Chinese Name:可渡河
English Name: Keduhe River in Qujing

Kedu River, also known as Yangliu River or Kuadu River, is a tributary on the northern bank of the Beipan River. It originates from the eastern slopes of the Wumeng Mountains at Pingzi Tree in Guanyinshan, Xuanwei City. The river flows northeast through Shanmuping and reaches the Yunnan-Guizhou border 2 kilometers downstream from Tiechang. After merging with Heishi River, it turns southeast, then northeast, and flows through Xiaozhai before becoming a subterranean river section at Tiansheng Bridge. After re-emerging, it continues northeast and joins the Beipan River at Duge.

Watershed Overview

The watershed is located between longitudes 103°50′-104°40′ E and latitudes 26°23′-26°45′ N, spanning three areas: Xuanwei, Weining, and Shuicheng in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. The total basin area is 3,076 square kilometers, with 1,969.2 square kilometers in Guizhou Province. The river is 154.6 kilometers long, with a boundary river segment of 105 kilometers. The total elevation drop is 986 meters, with an average gradient of 6.8‰. The average annual flow at the river mouth is 37 cubic meters per second.

Upstream of Keduo, the river features a deep, narrow valley with sparse human habitation and limited farmland along the riverbanks. The riverbed is often composed of collapsed rock accumulations and has numerous rapids. Between Keduo and Tiansheng Bridge, the left bank is characterized by hanging rocks and steep slopes, while the right bank has gentler gradients. This section includes nine villages: Keduo, Yangliu, Damaizhai, and others. Below Wenchang Pavilion at the river mouth, there is the Kuadu Basin. The river valley here is mostly V-shaped with relatively gentle flow, and it has over 14 villages such as Kuadu and Caijiawan. Farmland is mainly concentrated around Kuadu, with the rest consisting of small plateaus. Below Tiansheng Bridge, the terrain is steep and the valley is narrow with a sharp gradient. The riverbed in the Muduo River to Chao River section is strewn with gravel and boulders, making the riverbank inaccessible and featuring numerous waterfalls and rocky ridges. The basin’s elevation ranges from a high point of 2,570 meters to a low point of 932.4 meters at the river mouth. The exposed geological strata in the basin include Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic formations, with Permian and Triassic strata being predominant. There is widespread limestone distribution and karst development. The Guizhou part of the basin has a population of 980,000, predominantly engaged in agriculture, with 458,400 agricultural workers. There are 46,430 hectares of farmland, with more dry land than paddy fields; the paddy fields cover only 15,500 hectares. The effective irrigation area is 12,190 hectares, with a guaranteed irrigation area of 9,680 hectares. Transportation is mainly by road, with the East Sichuan-Yunnan Highway passing through the western edge of the basin, and the Nankun Railway extending into the southwestern Yunnan region. There is a hydrological station at Xiaozhai on the main river, with 21 years of measurement data.

Main River Overview

Kedu River is a tributary of the Beipan River. It originates from the Miebabian area in Longtan Township, Xuanwei City. The main river channel serves as the boundary river between Xuanwei and Guizhou’s Weining and Shuicheng. Flowing from northwest to southeast, it passes through Longtan, Delu, Tangtang, Yangliu, Shuanghe, Adu, Wenxing, and Puli before merging with the Beipan River at the La Long confluence. The Kedu River is 162.2 kilometers long with a drainage area of 2,975.8 square kilometers, of which 1,720.2 square kilometers are within Xuanwei City. The average gradient of the river channel is 7.5‰. Notable tributaries include Longtan River, Delu River, Tangtang River, Gande River, and Shuanghe River, creating a complex and winding dendritic drainage system flowing southeast.

Name and Origin:

• Kedu River, also known as Yangliu River or Kuadu River, is a northern tributary of the Beipan River.
• It originates from Pingzi Tree in Guanyinshan, Xuanwei City, located on the eastern slopes of the Wumeng Mountains.

Flow Path:

• The river flows northeast through Shanmuping and reaches the Yunnan-Guizhou border 2 kilometers downstream from Tiechang.
• After merging with Heishi River, it turns southeast and then northeast, flowing through Xiaozhai before becoming a subterranean river section at Tiansheng Bridge.
• It re-emerges and continues northeast to join the Beipan River at Duge.

Watershed Characteristics:

• Location: The watershed spans longitudes 103°50′-104°40′ E and latitudes 26°23′-26°45′ N, covering parts of Xuanwei, Weining, and Shuicheng in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces.
• Area: Total basin area is 3,076 square kilometers, with 1,969.2 square kilometers in Guizhou Province.
• Length: The river is 154.6 kilometers long, with a boundary river segment of 105 kilometers.
• Elevation Drop: Total drop is 986 meters, with an average gradient of 6.8‰.
• Average Flow: The annual average flow at the river mouth is 37 cubic meters per second.

