Overview

Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve (金平分水岭国家级自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Jinping County (金平县), Honghe (红河) Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省), China. The reserve covers a total area of 42,026.6 hectares and was upgraded to a national nature reserve on June 1, 2001. It aims to protect rare and endangered species such as the black gibbon (黑长臂猿) and honey monkey (蜂猴), as well as the forest ecosystem. The reserve is home to China’s largest and most intact primitive montane moss evergreen broadleaf forest, which plays a crucial role in forest and water source conservation.

Key Details

• Location: Jinping County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (云南省东南部金平县境内)
• Climate: Marginal tropical humid climate
• Area: 42,026.6 hectares
• Status: National Nature Reserve
• Protected Species: Black gibbon, honey monkey, etc.
• Type: Forest ecosystem protection area
• Approval Date: March 20, 1986
• Approval Document: National Office Document [2001] No. 45

Historical Development

• December 11, 1956: The Dawaishan Forest Area was designated as a logging prohibition zone.
• 1959: Establishment of the Dawaishan Forest Farm.
• October 10, 1958: The Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Area was included in Yunnan Province’s nature reserve planning.
• 1959: The establishment of Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Farm.
• November 6, 1981: The Fenshuiling Nature Reserve was included in the plan by the Yunnan Provincial Government to establish nature reserves.
• March 20, 1986: Official establishment of the Fenshuiling provincial nature reserve.
• June 2001: Approval from the State Council to establish the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve.

Geographic Environment

• Location: The reserve is situated in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县). The geographic coordinates are approximately 102°31′36” to 103°31′50” E and 22°26′26” to 22°57′44” N.

Topography

The highest peak in the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve is Hétóu Dàshān (河头大山), with an elevation of 2,597 meters, and the lowest elevation is 990 meters, giving a significant relative height difference of 2,084.3 meters.

Climate

The climate within the reserve is categorized as a marginal tropical humid climate. The elevation ranges from 105 meters to 3,074 meters. The Tropic of Cancer crosses through the area, leading to mild temperatures and abundant rainfall, with an average annual sunlight exposure of 2,000 hours and average annual temperatures ranging from 16 to 20°C. The reserve experiences a pronounced vertical climate gradient.

Hydrology

The reserve features a mountainous canyon landscape, with the Ailao Mountain Range (哀牢山脉) extending from north to south. This forms the natural watershed between the Hong River (红河) to the northeast and the Tengjiao River (藤条江) to the southwest. The area is characterized by deep canyons, with a relative height difference of 1,577 meters and an annual precipitation of 2,303 mm, making it one of the rainiest areas in southern Yunnan. Major rivers in the region include Mala River (骂腊河), Bai River (白河), and Jinping River (金平河).

Regional Scope

The reserve is divided into:

• Core Area: 32,378 hectares (57.5% of total area) with strict protection measures prohibiting human interference and destruction.
• Experimental Area: 23,947 hectares (52.5% of total area), which is further divided into a tourism sub-area covering 2,638 hectares (4.6% of total area). The experimental area allows for non-consumptive sustainable activities (e.g., educational practices, scientific research, ecological tourism) with prior approval.

Conservation Goals

Protected Species

The main conservation targets of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve include rare and endangered species like:

• Black Gibbon (黑长臂猿)
• Honey Monkey (蜂猴)

Plant Resources

As of 2001, the reserve had more than 700 species of higher plants across 140 families. Notable prehistoric plants and endemics, such as the primordial lotus fern (原始莲座蕨) and tree ferns, are present. The vegetation types primarily consist of:

• Monsoon Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Montane Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Alpine Shrubland

The complex terrain and vertical climate create a diverse ecosystem, with numerous wild tea trees found primarily at altitudes between 1,500-2,300 meters, with some estimated to be over 500 years old.

Animal Resources

The reserve is home to a diverse array of fauna from subtropical and tropical zones, including:

• Mammals: Commonly found species include primates, carnivores, ungulates, lagomorphs, and rodents.
• Birds: Numerous species from subfamilies like turdinae, cuculidae, estrildidae, ioridae, and railidae.

As of 2001, the reserve reported:

• Mammals: 120 species from 29 families across 9 orders, with 32 species classified as rare or endangered.
• Amphibians and Reptiles: 91 species
• Birds: 338 species, with 58 species listed as nationally protected.

Nationally Protected Species

• First-Class: Black Gibbon, Honey Monkey, Peacock Pheasant, Giant Monitor Lizard, Python
• Second-Class: Pangolin, Black Bear, Water Deer, Large Civet, White Pheasant

Management Measures

Current Management Status

The wild tea trees in the reserve face varying degrees of damage. The Jinping County Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Jinping Forestry Bureau, and Forest Public Security Bureau work together to patrol and monitor key routes within the reserve. Since March 2007, over 1,000 personnel and 80 vehicles have been deployed, resulting in 700 penalties issued to offenders. The reserve administrators are committed to enhancing management efforts and protecting wild tea trees in accordance with local government directives.

Management Structure

The management bureau of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve consists of several departments, including:

• Office
• Protection and Education Division
• Research Division
• Community Management and Multi-Operation Division
• Forest Police Division

It has four protection stations and eight management points.

Protective Measures

1. Development of management plans and ecological tourism plans.
2. Training programs to enhance staff capabilities since 1996, with 62 personnel trained in relevant natural reserve management.
3. Establishment of a monitoring and patrol system, divided into 16 patrol lines totaling 239 km.
4. Segregation of the reserve into core and experimental zones based on relevant regulations.
5. Community co-management initiatives to improve local livelihoods and conservation awareness.

How to Get There

To reach Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve, visitors can travel to Jinping County by road or train from major cities in Yunnan Province, such as Kunming (昆明). The reserve is approximately a 3-hour drive from Kunming.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit the reserve is from April to October when the weather is pleasant and conducive for outdoor activities.
• Permits: Ensure to obtain necessary permits for entry, especially if planning to engage in research or tourism activities.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to explore the reserve and gain insights from local experts.
• Respect Wildlife: Follow all conservation guidelines to protect the unique flora and fauna within the reserve.

