San Qi (Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow)

San Qi, also known as Panax notoginseng, is a perennial herb in the Araliaceae family. Its main root is spindle-shaped, the stem is hairless, and the leaflets are long oval, inversely ovate, or inversely ovate-long oval. The umbel inflorescence is solitary at the stem tip, hairless or sparsely covered with soft hairs. The flowers are pale yellow-green, with stamens and petals being of equal length. The fruit is flattened-spherical and kidney-shaped, turning bright red when ripe. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is from August to October. It is named “San Qi” because it is harvested three to seven years after sowing, and each plant produces three leaf stalks, with each stalk having seven leaflets.

San Qi is native to China, primarily found in Yunnan and Guangxi, and is mainly cultivated. It thrives in warm, slightly shady, and moist environments. Ideal cultivation conditions include well-drained and irrigated soil, loose and rich in organic matter, preferably neutral to slightly acidic sandy loam. The use of this plant should avoid continuous cropping. San Qi can be propagated by seeds, direct seeding, or seedling transplantation.

According to the Qing Dynasty’s Zhao Xue-min’s “Compendium of Materia Medica Supplement,” ginseng is known for its energy-boosting properties, and San Qi is renowned for its blood-tonifying effects, with similar taste and functions, hence being called “Ginseng San Qi,” one of the most precious Chinese herbs. San Qi has a warm nature with a sweet and slightly bitter taste. It is associated with the liver and stomach meridians and is known for its blood-tonifying, anti-inflammatory, and blood-stasis-dissolving effects. It has antioxidant properties, slows aging, dilates blood vessels, reduces coronary artery resistance, increases coronary blood flow, enhances coronary microcirculation, and improves nutrient blood flow to the heart. Additionally, it lowers arterial pressure, slightly reduces heart rate, and significantly reduces myocardial oxygen consumption.

Morphological Characteristics

San Qi is a perennial, upright herb, 20-60 cm tall. The main root is fleshy, spindle-shaped, and can be single or multiple. The stem is dark green, turning purple towards the tip, smooth, hairless, and has longitudinal coarse stripes.

The plant has 3-6 whorls of palmate compound leaves at the stem tip. The stipules are numerous, clustered, linear, and less than 2 mm long. The petiole is 5-11.5 cm long, striped, and smooth. The central leaflets are 1.2-3.5 cm long, while the lateral leaflets are 0.2-1.2 cm long, both hairless. The leaf blades are membranous, with the central leaf being the largest, long oval to inversely ovate-long oval, 7-13 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, with a gradually tapering apex and a wide wedge to round base. The lateral leaflets are smaller, elliptical to round-oval, 3.5-7 cm long and 1.3-3 cm wide, with a gradually tapering apex, oblique base, and edges with fine serrations, short sharp teeth, and stiff hairs along the veins.

The umbel inflorescence, located at the stem tip, has 80-100 or more flowers. The total peduncle is 7-25 cm long, striped, and hairless or sparsely covered with short soft hairs. The involucral bracts are numerous, clustered at the base of the peduncle, and ovate-lanceolate. The flower stalks are slender, 1-2 cm long, slightly covered with short soft hairs. The small bracts are numerous, narrow-lanceolate or linear. The flowers are small and pale yellow-green. The calyx is cup-shaped, slightly flattened, with 5 small triangular teeth at the edge. The petals are 5, lanceolate, hairless. There are 5 stamens, with filaments equal in length to the petals. The ovary is inferior, with 2 chambers, 2 style branches slightly curved inward, fused at the base, and the stigma bends outward when fruiting. The fruit is flattened-spherical and kidney-shaped, approximately 1 cm in diameter, turning bright red when ripe, with 2 seeds inside. The seeds are white, triangular-oval, and slightly three-angled. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is from August to October.

Distinguishing Characteristics

Habitat and Distribution

San Qi is distributed in the southeastern part of Yunnan Province (Yanshan, Xichou, Wenshan) and is found at altitudes of 1,200-1,800 meters. It is also cultivated in the southwest of Guangxi. [1]

Growth Habits

San Qi prefers warm, shaded, and moist environments. It is sensitive to extreme cold and heat, and it does not tolerate excessive water. The soil should be loose, red or brown-red, slightly acidic; the ideal annual average temperature is between 16.0-19.3°C. Prolonged temperatures above 30°C for 3-5 days can make the plants susceptible to disease. It is best to choose east-facing slopes with a gradient of 5°-15° for cultivation. Planting in low-lying areas can lead to root rot.

Cultivation Techniques

1. Site Selection
   • San Qi is often grown in cultivation. The best land is sunny slopes. Sandy black soil is ideal, followed by gray soil, and then red soil. Clay soils are not suitable. Site selection is crucial for the success of growing San Qi. It is recommended to choose slopes at altitudes of 700-1,500 meters with an east-facing orientation and a gradient of 10-20 degrees. Low mountainous areas or hilly plains above 400 meters can have severe pest and disease problems, and leaves often fall early. It is proven that shady and well-ventilated slopes, preferably with shading from high mountains on the west, are the best. [2]
2. Shelter Construction
   • Two methods for building shelters: one uses wooden columns and beams to construct a canopy with a height of 5.5-6 feet, made from wooden or bamboo strips. The other method uses a wooden column and iron wire structure, replacing beams with iron wires, with a spacing of about 8 feet between columns. Approximately 120-130 wooden columns are needed per acre. The shelter primarily regulates light and temperature. Adjustments are made according to different seasons and temperatures. In spring, with a small angle of sunlight and weak light, a light cover with 65%-75% light transmittance is sufficient. As light and temperature increase, the cover is gradually made denser. For northern slopes with less direct light, a lighter cover is suitable, while southern slopes with stronger light require a denser cover. [2]
3. Bed Preparation
   • Beds should generally be prepared along the slope for better drainage and field operations. The bed width is 1.8-2 feet, height 5-6 inches, and length can be adjusted according to the terrain. The width of the channels between beds is 1 foot, and the bed surface is shaped like a fish’s back. After preparing the beds, apply 30-50 quintals of base fertilizer per acre, consisting of 70% cow manure and 30% plant ash. If available, add about 30 pounds of phosphate fertilizer (superphosphate or bone meal). The base fertilizer must be well-rotted and evenly mixed with the soil. [2]
4. Seed Selection and Sowing
   • Select mature and full seeds from 3-4-year-old San Qi plants. Sow seeds in late autumn (October-November) immediately after harvesting. Cover the seeds with a layer of fire soil mixed with fertilizer, then cover with grass to promote germination. Use a point-sowing method with a row and plant spacing of 3×2 inches or 3×3 inches, with 280,000-320,000 seeds per acre. Cover with 4-8 mm of soil and press lightly, then add a layer of rice straw (cut into 2-3 inch segments and disinfected with lime sulfur) to prevent weed growth, moisture evaporation, and rain damage. The cover thickness should be 0.3-0.5 inches, covering about 80% of the bed surface. [2]
5. Transplanting
   • San Qi seedlings, after one year of growth in the seedbed (referred to as “seed strips”), must be transplanted. The new site should be prepared similarly to the seedbed, ideally during heavy snowfall or winter solstice. Dig up the “seed strips” from the seedbed, trim off the stems and leaves (referred to as “stumps”), place them in holes, apply a pinch of mixed fertilizer, and cover with soil to a depth of about 1 inch. Space the holes 7×6 inches or 8×6 inches apart, with a hole depth of 1-1.5 inches. Plant seedlings at a 20-30 degree angle to the bottom of the hole, covering with soil without exposing the buds. Cover with an additional 0.3-0.5 inches of crushed straw to conceal the soil. [2]
6. Adjusting Shelter
   • The light transmittance of the shelter is closely related to the growth and development of San Qi. Insufficient light transmittance can lead to weak plants, increased disease and pest problems, and fewer flowers and fruits. Excessive light transmittance can cause yellowing of leaves and early withering. Generally, in spring, the light transmittance should be 60%-70%, in summer slightly lower at 45%-50%, and after the autumn equinox, it can be gradually increased to 50%-60% as temperatures cool. [2]
7. Weed Control and Fertilization
   • Weeds must be removed whenever they appear, regardless of whether the field is one year old or older. Fertilization should be done at least 4-5 times a year, or up to 7-8 times, approximately every 1-2 months. The first application should be around 150 pounds of plant ash and 500 pounds of grass ash when the seedlings reach 70%. The second application, around April, should be 200 pounds of mixed fertilizer per acre (30 pounds of bone meal, 50 pounds of superphosphate, applied after fermentation). The third application should be 200 pounds of mixed fertilizer in May. The fourth application, in July, should be green manure (chopped and fermented green manure evenly spread over the bed surface). [2]
8. Winter Care
   • This involves removing remaining leaves, thinning fences (adjusting light transmittance to 70%-80%), and a comprehensive disinfection (using 0.2-0.3% lime sulfur solution to disinfect the shelter, ground, and fences) to adjust the temperature and humidity inside the shelter and reduce overwintering pests and diseases. After disinfection, apply 1,000-2,000 pounds of mixed fertilizer to the bed surface. [2]

Pest and Disease Control

• Rust Disease: Spray with 0.2% lime sulfur solution or 1,000-fold dilution of Funginex.
• Anthracnose: Spray with 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 800-1,000-fold dilution of Mancozeb.
• Powdery Mildew: Spray with 0.1-0.2% lime sulfur solution or 1,000-fold dilution of 50% Carbendazim.
• Blight: Before disease onset, spray with 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 1,000-fold dilution of 50% Carbendazim.