River Sections:

• Upstream: Features a deep, narrow valley with sparse human habitation and limited farmland. The riverbed is often composed of collapsed rock and has numerous rapids.
• Middle Section: From Keduo to Tiansheng Bridge, the left bank is characterized by hanging rocks and steep slopes, while the right bank has gentler gradients. This section includes nine villages: Keduo, Yangliu, Damaizhai, and others.
• Kuadu Basin: Located below Wenchang Pavilion, this area has a V-shaped river valley with relatively gentle flow and contains over 14 villages such as Kuadu and Caijiawan. Farmland is mainly concentrated around Kuadu.
• Downstream: The terrain is steep with a narrow, deep valley and a sharp gradient. The riverbed in the Muduo River to Chao River section is strewn with gravel and boulders, making the riverbank inaccessible and featuring numerous waterfalls and rocky ridges.

Geological and Demographic Details:

• Elevation Range: The basin’s elevation ranges from a high point of 2,570 meters to a low point of 932.4 meters at the river mouth.
• Geological Strata: Includes Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic formations, with Permian and Triassic strata being predominant. There is widespread limestone distribution and karst development.
• Population: The Guizhou part of the basin has a population of 980,000, predominantly engaged in agriculture. Agricultural workers number 458,400.
• Farmland: There are 46,430 hectares of farmland, with more dry land than paddy fields (15,500 hectares). Effective irrigation area is 12,190 hectares, with a guaranteed irrigation area of 9,680 hectares.

Transportation and Infrastructure:

• Transport: Primarily by road. The East Sichuan-Yunnan Highway passes through the western edge of the basin, and the Nankun Railway extends into the southwestern Yunnan region.
• Hydrological Station: There is a hydrological station at Xiaozhai on the main river, with 21 years of measurement data.

Main River Characteristics:

• Length: 162.2 kilometers.
• Drainage Area: 2,975.8 square kilometers, with 1,720.2 square kilometers within Xuanwei City.
• Average Gradient: 7.5‰.
• Tributaries: Notable tributaries include Longtan River, Delu River, Tangtang River, Gande River, and Shuanghe River, forming a complex and winding dendritic drainage system.

Chinese Name:玉溪和红河曲江

Qujiang River, a tributary of the Pearl River system, is located at the border of Yuxi City in Yunnan Province and the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is a primary tributary on the west bank of the Nanpan River. The river originates in the southwestern part of Jiangchuan County, flows through the urban area of Yuxi City, Eshan County, Gaoda Township in Tonghai County, and Qujiang Town in Jianchuan County, and then merges with the Nanpan River at Fangna Village in Panxi Town, Huaining County. It has a total length of over 160 kilometers and a drainage area of approximately 4,100 square kilometers.

The Qujiang River Valley boasts picturesque landscapes and charming scenery, attracting numerous tourists. The riverbanks are shaded by lush trees, and the clear water allows for views of the varied shapes of the riverbed stones, adding to the area’s appeal. Strolling along the Qujiang River, one can experience the tranquility and beauty of nature, providing a refreshing and serene escape.

Location and Origin:

• River System: The Qujiang River is a first-level tributary of the Nanpan River, part of the Pearl River Basin.
• Region: It is situated at the boundary between Yuxi City and the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, China.
• Source: The river originates in the southwest of Jiangchuan County and flows through several areas including Yuxi City, Eshan County, Tonghai County’s Gaoda Township, and Qujiang Town in Jianshui County. It eventually flows into the Nanpan River at Fangna Village in Panxi Town, Huaining County.
• Length: Over 160 kilometers.
• Drainage Area: Approximately 4,100 square kilometers.

Scenic Features:

• The Qujiang River valley is renowned for its picturesque scenery and pleasant environment, attracting many visitors.
• The riverbanks are lush with greenery, and the clear waters reveal a variety of interestingly shaped stones on the riverbed.
• Walking along the Qujiang River offers a peaceful and beautiful natural experience.

Current Conditions and Conservation:

• The Qujiang River, as a major tributary of the Nanpan River, has a length of 15 kilometers within Qujiang Town’s jurisdiction.
• The surrounding lands are used for agriculture, with local residents relying on the river for irrigation.
• In early spring, villagers like Li Ruying in Shandian Village harvest mature Chinese cabbage, reflecting the benefits of improved irrigation.