Overview

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve (红河苏铁自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Yunnan Province, China. The geographical coordinates are 103°22′49″E to 103°28′19″E and 22°59′48″N to 23°4′05″N. It is situated on the northern bank of the Yuanjiang River (referred to as the Honghe River in Honghe Prefecture) in the central section, bordered by Gejiu City (个旧市), Mengzi County (蒙自县), Pingbian Miao Autonomous County (屏边苗族自治县), and Hekou County (河口县). The reserve has an intended area of 31.95 square kilometers.

Attractions and Highlights

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is primarily dedicated to the protection of rare plants such as cycads, Dongzong palm (董棕), and Camellia reticulata (金花茶) along the banks of the Honghe River. The most precious among them is the Honghe cycad (红河苏铁), which has garnered enough significance that the Postal Department issued a commemorative stamp in its honor.

Recent Natural Phenomena

Recently, five Honghe cycads (两雌三雄) located in the Baohe Township (保和乡) of Gejiu City simultaneously bloomed, creating a rare sight. These cycads, which grow on cliff faces, showcased their impressive flower clusters.

• Female Flowers: The female flowers are golden yellow and spherical, resembling large hydrangea blooms atop the tree.
• Male Flowers: The male flowers are also golden yellow and shaped like pagodas, with a texture reminiscent of pineapple skin, arranged in a scale-like pattern among the green feather-like leaves.

Cycads are known as the oldest seed plants still existing on Earth and are often referred to as “living fossils.” The Honghe cycad, unique to the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve (云南大围山国家级自然保护区), is also known as the gray dry cycad (灰干苏铁) or fine-leaved cycad (细叶苏铁).

Conservation Efforts

With fewer than 1,000 individuals found globally, the Honghe cycad is considered the “giant panda” of the plant world. Li Wenqing (李文清), the director of the Gejiu Management Station in the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve, and his team monitor and document the growth environments and conditions of each cycad daily.

Due to the dioecious nature of cycads, if the male and female flowers bloom in different seasons or are too far apart, natural pollination becomes difficult. Therefore, the staff closely monitor blooming times, collect seeds for artificial breeding, and have successfully returned over 500 cycad seedlings to their natural habitat.

Ecological Impact

The successful flowering of the cycads symbolizes the positive results of wildlife conservation in Gejiu City. In recent years, the city has implemented comprehensive protective measures, resulting in clearer skies, cleaner waters, and greener mountains. Plans are underway to expand cycad populations and continue safeguarding biodiversity.

How to Get There

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is accessible from Gejiu City. You can take a taxi or a local bus to reach the reserve. If driving, follow local signage to the reserve entrance.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The blooming season of cycads typically occurs in the spring; visiting during this time will provide the best chance to witness the flowering phenomenon.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for a more informative experience about the flora and fauna of the reserve.
• Respect the Environment: Maintain a respectful distance from the plants and wildlife, and follow all conservation rules to help protect this unique ecosystem.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning scenery and unique flowers, but ensure to respect the reserve’s guidelines on photography.

By visiting the Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve, you will not only enjoy the beauty of rare plants but also contribute to the ongoing efforts to preserve biodiversity in this unique ecological zone.

Overview

Guanyin Mountain Nature Reserve (观音山省级自然保护区) is located in the southern part of Yunnan Province (云南省), within Yuanyang County (元阳县) of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族、彝族自治州). It is part of the southern section of the Ailao Mountain Range (哀牢山脉) and serves as the watershed between the Yuan River (元江) and the Tengjiao River (藤条江). The reserve consists of two unconnected areas in the east and west, covering a total area of 16,206.4 hectares, which accounts for 7.4% of the county’s total area. The main focus of the reserve is to protect rare animals and plants as well as natural vegetation.

• Chinese Name: 云南元阳观音山省级自然保护区
• Geographical Location: Within Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province
• Climate Conditions: Tropical monsoon climate
• Attraction Level: Provincial nature reserve
• Area: 16,409.9 hectares
• Type of Reserve: Forest, Ecosystem

Historical Background

• 1988: Established as a county-level nature reserve, covering an area of 16,409.9 hectares, approved by the Yuanyang County People’s Government (元阳县人民政府).
• 1994: Upgraded to a provincial nature reserve by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government (云南省人民政府).
• 2004: Adjustments to the boundaries and area of the reserve were approved, reducing the area to 16,187.1 hectares.
• 2010: The Yuanyang County People’s Government applied for further adjustments to the boundaries, incorporating Xiguanyin Mountain (西观音山) into the management of the provincial nature reserve; the total area was updated to 16,206.4 hectares, with the eastern area covering 13,892.6 hectares and the western area 2,313.8 hectares.

Geographic Environment

Location and Terrain

Guanyin Mountain Nature Reserve is situated in the southeastern part of Yuanyang County, acting as the watershed between the Yuan River and the Tengjiao River. It extends in a northwest-southeast direction, bordered to the east and south by Jinping County (金平县), to the west by Huangmaoling Township (黄茅岭乡) and Panzhihua Township (攀枝花乡), and to the north by various towns in the county such as Xinjie (新街), Ganyang (嘎娘), and Shangxinjie (上新街).

• Eastern Guanyin Mountain: Geographical coordinates range from 102º48´35″ to 103º10´19″ East and from 22º50´31″ to 23º4´52″ North, covering an area of 13,892.6 hectares.
• Western Guanyin Mountain: Geographical coordinates range from 102º34´1.7″ to 102º41´0.5″ East and from 23º9´27.5″ to 23º12´59.8″ North, with an elevation range of 1,640 to 2,745.6 meters, covering an area of 2,313.8 hectares.

