Chinese Name:阿七独支玛
English Name: Aqi Duzhima
Hometown: 宁蒗县永宁乡温泉村委会瓦拉别村
Source from:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/阿七独支玛/9329086
http://special.yunnan.cn/feature14/html/2016-09/14/content_4533178.htm
Origin
According to the textual research of experts and scholars, Reba Dance(热巴舞) originated in Tibet in the 11th century AD, that is, the Northern Song Dynasty(北宋时期). Around the middle and late eleventh century, Tibetan Buddhism Gaju School (噶举派)was introduced to Diqing County(迪庆), and the Reba dance became popular.
The Reba Dance was initiated by Milarepa(米拉日巴), the second generation ancestor of the Gaju School. At first, it was only danced in temples for sacrifice and propaganda of the law. Later, it spread to the people and formed various schools and styles of the Reba Dance, such as the present Reba Festival(祭祀热巴), Wandering Reba(流浪热巴), Business Reba(商务热巴), Lisu Leiba Dance(傈僳族肋巴舞), Naxi Leba Dance(纳西勒巴舞) and so on. It has become many ethnic people’s favorite dance .
Legend
During the period of Chisong Dezan(赤松德赞), King of Tibet, Baimajiongnai(白马迥乃), Master Lotus and Peanut, whom Chisong Dezan invited from Tianzhu State(天竺) discussed the construction of Sangye Temple(桑耶寺).
After the construction began, the workers worked from morning to night, but when they arrived at the construction site the next day, as if they had not moved, all the stones and earth had returned to their original positions for several consecutive days. According Jiang Ge Abu’s (江格阿布)divination, Chisong Dezan invited Master Milarepa to the site. He taught people dancing Reba and for nine days and nine nights. The devastating monsters were attracted by the Reba dance. When they come back to their senses, the Sangye Temple had been built.
From then on, Milarepa walked around the world with his great disciple Riqiongduo Jiezaba(日琼多杰扎巴) and came to Snow Peak at the foot of Kawagbo Snow Mountain(卡瓦博格雪山) to teach the dance to the Sinong Peasants(斯农人). From then on, there was Sinong Reba Dance.
Distribution area
After the Reba Dance spread to Dehong Prefecture(德宏州), it was not only inherited by Tibetans, but also learned and inherited by Lisu(傈僳族) and Naxi (纳西族) ethnic nationalities.
In the process of their inheritance in various areas of Diqing County, they also integrated their own national and regional cultures, forming the Reba Dance of Diqing County, which spread to all parts of Diqing. At present, Diqing Reba Dance is still retained and spread in Diqing. Hobo Reba includes Sinong Tibetan Reba Dance(斯农热巴舞) in Deqin, Zimuxiong Reba Dance (子母熊热巴) and Lisu Leiba Dance(傈僳族肋巴舞) in Shangri-la. Sacrificial Reba mainly includes Tacheng Tibetan Shenchuan Reba (塔城藏族神川热巴)in Weixi County(维西县), Badi & Mugaoli Lisu Leiiba Dance(巴迪, 木高傈僳族肋巴舞) in Shangjiang Township(上江乡) and Xiasuoyi, Shangsuoyi Naxi Leba Dance(下所邑,上所邑纳西族勒巴舞) in Jinjiang Township(金江乡) , etc.
Chinese Version: http://www.dqich.cn/baohuminglu/detail/16/64 Translated by Olive Zhang/张银芳
Keep Reading
(哈达村) Hada Village is part of the (迪庆藏族自治州) Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, located in (维西傈僳族自治县) Weixi Lisu Autonomous County, (塔城镇) Tacheng Town, (启别村委会) Qibie Village Committee, in the basin area. It is situated at the edge of the town, 1.00 km from the village committee and 3.50 km from the town center. Hada Village is adjacent to (香格里拉市) Shangri-La City, (德钦县) Deqin County, and (丽江市) Lijiang City.
Cultural and Historical Background
Hada Village is a model unit for ethnic unity and progress in Yunnan Province and is a key rural tourism village nationwide. The name “Hada” comes from the (纳西语) Naxi language, meaning “place of turning ears.” The village is home to a variety of ethnic groups, including Tibetans, Naxi, Lisu, and others. These ethnic communities have blended their cultures, creating a unique folk culture.