Historical Changes:

• Previously, the Qujiang River had low water levels and was overgrown with weeds, with serious sedimentation issues.
• Yang Hongying, a local resident from Shandian Village, noted that before river management efforts, wells had to be dug 13 meters deep to find water, but now 5 meters suffices.
• Since the implementation of river management measures, five sand-trapping dams have been built, and 22,000 cubic meters of sediment have been cleared, which has improved water retention in the river and raised the water table in surrounding farmlands.

River Systems and Tributaries in Yunnan:

• Qujiang River: Originates from the eastern foothills of Dajian Mountain in Yuxi City, flows through Eshan and Tonghai counties, and meets the Nanpan River at the boundary of Honghe Prefecture.
• Lujiang River: Begins at the northwest foot of Baoxiu Mountain in Shiping County, flows through Chi Rui Lake, Yilong Lake, and Haikou River, with two segments of subterranean flow (Yan Cave and Swallow Cave), and enters the Nanpan River in Kaiyuan.
• Dianxi River: Formed by the confluence of Yumen River, Baima River, and Huakou River near Pulong Village in Mile County, flows south through Mile, Xinshao, Zhuyuan, and Pengpu basins, and merges with the Nanpan River near Nilujiang Village.
• Xi Da River (downstream known as Xiaojiang): Originates in Dashawan, Shizong County, flows into Honghe Prefecture near Wulang Village, passes through Yigu Basin and Luxi County, and joins the Nanpan River at Xiaheqing Village after emerging from Moya Cave.

Chinese Name:南溪河
English Name: Nanxihe River in Honghe and Wenshan

Nanxi River originates from Mingjiu Town in the eastern part of Mengzi County, Yunnan Province. Initially known as the Beixi River in its upper reaches, it becomes the Nanxi River after passing through the Zhuangzhai Reservoir in Zhicun Town. It is a secondary tributary of the Honghe River system and covers approximately 60 square kilometers in the southeastern part of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, and the southwestern part of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.

From Zhicun Town onwards, the Nanxi River runs parallel to the Kunming-Hekou Railway. It eventually joins the Honghe River in Yao Autonomous County of Hekou, with more than 20 tributaries including the names such as Nanguo River.

Historical Evolution

Due to its strategic location as a frontier fortress, the area has been established as a county, district, and special administrative region since the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD). It has been heavily defended with troops throughout successive dynasties, boasting a long history and a proud tradition of ethnic struggles. In 1885, under the leadership of Miao leader Xiang Chongzhou, the local people fiercely repelled French aggressors invading from Maguan to Bantou with spears and swords, defending the sacred territory of their homeland. In 1908, at the command of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others launched the famous “Hekou Uprising” here. During the War of Liberation, Yao and Miao people united to attack the Kuomintang forces, dealing them a heavy blow. During the self-defense counterattacks against Vietnam, people from all ethnic groups in Hekou responded actively to the calls of the party and government, making significant contributions.

Natural Resources

There are nearly 10 scenic spots along the Nanxi River, large and small, including places like Yuan Shidong, the Wujiazhai Man Bridge on the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Lianhua Cave Stone Carvings, Dawei Mountain National Nature Reserve, Huayu Cave National Forest Park, and Nanxi River Rafting, most of which are underdeveloped or awaiting development, with low tourist traffic and abundant natural beauty. Located at the junction of China and Vietnam, the magnificent Nanxi River Bridge spans two bridges: the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway Bridge and the Yunnan-Vietnam Highway Bridge, serving as the only exit from Hekou.

The tropical primitive valley rainforest landscape along both banks of the Nanxi River benefits from its low altitude, hot climate, abundant rainfall, and rich forest resources. The area is known for its diverse flora and fauna, including river valleys, caves, and Yao ethnic customs, leading to the establishment of the Nanxi River Provincial Scenic Area. The tourism department has also opened up tourist routes from Hekou to places like Vietnam’s Old Street, Gantang, Gonglou, Hanoi, and Haiphong, where visitors can enjoy sightseeing tours to places like the Sino-Vietnamese Railway Bridge and Old Street in Hanoi, making it a scenic area for sightseeing, border trade shopping, biological research, and cross-border tourism.

Nanxi River Rafting

The 32-kilometer rafting journey on the Nanxi River can be divided into three sections: upper, middle, and lower. Starting from Niulang Beach, it passes through the Nanxi River Scenic Area. The upper section spans about five to six kilometers, characterized by swift currents and numerous dangerous and rapid shoals. The middle section is calm with flat waters, while the lower section, spanning eight to nine kilometers, marks the border between China and Vietnam, ending at the Hekou County Sino-Vietnam Bridge.