Other issues include damping-off disease, black spot disease, short-legged mites, peach aphids, bees, and rodent damage.

San Qi, or Panax notoginseng, is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Its roots and fleshy rhizomes are highly prized for their therapeutic properties, including:

• 止血 (Hemostatic): Helps to stop bleeding.
• 破血散瘀 (Blood-activating and stasis-resolving): Aids in breaking up blood stasis and promoting blood circulation.
• 消炎定痛 (Anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving): Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain.
• 滋补 (Nourishing): Provides general tonification and strengthens the body.

It is commonly used to treat trauma and injuries. Additionally, the flowers and leaves of San Qi have a cooling effect and are used to clear heat.

Scientific Synonyms

Scientific Synonyms:

• Panax pseudo-ginseng var. notoginseng (Burkill) Hoo et Tseng
• Aralia quinquefolia var. notoginseng Burkill
• Panax pseudoginseng Wall. Li
• Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng (Burkill) C. Ho et C. J. Tseng
• Panax japonicus var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) C.Y. Wu & Feng

Common Names:

• 大叶三七 (Big-leaf San Qi)
• 参三七 (Ginseng San Qi)
• 滇三七 (Yunnan San Qi)
• 旱三七 (Dry San Qi)
• 假人参 (False Ginseng)
• 金不换 (Gold Cannot Be Exchanged, also known as Panlong Qi)
• 人参三七 (Ginseng San Qi)
• 山漆田七 (Mountain Lacquer Field Seven)
• 野三七 (Wild San Qi)
• 竹节人参 (Bamboo Joint Ginseng)
• 汉三七 (Han San Qi)
• 人参田七 (Ginseng Tian Qi)
• 田漆田七 (Field Lacquer Tian Qi)

Conservation Status

San Qi is listed as “Extinct in the Wild (EX)” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. This status indicates that the plant is no longer found in its natural habitat and may only exist in cultivation or under human care.

Two Mountains

Wuliang Mountain and Ailao Mountain are often referred to as “two mountains” in Jingdong County. “Two Mountains” have built two green barriers, which has resulted in two national nature reserves in Jingdong county. There are 87 groups of more than 500 black-crowned gibbons in the reserve, so Jingdong is known as the “hometown of Chinese black-crowned gibbons.”
Chinese: http://www.360doc.com/content/17/0302/09/3257292_633266978.shtml

Ailao Mountain

Ailao Mountain, located in the central part of Yunnan, China, is the extension of Yunling to the south. It is the dividing line between the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains. It is also the watershed of the Yuanjiang River and the Amo River. The Ailao Mountain is northwest-southeast, with Chuxiong City in the north, and Lvchun County in the south, with a total length of about 500 kilometers. The highest peak of Ailao Mountain is Damoyan Peak in the Shuitang Town of Xinping County, with an elevation of 3166 meters

Ailao Mountain Climate

Ailao Mountain’s main role in the climate is: the cold and weak cold air in winter is blocked by the mountain, and the strong cold air has turned into the spent bullet after turning over the mountain, when the southwest warm and humid air flows eastward, it is blocked by the mountain, forming a mourning that the precipitation in the west and south of the mountain is higher than that in the east, and the temperature is higher than that in the eastern part of the same latitude and the same elevation, and the number of winter cold wave invasion is less than that in the east. Due to the relatively high height difference of the mountain, the vertical distribution of the climate is obvious. From the foothills to the top of the mountain, there are south subtropical, mid-subtropical, northern subtropical, warm temperate, temperate and cold temperate climates. The unique mountain climate gives the vegetation a distinct vertical distribution. The vertical distribution of the southwest slope starts from the Amo River Valley: the altitude of 1100-1800 meters is the Pu’er pine forest and the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, the 1800-2200 meters is the Yunnan pine forest and the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, and the 2200-2800 meters is the Zhongshan moist evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, above 2800 meters, is the evergreen broad-leaved dwarf forest and shrub zone on the top of the mountain. The vertical series of vegetation on the northeast slope starts from the Yuanjiang River Valley: 500~1000 meters above sea level is the dry-hot valley vegetation belt, 1000～2400 meters is the Yunnan pine forest and semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, and 2300～2900 meters is the Zhongshan moist evergreen broad-leaved forest. More than 2,900 meters is the evergreen broad-leaved dwarf forest and shrub zone on the top of the mountain.

Where is the Ailao Mountain Pu’er Tea District

Ailao Mountain Pu’er Tea District is located in the watershed of Yuanjiang and Amo River. The boundary between the two major geomorphic areas of the Yunnan Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains which is also a natural barrier to the climate of the Yunnan. The south branch of Yunling starts from the south of Dali Prefecture and ends in the southern part of Honghe Prefecture. It is nearly 1,000 kilometers long and has an elevation of over 2,000 meters. There are 9 peaks above 3000 meters above sea level and the main peak is 3166 meters. Ailao Mountain was formed during the Yanshan Movement of the Mesozoic. During the Quaternary Himalayan Movement, the ground was lifted on a large scale, and the river was cut down sharply to form a deep-cut mountainous landform. It is mainly composed of sand shale, limestone and various metamorphic rocks. The eastern part of the mountain is steeply cut along the fault zone, and the relative height difference is large, while the west slope is relatively flat. 

What to see in Ailao Mountain

The terrain of Ailao Mountain is steep, with high mountains and valleys, and the altitude varies between 3,000 meters and 600 meters, forming a three-dimensional climate of cold temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. The mountains are high and deep, the gullies are vertical and horizontal, the mountains are continuous, and the stories of Hani people are hidden in these mountains. The Hani people used their tenacity to create a world-famous and magnificent terrace in this mountain. This land gave the Hani people the material they needed and also gave us a beautiful art sanctuary. Ailao Mountain is the United Nations positioning observation point of “Man and the Biosphere”. The peaks are stacked, the males are living in the mountains, the clouds are steaming, and the weather is majestic and grand, and the original forests are vast. 

Ailao Mountain is famous in the tea industry. It is similar to the situation in Bangwei Mountain. It is the oldest wild tea tree found in the famous Qianjia Village of Jiujia Township and has a tree age of more than 2,700 years, located at the foot of the slope on the upper side of the dam which is 2,450 meters above sea level. The tree is arbor and erect, the branch is thin, and the tree height is 25.6 meters. On April 10, 2001, all the representatives attending the 3rd China Pu’er Tea International Academic Symposium established the “Tea King in the World, Unparalleled” Monument. The Shanghai World University’s Kenis Headquarters also promulgated the “Zhenyuan Qianjiazhai Wild Ancient Tea Tree – the best of Guinness and they gave the certificate to it.

The artificially cultivated ancient tree tea in Ailao Mountain is mainly distributed in the virgin forest within the range of 2100 to 2500 meters above sea level in Ailao Mountain. Here, the ancient tea tree grows together with more than 1,000 kinds of higher plants such as exotic flowers, nanmu, fir, red peony, Yunnan horse chestnut, camellia, cymbidium, cold blue and pine.

The ancient tree spring tea pure material of Pu’er City in Ailao Mountain is refined by traditional hand-crafting. The shape of the cake is full and round, the knot is tight, the dry tea color is slightly smooth, the soup is clear, the soup is orange-yellow, the fragrance is unique, the glutinous rice smell is fragrant, the fragrance is high and lasting, the taste of the tea is full and rich, the saliva is fast and lasting, and the bottom of the leaf is thick and thick.