Folk Customs
The folk customs in Hada Village are rich and vibrant, with distinct ethnic characteristics. The following are several major cultural activities:
- Marriage Customs: The village’s marriage rituals include three steps: “波罗酥” (Bo Luo Su), “日重” (Ri Zhong), and “拜图” (Bai Tu). “Bo Luo Su” involves making deep-fried rice balls, symbolizing unity and happiness.
- Collective Bonfire Ritual: An important part of the village’s traditional festival customs, villagers gather at places like sacred mountains and white pagodas to perform a bonfire ceremony for blessings.
- Reba Dance: Popular in Tacheng Town, the Reba Dance is an ancient Tibetan folk art with a long history and unique artistic style.
Weather and Best Time to Visit
Hada Village is located in the (云岭纵谷地区) Yunling Long Valley region of the Hengduan Mountains, which has a subtropical and temperate monsoon highland mountain climate with distinct vertical climatic zones. The annual average temperature is around 13.1°C, with annual precipitation of about 1000.7 mm. The best times to visit are in spring and autumn when the weather is pleasant and the scenery is at its most beautiful.
Recommended Attractions
- Traditional Residences of Hada Village: Experience the unique ethnic architectural style.
- Lapu River: An important tributary of the Jinsha River, flowing through the heart of Tacheng Town, offering beautiful scenic views.
- Damo Patriarch Cave: Located to the east of Qibie Village, about 5.6 km away.
- Shangri-La Yunnan Golden Monkey National Park: Located northwest of Qibie Village, about 10.2 km away.
Suggested Duration for Each Destination
- Overall Visit to Hada Village: 1 day to experience the local folk culture.
- Lapu River Tour: Half a day to enjoy the natural beauty.
- Damo Patriarch Cave: Half a day to explore the religious culture.
- Shangri-La Yunnan Golden Monkey National Park: 1 day to observe rare animals.
Transportation
- By Car: From Weixi County, travel along the road to Tacheng Town and then to Hada Village, a total of about 52 km.
- Public Transport: Take a bus from Weixi County Passenger Station to Tacheng Town, then transfer to local transportation.
Cuisine
- Weixi Honey: A local specialty with a rich flavor.
- Pise Meat: A Lisu ethnic delicacy with a unique taste.
- Clear Soup Fish: Fresh fish from the Lancang River, known for its delicious taste.
Shopping
- Ethnic Handicrafts: Items like wooden bowls and Tsampa boxes, full of ethnic charm.
- Weixi Walnuts: A local product known for its high quality.
Accommodation
There are Tibetan-style guesthouses in Hada Village and the surrounding area, offering good conditions to experience Tibetan culture.
Travel Tips
- Respect Local Customs: When visiting, be sure to respect the religious beliefs and traditional customs of the local ethnic groups.
- Protect the Environment: Hada Village has a good ecological environment; please be mindful of protecting the surroundings during your visit.
- Safety: The roads to Hada Village can be rugged, so take care when driving.
Suggested Itinerary
- Day 1: Arrive at Hada Village, visit traditional residences, experience local folk culture, and taste local specialties.
- Day 2: Visit Lapu River to enjoy the natural scenery; in the afternoon, go to Damo Patriarch Cave to learn about religious culture.
- Day 3: Visit Shangri-La Yunnan Golden Monkey National Park to observe rare animals; return to Weixi County or continue to other attractions.
Hada Village is a place rich in ethnic character and cultural heritage, ideal for travelers who enjoy folk culture and natural beauty. Here, you can experience the warm hospitality of the local people and appreciate the unique charm of ancient ethnic cultures. We hope you have a fulfilling and unforgettable trip to Hada Village.
Overview
- Chinese Name: 迪庆州维西县塔城哈达丰收文化节
- English Name: Hada Bumper Harvest Culture Festival of Naxi Ethnic Minority in Tacheng Town of Weixi Couty, Diqing
- Location: 迪庆州维西县塔城镇启别村哈达哈达村/Hadahada Village, Qibie Village, Tacheng Town, Weixi County, Diqing Prefecture
The Hada Bumper Harvest Culture Festival is a vibrant celebration held by the Naxi ethnic minority in Tacheng Town, located in Weixi County, Diqing Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. This festival is an important occasion that acknowledges and honors the agricultural efforts of the Naxi people, celebrating the harvest and showcasing their rich cultural heritage.