Geographical Environment

Named for its location at the confluence of the Honghe and Nanxi Rivers, Hekou County’s town faces Vietnam’s Old Street across the river. It serves as the southern gateway to Yunnan and is one of China’s key frontier towns. Due to its natural geographical conditions, the climate varies significantly within its borders. The highest temperature can reach 40.9°C, while the lowest can drop to 2.1°C. Summers are long with high humidity and abundant rainfall. The high-altitude areas are densely forested with valuable timber such as spruce, teak, and beautiful wood, home to rare birds and animals like tigers, leopards, bears, deer, silver pheasants, and golden monkeys. In the river valley areas, crops such as rice with two harvests per year, maize, soybeans, peanuts, rubber, pepper, cinnamon, bananas, pineapples, and other economic trees and fruits are cultivated. The area is renowned nationwide for its rubber production, with state-owned farms established here.

Chinese Name:李仙江
English Name: Lixianjiang River in Honghe and Puer

Lixian River, a tributary of the Red River, originates in the Wuliang Mountains. The river is formed by the confluence of the Baybian River and the Amu River in its upper reaches. When it enters Vietnam, it is known as the Black River and eventually flows into the Red River. It has a total length of 974 kilometers, with 480.3 kilometers within China and a drainage area of 19,366 square kilometers. As the largest tributary of the Red River, it has an annual runoff of 8.72 billion cubic meters and a maximum recorded flow of 21,000 cubic meters per second. Its flow direction is roughly parallel to the Red River.

Hydropower Development:

The river basin features a natural drop of 2,105 meters and possesses rich hydropower resources with a theoretical potential of 1,816.4 MW. The development plan, as outlined in the 1999 “Lixian River Mainstream Hydropower Planning Report,” includes seven stages of development: Yayang Mountain Hydropower Station, Shimenkan Hydropower Station, Xinpingzhai Hydropower Station, Longma Hydropower Station, Jufu Crossing Hydropower Station, Golan Beach Hydropower Station, and Tukar River Hydropower Station. Currently, the Yayang Mountain, Shimenkan, Longma, Jufu Crossing, Golan Beach, and Tukar River Hydropower Stations are operational, while the Xinpingzhai Hydropower Station is still under construction.

Scenery and Local Features:

In Luxi County and Jiangcheng County, the Lixian River is abundant in water, bordered by high mountains. The favorable climate supports dense tropical rainforests with towering trees and rich green foliage, intertwined with vines. The area is known for its large, ornamental giant peanuts with striking white trunks up to 30 meters tall, forming a tree crown resembling a giant umbrella. The fruit and taste are similar to cultivated peanuts.

The river meanders through rugged mountains, featuring steep cliffs and unique rock formations. Lush green branches and vines often hang over the water. The area is vibrant with wildlife, including wild birds and monkeys. Dragonflies skim the water, butterflies flutter around, and traditional wooden boats are occasionally seen, used by Dai women for transport or fishing. At the Tukar River border town, visitors are welcomed with local delicacies such as sour bamboo shoots cooked with fish and wild star anise dipping sauce.

As you travel 8 kilometers downstream from Tukar River, you enter Vietnam. Within 10 kilometers, the river narrows significantly, with vertical cliffs on both sides. A notable feature is a rock cave about 1 meter in diameter on the eastern bank, known as the “Ghost Cave.” Historically, the Lixian River has been a key commercial waterway, handling significant trade and transportation of goods. The Dai people once relied heavily on water transport for their livelihood.

Chinese Name:阿墨江
English Name: Amojiang River in Puer and Yuxi

The Amojiang River, a tributary of the Red River, is a primary tributary of the Lixian River. Its basin is located between latitudes 22°33′N and 24°35′N and longitudes 100°24′E and 102°22′E. The river originates in Maidi Village, Dajie Township, Jingdong County, Pu’er City, Yunnan Province. It flows through Jingdong, Zhenyuan, Xinping, and Mojiang Counties, with its upper reaches known as the Zhenggan River. After flowing southeast through Huashan, the river enters Zhenyuan County, where it is known as the Amojiang River after passing through Zhengdong. It then continues southeast, flowing through Zhongai Bridge and Puxi Bridge, before merging with the Talang River and Sinan River, turning south to eventually join the Lixian River.

Basin Overview:

The river’s total length is 256 km, with a drainage area of 7,029 square kilometers and a concentrated drop of 1,536 meters. The main river section from the source (elevation 1,500 meters) to the Zhongai Bridge dam site (low water level elevation 735 meters) is 166.47 km long, flowing through Jingdong, Zhenyuan, Xinping, and Mojiang Counties.