Ailao ancient tea tree group

Ailao Mountain Pu’er tea production area is mainly in the jurisdiction of Jingdong Yi Autonomous County, Puer City, because of the unique terrain of the mountain, and only the western slope is suitable for tea planting. The West Slope Tea Area of ​​Ailao Mountain is mainly distributed in Huashan, Pieluo, Yingpan, Wengang, Dajie Township, Sanying, Taizhong Township Dabaidi, Maidi, Longjie Township Dongshan, and Heshao. This area has an altitude of 1310-2150 meters, 4844 acres of trees aged 50-100 years, and 753 acres of trees over 100 years old. Huashan Dacha Tree is located in the village of Wenshan Village, Huashan Township, on the west slope of Ailao Mountain. At an altitude of 1860 meters, the tree height is 11.5 meters. The local people said that the tree has 11 generations and should be more than 200 years old. It can produce several tens of kilograms of tea every year. The large tea tree of Lingguan Temple in Qili Village, Dajie Township, with an altitude of 1940 meters, a base diameter of 2.12 meters and a tree height of 14.8 meters, is the largest cultivated large tea tree found in Jingdong. Ancient tea tree in the mouth of Dabai Village, Taizhong Township. At an altitude of 1940 meters, the base dry diameter is 2.85 meters, the tree height is 8.9 meters, and the tree heart is empty, which can accommodate an adult and it has been adopted. The Tea Tree in Longjie Township and Sentinel Village, at the altitude of 2,100 meters, the base dry diameter is 190 cm and the tree height is 11.9 meters. There are hundreds of large tea trees around. 

The characteristics of the old tea tea on the west slope of Ailao Mountain

The strips are black and bright, the soup is golden, still bright, the bitterness is obvious, the bitterness turns sweet quickly, the soup is full, and the leaves are yellow-green and uniform.

“Mi Di” ancient tree tea

“Mi Di” ancient tea is mainly concentrated in Jiepai Village, Xinfu Town. It has an altitude of 1890 meters and an average annual temperature of 16 °C. It is surrounded by clouds all year round. The tea has a long growing season and low yield but good tea quality. The Mi Di Tea Soup is yellowish green and has a little blue scent in the tea. It is very popular among foreign tea merchants. The tea growing in the area of ​​Xinfu Town began in the Ming Dynasty, and it has been 400 years since. Has a long history of tea and a strong tea culture. The Mi Di Tea is a beautiful letter of Xinfu Town. The original tea of ​​the Mi D Tea was originally called “Midi” tea. It was listed as a tribute tea of ​​the Qing Dynasty because of its high quality. After being tribute to the Qing Palace, it was deeply loved by the emperor. Because the “fascination” tea, the emperor was obsessed with it and was called “Attract emperor” tea. This name has been extended to this day.

Xinfu Town “Midi Ancient Tree Tea”, the annual output is only 2 tons, the highest selling 4000 yuan a pound of the Emperor of the ancient tea is mainly concentrated in the territory of Jiepai Village, belonging to the Ailao Mountain. It has an altitude of 1890 meters, an average annual temperature of 16 ° C, a relative humidity of 80%, high mountains and dense forests, surrounded by clouds all year round, good ecological environment, long tea growing period, short picking period, low yield but good tea quality.There are more than 400 tea gardens in the ancient tea tree of the Midi, and there are more than 400 trees with a tree age of more than 200 years. The ancient tea spring tea of ​​this age can be sold for up to 4,000 yuan a kilogram, and there are more than a thousand trees aged 50-60 years. The total annual output of the ancient tea tree is estimated to be 2 tons, with an average of 2,000 yuan/kg, and an output value of more than 4 million yuan. It has become a characteristic industry for Xinfu Town to increase its income.

How to Get to Ailao Mountain

Get To Mojiang

1. By Air

There are no airports in Mojiang County. Visitors can take a plane to Simao District, Puer, then take a long-distance bus to Mojiang County.

2. By Train

Pu’er Railway Station is the middle station of the Yumo Railway under construction and an important station for the Laos section of the Trans-Asian Railway. It is expected to be put into use by 2020.

3. By Long-distance Bus

There is the Passenger Station in Mojiang County for people to get in.

4.Mojiang– Ailao Mountain

Take the taxi or rent a car to go to the Ailao Mountain.

Get in Xinping County

1.By Air

There are no through flights to Xinping. However, there is the general agency of China Airline Company in Xinping. There you can buy air tickets, return air tickets and inquire about anything about air tickets. You can get to Kunming first by air, and then go to Xinping by bus.

2.By Railway

The transportation in Yuxi is very convenient. People can take trains to Yuxi and then take bus to Xinping. It’s the best choice for you to take high-speed rail to Yuxi Station which only takes 30 minutes.

Yuxi Station(玉溪站)

Add：North of 302 County Road, Hongta District, Yuxi City(玉溪市红塔区302县道北)

Yuxi South Station(玉溪南站)

Add：Near 213 County Road, Hongta District, Yuxi City(云南省玉溪市红塔区213国道附近)

3.By Highway

Highways in Xinping area go to all directions. The superhighway, Yuxi-Lincang and the national highways such as No.213 and No. 323 go through the county. The National Highway No. 323 connects the highways from Kunming to Baise.

1.Xinping East Passenger Station (新平城东汽车客运站)

Address: Near Zhenxin Road, Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县振新路附近)

2.Xinping Yangwu Passenger Station(新平扬武客运站)

Tel: 0877-7080140

Address: Near G213, Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县G213附近)

3.Xinping Gasa Passenger Station(新平戛洒客运站)

Tel: 13577795787

Address: Near Qidai Avenue, Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县戛洒大道附近)

4.Xinping Mosha Passenger Station(新平漠沙客运站)

Address: Near Mengqi Road, Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县孟竜路附近)

5.Xinping Xinhua Passenger Station(新平新化汽车客运站)

Address: 50 meters south of other Gongyu Road , Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县其他公戛路南50米)

6.Xinping Pingzhang Passenger Station(新平平掌汽车客运站)

address:Near other Pingzhang Township, Xinping Yi and Dong Autonomous County , Yuxi City, Yunnan Province(云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县其他平掌乡附近)

4.Xinping– Ailao Mountain

Take the taxi or rent a car to go to the Ailao Mountain.

Where to Stay in Mojiang County

Mojiang County is a county under the jurisdiction of Pu’er City, Yunnan Province, China. There are many hotels around Mojiang County. Yunnan Exploration will provide the best hotels for you. The recommended hotels are as follows:

1. Chengwaicheng Inn(城外诚客栈)

Add:  Shuangbao Avenue, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County(墨江哈尼族自治县双胞大道)
Tel: 0879-4234228

2. Huigui Grand Hotel(回归大酒店)

Add: No.69 Xinjian Road, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County(墨江哈尼族自治县新建路69号)
Tel: 0879-4238988

3. Mojiang Suixi Ethnic Inn(墨江随喜民族客栈)

Add: Taiyangcheng, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County(墨江哈尼族自治县太阳城)
Tel: 0879-4337177

4. Beihuiguixian Hotel(北回归线酒店)

Add: North Side of Moon Square, Shuangbao Avenu

5. Shuangbao Hotel(双胞大酒店)

Add: Opposite of Passenger Station, No. 5 Huigui Avenue(回归大道5号客运站对面)
Tel: 0879-4333888

6. Puer Mijing Qiyuan Ethnic Theme Hotel(普洱秘境奇缘民族主题酒店)

Add: Next to Yinghuagu, Shuangbao Xiaozhen, Lianzhu Town, Mojiang County, Puer (普洱墨江联珠镇双胞小镇樱花谷旁)

7. Shuangzixing Hotel (双子星大酒店)

Add: Building 8, No. 1, Phase II, Fenghuang Xincheng, Nanpian District, Mojiang(墨江南片区凤凰新城二期1号8栋)

Where to Stay in Xinping County

3-star

Xinping Shihao Hotel(新平世豪大酒店)
Tel: 0877-7612222
Add: No.1-2, 2nd building of Shihao Mall, Old Town, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County (新平彝族傣族自治县古城街道世豪大商城2栋1-3号)

Xinping Huitong Hotel(新平惠通酒店)
Tel: 0877-7010940
Add: No.5, Xiyuan Road, Guishan Town, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County (新平彝族傣族自治县桂山镇西园路五号)

Xinping Qinhuai Hotel(新平琴淮酒庄)
Tel: 0877-7019688
Add: Industrial Area, Guishan Town, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, near Xinping Avenue(新平彝族傣族自治县工业园区桂山片 ，近新平大道)

Others

Yunhe Hotel (云和大酒店)
Tel: 4008281661; 0877-7776029
Address: No. 1, Xiyuan South Road, Guishan Town , Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County (新平彝族傣族自治县桂山镇西园南路1号)

Xinping Ailaoshan Hotel (新平哀牢山酒店)
Tel: 4008281661; 13577774385
Address: Middle Section of Cixi Avenue , Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County(新平彝族傣族自治县戛洒大道中段

Best Time to Visit 

It is suitable to visit Mojiang County all year round. Like many other cities in Yunnan, Mojiang is a place where the seasons are like spring. There is no cold, no heat, warm and humid, especially suitable for human habitation, so you can go to Mojiang at any time.

