Chinese Name:腾冲县槟榔江风光
English Name: Binglangjiang River in Tengchong County, Baoshan

Baoshan Binglangjiang River in Tengchong County travel guide introduces the main attractions, entrance tickets booking, The best time to visit, How to Get there, the highlights, facts, history, photos, weather, accommodation, visiting routes, travel tips, tour maps of Binglangjiang River in Baoshan.

Chinese Name:昌宁县澜沧江
English Name: Lancang-Mekong River in Changning County, Baoshan

Baoshan Lancang-Mekong River in Changning County travel guide introduces the main attractions, entrance tickets booking, The best time to visit, How to Get there, the highlights, facts, history, photos, weather, accommodation, visiting routes, travel tips, tour maps of Lancang-Mekong River in Baoshan.

Chinese Name:腾冲黑鱼河
English Name: Black Fish River in Tengchong County, Baoshan

Baoshan Black Fish River in Tengchong County travel guide introduces the main attractions, entrance tickets booking, The best time to visit, How to Get there, the highlights, facts, history, photos, weather, accommodation, visiting routes, travel tips, tour maps of Black Fish River in Baoshan.

Longquan River (龙泉河) is located in Yimen County (易门县), Yuxi City (玉溪市), Yunnan Province (云南省), about 80 kilometers from Kunming (昆明), approximately one hour by car. The scenic area centers around Longquan National Forest Park (龙泉国家森林公园) and includes the Wild Mushroom Museum (野生菌博物馆), Longquan Cultural Square (龙泉文化广场), Longquan Ten-Mile Corridor (龙泉十里长廊), and Nantun Lake Ecotourism Area (南屯湖生态旅游区).

History and Culture

Historical Origins

Formerly known as “Longchuan (龙川)”, Longquan River (龙泉河) has a history of over a thousand years and is the birthplace of Yimen County (易门县). It was traditionally a site where local people worshipped dragons and water deities with theatrical performances, reflecting a rich cultural heritage.

Cultural Relics

Along the river are ancient stone inscriptions from the Tang Dynasty (唐代) called the “Eight Sights of Longquan” (龙泉八景), as well as historical temples such as Longquan Grand Temple (龙泉大寺) and Longyin Temple (龙隐寺).

Folk Traditions

The “Er Yue Er” (二月二) Opera Festival is the most iconic traditional folk event in Yimen (易门). Originating in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (明朝嘉靖年间), it has a history of more than 500 years and is listed as an intangible cultural heritage of Yunnan Province (云南省).

Folk Customs

“Er Yue Er” (二月二) Opera Festival

On the second day of the second lunar month, Yimen County (易门县) holds grand cultural and tourism celebrations including traditional lantern opera performances, dragon dance competitions, and motorbike music festivals.

Other Folk Activities

Yimen also hosts ethnic festivals such as the Miao Flower Mountain Festival (苗族花山节) and Yi Torch Festival (彝族火把节).

Weather and Best Time to Visit

Weather

Yimen County (易门县) has a subtropical monsoon climate, with distinct seasons, cool summers, and mild winters.

Best Time to Visit

Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons, offering ideal weather and beautiful scenery.

Recommended Attractions and Duration

• Longquan National Forest Park (龙泉国家森林公园): Around 2 hours. Enjoy towering ancient trees and mist-shrouded temples.
• Longquan Cultural Square (龙泉文化广场): Around 1 hour. View sculptures and buildings themed around dragon culture.
• Longquan Ten-Mile Corridor (龙泉十里长廊): Around 1.5 hours. This 1,731-meter-long corridor features picturesque landscapes.
• Nantun Lake Ecotourism Area (南屯湖生态旅游区): Around 2 hours. Explore scenic lakes, mountains, and wetlands.

Transportation

Self-Drive

From Kunming (昆明), drive along the Kunming–Mojiang Expressway (昆磨高速). The journey takes about 1 hour.

Public Transportation

Take a long-distance bus from Kunming (昆明) to Yimen (易门), then transfer to local buses.

Local Food

• Wild Mushrooms: Yimen (易门) is known as the “Hometown of Mushrooms” (菌乡), with summer being the best time to taste wild mushrooms.
• Local Snacks: Try local specialties like Yimen Roast Duck (易门烤鸭) and wild mushroom hotpot (野生菌火锅).

Shopping

• Dried Wild Mushrooms: Available in local markets, ideal as gifts.
• Ethnic Handicrafts: Miao embroidery (苗族刺绣), Yi silver ornaments (彝族银饰), and more.

Accommodation

• Hotels in the County Seat: A variety of mid-range hotels are available in Yimen town.
• Guesthouses: Characteristic guesthouses near Longquan River (龙泉河) offer local hospitality experiences.

Travel Tips

• Environmental Protection: Do not litter in the scenic areas. Help preserve the natural environment.
• Safety: Be cautious near rivers and waterfalls, and follow park regulations.

Suggested Itinerary

Day 1
Morning: Arrive in Yimen (易门), visit Longquan National Forest Park (龙泉国家森林公园).
Afternoon: Explore Longquan Cultural Square (龙泉文化广场) and Longquan Ten-Mile Corridor (龙泉十里长廊).
Evening: Enjoy local cuisine.

Day 2
Morning: Visit Nantun Lake Ecotourism Area (南屯湖生态旅游区).
Afternoon: Return to town and shop for local souvenirs.
Evening: Watch the “Er Yue Er” (二月二) folk performances.

Longquan River (龙泉河) in Yimen (易门) is not only a scenic destination with natural beauty, but also a place rich in historical culture and folk traditions. From its clear river waters and ancient architecture to vibrant festivals and delicious mushroom dishes, it offers an unforgettable travel experience in the heart of Yunnan.

Chinese Name: 绥江县金沙江
English Name: Jinsha River in Suijiang County, Zhaotong

Overview

The Jinsha River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, flows through Suijiang County in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province. This section of the river is renowned for its spectacular natural scenery and diverse landscapes.

Scenic Highlights

• Gorges and Cliffs
  The Jinsha River in Suijiang features impressive gorges and steep cliffs. The river cuts through rugged terrain, creating dramatic and picturesque landscapes. The towering cliffs along the riverbanks offer breathtaking views and are a key highlight of the region’s natural beauty.
• Karst Formations
  The area around the Jinsha River is known for its karst topography, characterized by unique limestone formations. These formations contribute to the striking scenery of the river, with rugged peaks and deep ravines that create a dramatic backdrop.
• Mountainous Terrain
  The river meanders through mountainous terrain, offering stunning vistas of rolling hills and verdant valleys. The interplay of the river’s flow with the surrounding mountains creates a dynamic and scenic landscape.
• River Reflections
  The clear waters of the Jinsha River often reflect the surrounding mountains and sky, enhancing the visual appeal of the landscape. The tranquil river scenes are particularly captivating at sunrise and sunset, when the colors and reflections create a serene and picturesque setting.

Activities and Attractions

• River Cruises
  Taking a river cruise on the Jinsha River allows visitors to fully appreciate the beauty of the surrounding landscapes. Cruises offer panoramic views of the gorges, cliffs, and karst formations, providing a unique perspective on the river’s scenery.
• Hiking and Exploration
  The river’s surrounding area offers numerous hiking trails and opportunities for outdoor exploration. Hikers can enjoy the diverse natural scenery and discover hidden viewpoints along the river.
• Photography
  The Jinsha River’s dramatic landscapes and scenic beauty make it an excellent location for photography. Capturing the interplay of light, water, and land can result in stunning images of the region’s natural splendor.