Development and Regulation:

The Amojiang River basin is designed for a total installed capacity of 468 MW. The first stage includes the Mansa Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 60 MW, planned for later development. The second stage is the Zhongai Bridge Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 110 MW. The third stage is the Puxi Bridge Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 190 MW. The fourth stage is the Sanjiangkou Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 108 MW. Zhongai Bridge and Puxi Bridge stations are designed as annual regulation reservoirs. The grading adjustment plan for Zhongai Bridge and the hydropower planning for Zhenggan River are being integrated. The entire Amojiang River basin is planned to have about 130 km of river sections with a concentrated drop of about 340 meters. It is expected that 4 to 5 hydropower stations will be distributed throughout the basin, with a total installed capacity of around 500 MW.

The Jufudu Hydropower Station is located at the confluence of the Amojiang River and the Baybian River. After reservoir filling, it has created a broad water surface over 10 km long. The reservoir area features deep bays with abundant fish resources, including species such as green carp, grass carp, silver carp, common carp, and tilapia. On sunny winter days, large fish often surface to bask in the sun, attracting numerous anglers.

Chinese Name:把边江
English Name: Babianjiang River in Mojiang County, Puer

Baybian River

The Baybian River connects Ning’er County to Mojiang County in Yunnan Province. Its upper reaches are known as the Chuan River in Jingdong County. Upon entering Ning’er County, the river flows through Baybian, which gives the river its name.

Basin Overview

The upper reaches of the river are the Chuan River in Jingdong County. When it enters Ning’er County, it serves as the boundary river between Ning’er County and Mojiang County, and then flows into Jiangcheng County. The river passes through Moke Town, Baybian Village, Puyi Township, and Liming Township in Ning’er County before reaching Jiangcheng County.

Black Water River

The Black Water River is the largest tributary on the right bank of the Red River. It originates in Jingdong Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province, China, where it is known as Baybian River. It flows into Vietnam near Mengde and follows a northwest-to-southeast direction, merging with the Red River near Yuekhi. The river accounts for 48% of the Red River’s flow and extends 543 kilometers within Vietnam. The riverbanks generally rise 200-300 meters above the river surface, with some areas reaching over 700 meters. The river valley is narrow and deep, and the water appears black, which is why it is named the Black Water River. There are dozens of large waterfalls along the river. The area is rich in forest resources. In 1979, the Tuojiang Comprehensive Water Conservancy Project and the Heping Hydropower Station were constructed near Pingjiang and Heping City.

Chinese Name: 西双版纳流沙河
English Name: Liushahe River in XishuangBanna

Liushah River is a major river located in the western part of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture. The river’s upper reaches are fed by two main tributaries:

• The left tributary originates from Banggan Mountain and flows through the Mengzha Dam, moving from northwest to southeast.
• The right tributary starts from Sanluo Mountain in the Bulang Mountains, passes through Menghun Dam, and merges with the left tributary at Mengzha Dam. The combined flow then continues southeast, passing through the Menghai Basin and entering Jinghong before merging with the Lancang River.

The main river stretches 92 kilometers with a basin area of 2,064 square kilometers.

Fish Species and River Environment

The Liushah River supports valuable fish species including red-winged fish, bream, carp, whisker fish, and face melon fish. The riverbanks are lined with extensive rubber plantations, tea gardens, and fruit orchards. The once lush landscape of tall trees and bamboo groves has been gradually replaced by the pastoral scenery of Xishuangbanna.

Historical Records

• According to Mr. Li Fuyi’s book “Cheli,” the Liushah River was originally named Nanha River. In the Dai language, “Nanha” means “stinky water river,” reflecting the historical foul odor of the river. Legend has it that the Mengzha Dam area was once a lake with rotting corpses that tainted the water with a foul smell, which was carried downstream by the left tributary.
• The name Liushah River was already in use during the Qing Dynasty, as noted in the 1915 “Pusi Border Strategy,” which mentioned an incident where “Meng Songba was killed at the Liushah River.”
• Historically, the upper and middle reaches of the river, flowing through the plains of Mengzha, Menghun, and Menghai, had a gentle riverbed and seasonal water flow. It was used primarily for irrigation rather than navigation. The Dai people traditionally installed water wheels shaped like spinning wheels on the river for irrigation. Records show that 64 such water wheels were installed in the Menghai Basin.

