnic heritage of Yunnan Province, including performances by local ethnic groups like the Dai people.
6. Tropical Botanical Garden (热带植物园): Visit the Tropical Botanical Garden to discover a wide variety of exotic plants and flowers native to the region. It’s an educational and scenic attraction suitable for nature enthusiasts.
7. Outdoor Activities: Explore the natural beauty of Yunnan Province through outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and birdwatching. The surrounding countryside offers picturesque landscapes and opportunities to immerse yourself in nature.
8. Local Festivals: Experience local festivals and celebrations that showcase the unique customs and traditions of the Dai ethnic minority and other communities in the region. Festivals often feature colorful parades, traditional rituals, and lively performances.
9. Shopping: Shop for local handicrafts, textiles, and souvenirs at markets and shops in Mangshi City. Look for unique items such as handwoven fabrics, tea, and ethnic jewelry that reflect the cultural heritage of the region.
10. Day Trips: Take day trips to nearby attractions such as Ruili, known for its border trade and markets, or scenic spots like the Lancang River (Mekong River) and the Myanmar border. These trips offer opportunities to explore more of Yunnan’s diverse landscapes and cultures.

Overall, Mangshi City provides a blend of cultural experiences, natural attractions, and recreational activities that cater to visitors seeking both relaxation and adventure in southwestern China.

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• Yunnan Overview
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