Geological Features

The reserve lies between the Ailao Mountain Fault (哀牢山断裂) and the Honghe Fault (红河断裂). The exposed strata are primarily ancient and include the Ailao Mountain Group (哀牢山群) from the Proterozoic era, with a limited presence of Cambrian and Silurian strata. The dominant rock types include deeply metamorphosed rocks from the Proterozoic and intrusive igneous rocks from the Indosinian period, with sedimentary rocks being relatively scarce. The highest peak within the reserve is Baiyanzishan (白岩子山), exposed as granite from the Indosinian period.

Landforms

The nature reserve is classified as part of the “Middle Mountain Canyon Area of the Southern Section of the Hengduan Mountains” and features a rugged terrain characterized by deep-cut canyons and steep valleys. The watershed formed by Guanyin Mountain separates the Yuan River and Tengjiao River, with elevations generally ranging from 2,600 to 2,700 meters in the northern section and from 2,000 to 2,200 meters in the southern section. The highest point reaches an elevation of 2,939.6 meters, while the lowest point is at 1,270 meters in the eastern region.

Protected Species

Flora

The reserve is home to 1,454 plant species across 708 genera and 196 families, including:

• 1 species classified as National Key Protected Species Level I
• 8 species classified as National Key Protected Species Level II
• 18 species classified as Provincial Key Protected Species in Yunnan

Additionally, there are 3 endemic plant species unique to Guanyin Mountain.

Fauna

The reserve hosts 83 species of mammals, 43 species of reptiles, 38 species of amphibians, and 186 species of birds, including:

• 5 species classified as National Key Protected Species Level I
• 13 species classified as National Key Protected Species Level II
• 22 species classified as National Key Protected Species Level II among birds

Cultural Significance

The area surrounding Guanyin Mountain is inhabited by various ethnic minorities, including the Hani (哈尼族), Miao (苗族), Yao (瑶族), and Yi (彝族). Forests have historically served as essential resources for these communities, underpinning their cultural identity and livelihoods. The stunning terraced fields and unique cultural elements further enrich the landscape, creating a diverse and attractive natural environment.

How to Get There

To reach Guanyin Mountain Nature Reserve, visitors can drive from Yuanyang County, which is approximately a 30-minute journey. Public transportation options, including buses and taxis, are available to the reserve. The nearest major city is Kunming, from where visitors can take a bus or hire a vehicle for the journey.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal months for visiting are from late autumn to early spring, when the weather is mild and the scenery is beautiful.
• Clothing: Dress in layers, as temperatures can vary significantly throughout the day and elevation.
• Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enhance your experience and provide insights into the rich biodiversity and cultural heritage of the area.
• Wildlife Watching: Early mornings and late afternoons are the best times for observing wildlife.
• Respect Nature: Follow local guidelines to preserve the natural environment and respect the cultural practices of local communities.

Location:

Overview

Yunnan Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve is located in the south-central part of Yunnan Province (云南省), within Yuanjiang County (元江县), Yuxi City (玉溪市). The geographical coordinates range from 101°21′24″ to 102°21′12″ East longitude and from 23°19′12″ to 23°46′12″ North latitude. The reserve consists of two separate zones: the East Bank Area of Yuanjiang (江东片区) and the Zhangbawang Xiangtai Area (章巴片区). In 2012, it was upgraded to a national-level nature reserve with the approval of the State Council.

Yunnan Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve covers a total area of 22,378.9 hectares. It primarily aims to protect the most typical dry-hot valley savanna vegetation in China, relatively intact montane evergreen broadleaf forests, and a rich diversity of rare and endangered wildlife species. The reserve is categorized as a forest ecosystem nature reserve.

Historical Development

In 2012, with the approval of the State Council of China, the reserve was officially upgraded to a National Nature Reserve.

Geographical Environment

Location

The reserve is located in the south-central region of Yunnan Province (云南省), within the jurisdiction of Yuanjiang County (元江县), Yuxi City (玉溪市). The geographic coordinates are 101°21′24″–102°21′12″ E and 23°19′12″–23°46′12″ N.

Geology

In terms of tectonic division, the reserve lies in the junction of two major primary tectonic units. The Honghe Deep Fault (红河深断裂) serves as a rough boundary:

• To the west is the central part of the Lanping–Simao Fold System (兰坪—思茅褶皱系).
• To the east lies part of the Yangtze paraplatform (扬子准地台).

Since the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary period, the Himalayan orogeny has had a profound influence on the region. The uplift of the Ailao Mountains (哀牢山) and the Central Yunnan Plateau (滇中高原), combined with the deep incision of the Yuanjiang River (元江), has led to a striking terrain characterized by steep elevation differences between mountains and valleys.

Since the Quaternary period, neotectonic movements have continued to deepen the Yuanjiang River, with uneven uplift of mountains on both sides, greatly shaping the region’s current geomorphology.

Topography

The topographical features of the Yunnan Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve are significantly influenced by two major fault zones. The reserve’s various sections are located in wide fault-trough valleys of the Yuanjiang River and also exhibit characteristics of both the Ailao Mountains and the marginal highlands of the Central Yunnan Plateau. The landscape is predominantly mountainous, belonging to the tectonic-eroded mountains on the eastern slope of the Ailao Mountains and the western side of the Central Yunnan Plateau. The average elevation ranges from 1,800 to 2,000 meters, with the highest peak being Abo Lie Peak (阿波列峰) in the Yuanzhangba area, reaching 2,580 meters above sea level.

There are no large basins within Yuanjiang County; the reserve contains only fault-trough erosion valleys, forming narrow basins aligned with the course of the Yuanjiang River, flanked by terraced landforms on either side. Except for a few rivers with wide valleys, most rivers have steep V-shaped gorges, among which the Xiaohedi River and Qingshui River gorges are the most representative.

Notably, the Yuanjiang wide valley lies at a low elevation compared to the surrounding mountains (the lowest point is the confluence of the Yuanjiang and Xiaohedi rivers, at 328 meters above sea level). This low-lying setting contributes to the formation of the dry-hot valley climate, which directly influences the area’s unique and complex vegetation types.