Recommended Tour

When you traveling Pu’er, Mojiang County is a good place to be put on your list. It can be joined in whatever your Pu’er tour or Yunnan Tour.

11 Days Yunnan Ancient Tea-Horse Road Tour with Puer and XishuangBanna Tea Culture Exploration

14 Days Southwest Yunnan Tea Culture Tour from Xishuangbanna to Puer and Lincang

Travel Tips

1.There are many ethnic minorities living here, such as Lahu, Hani, Wa and Yi. Varied customs make it a colorful city. Eating habits, ceremonies, costumes and folk legends can all be a strong attraction for people who are visiting. In addition, the city is the hometown of the well known Puer Tea, and the local people have diversified ways of handling tea, such as bamboo tube tea, cold tea dish, earth-pot tea and baked tea; all of which you should try.

2.Enjoying a plateau monsoon climate at low latitude, the region is affected by the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. Therefore, the main features of its weather are mildness and humidity without strong winds.

3.Special Local Products: Puer Tea, bamboo shoot, edible fungi, purple rice, mango.

e Location Map of The Ancient Tea Plantations in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan

Tengchong Jade Center 腾冲翡翠城 is located in Tengchong City, it is the one of the largest jade trading markets in Yunnan Province.

The jade industry in Tengchong has a rich history as the birthplace of China’s jade processing and carving craftsmanship. For over 400 years, jade carving has been a foundational pillar of Tengchong’s industrial and economic growth, renowned nationwide for its intricate artistry, extensive application, and cultural significance.

Historical Overview

Origins and Early Development

The jade industry in Tengchong (腾冲翡翠加工业) began in the mid-Ming Dynasty and reached its height during the Qing Dynasty. Before the 1950s, Tengchong was the largest distribution and trading center for Burmese jade and served as the country’s only import channel, earning it the reputation as the “Jade City” (翡翠城). Over time, jade flowed from Tengchong across vast trade routes: via Bhamo and Yangon to Singapore, Sumatra, and India, or from Myanmar’s Hpakant to Ledo and Calcutta in India. Another route stretched from Kunming to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.

Initially, the jade was relatively unknown, and processing in Tengchong remained limited. Most jadeite raw materials were transported to places like Yongchang (永昌) and Dali (大理) for crafting and local sale. However, due to market demand, many artisans migrated to Tengchong, establishing workshops around Luo Village (罗村) and the old Chenghuang Temple (老城隍庙). These early artisans primarily created handheld pieces, earrings, hair ornaments, and Buddhist figurines, largely focusing on the natural forms of the jade.

Flourishing Craftsmanship and Artisan Workshops

With economic growth and urban expansion during the early Qing Dynasty, the scale of jade production in Tengchong expanded significantly. Workshops flourished, with distinct production roles such as jade segmentation, rough carving, fine detailing, polishing, and finishing. Artisans expertly used tools to balance shape and spirit, structure, and aesthetics. This era saw the production of intricate Buddhist figures, lifelike depictions of people, and vibrant representations of flowers and birds, establishing a thriving jade carving industry.

By the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, the demand for jade as a collectible item grew exponentially. According to the Tengchong County Annals (腾冲县志), “In the early Republic, over 100 jade carving workshops operated in Tengchong, employing more than 3,000 artisans.” Skilled craftsmen from across China were drawn to Tengchong, contributing diverse styles, creating a vibrant industry characterized by variety and artistic rivalry.

Artistic Styles and Influence of National Techniques

Throughout this period, jade carving drew from various regional art styles, especially from Beijing, Shanghai, and Yangzhou. Beijing style emphasized rounded shapes and simplicity, often creating Buddhist and human figures. Shanghai and Yangzhou styles, in contrast, featured intricate layering and sophisticated detail, typically producing bird, insect, and fish motifs. Works from this period were celebrated for their rich variety, aesthetic complexity, and high craftsmanship, often envied by modern artisans.

War, Decline, and Post-War Resurgence

During the later years of the Republic of China and the early years following liberation, the jade industry declined due to war and other socio-economic factors. However, with peace and social development, the jade carving industry gradually revived. Notable pieces from this period include the jade sculpture Sowing the Spring (播春), designed by artist Yin Bilin (尹必霖) in 1967. This piece captures a beautiful Dai (傣族) girl sowing seeds under spring sunlight, her expression filled with hope, showcasing a unique ethnic aesthetic. It received praise from art experts when exhibited in Beijing.

Emergence of Contemporary Artisans

Recently, young artisans like Yang Shuming (杨树明) have emerged, distinguishing themselves through mastery and creative techniques. Yang’s Dragon Horse (龙骏) portrays a mythical dragon-like steed soaring through the clouds, with Han-style characteristics fused with Qing Dynasty influences. His Laughing Lion Arhat (笑狮罗汉), depicting a solemn Arhat cradling a treasure gourd with a majestic lion on his shoulder, reflects profound meaning and expert artistry. Yang is particularly skilled in both traditional and contemporary themes, producing works rich in imagination and subtlety, making his pieces highly sought after by collectors.

Jade Culture in Tengchong

Jade culture in Tengchong originates from central Chinese jade traditions but has evolved uniquely, shaped by local customs and beliefs. Jade occupies a prominent place in Tengchong life and is embedded deeply within the local culture.

Jade in Everyday Life

Tengchong locals have always revered jade, integrating it into daily life and customs. Whether in homes, teahouses, or inns, jade is a common topic of conversation, and stories of jade’s mystical origins are passed down across generations. Jade is used in rituals, for protection, and as adornment, and it is the most valuable gift for celebrations and weddings. Elders, on their deathbed, often entrust family jade bracelets as cherished heirlooms, symbolizing jade’s deep cultural significance in Tengchong.

Historical and Geographic Roots of Tengchong Jade

Jade’s influence in Tengchong can be traced back over 500 years when Tengchong merchants, through their commercial activities in Burma, discovered jade and began incorporating it into local culture. In his essay, A Survey of the Wilderness Mountains (《野人山调查记》), Qing Dynasty scholar Yin Zijian (尹子监) documented the jade trade, noting, “The Wilderness Mountain [Yeren Shan] is the land of the Mangyang and Tea Mountain jurisdictions.” The Gazetteer of Tengyue Prefecture (《腾越厅志》) also highlights, “Jade stones, prized for their clear red and white color, and supreme jadeite, hailed from Lijing.” These records affirm that Tengchong people were among the first to discover and cultivate jade culture, and that the jade region historically belonged to China.

With jade’s discovery, Tengchong traders opened multiple routes to jade mines, advancing extraction, transport, processing, and distribution to an unprecedented level. This foundation earned Tengchong the lasting title of “Jade City” in Chinese jade history.

Tengchong Jade Industry Today

In modern times, with technological advancements, Tengchong’s jade industry has expanded considerably. Currently, the county hosts nearly 300 jade workshops and employs around 5,000 artisans. Over 50 companies and business associations hold exclusive jade trading licenses, with thousands more individuals engaged in jade trade, employing about 20,000 people in jade processing across the county. Jade production has fully mechanized, greatly enhancing efficiency, artistic techniques, and global reach.

Tengchong’s jade history is marked by rare masterpieces, most of which were lost during the wars of the 20th century. However, since the liberation, new generations of jade artisans have emerged, carrying on this legacy and creating works celebrated nationally and internationally.

Jade’s Enduring Legacy

With a 5,000-year tradition of jade culture, over 400 years of jade craftsmanship, and proximity to Burma’s jade mines, Tengchong continues to evolve as a global jade hub. The shared vision of developing the jewelry industry ensures that Tengchong, the “Jade City,” will shine even more brightly on the world stage.

Fu Sheng Long (福盛隆) is a patriotic merchant association founded during the Republic of China era in Mandalay, Myanmar, and is located in Heshun Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province.