Cultural Significance

• Local Communities
  The Jinsha River has been an important part of the local culture and economy for centuries. The river’s natural resources have supported agriculture and transportation, and local communities have developed cultural traditions and practices influenced by the river.
• Historical Sites
  The river area includes historical sites and cultural landmarks that reflect the region’s rich history and heritage. Exploring these sites provides insight into the historical significance of the Jinsha River and its impact on the local people.

Conclusion
The Jinsha River in Suijiang County is a remarkable destination known for its stunning natural scenery, including dramatic gorges, karst formations, and serene river reflections. Whether cruising on the river, hiking in the surrounding mountains, or capturing the landscape through photography, visitors are sure to be impressed by the beauty and significance of this unique and picturesque location.

Chinese Name: 丘北县六郎洞景区
English Name:Liulangdong River Scenic Area in Qiubei County, Wenshan

Location

Liulangdong Cave is situated 79 kilometers west of Qiubei County, Yunnan Province, near Xiaojiangkou Village in Chongtou Township.

Historical Background

The cave is renowned for being home to China’s first underground hydroelectric power station, the Liulangdong Hydropower Station. According to legend, the cave was named after Yang Liulang, a famous general of the Northern Song Dynasty who, after defending against the Khitan and facing betrayal by Pan Renmei, retreated to this cave.

Hydroelectric Power Station

The cave boasts a significant water flow, with a maximum rate of 92 cubic meters per second and an average annual flow rate of 23.2 cubic meters per second. In 1959, a dam was constructed inside the cave, creating a 30-meter-deep underground reservoir. This led to the establishment of a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 12,500 kW × 2.

Cave Features

Liulangdong Cave features expansive chambers, with heights reaching up to 30 meters. The cave is adorned with an array of stalactites and stalagmites that resemble ceremonial vessels, bells, and mills, as well as lifelike figures of birds and animals. The cave is divided into two main chambers, which were originally connected but are now separated by the underground reservoir. The right chamber includes a 2-meter-high, 300-meter-long horizontal tunnel with lighting for easy access. The left chamber contains a stone trough used by Yang Liulang to feed his warhorses and a meeting hall, also known as a review platform.

Karst Landscape

Liulangdong Cave is a notable karst landform, featuring the intriguing “Wolong Cave” (or “Dinosaur Cave”), which is approximately 20 meters long and 1.5 meters high. The cave walls display distinct dragon bone traces and numerous dragon scale imprints, showcasing the remarkable natural formations.

Tourist Attractions

The Liulangdong Cave Scenic Area is renowned for its cave scenery, rich underground water resources, and unique karst landscapes. Visitors can explore the cave’s fascinating stalactites and stalagmites, experiencing the mystery and allure of the underground world. Additionally, the area features spectacular waterfalls and clear lakes, providing a serene retreat for visitors.

Chinese Name: 富宁县驮娘江景区
English Name: Tuoniangjiang River in Funing County, Wenshan

Overview:

The Tuoniangjiang River Scenic Area is a national AA-level tourist attraction located in Funing County, Wenshan. It combines the picturesque rural landscapes of the Zhuang ethnic region, subtropical rainforest climate, and unique lava valley topography into a natural reserve.

Attractions:

1. Bai’ai Seven Vinegar: Bai’ai Seven Vinegar is a rare intangible cultural heritage of Yunnan, with a brewing technique that dates back 300 years. This traditional product is made from glutinous rice through liquid fermentation. The vinegar has a rich taste and pure aroma.
2. Funing Low-Altitude Sports Training Base: This is the only high-altitude, low-altitude sports training base in Yunnan. Located in the Xiangsi Island area of Bai’sai Town, upstream of the Baise Water Conservancy Hub, the base covers 7,000 square meters at an altitude of 230 meters. It features natural scenery along the Zhening River, tropical seasonal rainforests, reservoir islands, riverside beaches, and nearby villages, integrating local natural landscapes and ecological culture.
3. Bo’ai Wharf: Bo’ai Wharf, located on the south bank of the Right Jiang River in Bai’ai Town, was built during the Daoguang period. The wharf is 44.4 meters long with 77 steps divided into eight sections. It is traditionally known as the “Ladder of Love,” where Zhuang ethnic men and women climb the steps to the riverside banyan tree on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month for a traditional swimming ritual, which signifies their commitment to marriage.
4. Bai’ai Ancient Town: Bai’ai Ancient Town is at the confluence of the Tuoniangjiang, Nama River, and Puting River, marking the starting point of the Right Jiang River. Historically, it was a vital trade route for southwestern China, connecting to Guangxi and coastal regions. Bai’ai has long been known as the “Eastern Gateway of Yunnan” and a major trade hub.
5. Yue Dong Guild Hall: Originally known as the Lingnan Guild Hall, it was renovated during the Ming Jiajing and Qing Kangxi periods (1894). The Yue Dong Guild Hall features a Lingnan-style four-courtyard, two-entry structure with a mixture of architectural styles. The building is encircled by high walls.
6. Yue Xi Guild Hall: Yue Xi Guild Hall, built in the Qianlong era and renovated during the Jiaqing and Guangxu periods, remains partially preserved with two doors. It features brick and timber construction with a hard mountain roof, though it is significantly damaged.
7. Jiangxi Guild Hall: The Jiangxi Guild Hall covers 72.04 square meters and shares similarities with the Yue Xi Guild Hall in architectural style. It is a county-level cultural relic protection unit.
8. Guanyin Temple: The Guanyin Temple consists of a mountain gate and a main hall. The mountain gate is oriented northeast with brick columns and a tiled roof, while the main hall has three bays and three deep sections, each with brick walls and archways. The temple, dedicated to the Guanyin deity, is elevated and accessed by steps, built in the Qing Dynasty and renovated during the Republic of China.
9. Poya Village: Poya Village is a traditional Zhuang village located along the Tuoniangjiang River, with 62 households and 278 residents. The village maintains its ancient customs and lifestyles, including traditional agricultural practices and rituals. The name “Poya” means “a place of blooming mountain flowers” in the Zhuang language. The village features traditional stilt-style houses and offers visitors a chance to experience Zhuang culture, including weaving, spinning, and local songs.

Administrative Division: The Tuoniangjiang Scenic Area is located in Funing County, southeastern Yunnan, bordering Guangxi. It is divided into three areas: Tuoniangjiang, Guichao, and Niwang Mountain, with 35 attractions and a total area of 130 square kilometers. The area is known for its picturesque, unique, and tranquil landscapes, including dense cave formations and numerous historical sites. It features rich ethnic culture and a favorable climate. The scenic area is classified as a national 2A-level scenic spot and a provincial-level famous scenic spot.

Features:

• Photography
• Hiking
• Canyon views
• Folk customs tours
• Ethnic minority villages
• River and canyon landscapes

Travel Tips:

• Funing County to Bai’ai Town is approximately 74.8 kilometers.
• To reach Funing County, you can fly, take a train, or travel by bus to Kunming. From there, take a bus to Funing County and rent a car to reach the destination.