Climate

General Climate Conditions

The Yunnan Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve is situated in a rain shadow zone, shielded from the southeastern and southwestern warm and moist air currents. As these air masses descend over the mountain ridges, they generate a foehn effect, contributing to Yuanjiang’s distinctive climate.

Based on long-term records from the Yuanjiang Meteorological Station (elevation 396.4 meters), the climatic features are as follows:

Temperature: Long Summers and No Winters

• The average annual temperature in the Yuanjiang valley is 23.7°C.
• The hottest month averages 28.6°C, while the coldest month averages 16.7°C.
• The accumulated temperature above 10°C is 8,708.9°C.
• The extreme maximum recorded temperature is 42.3°C.

Due to the mid-mountain canyon terrain, vertical temperature variation is pronounced. With an average temperature drop of about 6°C per 100 meters of elevation, the reserve exhibits distinct climate zones by altitude:

Below 1,000 meters (valley regions):

• Annual average temperature: above 20°C
• Hottest month: 22–25°C, Coldest month: above 10°C
• Zone of typical dry-hot valley vegetation and remnant tropical forests.

800–2,100 meters (mountain slopes):

• Annual average temperature: around 15°C
• Hottest month: below 20°C, Coldest month: above 8°C
• Zone of monsoon evergreen and semi-humid evergreen broadleaf forests.

Above 2,200 meters:

• Characterized by a cool-temperate climate
• Zone of mid-mountain moist evergreen broadleaf forests.

Humidity: Distinct Wet and Dry Seasons

The reserve is located in one of Yunnan’s low rainfall areas, with an average annual precipitation of around 800 mm, while annual evaporation reaches 2,750 mm. The average relative humidity is 68%.

According to long-term meteorological data:

• Rainy season (May–October): 649.0 mm (81% of annual rainfall)
• Dry season (November–April): 152.2 mm (19% of annual rainfall)

Sunshine: Peak in Spring

The reserve area receives 2,200 to 2,400 hours of sunshine annually, with an average of 2,261.7 hours.

Monthly sunshine variation shows:

• January to May: over 200 hours per month
• June to December: less than 200 hours per month
• March has the highest monthly sunshine at 250 hours, while June has the lowest at 162.4 hours.

Consistent with sunshine hours, solar radiation also peaks in spring, accounting for over 30% of the annual total radiation, which ranges from 5,000 to 5,500 megajoules per square meter.

Hydrology

Rivers

The Yuanjiang River Valley has a hot and dry climate, while surface water is relatively abundant in the mountainous areas. The reserve belongs to the Honghe (Yuanjiang) River system, composed of the main stream of the Yuanjiang River and numerous tributaries originating from the surrounding mountains.

The Yuanjiang River originates in Weishan County, Dali Prefecture. Upstream of Yuanjiang County, it is divided into sections known as Lizhuang River, Shiyang River, Jiasa River, and Mosha River. Downstream from the Yuanjiang section, it is referred to as the Honghe (Red River), which flows south through Hekou County and enters Vietnam, eventually emptying into the Gulf of Tonkin at Haiphong. Within Yuanjiang County, the river flows for 79.52 km, with a basin area of 2,299 km². During the flood season, its flow rate can reach 4,300 m³/s, while in the dry season it can drop to 4.1 m³/s. The average flow rate is 177 m³/s, indicating significant variation between wet and dry periods.

Primary tributaries of the Yuanjiang River within or near the reserve include:

• Qingshui River: Originates near Zhangba Old Forest in the county; average annual flow is 7 m³/s, reaching up to 390 m³/s during flood season.
• Nanxi River: Originates from Laoxi Old Forest in the county.
• Xiaohe Di River: Originates in Eshan County and is known upstream as Qingxiang River and Huannian River. It flows through Yuanjiang and joins the Yuanjiang River at the border of Yuanjiang, Shiping, and Honghe counties. It is one of the major tributaries, with peak flood flows reaching 1,400 m³/s.

Groundwater

Although the Yuanjiang valley is hot and dry, the upper mountain areas receive abundant rainfall. With relatively good vegetation coverage, these areas help in water conservation. The mountains consist mainly of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, which are conducive to water storage and spring emergence. Many fissure springs are found in the area.

Soil

Soil Types

According to the Chinese soil classification system, the natural soils within the nature reserve fall into 4 soil orders, 5 soil groups, and 5 subgroups:

• Ferrallitic soils: Including red soils and lateritic red soils.
• Podzolic soils: Including yellow-brown soils.
• Semipodzolic soils: Including dry red soils.
• Entisols (initial soils): Including calcareous soils.