The company traces its origins back to 1885 and began its brand expansion in 2012. By 2022, Fu Sheng Long took a strategic step of expanding beyond Yunnan, launching a national chain operation. By 2024, Fu Sheng Long had established a strategic framework of “Guangzhou Headquarters Empowerment Center + Foshan New Media Operations Center + Directly-operated stores in Yunnan, Guangzhou, and Hainan.”

Over its long history, Fu Sheng Long has accumulated a rich and unique brand management culture. This is considered one of the core components of its enduring success, with the “善 (Goodness)” culture being the most deeply ingrained.

Basic Information

• Name in Chinese: 福盛隆

• Name in English: Fu Sheng Long

• Founded: 1885

• Founded in: Mandalay, Myanmar

• Current Location: Heshun Ancient Town, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province

• Main Business: Jade Culture Communication

Origins of the Business

The rich historical culture of Tengchong, located along the ancient Silk Road, gave rise to the region’s unique position as “China’s jade capital,” particularly famous for its emerald (翡翠, Feicui) resources. Tengchong, historically known as the “First City of the Extreme Border,” witnessed centuries of jade culture development. The thriving jade trade in Tengchong, especially during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), helped the city establish itself as a crucial center for jade processing and commerce.

The jade industry flourished in Tengchong as local merchants developed expertise in the identification, carving, and sale of jade. As a result, several notable jade brands emerged, including Fu Sheng Long, which has managed to endure the intense market competition. Today, Fu Sheng Long stands as the only surviving brand from that era.

Fu Sheng Long’s reputation for selecting premium jade, coupled with exquisite craftsmanship and trustworthiness, made its jade pieces highly sought after. Over time, Fu Sheng Long’s jade products became recognized for their refined beauty, elegance, and aesthetic value. The brand became a symbol of fashion and prestige among wealthy merchants and political elites. Today, it is known as one of the “Five Famous Jades of Tengchong.”

The brand’s signature phrase “积善之家” (A House That Accumulates Goodness) still hangs prominently in the shop, a reminder of its founding principles: that the pursuit of good deeds and virtue brings prosperity and blessings. This phrase originates from the ancient text “易传·文言传·坤文言” (The Book of Changes, The Commentary of the Book of Changes, Kun Section), which says:

“积善之家，必有余庆，积不善之家，必有余殃.” (A family that accumulates good deeds will surely have more blessings; a family that accumulates bad deeds will inevitably suffer more calamities.)

For many years, Fu Sheng Long has upheld these teachings, ensuring that the brand remains devoted to doing good for society.

The Legacy of Fu Sheng Long

In Tengchong, a longstanding tradition has women preparing a jade dowry for their daughters, and mothers-in-law gifting jade jewelry to their daughters-in-law as family heirlooms. During such occasions, people often turn to Fu Sheng Long for their high-quality jade products. Over time, the brand’s influence has deeply penetrated the local community, and Fu Sheng Long has become a symbol of tradition and trust.

The brand is celebrated with the slogan “传家传翡翠，世代福盛隆” (Pass Down Jade, Generations of Fu Sheng Long). This phrase embodies the essence of the company’s cultural legacy, highlighting the tradition of passing down fine jade within families, along with the company’s continued commitment to excellence.

Over the course of 130 years, Fu Sheng Long has weathered the storms of history. Despite wars and hardship, including the turbulent times during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Fu Sheng Long’s beliefs have remained unshaken.

Social Responsibility and Cultural Continuation

True to its founding principles, Fu Sheng Long has not only thrived as a business but also remained deeply involved in social responsibility. The company supports underprivileged students, honors war veterans, and participates in memorial activities such as cleaning tombstones at the National Martyrs Cemetery during the Qingming Festival.

As a family business, Fu Sheng Long continues to honor the culture of Heshun (和顺), a town that has a long history of fostering patriotic values. This legacy ensures that Fu Sheng Long will continue to shine brightly in the future, propelled by its cultural heritage and commitment to social good.

Fu Sheng Long’s story is a testament to the resilience of traditional craftsmanship and business values, as well as the deep cultural roots in the jade industry of Tengchong. The brand continues to symbolize beauty, luxury, and elegance, while also demonstrating a strong sense of social responsibility, further solidifying its place in both local and national history. Through the passing of time, Fu Sheng Long’s jade has become more than just a product – it is a legacy passed down through generations, representing a timeless tradition of excellence.

Tengchong jade is a famous handicraft from Yunnan, with a history spanning over 500 years. The jade products from Tengchong are made from various types of jade, featuring exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful designs. The range of products includes bracelets, hairpins, earrings, jade pendants, Buddha statues, and many other items, with 18 varieties exported abroad.

Chinese Name: Tengchong Jade Articles (腾冲玉器)
Number of Varieties: 18
Material: Jade

Basic Introduction

Tengchong, known as the “Hometown of Jadeite” and “Jade City,” has a long history of jade carving, dating back more than 500 years. It is the largest jadeite trading center in Southwest China. The products are primarily made from jadeite, which is sourced from Myanmar. They are renowned for their beautiful shapes, fine craftsmanship, and delicate texture.

Product Features

Tengchong jade products are made from Myanmar jadeite (also known as jade). The products feature beautiful shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, and fine texture. The variety of products includes bracelets, brooches, hairpins, Guanyin statues, Buddha statues, earrings, chicken-heart designs, large flower pieces, small flower pieces, elephant squatting designs, animal squatting designs, and rings, among others.

History of Development

Tengchong has long been an important commercial port on the southwestern frontier. The ancient “Southern Silk Road” and the famous “Stilwell Road” passed through Tengchong into Myanmar. More than 500 years ago, Tengchong merchants pioneered the jade processing industry. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many people from Tengchong traveled to Myanmar to engage in jade processing, which significantly increased the production of jade and stimulated the flourishing jade trade. At that time, there was a route known as the “Jade Road” or “Treasure Well Road” that connected Yongchang, Tengchong, and Myanmar’s Myitkyina.

Due to Tengchong’s strategic geographical location, it is only 358 kilometers away from the jade-producing region in Myanmar. For a long period, Tengchong became the primary gateway for Myanmar jade to enter China, accounting for almost 90% of the global jade trade volume. In 1902, the jade import volume was 271 dan (a traditional Chinese weight unit), and by 1911, it increased to 628 dan, reaching 801 dan in 1917. More than 20,000 mules and horses passed between Tengchong and Myanmar each year, bringing continuous supplies of Myanmar jade into the city. The jade processing industry reached its peak during this period. The “Small Yuecheng” area within Tengchong city became a gathering place for jewelers, where shops displayed rubies, sapphires, jade carvings, and a wide range of goods, both high-end and low-end, in a market known as the “Hundred Treasures Street.”

The prosperity of Tengchong at that time is vividly described in the lines:
“昔日繁荣百宝街，雄商大贾挟资来” (“Once prosperous Hundred Treasures Street, where great merchants came with wealth.”)
“琥珀牌坊玉石桥” (“Amber Archway and Jade Bridge”) — These phrases reflect the flourishing jade industry and the vibrant commerce of Tengchong during its peak.

The opening of the Southern Silk Road provided a convenient channel for jade to enter and exit Tengchong. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty in the 9th year of Yongyuan (97 AD), the king of the Man country (蛮掸国王) from the region near Yongchang sent “valuable treasures” as tribute to the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is considered the first documented instance of jade entering China as a tribute. Since the Han Dynasty, jade has continuously flowed into China through the Southern Silk Road and the Tengyue section. Over two thousand years, jade from Myanmar has flooded into the western Yunnan region and beyond, with Tengchong serving as the main trading hub.

Overview of the Area

Tengchong is located on the southwestern border of Yunnan Province, adjacent to Myanmar. It has historically been an important gateway along the ancient Southwestern Silk Road. Tengchong is a well-known overseas Chinese settlement, a cultural hub, and a famous jade trading center. It is also recognized as a provincial historical and cultural city.

In the Western Han Dynasty, it was known as Dianyue, and during the mid-period of the Dali Kingdom, it became the Tengchong Prefecture. Due to its geographical importance, a military presence was established in Tengchong, and during the Ming Dynasty, a stone fortress was built, known as the “First Border City.”

The Tengchong City area borders Myanmar for 148.7 kilometers, and the distance from Tengchong to Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State, is 217 kilometers. The region’s strategic location makes it one of the birthplaces of industrial and commercial development in Yunnan Province. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, it has been a gathering place for gems and jade, and it was the first to develop jade processing. By the Qing Dynasty, jade processing and trade had become very prosperous, and jade trade, commercial activities, and tourism grew rapidly. Today, the “Jade City” continues to attract both domestic and international businesspeople with its fresh new look.