Origins of the Festival
The origins of the Hada Bumper Harvest Culture Festival can be traced back to the traditional agricultural practices of the Naxi people. The Naxi community, known for their deep connection to farming, celebrated the harvest as a gesture of gratitude towards nature and the spirits. The festival is typically held in the autumn, after the harvest season, symbolizing abundance, community unity, and cultural identity.
The term “Hada” refers to a ceremonial silk scarf or offering, which is an important symbol in Tibetan and Naxi cultures. It is often presented as a token of goodwill, respect, and blessings during ceremonies. The festival’s focus on harvest celebrates the successful yield of crops and fosters a spirit of gratitude for the natural world.
Local Activities During the Festival
The Hada Bumper Harvest Culture Festival features a variety of activities that showcase the rich traditions of the Naxi people and their unique cultural practices. Some key activities include:
1. Opening Ceremonies
- Ritual Offerings: The festival typically starts with a ceremonial offering, where locals present hada scarves and other gifts to deities or ancestral spirits. This symbolizes gratitude for the harvest and seeks blessings for future agricultural endeavors.
- Prayers and Blessings: Local leaders and shamans conduct prayers to ensure continued harmony and prosperity in the community.
2. Traditional Music and Dance
- Naxi Folk Music and Dance: One of the highlights of the festival is the performance of traditional Naxi music and dance. Local artists perform folk songs that often tell stories of nature, love, and daily life, accompanied by traditional instruments such as the lusheng (a type of reed pipe) and handmade drums.
- Dances: Community members participate in group dances, which are characterized by rhythmic movements and colorful costumes, reflecting the joyful spirit of the festival.
3. Culinary Celebrations
- Harvest Feasts: Festivities often include communal meals where families come together to share special dishes made from the harvest. This may feature local specialties such as Naxi-style dumplings, wild mushrooms, and various crops harvested during the season.
- Food Sharing: The act of sharing food is significant, reinforcing community bonds and celebrating abundance.
4. Cultural Exhibitions and Crafts
- Artisan Displays: Local artisans showcase traditional crafts, including handmade textiles, pottery, and wood carvings. This provides an opportunity for cultural exchange and preservation of local art forms.
- Storytelling and Traditions: Elders share traditional stories, myths, and legends, helping to pass down cultural knowledge to younger generations and keeping the community’s history alive.
5. Agricultural Competitions and Games
- Traditional Sports: The festival may also feature traditional competitions, such as archery or tug-of-war, which encourage friendly rivalry and foster a sense of community spirit.
- Demonstrations of Farming Skills: Many activities will include demonstrations of traditional farming techniques, showcasing the skills and practices necessary for successful agriculture in the region.
Conclusion
The Hada Bumper Harvest Culture Festival is a vibrant celebration that embodies the spirit and cultural richness of the Naxi ethnic minority in Tacheng Town, Weixi County. It serves as a testament to their agricultural heritage, community cohesion, and the preservation of cultural traditions. Through rituals, music, dance, food, and communal activities, the festival affirms the Naxi people’s deep connection to their land and their commitment to celebrating their identity and history.
The (腊普河) Lapu River is located in (云南省迪庆藏族自治州维西傈僳族自治县塔城镇) Weixi Lisu Autonomous County, (迪庆藏族自治州) Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, (塔城镇) Tacheng Town. It is a primary tributary of the (金沙江) Jinsha River. Its source, the (色马里底河) Shemali Di River, originates from the (云岭山脉) Yunling Mountain Range in the (梨地坪) Lidi Ping area. The river flows through (永春) Yongchun and (塔城) Tacheng towns before merging into the (金沙江) Jinsha River at (小河口) Xiaokou, with a total length of approximately 74 kilometers. The Lapu River valley is home to various ethnic minorities, including the Tibetan, Lisu, and Naxi people.
Cultural History
The name “Lapu” in Tibetan means “The River of the Sacred Stream” and is also known as the “Mother River” of (塔城镇) Tacheng Town. This area is not only a multi-ethnic settlement but also a region where diverse religious cultures intersect. There are one Christian church and three Tibetan Buddhist temples in the Lapu River valley. Additionally, Neolithic human cave dwelling sites have been discovered along the river, indicating that ancient ancestors lived near the water.