Modern Developments

• After 1958, local governments initiated water diversion and storage projects on the Liushah River. The first project was a rolling dam constructed 3 kilometers from Menghai County to irrigate rice fields in the Menghai Basin.
• Over 40 additional water projects were built on the river’s tributaries, including Mengbang Reservoir, Manman Reservoir, and Nadam Reservoir, rendering traditional water wheels obsolete.
• The river’s steep source and flat, winding main channel caused frequent flooding and sediment influx during heavy rains. Since the 1970s, improvements have been made to manage sharp bends and narrow passages, and the increased number of water storage projects has significantly reduced flood-related disasters.
• After leaving the Menghai Basin, the Liushah River flows through a rocky gorge, where the riverbed narrows and the flow becomes faster, providing rich hydroelectric resources. This segment of the river in Menghai County, Jinghong City, and Jinghong Farm has seen significant development of hydroelectric resources. Three hydroelectric stations have been established: Xishuangbanna Binfang Station, Xishuangbanna Jinghong Station, and Jinghong Farm Station, with another station under construction.
• In the past, the riverbanks were covered with dense forests and bamboo groves, but extensive land development has significantly reduced forest resources and water flow. Observations show that the average annual flow has decreased from 18.2 cubic meters per second in the 1960s to 13.4 cubic meters per second in the 1990s. The maximum flood flow is 231 cubic meters per second, and the minimum flow is 0.06 cubic meters per second.

Modern Situation

The riverbanks are now dominated by extensive rubber plantations, tea gardens, and fruit orchards. The lush landscape of tall trees and bamboo groves has been gradually replaced by the pastoral scenery of Xishuangbanna.

Chinese Name: 南览河
English Name: Nanlanhe River in Puer and XishuangBanna

Location

The Nanlang River originates from the western part of Zhutang Township, Lancang County, Pu’er City, Yunnan Province, China. Its source is at an elevation of 1,857.9 meters. The river flows through the karst region and crosses into the territory of both Pu’er City’s Lancang County and Xishuangbanna’s Menghai County. It is bordered by the Nanlei River to the west, the Heijiang River to the north, and the Liusha River to the east. In Lancang County, it is known as Nanlang River and flows south through various townships including Labazhen, Zhutang, Donglang Hani Ethnic Township, Menglang Town, Donghui Township, Jiuqing Hani Ethnic Township, Nuofu Township, and Huimin Hani Ethnic Township. It joins the Nanping River on the left and the Nanli River on the right. The river continues south, merging with the Nanwang River to form the boundary river between Lancang County and Menghai County, spanning 29 kilometers.

Introduction

After entering Menghai County in Xishuangbanna, the Nanlang River begins its downstream flow, receiving the Nanman River on the left. It continues to serve as the boundary river between China and Myanmar, known as the Nanlang River. It winds southwards, passing through Daluo Town (also called Daluo River), and after joining the Nanju River in the Bulang Mountain region, it flows into Myanmar. The river’s boundary with Myanmar extends 134.6 kilometers. In Myanmar’s Shan State, it merges with the Mekong River’s primary tributary, the Nanlei River, and eventually flows into the Mekong River at Mengle.

Best Time to Visit

The optimal time to visit the Nanlang River is from November to April, during the dry season when the weather is more stable and the river conditions are favorable for exploration.

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly to Pu’er Simao Airport, then travel by road to Lancang County or Menghai County.
• By Train: Take a train to Pu’er City and continue by bus or taxi to the river area.
• By Road: Renting a car or taking a bus from Pu’er City or Jinghong offers a convenient route to reach the Nanlang River.

Travel Tips

• Clothing: Dress in weather-appropriate and comfortable clothing suitable for outdoor activities.
• Weather: Monitor weather conditions before traveling as river levels and weather can affect travel plans.
• Local Guides: Engaging a local guide can enhance your experience by providing insights into the region’s culture and geography.
• Safety: Follow local safety advice and guidelines, particularly if engaging in river-based activities.

Chinese Name: 曼老江
English Name: Manlaojiang River in Puer

Chinese Name: 威远江
English Name: Weiyuanjiang River in Jinggu County, Puer

Address: Weiyuan Town, Jinggu County, Pu’er City

Overview

The Weiyuanjiang River is one of the larger tributaries of the Lancang River within Yunnan Province. It stretches 290 km in length, has a drainage area of 8,800 square kilometers, and a drop of 1,700 meters. The average gradient is 5.86‰, with an average annual flow rate of 193 cubic meters per second at the river mouth, and a theoretical hydropower potential of 430,000 kW.

Attractions

Travel 41 kilometers from Zhongbi Road, passing through the fertile Zhongshan Basin, and you will enter the 40-kilometer-long Green Gorge—Weiyuan Natural Reserve. The Weiyuanjiang River flows through this reserve, with verdant forests lining both banks. The riverbanks feature dense tropical rainforests, mixed broadleaf forests in the middle zone, and Pu’er pine forests at the higher elevations. Towering trees, some dozens of meters high, cover every mountain in the reserve. The riverbanks are only a few hundred meters wide, allowing conversations between both sides; even if no one responds, the mountains echo back.