Tengchong (腾冲市), a city rich in natural resources, is known for its production of Xuan Paper (宣纸), made from the bark of the rattan tree. Historically, the area produced fine, white, soft, and flexible cotton paper that was traded within the province and exported to Myanmar. Today, Tengchong Xuan Paper is considered a high-quality paper used for calligraphy and painting. It has gained widespread acclaim among artists for its softness and unique ability to absorb ink, allowing for rich layering and texture. As a result, it is a preferred choice for calligraphers and painters.

The production of Tengchong Xuan Paper has greatly developed over time, with production volume, quality, and export quantities now ranking second nationwide, only behind the famous Anhui Xuan Paper (安徽宣纸). Tengchong Xuan Paper is known for its white, fine, and flexible texture. It is commonly used for writing, painting, and archival purposes, and can preserve its color for hundreds of years, earning it the name “Millennium Paper” (千年寿纸).

The Origins and History of Xuan Paper

Origins and Etymology of Xuan Paper

Xuan Paper is one of China’s most traditional writing and painting papers, often paired with Hu brushes, Anhui ink, and Duan inkstones, collectively known as the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四宝). The paper was first produced in Jing County (泾县), Anhui Province, which is why it is also called “Xuan Paper.” Despite its origins in Anhui, Tengchong’s Xuan Paper has become well-known for its superior quality in terms of color, texture, and ink absorption, making it highly regarded among the art community.

Tengchong Xuan Paper has not only inherited the advantages of Anhui Xuan Paper but also possesses unique benefits. After painting on this paper, the artwork cannot easily be tampered with, making it an excellent choice for artists. The paper originated in the Qing Dynasty (清代) and was first produced in the Ganyintang area (观音塘) located to the northwest of the city. Because of its origin, it was initially called “Ganyintang White Paper” (观音塘大白纸). In the past, a merchant named Yu (余) from Southeast Asia specialized in the paper, which led to the alternate name “Yu Xuan” (余宣).

Tengchong Xuan Paper’s Recognition by Artists

At the end of 1941, renowned artist Xu Beihong (徐悲鸿) traveled from Southeast Asia to return to China via Tengchong and bought three loads of Tengchong Xuan Paper. He praised the paper for its superior qualities, noting that not only does it have all the advantages of Anhui Xuan Paper, but it also has a unique feature: once artwork is painted on it, it is difficult to tamper with. This made him believe that Tengchong Xuan Paper was an excellent choice for painting.

Features of Tengchong Xuan Paper

Tengchong Xuan Paper is prized for its delicate, soft, and durable texture. It has a fine texture, making it suitable for various uses such as writing, painting, printing, and recording contracts or official documents. The paper can retain its original color for hundreds of years, making it ideal for archival purposes.

Due to its versatility and durability, Tengchong Xuan Paper has found applications not only in the field of art but also in literature, record-keeping, and legal documents. The paper’s texture enhances the writing and painting experience, making it a beloved material among artists, calligraphers, and scholars.

The History and Development of Tengchong Xuan Paper

The Birth of the Tengchong Xuan Paper Factory

The original Tengchong Xuan Paper factory began as a handcraft cotton paper production cooperative in 1954. By 1974, it had grown into the Tengchong Xuan Paper Factory. Through continuous improvement of its processes, the factory succeeded in enhancing the product quality of its traditional Ganyintang Cotton Paper, enabling it to share many of the characteristics of Anhui Xuan Paper. In 1980, the factory’s “Snowflake Brand” (雪花牌) Xuan Paper was officially recognized by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

The raw materials for Tengchong Xuan Paper are locally sourced from the area’s rattan trees (Rhus chinensis), high-stemmed rice straw, and bamboo. The factory produces about 600 tons of paper annually, which is sold across China and exported to countries such as Japan.

The Ancient Paper-Making Tradition

Preserving the Ancient Paper-Making Techniques

In Tengchong’s Heshun Ancient Town (和顺古镇), visitors are often welcomed to observe and learn about the traditional paper-making techniques. Master paper-maker Teng Xuan (腾宣) has been working in the craft for seven years, and he continues to produce Tengchong Xuan Paper by hand with a small team of about five to six workers.

After tourists pass through the workshop, they can visit a small room in the workshop that displays various Tengchong Xuan Paper products. The door bears the sign “Ancient Paper-Making Techniques” (古法制纸), indicating the space where visitors can find traditional paper-makers at work. When I met Master Teng, he was sitting behind a large desk filled with Tengchong Xuan Paper items, writing with a brush. At first, he was not very communicative, but after some persistence, he shared that “this year, there has been a very small harvest of raw materials, and I am quite worried.”

The Raw Materials: Tengchong’s Rattan Tree Bark

The raw materials for Tengchong Xuan Paper are sourced from the rattan trees growing on the Dong Gao Li Gong Mountain (东高黎贡山) in Tengchong City. Master Teng explained that the original production of Tengchong Xuan Paper in Ganyintang (观音塘) was based on a craft and raw materials that had been moved from his hometown, which is near Gaoligong Mountain (高黎贡山). In recent years, due to the increasing pollution in the city, the area has become less suitable for collecting the necessary materials, and most of the high-quality rattan bark is now sourced from the rural areas near the mountains.

Master Teng’s village, located in Jietou Township (界头乡), is one of the few places where the rattan tree bark can still be found. “However, within the entire city, only three natural villages still have access to this tree bark,” he said. In these villages, many households engage in the manual production of Xuan Paper during busy farming seasons. “My family has been making paper by hand for over ten generations,” Master Teng shared.

The Harvesting Process and Timeframe

The harvesting of rattan bark is a delicate and time-sensitive process. The best time to harvest the bark is between March and May, during the flowering season, when the bark quality is at its peak. The harvesting window is short, with the best bark available only during these months, after which the quality begins to deteriorate. “By the time October and the frost season arrive, there will be no more suitable bark left to harvest.”

Although many people now recognize the superior quality of Tengchong Xuan Paper and rush to collect the rattan bark, only 80% of the villagers in Master Teng’s community are able to access it, leaving many others scrambling to secure the limited supply.

Tengchong Xuan Paper is an irreplaceable cultural heritage of the region, valued for its durability, fine texture, and unique aesthetic properties. From its traditional origins to the modern-day production process, the paper continues to be a symbol of artistic and cultural pride. As the demand for Xuan Paper grows, it is essential to preserve the ancient techniques and raw materials that make this craft so exceptional, ensuring that future generations can continue to appreciate and utilize this unique form of Chinese artistry.

Tengchong (腾冲), located in the southwestern border of Yunnan Province, China, is a small city that holds a hidden treasure trove of traditional villages. The city is home to one of the largest concentrations of these villages in China, making it an important area for preserving traditional craftsmanship. Among these crafts, rattan weaving stands out as one of the region’s “three treasures.” This craft not only embodies the culture and wisdom of Tengchong but also reflects the natural beauty of the surrounding landscapes.

The Roots of Rattan Weaving in Tengchong

Natural Resources: The Rattan Vine

Tengchong borders Myanmar, and its forests are abundant in a variety of rattan plants. These rattan vines are known for their toughness, smooth exterior, and exceptional elasticity, making them ideal for crafting intricate and durable woven products. The vines’ outer skin has a glossy finish, which makes them particularly attractive as a raw material for weaving.

In Tengchong, locals have long recognized the exceptional qualities of these rattan plants and have adapted them into daily life by creating durable and visually appealing rattan products. Rattan weaving has become one of the most ancient and cherished traditional crafts in the region.

The Evolution of Rattan Craftsmanship

For centuries, the people of Tengchong have used their ingenuity to transform the abundant rattan vine into functional and aesthetic products. Over time, rattan weaving has evolved into a craft that combines practicality with artistic beauty, creating items that can seamlessly blend into both traditional and modern settings.

Rattan weaving has a long history in Tengchong, and the products crafted by local artisans are valued not only for their practical utility but also for their unique aesthetic qualities. These products have been highly sought after in both rural and urban areas due to their versatility and natural beauty.

The Art of Rattan Weaving

A Diverse Range of Rattan Products

Rattan woven products from Tengchong come in various forms, from simple everyday items like baskets and boxes to more elaborate furniture such as chairs, tables, and entire living room sets. These products are prized for their practicality, lightweight design, and artistic beauty. Some of the most common items crafted in Tengchong include:

• Furniture: Chairs, tables, sofas, and entire living room or study furniture sets.