Folklore
The villages along the Lapu River preserve rich folk culture. For instance, the “热巴舞” (Reba Dance), a national intangible cultural heritage, is popular here. This ancient dance has a long history and a unique artistic style. The (腊普河) Lapu River valley’s (纳西族) Naxi, (傈僳族) Lisu, and other ethnic groups also maintain their traditional clothing and customs.
Weather and Best Travel Time
The (腊普河) Lapu River is located in the (云岭纵谷地区) Yunling Long Valley of the Hengduan Mountains, characterized by a subtropical and temperate monsoon plateau mountain climate, with notable topographical variations. The average annual temperature is about 13.1°C, and the annual precipitation is approximately 1000.7 mm. The best travel times are in the spring and autumn when the weather is pleasant, and the scenery is at its most beautiful.
Recommended Attractions
- (腊普河) Lapu River Villages: Experience the unique ethnic architectural style and folk culture.
- (达摩祖师洞) Damo Patriarch Cave: Located on a cliff near the Lapu River valley, this is an important Tibetan Buddhist site.
- (启别村千年银杏树) Qibie Village Thousand-Year-Old Ginkgo Tree: Situated downstream of the Lapu River, this ginkgo tree is over 3,000 years old and is regarded as a sacred tree by local villagers.
Suggested Stay Time for Each Destination
- Lapu River Villages: It is recommended to stay for 1 day to deeply experience local folk culture.
- (达摩祖师洞) Damo Patriarch Cave: It is recommended to stay for half a day to learn about the religious culture.
- (启别村千年银杏树) Qibie Village Thousand-Year-Old Ginkgo Tree: It is recommended to stay for half a day to appreciate the fusion of nature and culture.
Transportation
- By Car: Depart from (维西县城) Weixi County, head along the highway to (塔城镇) Tacheng Town, and then proceed to the villages along the Lapu River. The total distance is approximately 50 kilometers.
- By Public Transport: Take a bus from the (维西县) Weixi County bus station to (塔城镇) Tacheng Town, then switch to local transportation.
Local Cuisine
- (维西琵瑟肉) Weixi Pise Meat: A specialty of the Lisu ethnic group, with a unique flavor.
- (清汤鱼) Clear Soup Fish: Fresh fish from the (澜沧江) Lancang River, delicious in taste.
- (维西核桃) Weixi Walnuts: A local specialty, of excellent quality.
Shopping
- Ethnic Handicrafts: Such as wooden bowls and (糌粑盒) Tsampa boxes, rich in ethnic characteristics.
- (维西百花蜜) Weixi Honey: A local specialty with a rich and smooth taste.
Accommodation
There are Tibetan-style guesthouses available along the Lapu River in (塔城镇) Tacheng Town and surrounding areas, offering good conditions to experience Tibetan customs.
Travel Notes
- Respect Local Customs: When visiting, please respect the religious beliefs and traditional customs of the local ethnic groups.
- Protect the Environment: The Lapu River’s ecological environment is well-preserved, so please ensure you protect the environment during your visit.
- Safety: The roads leading to the Lapu River are quite rugged, so if traveling by car, be sure to take safety precautions.
Suggested Itinerary
- Day 1: Arrive at the villages along the Lapu River, visit traditional dwellings, experience local folk culture, and taste local cuisine.
- Day 2: Visit (达摩祖师洞) Damo Patriarch Cave and learn about religious culture; in the afternoon, visit (启别村千年银杏树) Qibie Village and its thousand-year-old ginkgo tree.
- Day 3: Return to (维西县城) Weixi County or continue to other attractions.
The (腊普河) Lapu River is a place full of natural beauty and cultural charm, ideal for tourists who enjoy folk culture and scenic landscapes. Here, you can experience the hospitality of the local people and appreciate the unique charm of ancient ethnic cultures. We hope your trip to the Lapu River is filled with wonderful experiences and unforgettable memories.
Overview
- Chinese Name: 迪庆州香格里拉市尼汝村登巴节
- English Name: Dengba Festival of Tibetan Ethnic Minority in Niru Village of Shangri-La City, Diqing
- Location: Niru Village of Shangri-La City, Diqing
Dengba Festival: A traditional festival of the Tibetan ethnic group in Nirui Village, Luoji Township, Shangri-La County, celebrated on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. People of all ages dress in festive attire to hold a sacrificial ceremony for the mountain gods at the Immortal Cave. The festival also features entertainment activities such as horse racing, archery, bullfighting, and the Guozhuang dance.