Vegetation

1. Tropical Rainforest
   The reserve’s tropical rainforest includes one subtype of montane rainforest with two forest communities: Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest and Terminalia myriocarpa forest. Two forest types: Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest and Terminalia myriocarpa–Vaccinium mandarinorum forest.
   The montane rainforest in the Yuanjiang Nature Reserve occurs at altitudes around 1600–1700 meters, notably higher than the usual range for montane rainforests in Yunnan. The communities here contain many elements of monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest and some secondary species.
2. Monsoon Forest
   Includes one subtype: semi-evergreen monsoon forest, with 4 community types and 7 vegetation associations. Distributed between 600–1000 meters in areas such as Mandan and Xila River.
3. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
   Includes 3 subtypes, 14 community types, and 16 forest associations.
   In the hot and dry river valley areas, dry-hot valley vegetation is prevalent. Above 1000 meters, the climate becomes more humid, supporting various evergreen broadleaf forests. Monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests mainly occur in Zhangbawang Xiangtai area, around 2000 meters elevation.
4. Sclerophyllous Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
   One subtype of dry-hot valley sclerophyllous evergreen oak forest, with 2 forest communities.
   The reserve marks the southernmost distribution of sclerophyllous forest in China and the lowest elevation at which this forest type occurs. These forests are mainly found in river valleys and their tributaries in areas such as Xila River, Pupiao, and Mandan, at 700–1000 meters elevation.
5. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
   Includes two forest communities: Cork Oak forest and Tapiscia sinensis forest.
   Cork Oak communities are mainly found near Qingshui River at around 1200 meters, areas once used for grazing and firewood collection. Since being included in the reserve, these areas have seen significant vegetation recovery.
   Tapiscia sinensis is rare in the reserve, found sporadically in the Zhangba area above 2100 meters and does not form large stands.
6. Warm-Temperate Coniferous Forest
   Includes two subtypes: warm-hot and warm-temperate coniferous forests, with three communities: Pinus kesiya (Simao pine), Pinus yunnanensis (Yunnan pine), and Keteleeria evelyniana (Yunnan catkin spruce).
   Simao pine is found near Xila River between 1053–1100 meters; Yunnan pine occurs above 1900 meters in some areas; Yunnan catkin spruce grows at elevations of 1300–1400 meters in localized regions.
7. Sparse Tree Shrub-Grassland
   One subtype: dry-hot sparse tree shrub-grassland, with 4 community types.
   Found in Pupiao, Mandan, Shidi New Village, and Sixth Brigade Farm areas. Typically forms fragmented patches, dominated by herbaceous plants, with ground cover often exceeding 80%. The dominant grass is Imperata cylindrica (yellow blady grass). Shrubs are sparse or scattered among the grass. Occurs between 350–890 meters elevation. These areas turn yellow in the dry season and green again during the rainy season.
8. Shrubland Vegetation
   One subtype: dry-hot valley shrubland, with two communities: Euphorbia antiquorum (prickly tree cactus) and Senna surattensis (yellow-flowered cassia).
9. 

Scope of the Area

As of 2012, the Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve in Yunnan (云南元江国家级自然保护区) consists of two sections: the Yuanjiang East Bank Area (江东片区) and the Zhangbawangxiangtai Area (章巴片区), with a total area of 22,378.9 hectares.

Conservation Objectives

Conservation Targets

The main conservation targets of Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (云南元江国家级自然保护区) are the most typical valley-type savanna vegetation found in China’s dry-hot river valleys, relatively intact mountain evergreen broad-leaved forests, and abundant rare and endangered wild animal and plant resources.

Plant Resources

Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (云南元江国家级自然保护区) is home to 2,303 species of vascular plants, belonging to 206 families and 931 genera. Among them, there are:

• 223 species of ferns, in 40 families and 96 genera
• 8 species of gymnosperms, in 3 families and 4 genera
• 2,072 species of angiosperms, in 163 families and 831 genera

The fern flora is of tropical and subtropical nature. In terms of genera, pantropical and East Asian distributions dominate, accounting for 34.6% and 28.3% respectively. In terms of species, East Asian and tropical Asian distributions dominate, accounting for 45.6% and 31.1% respectively.

The seed plant flora shows a strong tropical nature, with 67.7% of the genera and 65.5% of the species having tropical distribution characteristics. Although temperate elements increase with elevation, tropical components remain prominent throughout the reserve.

Animal Resources

Mammals

A total of 97 mammal species have been recorded in the reserve. Among them:

National First-Class Protected Species include:

• Phayre’s leaf monkey (灰叶猴)
• Slow loris (蜂猴)
• Pygmy slow loris (倭蜂猴)
• Stump-tailed macaque (熊猴)
• Leopard (金钱豹)
• Clouded leopard (云豹)
• Forest musk deer (林麝)
• Chinese pangolin (中国穿山甲)

National Second-Class Protected Species include:

• Asiatic black bear (黑熊)
• Otter (水獭)
• Golden cat (金猫)
• Chinese serow (中华鬣羚)
• Western Chinese goral (川西斑羚)
• Spotted linsang (斑灵狸)
• Sambar deer (水鹿)
• Rhesus macaque (猕猴)
• Assamese macaque (短尾猴)
• Dhole (豺)
• Yellow-throated marten (青鼬)
• Asian small-clawed otter (小爪水獭)
• Hairy-nosed otter (江獭)
• Large Indian civet (大灵猫)
• Small Indian civet (小灵猫)
• Jungle cat (丛林猫)

Birds

A total of 258 species (and subspecies) of birds have been recorded, including:

• 179 resident species
• 24 summer migrants
• 51 winter migrants
• 4 passage migrants
• National First-Class Protected Bird Species: Green peafowl (绿孔雀)
• National Second-Class Protected Bird Species: 24 species including Silver pheasant (白鹇), Red junglefowl (原鸡), etc.

Amphibians and Reptiles

• 53 amphibian species
• 71 reptile species

National First-Class Protected Species:

• Monitor lizard (巨蜥)
• Burmese python (蟒蛇)
• Chinese softshell turtle (鼋)

National Second-Class Protected Species:

• Tiger frog (虎纹蛙)
• Red-spotted newt (红瘰疣螈)
• Black softshell turtle (山瑞鳖)
• Tokay gecko (大壁虎)

Fish

There are 34 species of fish recorded in the reserve, including:

• 20 species in the Cyprinidae family
• 2 species in the Cobitidae family
• 2 species in the Balitoridae family
• 3 species in the Bagridae family
• 2 species in the Gobiidae family
• 1 species each from the Clariidae, Siluridae, and Mastacembelidae families

The dark-lipped barbel (暗色唇鱼) is listed as a rare species in the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, and since 1989 has been under provincial protection in Yunnan.

Insects

The reserve has recorded 132 insect species, belonging to 4 orders and 23 families.