• Household Items: Baskets, boxes, trays, flower racks, and bookshelves.

• Decorative Art: Rattan wall hangings, lampshades, and sculptures.

Each piece showcases the elegance of rattan weaving, combining ancient techniques with modern design principles. The seamless integration of natural materials and artistic expression is what makes Tengchong’s rattan products so special.

The Process of Creating Rattan Products

Creating rattan products is a meticulous process that involves several stages, from selecting the raw rattan material to the final touch of polishing. Here is an overview of the typical steps involved:

1. Rattan Stripping

The process begins with stripping the rattan vines to remove the knots and imperfections. This ensures that the material is smooth and free from defects, making it easier to weave.

2. Selection and Cleaning

The rattan is then sorted by quality, with the best vines selected for weaving. They are thoroughly cleaned to remove any dirt or impurities before moving on to the next step.

3. Soaking and Softening

To make the rattan more pliable and easier to weave, it is soaked in water for a period of time. This softens the material and prepares it for shaping.

4. Weaving and Shaping

The heart of the rattan crafting process lies in the weaving. Skilled artisans use their hands to intricately weave the rattan into the desired shape, whether it be a chair, basket, or decorative item. Different weaving techniques such as rope weaving, pine needle weaving, and hexagonal fine weaving may be used to create unique patterns.

5. Dyeing and Bleaching

Once the weaving is complete, the rattan products are often dyed or bleached to enhance their appearance. The natural color of the rattan can be preserved, or vibrant hues can be added to create striking contrasts.

6. Finishing Touches

The final step involves polishing the product and applying a protective finish. This gives the rattan a smooth and glossy surface while enhancing its durability. Some products may also undergo a “fire-scorching” process to remove any remaining rough edges and add an aged, rustic look.

The Significance of Rattan Weaving

Rattan products are not just practical objects; they hold deep cultural and symbolic significance. They represent the harmony between humans and nature, as well as the ingenuity of local artisans. The natural materials used in the craft reflect the landscape of Tengchong itself—mountains, forests, and rivers that nurture both the vine and the people.

The act of weaving rattan has a meditative quality, with each step requiring patience, skill, and attention to detail. It is a reflection of the patience and dedication of the artisans who continue to carry on this ancient tradition.

The Famous Rattan Weavers of Tengchong

Yang Aiqing and Yang Chaowen: Masters of Rattan Weaving

The small village of Machang (马常村) in Tengyue (腾越) is home to one of the most renowned rattan weaving families in the region. Yang Aiqing (杨爱庆), an expert craftsman, is known for his mastery of traditional rattan weaving techniques passed down through generations. His son, Yang Chaowen (杨潮文), grew up surrounded by his father’s craft and later sought out other weaving techniques during his travels. He combined these influences with his father’s methods, creating unique designs and weaving styles.

Today, the Yang family’s work has expanded beyond traditional furniture. They have incorporated modern designs and techniques to create a range of rattan crafts, blending timeless elegance with contemporary style. Their products are celebrated for their craftsmanship, with clean lines, elegant shapes, and the perfect integration of natural beauty into functional objects.

The Artistry and Aesthetic Appeal of the Yang Family’s Work

The Yang family’s rattan products are known for their meticulous craftsmanship, with each piece showcasing a balance between practicality and artistic flair. The designs are both traditional and modern, reflecting the harmony between the past and present. Whether in a rustic home or a modern urban space, their rattan furniture and crafts fit seamlessly into any environment.

The Yang family’s work highlights the unique charm of rattan. The products are not only functional but also serve as decorative art pieces, adding a touch of natural beauty to any setting. The simplicity and elegance of their designs reflect a deep understanding of form and function.

Preserving the Cultural Heritage of Rattan Weaving

Rattan weaving is more than just a craft in Tengchong—it is an integral part of the region’s cultural identity. The process of weaving is a way for artisans to connect with their heritage, keeping alive a tradition that has been passed down for generations.

As modernity continues to spread across the globe, it is important to preserve traditional crafts like rattan weaving. The artisans of Tengchong are dedicated to keeping this heritage alive, not only by continuing to produce beautiful rattan products but also by teaching younger generations the skills necessary to carry on the craft.

The Cultural Legacy of Rattan Weaving

Traditional crafts like rattan weaving are irreplaceable cultural treasures. The act of weaving, with its emphasis on patience, skill, and an intimate connection to nature, offers a sense of continuity and belonging. For those who practice this craft, each piece they create carries the weight of history and culture, with every vine weaving together centuries of tradition.

As rattan weaving continues to thrive in Tengchong, it stands as a testament to the resilience of traditional culture in the face of modern challenges. It is a reminder that true artistry transcends time, blending the wisdom of the past with the creativity of the present. Through the work of artisans like the Yang family, the beauty and value of rattan weaving will continue to be celebrated for generations to come.

Why is Nujiang Grand Canyon So Special?

Nujiang Grand Canyon is the longest and most mysterious, precipitous and unsophisticated canyon in the world, which goes southeast from Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon in south-north trend. The part in Yunnan reaches a length of more than 300 kilometers and a average depth of 2000 meters. The deepest part is located in Bingzhongluo, known as ‘Grand Canyon of the East’. The spectacular Nujiang Grand Canyon and the roaring Nujiang River thrill and shock the travelers. 

Where is Nujiang Grand Canyon – Location

Nujiang Grand Canyon is located Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, northwest of Yunnan province. From the point of view of China map, it is just at the position of “chicken ass”. Nujiang river originated in the foothill of the Mount tunggula in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, via Yunnan, from north to south and then go into Burma (called the Salween river in Burma), then enter into the Indian Ocean, the whole length is more than 1540 km.

How is the Nujiang Grand Canyon formed?

The Nujiang River surges forward between Gaoligong Mountain and Biluo Mountain. The altitudes of all the mountains beside the two banks are over 3,000 meters. As the drop height of the river is high, the river water is rapidly rushing and the wave is high, forming a very spectacular sight. There are many steep cliffs at both banks. Flowing toward the south with an annual water amount of 1.6 times that of the Yellow River, the river is impinging against the banks and thus forms the steep Nujiang Grand Canyon. 

History and Culture

Along the Nujiang Grand Canyon, there are a few minorities live in Hushui County, Gongshan County and Fugong County, such as Lisu nationality, Nu nationality, Dulong Nationality and Zang nationality. One cannot imagine people living on such steep inclines. Most mountain inhabitants live in wooden sheds and huts built on the side or even the top of the mountain.Villages on the other bank of the river are accessed either by narrow hanging bridges constructed with small wooden planks strung together with rattan tied to trees; or by sliding on overhead cables that span the river. The cables are tied to trees on either side of the river and to cross, one is suspended from a rope loop attached to a harness worn around the waist.

Special Climate

As affected by the southwestern monsoon climate of the Indian Ocean, Nujiang Grand Canyon forms a special climate that there are four seasons in a same mountain and the weathers are different within five kilometers. It is a common phenomenon that the trees are verdant and green in the river valley that is sweltering as in summer, the flowers are in full bloom and the grasses become yellow on the sidehill, and the mountaintop is the world of ice and snow as in winter. 

Features

Nujiang river within the territory of Nujiang county is more than 310 km, due to river east has Biluo snow mountain (has more than 20 peaks are 4000 meters above the peak), river west has Gaoligong mountains (also has more than more than 20 peaks which are 4000 meters), Nujiang river flowing between these two mountains, on both sides of the mountain is magnificent, all in the 3000 meters above sea level, deep valleys, big river fall, and the rapid water form a 310 km long, 2000-3000 meters deep canyon area. On upper Nujiang grand canyon–Qinatongnakaluo, the snow mountain in the both side is 5000-6000 meters high, the river at an altitude of 2000 meters high, 3000-4000 m elevation difference, because the mountain bold, river rushing, sparsely populated, this section of the canyon appear depth, become the perfect place for adventure tourism.

The scenery is magnificent. Almost too good to be true. But there it is before your eyes: overwhelming memories of other beautiful places you have seen with its colour, scale and grandeur. Farms and villages mottling this riverine wonderland which is home to Nu, Lisu, Drung, and Tibetan minority people. Forests, streams and waterfalls adding their particular features to the bigger picture. 

How to Get there

By Bus

There are a few alternatives to get to Nujiang Grand Canyon. From Kunming, one can catch a bus to various places in the Gorge.