Origins
The Dengba Festival typically takes place on the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. The festival is rooted in Tibetan agricultural traditions and is closely related to the worship of mountain deities and nature. It is believed to have originated as a way for the Tibetan people to express gratitude to their gods for the bountiful harvest and to seek blessings for future prosperity.
Significance
- Spiritual Connection: The festival is dedicated to the veneration of mountain gods, reflecting the Tibetan people’s deep spiritual relationship with nature. Rituals performed during the festival are intended to honor these deities and express gratitude for their protection and blessings.
- Cultural Expression: The festival serves as a platform to showcase Tibetan culture, including traditional attire, music, dances, and sports. It plays an essential role in preserving and promoting the unique cultural identity of the Tibetan people.
- Community Cohesion: The Dengba Festival fosters unity and belonging within the community, bringing together people of all ages to participate in the celebrations. It strengthens familial and social bonds, reinforcing the sense of collective identity among the Tibetan population.
Local Activities
- Sacrificial Ceremony: One of the highlights of the festival is the sacrificial offering to mountain gods, conducted at local sacred sites. This ceremony often includes prayers and rituals performed by village elders, invoking blessings for health, fortune, and a good harvest.
- Traditional Performances: Cultural performances play a vital role in the festival, with participants dressing in colorful traditional costumes. Folk dances, songs, and instrumental music are showcased, often featuring the traditional Tibetan instrument, the damnyen (guitar).
- Sports and Competitions: The festival includes various traditional sporting events, such as horse racing, archery, bullfighting, and tug-of-war, which encourage friendly competition and showcase the physical prowess of the participants.
- Guozhuang Dance: A popular group dance known as the Guozhuang dance is performed during the festival, allowing participants to join in a collective celebration of joy and unity.
- Community Feasting: The festival also emphasizes communal meals, where villagers gather to enjoy traditional Tibetan dishes and share food with one another, symbolizing togetherness and community spirit.
- Cultural Exhibitions: Local artisans may display and sell their handicrafts, textiles, and other unique items, providing visitors with an opportunity to engage with Tibetan culture and craftsmanship.
Overview of the Festival
- Chinese Name: 迪庆州德钦县射箭节
- English Name: Arrow Shooting Festival in Deqin County, Diqing
- Location: Deqin County, Diqing
Archery is one of the favorite sports among the Tibetan people in Deqin, Yunnan, and this activity is held during almost all traditional festivals. Additionally, every year in the fourth lunar month, they hold a special Archery Festival, which is called ‘Dajuluose’ in Tibetan.
According to legend, Dajuluose is held to commemorate the Tibetan hero King Gesar. There is no fixed date for the festival; in the fourth lunar month, after the farming season is complete, adult men gather to discuss the ceremony. Every man, from the gray-haired elder to the young child, must contribute one arrow and two to three jin (about 1 to 1.5 kg) of barley (to be brewed into alcohol or exchanged for alcohol) and participate in the competition. On the agreed-upon day, the host announces the start of the event with a long drum or a cowhorn. Upon hearing the sound of the drum or horn, people dressed in festive garments, carrying tents, come together to take part in this ethnic gathering.
The archery festival begins with the arrow distribution and welcoming ceremony. Firstly, from among the people born in that year’s zodiac sign, a highly respected and skilled archer is selected as the distributor of arrows. He raises all the arrows above his head, then holds them in his left hand while counting them with his right hand, dividing them into two equal parts. In practice, this also marks the participants on the arrows, dividing them into two groups. Two targets are set up fifty steps apart for the archers to shoot at. The archers can choose to shoot from either target position, and in the end, the host sings an ‘Arrow Song’ while holding a target wrapped in a hada (a traditional Tibetan ceremonial scarf), and the archers collectively sing a ‘Wine Song,’ drinking a bowl of alcohol before entering the shooting range.
During the competition, each person can shoot a pair of arrows in each round. For elderly men or young children who are unable to shoot, a male family member can shoot on their behalf. Victory is determined by the number of arrows hitting the target in each group. Afterward, the groups are re-sorted for further rounds of competition, with about three to five rounds of competition taking place each day. As night falls, women come to the shooting range to toast and bless the archers. Bonfires are lit on the lawn, and people drink while dancing the ‘Guozhuang,’ fully immersed in a joyful atmosphere.