Chinese Name:西双版纳打洛江
English Name:Daluo River in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna

Chinese Name: 普洱市景谷县帕庄河自然保护区
English Name: Pazhuang River Nature Reserve in Jinggu County, Puer

Location

• Zhengxing Town, Jinggu County, Pu’er City
• Approximately 60 kilometers from Jinggu County town, accessible via asphalt roads.

Theme and Highlights

• Natural Scenery: The river is known for its stunning natural landscapes and karst formations. Visitors can enjoy both scenic views and historical Buddhist relics.

Tourist Recommendations

• Scenic Attractions: The river flows from east to west into the Xiaohe River, featuring clear waters year-round with picturesque limestone hills and rock formations. Notable formations include stalactites and stalagmites with intricate and delicate shapes.
• Activities: Enjoy the scenic beauty of the river, explore numerous caves, and experience the unique ecological environment. The river is great for walking, and the surrounding landscape offers beautiful photo opportunities.

Attractions and Features

• River: Paizhuang River is about 3 kilometers long, with clear water that flows into the Xiaohe River and eventually merges with the Lancang River.
• Caves: The area has over 30 explored caves within a 24-square-kilometer region, including renowned ones like Chunshu Cave, Tianxian Cave, Liangxin Cave, Huaxian Cave, and Daxian Cave.
• Scenery: The river is surrounded by lush mountains, with steep cliffs and scenic rock formations. Stalactites hang from above in various forms, resembling celestial columns or delicate ribbons.

Accessibility and Travel Tips

• Access: From Jinggu, head towards Simao and turn east on a narrower road to reach Paizhuang River. Road conditions may vary, and it is advisable to use a navigation app for easier travel.
• Travel Conditions: The area may have challenging road conditions and multiple forks, so local advice and GPS navigation are helpful. The road from Simao to Jinggu takes about 3 hours by car.

Local Experience

• Cultural Context: The river’s name is derived from Paizhuang Village nearby, reflecting local minority languages and traditions.
• Seasonal Visits: The river’s beauty is consistent throughout the year. In winter, the area is sunny and pleasant, while spring offers blooming flora and clear skies.

Personal Reflections

• Local Significance: Paizhuang River has been a familiar site for many locals, offering a nostalgic return to the natural beauty of one’s homeland. The experience of visiting familiar places often contrasts with the excitement of exploring new destinations, highlighting the value of local landscapes.

Additional Information

• Historical Insight: The river and its surroundings have been explored and appreciated over the years, with growing recognition of its natural beauty and cultural significance.
• Visitor Experience: Walking barefoot in the clear, shallow river and enjoying the serene environment is a refreshing and memorable experience. The vibrant colors of the riverbed stones and the diverse rock formations enhance the overall scenic appeal.

Chinese Name:昭通横江
English Name: Hengjiang River in Zhaotong

Name and Origin

The Hengjiang River, historically known as Zhu Ti Jiang (or Zhu Ti Jiang), and also called Ge Kui Jiang and Shi Men Jiang, is referred to as Guanhe in Yunnan. It is a primary tributary on the right bank of the Yangtze River’s upper reaches and is the last tributary of the Jinsha River. The river is mentioned as Yangguan Shui in the Shui Jing Zhu. Spanning across Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces, it has a total length of 307 kilometers. It originates from Caohai in Weining, Guizhou, forming the Luoze River, and flows north through Yiliang County in Yunnan, merging with Sa Yu River, Zhao Lu River, and Niu Jie River before being called Hengjiang. It flows through Yanjin County and Shui Fu City in Yunnan and Yibin County in Sichuan before joining the Jinsha River at the Xiao’anba River estuary. The river basin covers an area of 15,000 square kilometers, with an annual runoff of about 8.82 billion cubic meters and an average annual flow of approximately 280 cubic meters per second.

Significance

The Hengjiang River is a major river in the Zhaotong region of Yunnan Province. It is crucial for the agricultural and industrial production in the dry river valley region of northern Yunnan and has a long history of water irrigation. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, water conservancy and hydropower projects have rapidly developed, and many of the river’s tributaries have been harnessed for hydropower. The river’s middle and lower reaches were also historically used for transporting mineral resources from Yunnan and Sichuan, though navigation has been challenging despite numerous attempts at improvements.

Functions

The Hengjiang River serves multiple functions, including water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, flood control, drainage, soil and water conservation, and water resource protection. The theoretical hydropower potential of the river is 920,000 kilowatts. There are plans for seven hydropower stations with a total installed capacity of 390,000 kilowatts. Existing power stations include Sa Yu Tuo, Yan Zi Po, Yang Liu Tan, and Zhang Wo, with the downstream Yang Liu Tan and Zhang Wo power stations employing low head, riverbed-type development.

Main River Overview

Length

The Hengjiang River spans 307 kilometers, according to the Zhaotong Municipal Government website and the Guizhou Province Chronicle of Geography. The Zhaotong Regional Chronicle states it is 306 kilometers long, but these measurements may differ based on the source of origin.

Source

The river’s source is debated. Yunnan’s Zhaotong Regional Chronicle and Guizhou Province Chronicle of Geography cite Dishi Da Haizi in Shumao Township, Ludian County, as the source, considering the Sa Yu River as the main source. However, the latest Zhaotong Municipal Government website indicates the source is Caohai in Weining, Guizhou, considering the eastern branch of Luoze River as the main source. If Luoze River is considered the primary source, there is still a river called Liu Dong Qiao River upstream of Caohai, originating from the northern slopes of Yangmei Mountain in the Wumeng Mountains. Thus, the true source is likely the northern slopes of Yangmei Mountain in Weining County’s Wumeng Mountains.

In Guizhou Province

• Upstream: The Luoze River upstream is known as Bai Shui River, which in Weining Jinchong District is referred to as Liu Dong Qiao River. Liu Dong Qiao River originates from the northern slopes of Yangmei Mountain in the Wumeng Mountains, flowing northwest into Caohai, passing through Weining City, and then flowing north to Black Rock Cave where it submerges underground. It re-emerges at Guanzi Kiln and merges with floodwaters through drainage tunnels along the stream. It then flows northeast to Yang Jie, turns northwest, and reaches Guijia before turning west at Hengdi River Mouth and finally entering Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. The section from Yang Jie to Suojiawanzi is the boundary river between Weining and Hezhang Counties, marked on some maps as Xinglong River.

In Yunnan Province

• Flow: The river flows north through Zhaotong City, Yiliang County, and Daguang County. It merges with Sa Yu River and Bai Shui River, and then is called Hengjiang. It flows through Yanjin County, Shui Fu City in Yunnan, and Yibin County in Sichuan, eventually joining the Jinsha River at the Xiao’anba River estuary (across from Anbian Town in Yibin). The basin area is 15,000 square kilometers (with a slight difference in figures from the Guizhou Province Chronicle, which cites 14,175 square kilometers and 3,080 square kilometers within Guizhou Province). The annual runoff is about 8.82 billion cubic meters with an average flow of around 280 cubic meters per second.

Hydrological Characteristics

Hengjiang Hydrological Station Measurements

The Hengjiang Hydrological Station measurements show an average long-term flow rate of 1.4 meters per second, with a discharge of 298 cubic meters per second, a runoff of 9.216 billion cubic meters, and a sediment concentration of 0.92 kilograms per cubic meter. The annual sediment load is 8.34 million tons.