The Weiyuanjiang River flows through the rugged terrain of the Wuliang Mountain range. The interplay of lush green mountains and clear waters creates a harmonious and picturesque landscape. Sometimes, the river flows gently, seeming to respect the tranquility of the mountains. At other times, it speeds up, as if singing along with the pine forests, creating a rhythmic beauty that reflects the majesty of the mountains and the elegance of the water.

Weiyuanjiang Provincial Nature Reserve

The Weiyuanjiang Provincial Nature Reserve is located within Yizhi Township, Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County, Pu’er City, Yunnan Province. It covers a total area of 7,704 hectares, with a forest coverage rate of 99.39%.

The reserve is rich in biodiversity. According to resource surveys, it hosts 192 families, 790 genera, and 1,485 species of vascular plants, including 9 species of nationally protected wild plants. It is also home to 295 species of terrestrial vertebrates, including 36 species of nationally protected wild animals.

Chinese Name: 南卡江
English Name: Nankajiang River in Puer

Origin: The Nankajiang River originates in the eastern mountainous region of Yangyan, near the China-Myanmar border in Wa State, Myanmar. The upper reaches are known as the Nanxi River. It flows through the Wa State Longtan Special Zone in Myanmar and Yuesong Township in Ximeng Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, China. After joining the Nanlong River on the left, it becomes a boundary river between China and Myanmar.

Course:

• 21.1 kilometers southward: Flows through a canyon and becomes known as the Nankajiang River after joining the Nanjiang River on the left.
• Southward flow: Passes through Menglian Dai, Lahu, and Wa Autonomous County, where it joins the Nanma River on the left in Mengma Town. It then turns east and flows west for about 7 kilometers before entering Myanmar’s Wa State in Wengao County and Bangkang.
• Final stretch: The river ultimately joins the Salween River near Wan Ta-sing in Wa State. It is the second-longest river in Wa State, after the Salween River.

Characteristics:

• Length in China: 93 kilometers
• Drainage Area: 2,268.3 square kilometers
• Average Annual Flow: 2.647 billion cubic meters
• Theoretical Hydropower Potential: 310,600 kW

Chinese Name: 南汀河
English Name: Nanting River in Lincang

Source: The Nanting River originates in Bosang Town, Linxiang District, Lincang City, Yunnan Province. The river flows through the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang and Nu Rivers, covering a total length of 311 kilometers. It passes through Linxiang District, Yun County, Yongde County, Zhenkang County, and Gengma County, and exits China at Qingshuihe in Gengma County, entering Myanmar. In Myanmar, the Nanting River is known as the Irrawaddy River.

Local Developments

In recent years, infrastructure such as river embankments, dams, and guardrails has been constructed along the Nanting River in Lincang City to prevent flooding. Various flowers and trees have been planted along the riverbanks, and amenities such as shaded walkways, stone benches, and fitness trails have been built. This has transformed the riverbanks into popular spots for relaxation and strolling. Visitors can enjoy the flowing water, verdant sandbanks, swaying willows, and the leisurely presence of egrets, creating a delightful experience.

Downstream Features

The lower reaches of the Nanting River offer a distinct charm compared to the urban area. The riverbanks are rich in rare flora and fauna, with over 3,000 types of valuable Chinese medicinal herbs, more than 80 types of precious flowers, and hundreds of species of valuable trees and wild animals. The area also boasts numerous historical relics and landmarks. Tea plantations, sugarcane fields, rubber forests, fruit orchards, bamboo groves, picturesque fields, and scattered ethnic villages contribute to a beautiful subtropical river valley landscape. Visitors can explore stunning natural scenery, experience thrilling cross-border rafting, and enjoy the diverse ethnic cultures and exotic flavors of the region.

Natural Resources

The riverbanks are abundant with rare and valuable plant and animal species, including over 3,000 types of medicinal herbs and more than 80 types of rare flowers. There are hundreds of valuable trees, wild birds, and beasts. The area also features many historical and cultural sites, extensive tea plantations, vast sugarcane fields, dense rubber forests, fruit orchards, and charming ethnic villages. The natural and cultural landscapes create a vibrant tropical river valley scenic area. Here, visitors can explore beautiful natural scenery, experience thrilling cross-border rafting, enjoy the diverse ethnic cultures, and savor local Dai and Wa cuisine.

Infrastructure Developments

1. Nanting River Bridge
   • In November 2023, the main span of the Nanting River Bridge project was successfully completed, laying the foundation for subsequent bridge deck paving and opening.
   • The bridge project is the first to be financed by ADB loans under the comprehensive development of infrastructure in the Lincang border economic zone. The total route length is 1,006 meters, including a 352-meter bridge with a semi-floating structure. The main span is composed of 70 meters + 140 meters + 70 meters. The bridge uses a prestressed concrete double-box structure with a beam height of 2.2 meters. The connecting road is 654 meters long. The bridge is a double-tower, three-span cable-stayed bridge, with towers 103 meters high and 11 pairs of cable stays. The road is two-way with a width of 16.5 meters and is built to Grade II highway standards.