Kunming – Fugong:

At least one sleeper bus winding all the way to Fugong in the middle of the gorge. The trip is about 14 hours(710km).

Kuming to Liuku: 

It’s 580km. Express and sleeper buses leaving from Kunming daily from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, 13hrs ride. There are also buses from Dali(8hrs) and Baoshan(4hrs) to Liuku.

Kunming to Gongshan:

A sleeper bus departing from Xiyuan Bus Station at 18:00 daily, 830km/ 18hrs.

By Car-rental

Renting a car to visit Nujiang Grand Canyon is more convenient. Yunnan Exploration Travel can provide the service for our clients with the good vehicle and skilled driver.

Best Time to Visit

From October to April is the best seasons to visit Nujiang Grand Canyon, especially in the spring time when the mountain flowers are in bloom. The Nujiang river in Spring Festival is the most beautiful season when the Biluo Snow Mountain is covered with white snow, and the water of the Nujiang river is gentle whose color is like jasper. Summer is hot and rainy.

Recommended Visiting Route

The principal towns in the Nujiang Grand Ganyon include Liuku, Fugong, Gongshan and Bingzhongluo. The most beautiful part of the Canyon starts from Bingzhongluo. Liuku is an unpleasant town with ugly concrete buildings can definitely be ignored. Fugong is mainly populated by the Lisu tribe. The scenery between Fugong and Gongshan is fabulous with lots of steep slopes and waterfalls.  

Accommodate at Nujiang Grand Canyon

Liuku is the capital of Nujiang Prefecture. There are many guesthouses and the accommodation conditions are quite good. Fugong county and Gongshan county also can provide accommodation for tourists. Or you can live in the farmer’s house.

Attractions Nearby

Biluo Snow Mountain
Biluo Snow mountain is one of the major mountain ranges in Hengduan Mountain in Yunnan. It faces Lan Cang River on the east, and stops at Nujiang River ­on the west. Biluo Snow mountain is also called the “Mountain of thousands of Waterfalls and lakes”, indicating the rich in the beautiful landscapes. 

Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve
It runs through the southern section of Hengduan Mountains from south to north. Covering a total area of 120,000 hectares with forest coverage of 85%. It is characterized by its natural landscape of biological and climate vertical belts, various types of vegetation, and a great variety of plants and animals. 

The First Gulf of Nujiang River(怒江第一湾)
When Nujiang River flows through Ridan Village of Bingzhongluo, it is obstructed by Wangqing Grand Cliff so that Nujiang River is forced to flow in east-west trend instead of north-south trend. After running 300 meters, Nujiang River is cut off by Danla Mountain so it turn round from west to east. Hence the half-round gulf of Nujiang River.

Bingzhongluo
Bingzhongluo, which is called ‘A Heaven of Peace and Happiness’, is the most beautiful place in Nujiang Grand Canyon. It represents the southernmost extent of the Tibetan culture, and the northernmost extent of Han Chinese influence in the valley.

Useful Travel Tips

►Due to the inconvenience of transportation, the best traveling way is car-rental.

► If you go to visit the Dulong river or Qiunatong village, prepare walking shoes.

Tours including Nujiang Grand Canyon

6 Days Nujiang Grand Canyon Adventure with Bingzhongluo Hiking Tour

9 Days Nujiang Grand Canyon Tour with Dulongjiang River Valley Hiking Adventure

12 Days Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Overland Tour with Biluo and Meili Snow Mountains

15 Days Three Parallel Rivers Overland Adventure with Dulongjiang River Valley and Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking

39 Days Yunnan 25 Ethnic Minorities Discovery and Photography Tour

Visit Cangyuan in February and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in February, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in February, What Clothes to Wear in February and Clothes packing for Your Trip to Cangyuan. Travel to Cangyuan in February and see the month highlights Trip.

Visit Cangyuan in March and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in March, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in March, What Clothes to Wear in March and Clothes packing for Your Trip to Cangyuan. Travel to Cangyuan in March and see the month highlights Trip.

Visit Cangyuan in April and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in April, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in April, What Clothes to Wear in April and Clothes packing for Your Trip to Cangyuan. Travel to Cangyuan in April and see the month highlights Trip.

Yunnan Travel Guide

Things To Do

• Yunnan Overview
• Yunnan Attractions
• Yunnan Tours
• Yunnan Shopping
• Yunnan Culture
• Festivals and Activities

Travel Information

• Yunnan Travel Tips
• Yunnan Climate
• Yunnan Transportation
• Yunnan Maps
• Yunnan Photos
• Yunnan Dining
• Yunnan Accommodation
• Yunnan Education
• Yunnan Travel News
• Administrative Divisions

Create My Trip

You Might Like

• 4 Days Lijiang City Tour with Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and Tiger Leaping Gorge
• 13 Days Yunnan Trekking Tour from Lugu Lake to Baoshan Stone Town and Tiger Leaping Gorge
• 20 Days Grand South China Speed Train Tour with Minorities Discovery
• 1 Day Kunming Stone Forest Tour with Yunnan Ethnic Villages
• 12 Days Sichuan-Yunnan Photograph Tour with Daocheng Yading and Lugu Lake
• 1 Days Kunming Muslim Tour to The Stone Forest
• 2 Days Best Tiger Leaping Gorge Trekking Tour (Finishing in Hetaoyuan Village)
• 18 Days Colorful South China Ethnic Minorities Discover Tour

ID

Wenshan Pseudo-ginseng/Sanqi

San Qi (Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow) San Qi, also known as Panax notoginseng, is a perennial herb in the Araliaceae family. Its main...

Chinese Herbs    Veiw

• Wenshan

The Ancient Tea Plantations of Ailao Mountain in Yuxi and Puer

Two Mountains Wuliang Mountain and Ailao Mountain are often referred to as “two mountains” in Jingdong County. “Two Mountains” have built two green barriers, which has resulted in two...

Attractions    Veiw

• Ailao Mountains
• Mountains and Hills
• Puer
• Puer Tea Plantations
• Tea Plantations
• Yuxi
• Yuxi Tea Plantations

Tengchong Jade Center

Tengchong Jade Center 腾冲翡翠城 is located in Tengchong City, it is the one of the largest jade trading markets in Yunnan Province. The jade industry in Tengchong has a...

Shopping    Veiw

• Tengchong

Fu Sheng Long in Heshun Ancient Town of Tengchong 

Fu Sheng Long (福盛隆) is a patriotic merchant association founded during the Republic of China era in Mandalay, Myanmar, and is located in Heshun Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province....

Shopping    Veiw

• Heshun Ancient Town
• Tengchong

Jade Articles in Tengchong 

Tengchong jade is a famous handicraft from Yunnan, with a history spanning over 500 years. The jade products from Tengchong are made from various types of jade, featuring exquisite...

Shopping    Veiw

• Tengchong

Xuan Paper/Rice Paper Made in Tengchong

Tengchong (腾冲市), a city rich in natural resources, is known for its production of Xuan Paper (宣纸), made from the bark of the rattan tree. Historically, the area produced...

Shopping    Veiw

• Tengchong

Rattan Plaited Handicrafts in Tengchong 

Tengchong (腾冲), located in the southwestern border of Yunnan Province, China, is a small city that holds a hidden treasure trove of traditional villages. The city is home to...

Shopping    Veiw

• Tengchong

Nujiang Grand Canyon in Yunnan

Why is Nujiang Grand Canyon So Special? Nujiang Grand Canyon is the longest and most mysterious, precipitous and unsophisticated canyon in the world, which goes southeast from Yarlung Tsangpo...

Attractions    Veiw

• Bingzhongluo
• Gongshan County
• Must-Visit Attractions
• Nujiang

Cangyuan Travel Weather and Climate in January

Introduction Cangyuan Wa Autonomous County (沧源佤族自治县), nestled in Lincang City (临沧市), Yunnan Province (云南省), is like a hidden gem with its mild and humid climate. January, in particular, offers...

Climate    Veiw

• Cangyuan County

Cangyuan Travel Weather and Climate in February

Visit Cangyuan in February and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in February, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in February, What Clothes to Wear...

Climate    Veiw

• Cangyuan County

Cangyuan Travel Weather and Climate in March

Visit Cangyuan in March and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in March, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in March, What Clothes to Wear...

Climate    Veiw

• Cangyuan County

Cangyuan Travel Weather and Climate in April

Visit Cangyuan in April and find the information with temperature, precipitation, weather and climate in April, climate graph, 15 days Cangyuan weather forecast in April, What Clothes to Wear...

Climate    Veiw

• Cangyuan County