Runoff Characteristics

The runoff in the basin is primarily driven by precipitation, with minimal contribution from snowmelt. The basin features significant karst development, rich groundwater, and a distribution consistent with precipitation seasons. From June to October, runoff accounts for 60-70% of the annual total. The minimum flow usually occurs from March to May, with stable interannual variations. The average annual flow rate at the Hengjiang main stream outlet control station is 280 cubic meters per second, with an annual runoff of 8.82 billion cubic meters. Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, with the maximum annual flood peak often occurring in July or August. The highest recorded annual flow rate is 7,140 cubic meters per second (July 1992), while the lowest recorded annual flood peak is 1,820 cubic meters per second (July 1987). Historical flood flows have reached 15,200 cubic meters per second (July 1931), indicating significant variations between flood and dry conditions. [5]

Major Tributaries

Caohai Lake草海

Caohai, the source lake of the Baishui River, is located on the Weining Plateau in western Guizhou. It is a typical karst lake formed by geological influences. Initially, it was a basin between gentle hills with concentrated farmland and dense population. In August 1857, heavy rains caused mountain floods, which blocked drainage caves with debris, leading to the merging of northern and southern lakes into a single lake known as Caohai. The lake’s elevation is approximately 2,170 meters, with the largest historical water surface area reaching 48 square kilometers. In the early years of the People’s Republic of China, the maximum floodwater surface was still 45.5 square kilometers, with a low water surface area of 19 square kilometers, a normal water surface area of 31 square kilometers, and a maximum depth of 9 meters. The lake has a Buddhist hand shape and is abundant with aquatic plants and small fish and shrimp. The surrounding land can be used for one crop per year in winter and spring, though early rainy seasons may lead to flooding and crop failure.

Liudongqiao River六洞桥河

The Liudongqiao River is the main source of Caohai, originating from the northern slopes of Yangmei Mountain in the Wumeng Mountains. It flows northwest into the Caohai Lake with a catchment area of 127 square kilometers. The northern part of Caohai is known as Xiahai, which receives inflow from Gengjiatun, Ganhai, and Yangwan Rivers, with a total catchment area of 420 square kilometers. Caohai’s water storage is continuous year-round, but due to karst geological development, underground leakage occurs between Yangguan Mountain and Heiyan Cave. In the northern part near Guanzikou, water emerges, and floods are drained through Heiyan Cave’s flood tunnels into mountain streams, eventually merging with the Baishui River.

Luoze River洛泽河

The Luoze River, originating from Caohai in Weining, Guizhou, is a river originating from a lake. It flows 120 kilometers downstream from its source to Dawanzi, entering the territory of Yiliang County in Yunnan, passing through the city of Yiliang and entering the Hengjiang River. The river stretches 34 kilometers from Loujiawanzi to Dawanzi, serving as a boundary river between Yunnan and Guizhou. The river spans a total length of 156 kilometers with a drop of 1,509 meters, an average annual flow rate of 84.5 cubic meters per second, and a catchment area of 4,268 square kilometers with an average gradient of 9.6‰. Within Guizhou, it is known as the Baishui River, its upper reaches being Liudongqiao River. Liudongqiao River originates from the northern slopes of Yangmei Mountain in the Wumeng Mountains, flowing northwest into Caohai, then north to Daqiao and eventually underground through Heiyan Cave. The floodwater flows through flood tunnels and converges at Guanzikou, flowing northeast to Yangjie, then west to Guijia, and further to Hengdi River, eventually entering Yunnan. The section from Yangjie to Suojiawanzi marks the boundary between Weining and Hezhang counties.

Baishui River白水江

The Baishui River, a first-order tributary on the right bank of Hengjiang and a lower section of the Jinsha River system, originates from Mao’gu Village, Hezhang County, Guizhou Province. It flows southeast into Yunnan, passing through various towns in Zhenxiong County, including Niuchang, Wude, Luokan, and in Yiliang County, passing through Luowang and Niujie before merging with Hengjiang at Shiziba, Yanji County. The river has a total length of 128 kilometers, with an average gradient of 14.6‰, and a catchment area of 3,710 square kilometers. The basin’s geographical coordinates are 104°03′E to 104°59′E and 27°05′N to 28°00′N. The region lies in a low-latitude, high-altitude area transitioning from the Sichuan Basin to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with the terrain rising from southeast to northwest, and the river flowing consistently in that direction. Vegetation in the basin is relatively good, with karst development, numerous underground rivers, and abundant groundwater. The terrain is highly variable, with significant elevation changes ranging from the highest point at Jiao Ding Mountain at 2,173 meters to the lowest point at Shiziba at 450 meters, resulting in a 1,723-meter elevation difference. Major tributaries include Niuchang River, Yizhe River, Yanxi River, Washi River, Xiaogan Creek, Hongshi Creek, and Hongyan River.

Sayu River洒渔河

Sayu River, a first-order tributary on the right bank of the upper Jinsha River, is a major tributary of Hengjiang. It originates from Dahuizi, Shuimo Township, Ludian County, and flows east before turning north after passing through the Miaobizi Reservoir. After flowing through Tiexian, Shuimo, Longshu, and Xinjie townships, it turns southeast at Sujia Town and enters the Yudong Reservoir. Downstream from the Yudong Reservoir, it becomes the Sayu River. After merging with Leju River at Sayu Bridge, it continues as the Sayu River until it converges with the Luoze River at Dawanzi, becoming the Daguan River. It eventually flows through Yanjin and Shuifu before joining the Jinsha River. The Sayu River basin covers 3,558 square kilometers, with a length of 186 kilometers and an average gradient of 14.44‰.

Longshu River龙树河

Longshu River originates from Dahuizi in Tiexian Village, Shuimo Township. It flows north through Shuimo, Longshu, Xinjie, and Sujia townships, covering a catchment area of 532.65 square kilometers, which is 75.1% of the Sayu River basin. Of this area, 69% is in Ludian County, and 31% is in Zhaoyang District. The terrain is mainly mountainous, with steep slopes and underlying highly weathered basalt formations. The river has a length of 56 kilometers, a width of 15-30 meters, and an average gradient of 17.3‰. The region experiences frequent terrain rain and thunderstorms from May to October during the flood season. The high rainfall intensity, combined with poor soil and rock permeability, leads to rapid floods with high peaks. The 50-year return period flood peak flow rate is 130 cubic meters per second, with an average annual flow rate of 6.13 cubic meters per second and the lowest recorded flow rate of 0.43 cubic meters per second. The riverbanks are predominantly agricultural, making it a notable high-altitude rice production area and the second major rice-producing region in Ludian.

Zhaolu River昭鲁河

The Zhaolu River is a tributary of the Sayu River, formed by the confluence of three small streams in Ludian County: Shui Long Mountain at an elevation of 2,496.6 meters, which flows into Malu Gou River, and Dulu Mountain, which flows into Dulu River. The river flows through Niutouzhai, Liushu Zha, and Banbanfang, entering the Zhaotong area, and converges with the Taoyuan River at Chala Zha to form the Chala River. It continues to Huangjia Ba, where it joins the Sayu River, becoming the Zhaolu River, with a total length of 32 kilometers.

Chushui Weir出水堰

Chushui Weir is a spring that emerges from the Oilhouse Ditch Liangzi in Yuwan Village, Daguan County. It flows through the outskirts of Daguan County and merges into the Guan River at Jinping Village in Huangge Township.