Conservation Value

Protection and Scientific Research Value of Ecosystem Diversity

The vegetation in the reserve exhibits a distinct vertical distribution pattern and preserves a variety of characteristic vegetation types across different bioclimatic zones. Particularly, the dominant monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests, such as those with dominant species like the Quercus acutissima (截头石栎) and Michelia fuscata (红木荷), not only share common features with the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests of the southern subtropical Yunnan region but also contain elements from the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests of northern subtropical Yunnan due to their higher elevation. This transitional characteristic holds significant scientific research value. Additionally, due to the fragmented distribution of these forests, mostly in valley areas, they have even greater conservation value.

Protection and Scientific Research Value of Species Diversity

The diversity of the ecological environment naturally leads to species diversity. According to the ecological evaluation standards in the book China’s Nature Reserve Construction and Management (by Xue Dayuan and Jiang Mingkang), when the number of higher plants exceeds 2,000 species or the number of higher animals exceeds 300 species, the area can be considered a reserve with extremely rich biodiversity. The Yuanjiang Nature Reserve (元江自然保护区) exceeds these thresholds in both the number of higher plant species and animal species.

Protection Value of Ecological Functions

Forest vegetation plays a vital role in water conservation, soil erosion control, and climate regulation, optimizing the ecological environment. The seven original sections of the reserve are all located in the upstream regions of the major tributaries on both sides of the Yuanjiang River. The reserve was initially established with the primary purpose of protecting the water source forests in key areas. In order to curb ecological degradation and maintain water and energy resources for industrial and agricultural development in Yuanjiang, the local government of Yuanjiang County has advocated the slogan “Protect water and electricity, protect forests first.” With the further development of scientific investigations and ecological construction efforts, and as awareness has deepened, the 16th Standing Committee of the 10th People’s Congress of Yuanjiang County passed the Interim Regulations on the Protection of Natural Resources in Yuanjiang Hani, Yi, and Dai Autonomous County in August 1989, which fully reflects the ecological functional protection value of the nature reserve.

For Chinese version please go to:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E6%B1%9F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA
http://yjnr.forestry.gov.cn/

Chinese Name: 文山国家级自然保护区
English Name: Wenshan National Nature Reserve

Overview

Wenshan National Nature Reserve is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, within the southeastern part of Yunnan. It lies near the Tropic of Cancer. The reserve covers a total area of 344,406 hectares, including a core area of 10,304.62 hectares, a buffer zone of 7,793.48 hectares, and an experimental area of 8,768.90 hectares. It is classified as a forest ecosystem reserve aimed at preserving various species of Magnoliaceae plants, such as Michelia macclurei, and their ecological environments, including monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests and montane moss evergreen broadleaf forests.

Historical Development

• 1958: Establishment of two state-owned forest farms in Laojunshan, Wenshan County, and Pingzhai, Xichou County, approved by Yunnan Provincial Forestry Department.
• 1980: The Wenshan Revolutionary Committee approved the merger to create a provincial-level nature reserve.
• 1986: Establishment of Xiaoqiaogou Provincial Nature Reserve.
• 1997: Establishment of Laojunshan Provincial Nature Reserve.
• 2000: Expansion and merger to form the “Yunnan Wenshan Nature Reserve.”
• 2003: Merger of the Xiaoqiaogou and Laojunshan reserves, upgraded to a national nature reserve with State Council approval. Administrative jurisdiction belongs to Xichou County and Wenshan County.
• 2023: Listed as an important habitat for terrestrial wild animals in the first batch of the “Important Terrestrial Wildlife Habitat Directory” published by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.

Geographical Environment

• Location: The reserve is situated in the southeastern Yunnan, straddling Wenshan and Xichou Counties, near the Tropic of Cancer. Geographic coordinates are 103°53′E to 104°10′E, 104°41′E to 104°52′E, and 23°16′N to 23°25′N, 23°21′N to 23°24′N.
• Soil: The main soil types are yellow soil and yellow-brown soil, with a pH of 6 to 6.5, and a thickness ranging from 60 to 120 cm. The majority of slopes are north-facing (shady slopes) with gradients between 15 to 25 degrees.
• Terrain: The Laojunshan area is situated on the southwestern side of Liuzhao Mountain, characterized by medium-mountain landforms. The area has experienced extensive geological activity, including sedimentation and tectonic movements. The highest peak is Buzhu Mountain, at 2,991.2 meters, while the lowest point is the Nan’guo River in Yaodian, at 1,500 meters, with a relative elevation difference of about 1,500 meters.
• Topography: The reserve features a range of landforms, including medium-mountain terrain, karst erosion hills, faulted karst basins, and various karst micro-landforms. Most of the area is medium-mountain terrain, with karst erosion hills in the east, south, and around Xiaoqiaogou. The canyon topography is mainly around the granite massifs of Buzhu Mountain, with wide karst valleys in the eastern region and near Xiaoqiaogou.

Climate Characteristics

• General Climate: Located on a low-latitude plateau in southeastern Yunnan, the reserve experiences a South Asian subtropical monsoon climate with varying climatic conditions based on elevation, including Central Asian subtropical, Northern subtropical, South Asian subtropical, and temperate climates.
• Laojunshan Area: Situated south of the Tropic of Cancer, it has a subtropical monsoon climate with distinct vertical climatic features due to geographical position, terrain, and altitude. The annual average temperature is 14.5°C. There is a significant temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the mountain, and rainfall varies accordingly. The average annual precipitation is about 1,022.2 mm, with 1,000 to 1,400 mm in the lower parts and over 1,400 mm in the upper parts. The upper mountain receives more rainfall and mist, with high humidity supporting dense forest growth.
• Xiaoqiaogou Area: Exhibits a South Asian subtropical monsoon climate, influenced by the southeast Pacific monsoon. Annual rainfall averages 1,200 mm, with 80% falling between May and October, and a dry season from March to May. Frost-free periods are long, with frequent dense fog from December to February, maintaining high relative humidity above 80%, which supports the growth of evergreen broadleaf forests.