1. Nanting River Reservoir
   • Located at the junction of Yun County and Yongde County in the upper-middle reaches of the Nanting River, the reservoir has a planned total capacity of 110 million cubic meters. Its purpose is to supply water for urban and rural life, industry, and agriculture in downstream areas and enhance flood control in Mengding Town. It is a comprehensive water management project integrating flood control, irrigation, power generation, and ecological supplementation, with a total planned investment of 4.5 billion yuan.

Scenic Spots

1. Lincang City Nanting River Ethnic Style Park
   • The Nanting River Ethnic Style Park aims to showcase the “Flower Festival” and “Bathing Festival” of the Limi people, incorporating other ethnic festivals and cultures. The park will become a vibrant place where every day feels like a festival, blending well with the city and offering a beautiful, functional, and culturally rich environment. It also includes 5,000 acres of forest to create a green ecological barrier.
2. Gengma Nanting River Scenic Area
   • Located in Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, this scenic area is divided into five parts: Mengding, Jingge, Fuyin Mountain, Qingshuihe, and the Mengsheng-Qingshuihe tourism line, covering about 146 square kilometers. Highlights include the subtropical scenery of Mengding Dam, lush tropical rainforests, rare plant species, the verdant Qing Mountain and Huocao Mountain, rich ethnic culture, traditional costumes, and historic sites such as temples, white pagodas, rock paintings, and ancient human cave dwellings. The area offers opportunities for cross-border tourism and cultural exploration.

1. Gengma Nanting River Mengding Dam Governance Project
   • This project addresses a 5.46-kilometer stretch of the river, with a total embankment length of 6.861 kilometers. The estimated investment is 49.9588 million yuan. It involves constructing new embankments and drainage facilities to improve flood control standards, protecting 8,800 people and 16,300 acres of farmland. The embankment is designed to a Level 5 standard, with a ten-year flood protection capacity. The project is the final segment of the Nanting River Mengding Dam governance plan, completing a comprehensive flood control system.

Birding Travel Tips in Nanting River Area in Lincang

Birding around the Nanting River in Lincang offers a unique opportunity to explore diverse avian species in a beautiful subtropical setting. Here are some tips to help you make the most of your birdwatching experience in this region:

Best Times to Go Birdwatching

• Seasons: The best times for birding are generally during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) when migratory birds pass through the region.
• Time of Day: Early mornings and late afternoons are ideal for birdwatching, as birds are most active during these times.

Key Birdwatching Spots

1. Nanting River Scenic Area: This area offers diverse habitats including riverside, forested areas, and open fields, which attract a variety of bird species.
2. Gengma Area: Known for its subtropical rainforests and bamboo groves, this region can be great for spotting rare and endemic species.
3. Tea Plantations and Farmlands: These areas provide open spaces that are often frequented by a variety of birds, especially during feeding times.

Bird Species to Look For

• Endemic Species: Look out for species that are endemic to Yunnan or the wider Southeast Asian region, such as the Yunnan Nuthatch or the Gray-headed Woodpecker.
• Migratory Birds: During migration seasons, you might spot species such as the Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike or various types of warblers.

Birdwatching Equipment

• Binoculars: A good pair of binoculars (8×42 or 10×42) will help you spot birds from a distance without disturbing them.
• Field Guide: Carry a field guide specific to the birds of Yunnan or Southeast Asia to help identify different species.
• Camera: If you’re interested in photography, a camera with a zoom lens (300mm or higher) will allow you to capture detailed images of birds.

Best Practices for Birdwatching

• Respect Wildlife: Keep a respectful distance from birds and avoid making loud noises. Do not disturb nesting birds or their habitats.
• Dress Appropriately: Wear neutral-colored clothing to blend into the environment and avoid bright colors that might scare away birds.
• Be Patient: Birdwatching often requires patience and quiet observation. Stay still and wait for birds to come into view.

Local Birding Resources

• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local birding guide or joining a birdwatching tour to enhance your experience and gain insights into the best spots and species.
• Birding Groups: Connect with local or regional birdwatching groups or forums for tips, recent sightings, and additional resources.

Additional Tips

• Weather Conditions: Check the weather forecast before heading out, as heavy rain or strong winds can impact bird activity.
• Safety: Ensure you have suitable footwear and be aware of your surroundings, especially in forested or remote areas.

By following these tips, you can maximize your chances of having a rewarding and enjoyable birdwatching experience along the Nanting River in Lincang.

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