Local Activities of the Festival
1. Opening Ceremony
- The festival usually begins with a grand opening ceremony, where local leaders and community elders address the gathered participants, sharing blessings and invoking the spirits for a successful event.
2. Archery Competitions
- Individual and Team Events: Participants, both men and women, compete in archery contests. The archers shoot arrows at targets set up at a specified distance, aiming for precision and skill. It’s common for competitors to be grouped based on age or gender.
- Use of Traditional Bows: Archers use traditional Tibetan bows, emphasizing the cultural significance of the sport and its importance within the community.
3. Arrow Distribution Ceremony
- Before the competitions begin, an arrow distribution ceremony takes place where a respected member of the community is chosen to distribute the arrows among the participants. This person is typically someone with good archery skills and esteem within the village.
4. Cultural Performances
- Traditional Music and Dance: Various performances are organized, including Tibetan songs, dances, and instrumental music. The Guozhuang dance (a traditional Tibetan circle dance) is often performed, inviting community members to join in and celebrate together.
- Storytelling: Elders share traditional stories and legends, particularly those related to archery and local heroes, enhancing the cultural experience.
5. Sacrificial Rituals
- Rituals may be conducted to pay respect to deities and nature, showcasing the community’s spiritual beliefs. Offerings such as barley and traditional foods are presented as a way to seek blessings for a good harvest.
6. Community Feast
- A communal meal is prepared for all participants, featuring traditional Tibetan foods such as tsampa (roasted barley flour), meat dishes, and barley wine. This aspect of the festival fosters a sense of unity and strengthens social bonds within the community.
7. Sports and Games
- Besides archery, other traditional sports and games may be organized to engage the youth and promote friendly competition, such as tug-of-war or horse racing, further enhancing the festive atmosphere.
8. Evening Activities
- As night falls, festivities continue with bonfires, where people gather to enjoy songs, dances, and drinks. This is often a time of joy and celebration, with people sharing stories and participating in dances like the Guozhuang, illuminating the night with fun and camaraderie.
9. Blessings and Toasts
- Women typically participate in blessing rituals, where they toast the archers and the community’s fortune for the coming year, emphasizing the festival’s communal and familial aspects.
10. Closing Ceremony
- The festival culminates in a closing ceremony where winners of the archery competitions are announced and awarded. The community comes together for a final gathering to express gratitude for the successful event and to pray for continued prosperity and harmony.
Overview
- Chinese Name: 迪庆州藏族默朗钦波节
- English Name: Molang Qinbo Festival of Tibetan Ethnic Minority in Deqin County, Diqing
- Location: Deqin County, Diqing
The Molang Qinbo Festival is a vibrant celebration held by the Tibetan ethnic minority in Deqin County of Diqing Prefecture. This festival is a reflection of the unique cultural identity and traditions of the Tibetan people in the region. Here’s an overview of the festival, including its origin, significance, and local activities. The Molang Qinbo Festival is a joyous and meaningful occasion for the Tibetan ethnic minority in Deqin County. It celebrates cultural heritage, fosters community spirit, and strengthens social ties among the Tibetan people. Through its rich array of activities, the festival not only honors tradition but also helps preserve and promote the unique identity of the Tibetan community in a rapidly changing world.
Origin
The Molang Qinbo Festival has its roots in the agricultural practices and spiritual beliefs of the Tibetan people. Traditionally celebrated to give thanks for a successful harvest and to pray for good fortune in the coming year, the festival is linked to the ancient reverence for nature and the deities that govern agricultural abundance. It is also an occasion to honor ancestors and seek their blessings. Over the years, it has evolved into a major community event that captures the essence of Tibetan culture, uniting locals in celebration and fostering a sense of identity and continuity.
Significance
The Molang Qinbo Festival holds significant cultural and social importance for the Tibetan community in Deqin. It serves several important purposes:
- Cultural Heritage: It is a means of preserving and promoting Tibetan cultural traditions, music, dance, and rituals, ensuring that younger generations understand and appreciate their heritage.
- Community Bonding: It strengthens social bonds within the community by bringing people together for shared celebrations, fostering unity, cooperation, and mutual support.
- Spiritual Connection: The festival provides an opportunity to express gratitude toward nature and deities, reinforcing the spiritual connection the Tibetans have with their environment.