Area and Boundaries

Wenshan National Nature Reserve is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with geographic coordinates 103°53′E to 104°10′E, 104°41′E to 104°52′E, and 23°16′N to 23°25′N, 23°21′N to 23°24′N. The total area is 344,406 hectares, with a core area of 10,304.62 hectares, a buffer zone of 7,793.48 hectares, and an experimental area of 8,768.90 hectares.

Conservation Targets

Wenshan National Nature Reserve is a forest ecosystem reserve focused on protecting species of Magnoliaceae plants, such as Michelia macclurei, and their habitats, including monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests and montane moss evergreen broadleaf forests.

• Plants: The reserve is home to 187 families, 946 genera, and 3,085 species of wild seed plants, with tropical components being dominant. There are also 45 families, 100 genera, and 262 species of ferns. The reserve features 139 large fungi species, 7 unknown species, and 30 micro-fungi species.
• Animals: The reserve’s diverse animal species include 31 orders, 103 families, and 459 species of wild vertebrates, such as 86 species of mammals, 221 species of birds, 92 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 60 species of fish. Notably, the bird species diversity is particularly rich compared to nearby nature reserves.

Ecological and Scientific Value

The complex and stable geological conditions of Wenshan National Nature Reserve make it a critical refuge for many plant species and a significant part of the ancient and unique centers of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. It houses numerous ancient species, such as Michelia macclurei, and is a crucial area for plant evolution, with a high density of vascular plants. The reserve is also a center for Magnoliaceae plants, requiring high forest habitat quality and humidity. It contains numerous type specimens of new plant species, adding to its scientific importance.

Where is Samagong Nature Reserve Area – Location

Samagong Nature Reserve Area萨马贡自然保护区 is located in Tacheng Town, Weixi County, with an area of 243 square kilometers. It lies in the east of Dalianzi in the Yunling mountain range and the north of the Kogong river, connecting with the forest in Deqin county. It is in the transitional zone between the east of Indo-Myanmar and the southern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.

Overview

Upon entering the reserve, visitors are greeted by a dense canopy of interlocking tree branches, with towering species such as spruce and fir dominating the landscape. The forest is rich with various tree species including Tsuga longibracteata, Huangguo fir, red-fruited juniper, rhododendron, seabuckthorn, and bamboo. Medicinal plants like Zhuzishen (Panax japonicus, a type of ginseng) and Sanfen San (a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine) grow alongside lush pastures. Notably, the reserve is home to hundreds of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, a rare and protected species.

Features of Samagong Nature Reserve Area

The nature reserve was designated by the people’s government of Diqing prefecture on December 19, 1981. It is an important water resource forest in the West Bank of upper Jinsha River. It’s also a habitat for various wildlives. The highest point is Tongsagang, which is 4,170 meters above sea level. It gradually decreases to the east and reaches 2,230 meters above sea level in Kegong Village.

The nature reserve is densely forested with rare wood such as spruce, fir, seabuckthorn and bamboo. Due to humid climate, elevation difference is obvious and the plant species are complete. More than 90 Yunnan golden monkeys are also living in the reserve. In addition, there are many kinds of wild protected animals, such as little panda, big civet, roe and bear. Here, the ecological preservation is complete, the air is fresh and moist, the scenery is quiet and serene, and the water resources are extremely rich, which makes the mountain full of infinite spirit.

Samagong Nature Reserve is located in Weixi County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Situated east of Wada Liangzi in the Yunling Mountains and north of the Kegong River, this nature reserve is contiguous with the forest areas of Deqin County, stretching across hundreds of miles. The reserve plays a crucial role as an important water source forest and wildlife habitat along the western bank of the upper Yangtze River (Jinsha River). Established in 1981 by the Diqing Prefectural Government, the Samagong Nature Reserve spans an area of 243 square kilometers. It sits at a transitional zone, lying between the humid subtropical region of the Eastern Himalayas and the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The highest point in the reserve is Tongsa Gang, with an elevation of 4,170 meters, which gradually lowers to Kegong Village at 2,230 meters.

Water Source Forest

The lush, verdant forest of the Samagong Nature Reserve plays a vital role as a water source forest, ensuring a rich ecological balance and supporting local biodiversity. Walking through the towering spruce and fir trees, one might easily lose direction amidst the thick canopy that blocks out sunlight. The forest floor is carpeted with medicinal herbs and dense undergrowth, while towering trees create a green expanse that stretches as far as the eye can see. This dense forest is a key feature of the transition zone between the Eastern Himalayas and the southern Tibetan Plateau, with an elevation difference of up to 1,940 meters over a 10-kilometer stretch. The interaction between the warm, humid air from the Bay of Bengal and the cold air from Tibet results in substantial annual rainfall of approximately 1,216.3 millimeters. These conditions foster the vigorous growth of diverse tree species, making this forest a vital water source forest for the western bank of the upper Jinsha River.

Lapuhe River

The Samagong Nature Reserve also nurtures the local communities along the Kegong and Lapuhe rivers. The Kegong River is formed by numerous mountain streams within the reserve and converges with the southern source of the Lapuhe River near Kona Village. These two beautiful rivers, referred to as the “Father River” and “Mother River” by the local populace, flow through the entire Tacheng Township, with the Lapuhe River being the largest river in Weixi County and the only river in Weixi that flows into the Jinsha River. The Lapuhe River stretches for 76 kilometers, with a normal flow rate of 18.7 cubic meters per second and an annual water accumulation of 620 million cubic meters, nourishing the fertile land along its banks. The villages along the river are mainly inhabited by Tibetan, Lisu, Naxi, Han, and Yi ethnic groups. The paddy fields along the river’s banks account for over 15% of the total paddy field area in Weixi County, making it one of the major rice-producing areas in the region.

Pristine Forest

The dense, untouched forests of the Samagong Nature Reserve play a vital role in regulating the climate of Tacheng Township, inadvertently reducing the risk of natural disasters. This natural protection ensures that the residents of Tacheng Township can live in peace and stability. The forest’s biodiversity and rich natural resources not only support the local environment but also provide essential habitat for a variety of wildlife species, contributing to the ecological health of the region.