Gaoqiao River高桥河

The Gaoqiao River originates from the Dou Peng Mountain branch of Wulian Peak. It flows through the Mugan and Gaoqiao townships in Daguan, eventually merging into the Guan River at Xiaoguan Creek.

Chuan Si River串丝河

The Chuan Si River springs from the Luohan Ping Mountain summit of the Wulian Peak branch. It flows through Chuan Si in Yanjin and Pu’er Township before joining the Guan River in Pu’er Town.

Shangxi River上溪河

The Shangxi River originates from the Dabao Peak Liangzi of the Wulian Peak branch. It flows through Pu’er Town and joins the Guan River at the confluence with Chuan Si River.

Zhongtan River中滩河

The Zhongtan River originates from Taiping Township in Shuifu City. It flows through Liangwan Township and joins the Guan River at Xintan Village.

Biaoshuiyan Waterfall彪水岩瀑布

The Guan River features the famous natural attraction Biaoshuiyan Waterfall, located at the border between Jing’an Township in Zhaotong and Shanggao Qiao Township in Daguan County. The waterfall has a drop of about 350 meters. Below the waterfall is the Qinglong Cave, a karst cave approximately 2000 meters deep, containing stalactites, bamboo shoots, and a river with clear water where small boats can be rowed.

Daguan River大关河

The Daguan River originates from Zhaotong’s Zuangou, flowing northward through Wuzhai River to Luohan Forest Lake. It exits through the Daguan River Cave in Daguan County and merges with the Sa Yu River to enter the Guan River. The Daguan River is 76.5 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 452.3 square kilometers and an average annual flow of 10.4 cubic meters per second. During winter and spring, the water is clear and produces stone flower vegetables.

Taoyuan River桃源河

The Taoyuan River originates from the mountainous edge of Taoyuan Cave in Ludian County, Zhaotong. It flows from Dingjiawan in Ludian, merging with the Chala River in Zhaotong to form the Zhaolu River. The river is 19.8 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 110 square kilometers and an average annual flow of 0-64 cubic meters per second. The riverbed is narrow, with a width of 4-7 meters.

Zhaolu Big River昭鲁大河

The Zhaolu River is a tributary of the Sa Yu River. It is formed by the confluence of three small tributaries in Ludian County:

• The Shui from Jilong Mountain, with an elevation of 2496.6 meters, flows into Mulu Creek and then to the eastern side of Yanchi Mountain, merging into the Tuzu Temple River.
• The Dulu Mountain Creek flows into the Dulu River and merges with the Tuzu Temple River, then flows through Niutou Village, Liushu Dam, and Banban House into the Zhaotong region. It joins with the Taoyuan River at Chala Dam, forming the Chala River, which flows into the Sa Yu River at Huangjia Dam.
• The Cha Chong Masha Well water flows through Tiejiawan and Dingjiawan and merges into the Chala River.

The section of the Zhaolu River along the Zhangjiabao to Laoya Rock in Zhaotong City is called the Zhaolu River, with a total length of 32 kilometers.

Shimo Creek石磨溪

Shimo Creek originates from Xintian Village, Pengyin Township, and flows through Fengming Village to join Hengjiang. The river is 8.4 kilometers long, with a drop of 303 meters. Plans include the construction of a 2 million cubic meter regulation reservoir, capable of developing 600 kilowatts of water energy.

Huangge Creek黄格溪

Huangge Creek flows into the Sayu River. It originates from the Baisha River in Daxia Village, Yudong Town, and passes through Qinglin, Sanjie, and Zhoujia, where it merges with the Sayu River.

Quanba River圈坝河

Quanba River originates from Fulong Township and is 15.6 kilometers long. It receives water from two tributaries originating in Guanying Township, which are each 20 kilometers long. The river flows west and enters Hengjiang at Fulongkou.

The river has a catchment area of 93.7 square kilometers and a vertical drop of 300 meters. The average annual flow rate is 2.3 cubic meters per second, and it has the potential to develop 520 kilowatts of hydroelectric power.

Hydropower Development

The 1983 “Hengjiang Survey Report (Yanjin to River Mouth Section)” (prepared by the Kunming Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Energy and the Chengdu Survey and Design Institute, also known as the “93 Plan”) proposed a six-level development scheme for the Hengjiang mainstream. The plan includes the construction of the Sayu Tuo Hydropower Station, Wannian Bridge Hydropower Station, Swallow Slope Hydropower Station, Yangliu Beach Hydropower Station, Zhangwo Hydropower Station, and Fulongkou Hydropower Station from upstream to downstream. The six-tiered development utilizes a drop of 127.5 meters, with an installed capacity of approximately 288,000 kilowatts and an average annual power generation of 1.501 billion kilowatt-hours.

Water Storage Projects

Yudong Reservoir

Located in Leju Village, Leju Township, Zhaotong City, the Yudong Reservoir belongs to the Hengjiang River system of the Jinsha River basin. The reservoir’s terrain slopes from northwest to southeast with steep mountains and deep valleys. At the normal water level of 1,985 meters above sea level, the water surface area is 13.57 square kilometers, with a shoreline length of 157 kilometers. The catchment area is 709 square kilometers, with an average width of 8.8 kilometers and an average elevation of 2,465 meters. The maximum water depth is 84.39 meters, and the average water depth is 40.0 meters. The total storage capacity is 364 million cubic meters. The highest point is at Chou Shui Liangzi, Dingshui Village, Tiexing Township, with an altitude of 3,111.4 meters. The reservoir serves multiple functions, including agricultural irrigation, urban drinking water, flood control, tourism, aquaculture, and climate regulation. Major inflow rivers include Xiaosongshu River, Diluo River, Longshu River, Buchu River, Guazhai River, Juele River, and Xin River.

Maobizi Reservoir

Built in 1958 and completed in 1960, the Maobizi Reservoir is a homogeneous earth dam with a height of 40.2 meters, a top length of 156 meters, and a width of 4-4.5 meters. It has a runoff area of 25.6 square kilometers, an annual average runoff of 12.54 million cubic meters, a 100-year flood peak flow rate of 111.4 cubic meters per second, and a minimum flow rate of 0.06 cubic meters per second. The total storage capacity is 5.336 million cubic meters, including a dead storage capacity of 690,000 cubic meters and a usable capacity of 4.646 million cubic meters. The reservoir is primarily used for irrigation and is classified as a small (type I) reservoir.

Dishui Haizi Reservoir

The Dishui Haizi Reservoir was surveyed and initiated in 1958, with a planned dam height of 4 meters. It has a runoff area of 15.6 square kilometers and a storage capacity of 15 million cubic meters. Construction was halted in the second year after initiation. It is currently planned for expansion.

Yao Mai Di Reservoir

A small (type I) reservoir, the Yao Mai Di Reservoir was started in 1969 and completed in 1972. It is a homogeneous earth dam with a height of 30 meters, a top length of 185 meters, and a width of 4 meters. It has a runoff area of 15.6 square kilometers, an average annual inflow of 10.71 million cubic meters, and a 50-year flood peak flow rate of 700,000 cubic meters. The total storage capacity is 2.67 million cubic meters, including a dead storage capacity of 123,000 cubic meters and a usable capacity of 2.547 million cubic meters. The reservoir is mainly used for irrigation.

Xiao Haizi Reservoir

A small (type II) reservoir, the Xiao Haizi Reservoir was constructed in 1958 and completed in 1959. It has a dam height of 19.5 meters, a runoff area of 0.01 square kilometers, and a total storage capacity of 484,000 cubic meters, including a dead storage capacity of 57,700 cubic meters and a usable capacity of 426,300 cubic meters. The reservoir is primarily used for irrigation.

Yongfeng Reservoir

Located in Xingen Dayuanzi, Nanyongfeng Town, Zhaotong City, the Yongfeng Reservoir started construction in 1955 and was completed in May 1956. It has a designed dam height of 11 meters, a length of 117 meters, and a top width of 6 meters. The reservoir is a homogeneous earth dam with a total storage capacity of 8.56 million cubic meters. It includes high and low irrigation canals, with the high canal being 8.16 kilometers long and branching into two main branches: the Fenghuang branch (30.64 kilometers) and the Sanjia branch (19.2 kilometers). The low canal uses the Zhaolu River for irrigation. Originally designed to irrigate 20,159 acres, it currently irrigates over 20,000 acres.

Duanjia Stone Bridge Reservoir

Located 12 kilometers east of Zhaotong City, the Duanjia Stone Bridge Reservoir has a dam height of 21.93 meters and a total storage capacity of 10.8 million cubic meters. It was designed to irrigate 17,447 acres, with actual irrigation covering 15,000 acres. The main canal is 12.48 kilometers long, with the Yongle branch canal being 24 kilometers long and the Ganhe branch canal being 8.5 kilometers long. Construction began in 1957 and was completed in 1959.

Yingji Weir

According to historical records, in the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), the “Yingji Weir” was approved for construction at Longdongkou. Built by General Wen Qi of Zhu Ti County during the Western Han Dynasty, it was later reconstructed in the ninth year of Qianlong (1744) by Yu Sheng in Zhaotong County and is one of the imperial weirs. By 1949, it had irrigated 8,000 acres. In 1953, the dam was raised to 10 meters and later expanded again in 1972, increasing the irrigation area to 17,030 acres. It uses the Liji River as its main canal for irrigation.

Taoyuan Reservoir

Located 7 kilometers south of Ludian County, the Taoyuan Reservoir, originally known as Shaojia Weir, was built in 1941 and completed in 1943. It has a storage capacity of 3 million cubic meters and includes three irrigation channels with a total length of 11.5 kilometers, serving 370 acres of farmland in Taoyuan, Togu, Tiejiayuan, Puzhilu, and Hulu Kou. In 1951, it was renamed Taoyuan Reservoir. After several renovation projects, the storage capacity was reduced to 2.32 million cubic meters.

Yanchi Mountain Reservoir

Located 2.5 kilometers south of Ludian County, at the old site of Chijia Weir, the Yanchi Mountain Reservoir has a main dam height of 16 meters and a length of 230 meters, with an auxiliary dam height of 6 meters and a length of 238 meters. The total storage capacity is 4.856 million cubic meters. Construction began in May 1956 and was completed in May 1957, with a total irrigation area of 5,920 acres.

Water Diversion Projects

Sayu Dam洒渔大堰

Originally named Sayu Guaogou and later renamed Lianhe Dam, Sayu Dam is located on the west bank of the Sayu River in Zhaotong City, 18 kilometers from the city center. It irrigates 15,000 acres of land. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), the dam was widened to 4 meters and deepened to 2.7 meters. By 1949, the Zhaolu Water Conservancy Association expanded the project, extending the channel by 2.62 kilometers to a total length of 12.62 kilometers. By 1990, the irrigated area reached 4,100 acres.

Leju Dam乐居大堰

Located in Xinxin Village, Leju Township, Zhaotong City, 28 kilometers from the city center, Leju Dam began construction in October 1954 and was completed by the end of November that year, with a length of 13 kilometers. It initially irrigated 500 acres with a flow rate of 0.8 cubic meters/second. In 1956, construction continued, extending the channel to 22 kilometers, irrigating 8,300 acres. By 1960, additional water pumping stations and small dams increased the irrigated area to 11,000 acres. By 1990, the irrigated area was 8,000 acres, improving irrigation over 8,924 acres. It is a key water conservancy project for grain production in Zhaotong.

Chushui Weir

Located at the boundary between Dagu County and Zhaotong City, Chushui Weir extends through Luohanlin, Yuwan, Cuihua, and Huangge, with a total length of 57.1 kilometers. Construction started in November 1958 and completed 20.5 kilometers of the channel by April 1960. After a pause, construction resumed in 1974, and by 1982, the Huanglian River Power Station with a capacity of 2X320 kilowatts was built on the channel. By 1984, the project was completed with a total length of 36.6 kilometers. By 1990, it irrigated 2,708 acres and provided water to 1,297 households, serving 7,532 people, with an annual power generation of 8.64-10 million kilowatt-hours. It is a major water conservancy project for Dagu County.

Hydropower Projects

Luoze River Hydropower Station洛泽河水电站

Located in Luoze Town, Yiliang, Luoze River Hydropower Station is the fourth level of the six-stage hydropower planning for the Luoze River. The dam is situated at Guoquan Rock in Luoze Town, with a designed installed capacity of 2X12,500 kilowatts and an annual power generation of 163 million kilowatt-hours. The reservoir has a normal water level of 19.44 million cubic meters, with an effective capacity of 18.64 million cubic meters. Construction began in 1980, resumed in 1983, and was completed in December 1987, with power generation starting on New Year’s Day 1988.

Mawo Hydropower Station麻窝电站

Located in Luoze Town, Yiliang, 18 kilometers from the county seat, Mawo Hydropower Station is the fifth development stage of the Luoze River. Construction began on March 10, 1977, with the installation of 2X1,250-kilowatt units for power generation in 1979. The project was completed on May 1, 1980, with a total installed capacity of 5X1,250 kilowatts.

Shaba Cascade Hydropower Station沙坝梯级电站

Located 30 kilometers northwest of Ludian County, Shaba Cascade Hydropower Station utilizes water from Xujia Cave Longdong Spring, constructing four levels of hydropower stations on the right bank of Shaba River. Construction started in March 1971 and was completed in February 1975. It initially had a 2X250-kilowatt first-level station. In 1988, one 326-kilowatt generator was replaced. The second-level station with a capacity of 2X1,000 kilowatts was built between 1975 and 1979, the third-level station with a capacity of 2X1,000 kilowatts was completed between 1985 and 1987, and the fourth-level station with a capacity of 2X1,600 kilowatts was finished between 1989 and 1990. The total installed capacity is 7,770 kilowatts.

Daguan River Hydropower Station大关河电站

Located at the confluence of Jili and Shoushan in Daguan County, Daguan River Hydropower Station was surveyed and designed in October 1966, with the 200-kilowatt Jili Township Power Station completed in 1967. Between 1974 and 1978, two additional 200-kilowatt units were installed. The station was expanded between 1985 and 1988, reaching a total installed capacity of 2,600 kilowatts by 1990, with an annual power generation of 10.5 million kilowatt-hours.

Sa Yu Tuo Hydropower Station撒鱼沱水电站

The primary focus of Sa Yu Tuo Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation development. The construction emphasizes flood control in the reservoir area. It is a medium-sized project with a riverbed layout that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 141 meters, a total capacity of 10.41 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 3.67 million cubic meters. The installed capacity is 60,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 346.2 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 284 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,783 hours.