The Samagong Nature Reserve stands as a testament to Yunnan’s commitment to preserving its natural heritage and biodiversity, offering both a critical refuge for wildlife and a source of water and resources for local communities.

Chinese Name: 永胜县羊坪水库
English Name: Yangping Reservior in Yongsheng County, Lijiang

Yangping Reservoir is located 5 kilometers northeast of Yongsheng County and is named after its dam site within the Yangping Yi Ethnic Township. The reservoir has a dam height of 50 meters and a length of 168 meters, featuring a back-type hydropower station. It covers an area of 2 square kilometers, with a fish farming area of 1,575 acres, at an elevation of 2,460 meters. It is one of the medium-sized reservoirs in the Lijiang region, providing benefits for irrigation, flood control, power generation, and aquaculture, and it has tourism development potential. On November 12, 2020, the Yangping Reservoir was rated as a “Municipal Beautiful River and Lake” by the Lijiang Municipal Government.

Natural Beauty and Surroundings

The Yangping Reservoir is like a pearl set amidst lush green mountains. The clear water glimmers within the reservoir, and the shores are winding and varied, adorned with lush pines and cypress trees, as well as abundant flowering plants. The landscape is beautiful and enchanting. The highest peak in Yongsheng, Mount Taluburen, stands at an elevation of 3,953 meters. The summit is capped with snow in winter and spring, and the dense forests on the mountain are home to a diverse range of plant species, distributed in distinct layers, resembling a work of art. Colorful alpine broadleaf rhododendrons bloom abundantly on the mountain slopes, competing in red, white, yellow, and purple during spring and summer. The precious yew trees are plentiful in the mountains, with significant reserves and great development potential.

The journey from Yangping Reservoir to Mount Taluburen is lined with shady trees, flowing clear waters, and a sea of flowers and grasses, making it a place one cannot forget. Yangping is the traditional home of the Yi ethnic group, sharing a mountain with Ninglang County. Here, unique customs for weddings and funerals, authentic dietary habits, and the melodious singing and dancing of the highland people present a vivid scene of Yi culture from the Lesser Liangshan region. The Yangping Reservoir is connected to the Lingyuanqing Scenic Area, with roads leading to the county seat, making it a great destination for sightseeing and cultural exploration.

Travel Notes on Yangping Reservoir

As the spring breeze sweeps across the land of Yunling, the Yangping Reservoir, situated on the northwestern plateau of Yunnan, is enveloped in spring like a shining pearl.

In April, the Yangping Reservoir has completely awakened from winter, its surface clear and calm, resembling a flawless piece of jade. In the morning, sheltered by the surrounding mountains and valleys, the reservoir gradually unveils itself. As the first rays of sunlight reach the water, it showcases its unique tenderness, akin to an ink wash painting that depicts its charm.

Standing on the majestic dam and overlooking the reservoir area, the gentle breeze ripples the water surface, and the mountains and buildings are reflected in the water, evoking the famous phrase: “Boats glide on the azure waves, and people wander in a painting.” It is truly a beautiful sight.

Additionally, the wildflowers blooming in the reservoir area, with vibrant red blossoms, seem to remind everyone not to forget the arduous history of building the reservoir; everything we have today is hard-earned. Look, clusters of wildflowers bloom captivatingly, making it clear that this place is far from desolate. The Yangping Reservoir in spring, where even the mountain flowers refuse to remain silent and strive against the lingering chill of early spring, embodies a spirit of romance that is truly admirable!

The Essence of Yangping Reservoir

In spring, the Yangping Reservoir is a pure land, showcasing simple beauty while isolating itself from the chaos of the outside world, “retreating” into the mountains and forests. The blue sky, green water, and imposing dam all refresh the spirit; although it lacks the vastness of the sea, it possesses an ethereal elegance, perhaps due to being protected by the steep mountains for too long, which enhances its softness. An ancient saying fits well here: “Those who fly high and gaze at the peaks calm their minds; those who manage worldly affairs forget their worries in the valleys.”

With a clear sky and gentle clouds, the blue water glimmers, and the lovely birds sing sweetly. One can be entranced by the beauty of Yangping Reservoir in spring. However, it should not be forgotten that it is also a significant water conservancy project benefiting the local community. It serves essential functions for flood control, irrigation, and drinking water supply, making it an indispensable source of water for Yongsheng County and a “priceless treasure” in the hearts of the people.

Reflection and Future

Looking back, the large stone mill lying east of the dam bears witness to the historical hardships and tells the story of glorious achievements. Looking forward, the Yangping Reservoir will continue to ensure the county’s water supply, deserving our deep respect!

Getting to Yangping Reservoir from Yongsheng County

1. By Car:
   • The most convenient way to reach Yangping Reservoir is by car.
   • From Yongsheng County, take the S217 road northeast for about 5 kilometers until you reach the reservoir.
2. Public Transportation:
   • You can take a local bus from Yongsheng County to Yangping.
   • Check the local bus schedules for the latest routes and timings.

Getting to Yangping Reservoir from Lijiang

1. By Car:
   • If you are driving, take the G214 highway from Lijiang to Yongsheng County.
   • The journey is approximately 80 kilometers and takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
   • From Yongsheng, follow the S217 road northeast for about 5 kilometers to reach Yangping Reservoir.
2. By Bus:
   • Take a bus from Lijiang to Yongsheng County.
   • Once you arrive in Yongsheng, you can transfer to a local bus or hire a taxi to reach Yangping Reservoir.
3. Private Tours:
   • Consider joining a private tour or hiring a guide who can arrange transportation to Yangping Reservoir from Lijiang.

Tips

• Make sure to check the latest schedules and road conditions before you travel.
• If you are unfamiliar with the area, using a navigation app can help you find the best routes.