Wannen Bridge Hydropower Station万年桥水电站

The main task of Wannen Bridge Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation. The scope of power supply is the same as Sa Yu Tuo Hydropower Station. The project is medium-sized with a riverbed layout that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 389 meters, a total capacity of 18.16 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 920,000 cubic meters. The installed capacity is 60,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 363.6 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 297 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,646 hours.

YanziPo Hydropower Station燕子坡水电站

The main focus of YanziPo Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation. The scope of power supply is the same as Sa Yu Tuo Hydropower Station. The project is medium-sized with a riverbed layout that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 364 meters, a total capacity of 20.87 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 420,000 cubic meters. The installed capacity is 64,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 393.6 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 300 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,582 hours.

Yangliutan Hydropower Station杨柳滩水电站

The main task of Yangliutan Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation. The scope of power supply is the same as Sa Yu Tuo Hydropower Station. The project is medium-sized with a riverbed layout that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 377 meters, a total capacity of 32.05 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 3.22 million cubic meters. The installed capacity is 54,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 418.5 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 248 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,586 hours.

Dayu Kong Hydropower Station大鱼孔水电站

The main focus of Dayu Kong Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation. The power supply area includes the Yibin County local power grid. The project is medium-sized with a riverbed layout that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 320.3 meters, a total capacity of 18.20 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 1.33 million cubic meters. The installed capacity is 30,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 452.7 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 125 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,163 hours.

Zhangwo Hydropower Station张窝水电站

The main focus of Zhangwo Hydropower Station is power generation, with future plans for navigation. The power supply area is the Sichuan power grid. The reservoir has a normal water level of 311.9 meters, a total capacity of 12 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 3.30 million cubic meters. The installed capacity is 54,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 418 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 300 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 5,003 hours.

Fulongkou Hydropower Station伏龙口水电站

The main focus of Fulongkou Hydropower Station is power generation in the short term, with future plans for navigation. The power supply area includes Yibin and Shui Fu counties. The project has a medium-sized layout with a riverbed that includes both full and partial damming. The reservoir has a normal water level of 379 meters, a total capacity of 23.50 million cubic meters, and a daily regulation capacity of 1.20 million cubic meters. The installed capacity is 65,000 kilowatts, with a designed flow rate of 350 cubic meters/second and an average annual power generation of 285 million kilowatt-hours, with an annual utilization of 4,885 hours.

Waterways and Navigation

Navigation Channels

Hengjiang River

The Hengjiang River, a major tributary of the lower Yangtze River, originates from Maomaoshan in Shuinan Township, Ludian County. It flows northward and is known as the Longshu River in Ludian, the Sa Yu River in Zhaotong, and the Guan River in Daguan and Yanjin. It is referred to as the Hengjiang River in Shuifu before merging into the Yangtze River at Shuifu Mouth. The river is 343 kilometers long.

The Hengjiang River runs through the rugged, high-altitude northeastern plateau of Yunnan, characterized by steep slopes and powerful currents. The river experiences a significant drop, with a 133.9-meter elevation difference along a 93-kilometer stretch from the Salt Well Dam to the Yangtze River mouth, resulting in a gradient of 1.44%. The river’s upper reaches are marked by deep-cut valleys, narrow riverbeds, sharp bends, and turbulent flows, presenting substantial navigation challenges with 32 dangerous shoals. Downstream, the river is slightly more navigable but still faces difficulties with 34 dangerous shoals.

• Above Salt Well County to Lianghekou (13 kilometers): The river here is narrow, with many shoals and strong currents, presenting 18 dangerous shoals.
• Above Lianghekou: Water flow decreases sharply, with a dry-season flow rate of 25 cubic meters per second. The river is generally 20-30 meters wide, with a high drop and numerous rocks, making navigation difficult.

Historical Navigation Efforts:

• Qing Dynasty (Qianlong Era): The Qing government began efforts to improve the navigation of the Hengjiang River to transport copper from Yunnan to Beijing. However, these efforts were unsuccessful, and transportation across the shoals required frequent portaging.
• Republic of China Era: Continued efforts to manage the river were not fully effective.
• 1955-1962: The river was partially improved, making it possible for wooden boats to travel directly from Salt Well to Yibin. During this period, 88 kilometers of the river were navigable.
• 1978: The construction of a dam in the Lianyu Cave area obstructed the river, leading to increased hazards and changes in the river course. Navigation ceased in 1979.

Navigable Sections in County Areas:

• Hengjiang River in County Sections (52 kilometers): The river has been partially improved. In the fourth year of the Qianlong era, the Fulongkou shoal navigation channel was dredged. In the 23rd year of the Republic of China, the “Minfa” steamer of Minsheng Company successfully navigated from Anbian to Hengjiang. Shoals such as Masang Han, Jian Cao, and Liangshui Well above Zhangwo required boats to be unloaded and transferred at shoal locations during the Republic era. After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, in 1954, a team of 30 stonemasons and 330 laborers was organized to dredge the Jian Cao and Liangshui Well shoals, eliminating the need for unloading and transferring boats.

Ferries

Salt Well County:

• Ferry Points: Qiliba, Huangge Cavity, Eagle Mouth Rock, Pine Forest Beach, Drift Water Rock, Eight Li, Reef, Central Beach, and Beachhead Dock.

Daguan County:

• Ferry Points: Zhiba and Cuojie River.

Yiliang County:

• Historical Ferries: Originally 22 ferry points on the Bai Shui River and Luo Ze River, reduced to 5 ferry points (Yangjia, Shuanghe, Papan Shop, Datang, and Tiaobao) by the 1990s.

Shuifu City:

• Ferry Points: Nine ferry points on the Hengjiang River.

These waterways and ferry points have been crucial for regional transportation and trade, despite ongoing challenges due to the rugged terrain and changing river conditions.

Chinese Name:楚雄市龙川江
English Name: Longchuanjiang River in Chuxiong

Overview

Longchuan River, a first-level tributary of the Jinsha River on the southern bank, has abundant water sources. It originates from the Puzhao Pond on the east side of Tianzi Temple Slope in Nanhua County, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The river flows east through Nanhua County and Chuxiong City, then turns north into Luxi County and Yuanmou County, crossing the Yuanmou Basin before merging into the Jinsha River in Jiangbian Township, northern Yuanmou. The total length of the river is approximately 246 kilometers, with a watershed area of 9,240.7 square kilometers. The elevation difference between the source and the mouth is over 1,600 meters, with an average riverbed slope of 4.8‰ and an average watershed altitude of 1,992 meters. The watershed is predominantly mountainous and hilly, making up 95% of the area, with river valleys and shallow hills comprising about 5%.

Historical Names

Longchuan River was known as Yanshui during the Han Dynasty. The “Shuijingzhu” notes: “Yanshui enters the Jinsha River near Sanxian County (now Huili, Sichuan).” It was first named Longchuan River during the Ming Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty’s “Yitongzhi” described the river as follows: “Longchuan River, upstream known as Bailong River, flows from the west of Zhennan Prefecture (Nanhua County) to the southeast, passing through the southern part of the prefecture, also called Ping Yi Chuan, and continues southeast through the northern part of the prefecture, passing Qingshan and continuing as E Lu Chuan, then turning northeast through Dingyuan County (now Mouding County) to the southeast. It exits below Shimen Mountain and joins with the south river of Dingyuan County (including Mouding River) before continuing northeast through Guangtong County as Dazhang River, then north through Heijingsi and eventually into the Yuanmou County boundary of Wuding Prefecture, merging into the Jinsha River.” Today, different sections of Longchuan River have various names: the upper reaches in Nanhua County are called Bailong River, flowing into Chuxiong City as Longchuan River or Longchuan Jiang, and in the Heijing area of Mouding County, it is known as Heijing Dazhang River, while the lower reaches are again referred to as Longchuan Jiang. The flow direction of the river is northwest-southeast above Chuxiong City and south-north into the main stream below. [1]

Source and Tributaries

The river source area is mainly mountainous with developed river networks. The main stream is formed by the convergence of various mountain streams, with significant rivers such as Lao Chang River. The main stream flows through three basins: Nanhua, Chuxiong, and Yuanmou, with a wide, shallow, and curved riverbed and gentle slope. Other river sections are valley areas where the main rivers flowing into Longchuan River include Qingling River and Pudeng River.

Hydrology and Climate

Longchuan River is a mountain rain-season river, with runoff replenished by rainfall. The watershed is influenced by the dry-hot valleys of the Jinsha River, characterized by a later onset and earlier end of the rainy season compared to other regions in Yunnan. The average annual rainfall is 800 mm, which is 64% of the Yunnan average, with particularly scarce rainfall during the dry season and less rainfall during the rainy season compared to other areas. The annual variability in rainfall is the highest in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Yuanmou, Yongren, Mouding, and Yao’an areas.

River Gradient and Water Resources

The natural drop of Longchuan River is 1,474 meters, with an average gradient of 5.65‰. The average annual flow is 52.2 cubic meters per second, with a theoretical hydropower potential of about 230,000 kilowatts. Major hydropower stations include Dahai Bo, Luomozuo, Dishui Jing, Shang Shen, and Hujiao Beach. [1]

Agricultural and Economic Impact

The basin has concentrated agricultural land, with major basins including Nanhua Basin, Chuxiong Basin, Mouding Basin, Yao’an Basin, Dayao Basin, Yuanmou Basin, and Yongren Basin. The total land area of the basins is 1,547 square kilometers, accounting for 55.6% of the entire basin area. The cultivated land area in these basins is 768,000 mu, representing 60% of the total cultivated land of 1,274,000 mu in the basin. The degree of irrigation development in the basin is about 60%. The capital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located within this basin, making it a major political, economic, and cultural center in central Yunnan.

Geographic Location

The Longchuan River basin is situated in the transitional zone between the Hengduan Mountains and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The majority of the basin features a medium mountain and hilly landform. The upper and middle reaches are characterized by high mountains, steep slopes, and deeply cut riverbeds with significant topographical variations. The lower reaches have a gentler terrain, forming a basin.

Hydrological Climate

The Longchuan River basin experiences a low-latitude plateau monsoon climate. In summer and autumn, it is affected by warm and humid air currents from the Bay of Bengal and the North Bay. In winter and spring, it is influenced by dry warm air currents from the Indian mainland and cold air from the north. The climate types in the basin include subtropical monsoon, northern tropical, northern subtropical, and southern subtropical climates, with distinct wet and dry seasons, large daily temperature variations, and small annual temperature differences. The annual average temperature ranges from 14.8 to 21.9°C.

The Longchuan River has distinct wet and dry seasons with relatively low rainfall. The rainiest area in the basin is around Wutai Mountain in Nanhua County, with an annual rainfall of up to 1,600 mm. The driest area is in the Jinsha River valley, mainly in Jiangyi Township and Jiangbian Township in Yuanmou County, with annual rainfall of less than 800 mm.

Chinese Name:曲靖黄泥河
English Name: Huangnihe River in Qujing

Huangni River is one of the main tributaries on the northern bank of the Nanpan River, which is part of the Xijiang River system in the upper reaches of the Pearl River Basin. It is situated at the border between Yunnan (Dian) and Guizhou (Qian) provinces, specifically between Qujing City in Yunnan Province and Xingyi City in Qianxinan Prefecture, Guizhou Province. The river originates from Panjia Cave in Baishui Town, located in the northeastern part of Zhaoyang District, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, at the eastern foothills of the Wumeng Mountains. The section above Chajiang, stretching 172 kilometers, is referred to as the Kuaize River within Yunnan Province, while the 49-kilometer section below Chajiang serves as the boundary river between Yunnan and Guizhou. The Huangni River has a total length of 220 kilometers, a drainage area of 7,416 square kilometers, and an average flow rate of 172 cubic meters per second.

Geographical Description

The Huangni River flows between Luoping County in Qujing City, Yunnan Province, and Xingyi City in Qianxinan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, marking the border between Yunnan and Guizhou. Originating from Panjia Cave in Baishui Town, northeastern Zhaoyang District, Qujing City, the river begins at the eastern foothills of the Wumeng Mountains. It flows from west to southeast, then turns eastward, joining a larger tributary, the Xiao Huangni River, at Chajiang. After this confluence, it bends southwest and merges into the Nanpan River at Sanjiangkou in Xingyi City, Guizhou Province. The section above Chajiang is known as the Kuaize River, while the section below serves as the boundary between the two provinces.

Watershed Characteristics

The Huangni River basin is located between longitudes 103°55′ to 104°50′ E and latitudes 24°40′ to 25°40′ N. The watershed covers areas within Qujing City (urban area), Zhaoyang District, Luliang County, Fuyuan County, Shizong County, and Luoping County in Yunnan Province, as well as Xingyi City and Pan County in Guizhou Province, encompassing a total of six counties and two cities. The main tributaries include the Luoping River and the Xiao Huangni River. The basin’s topography is characterized by high elevations in the north and lower elevations in the south, with the highest point reaching 2,258 meters and the lowest point at the river mouth being 772 meters. The region is known for its well-developed karst formations, underground river sections, and numerous wells and springs. Mineral resources found in the area include molybdenum, coal, sulfur, and gypsum. The total population in the basin is approximately 208,700, predominantly engaged in agriculture. The agricultural population is about 188,400, with a total cultivated area of 174,300 mu (about 11,620 hectares). The level of water conservancy development is relatively low, with an effective irrigated area of only 21,900 mu (about 1,460 hectares), and a guaranteed irrigated area of 19,300 mu (about 1,287 hectares).

River Protection Initiatives

On June 24, 2017, Xia Hongmin, a member of the Standing Committee of the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and Secretary of the Provincial Discipline Inspection Commission, led a “Protecting the Mother River” themed patrol of the Huangni River in Xingyi City, Qianxinan Prefecture. The event was hosted by Zou Bisheng, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Executive Deputy Director of the Guizhou Provincial Public Security Department. The activity involved officials from the Provincial Discipline Inspection Commission, Public Security Department, Water Resources Department, Environmental Protection Department, Development and Reform Commission, Qianxinan Prefecture, Liupanshui City, as well as representatives of local cadres and residents along the river.

River and Lake Chiefs

The provincial-level river and lake chief responsible for the Huangni River is Chen Shaobo, a member of the Standing Committee of the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and the Secretary General of the Provincial Party Committee.