- Tourism Promotion: In recent years, the festival has also become a point of attraction for tourists, promoting cultural exchange and generating economic benefits for the community.
Local Activities
The Molang Qinbo Festival is filled with various activities that showcase the richness of Tibetan culture. Here are some common activities associated with the festival:
- Ritual Offerings: The festival typically begins with rituals honoring deities and ancestors, where offerings of food, barley, and other items are made to express gratitude and seek blessings for the community.
- Traditional Music and Dance: Folk songs and traditional dances are performed throughout the festival. Participants often engage in collective dancing such as the Guozhuang dance, which involves lively movements and is a way for the community to come together in joy.
- Archery Competitions: Reflecting the region’s rich archery tradition, competitions may be held, inviting skilled archers to demonstrate their talents. This is both a competitive and communal activity, fostering camaraderie.
- Cultural Performances: Local artists and performers come together to showcase Tibetan opera, storytelling, and other cultural presentations that highlight historical stories, folklore, and moral lessons.
- Horse Racing: In some celebrations, horse racing may take place, providing excitement and engagement. It is often a highlight for spectators and participants alike, showcasing horsemanship skills.
- Community Feast: A communal meal is typically shared among attendees, featuring traditional Tibetan foods such as yak meat, butter tea, and tsampa. This feast emphasizes the importance of sharing and togetherness.
- Games and Competitions: Various traditional games are organized, including tug-of-war and traditional sports, encouraging participation from all age groups and further enhancing the festive spirit.
- Bonfire Celebrations: As the day winds down, bonfires are lit, and people gather around to enjoy music, dance, and storytelling, fostering a sense of community and celebration that lasts deep into the night.
- Blessing Rituals: Women often perform rituals to bless the festival and its participants, reflecting the community’s values and spiritual beliefs.
Overview
- Chinese Name: 德钦县神山节
- English Name: Holy Mountain Festival in Deqin County, Diqing
- Location: Deqin County, Diqing
The Holy Mountain Festival in Deqin County, located in the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, China, is a deeply significant cultural and religious celebration for the local Tibetan community. This vibrant festival centers around the revered Meili Snow Mountain, known as Kawagebo in Tibetan, which is considered sacred and holds great spiritual importance.
The Holy Mountain Festival in Deqin County is a remarkable event that celebrates the spiritual, cultural, and social aspects of Tibetan life. Rooted in reverence for the Meili Snow Mountain, it unites the community in a shared expression of faith, gratitude, and cultural heritage. The festival not only honors the traditions of the past but also ensures their preservation for future generations, while simultaneously promoting cultural awareness among visitors and tourists.
Origin and Background
The Holy Mountain Festival has its origins rooted in the indigenous Tibetan Buddhist beliefs and the reverence that the local population has for the Meili Snow Mountain range. The mountain, which rises to 6,740 meters (22,114 feet), is not only an aesthetic wonder but is often viewed as a home to deities and a site of pilgrimage.
Traditionally, the festival marks an occasion to welcome the changing seasons, express gratitude for the previous year’s harvest, and pray for blessings in the year ahead. These beliefs were shaped by historical practice, where communities would journey to the mountain to pay respects and connect spiritually. Over time, the festival has incorporated various cultural elements, demonstrating the enduring traditions and lifestyles of the Tibetan people.
Significance
The Holy Mountain Festival serves several vital roles within the community:
- Spiritual Belief: As a celebration centered around a sacred site, the festival emphasizes the deep spiritual connection that the Tibetan people have with their natural environment, particularly the mountains, which are viewed as manifestations of divine power.
- Cultural Heritage: The festival plays an essential role in preserving and promoting Tibetan culture, including language, music, dance, and rituals. It provides an opportunity for the community to pass down traditions to younger generations.
- Community Cohesion: The festival fosters a sense of unity and belonging among participants. It brings together individuals and families from different areas, encouraging social interaction and strengthening bonds within the community.
- Tourism and Cultural Exchange: Over the years, the festival has attracted tourists, fostering cultural exchange and contributing to the local economy. It allows visitors to experience the rich traditions of the Tibetan culture firsthand.
Local Activities
The Holy Mountain Festival is characterized by a variety of activities that highlight the vibrant culture of the Tibetan people. Some of the notable activities include:
- Pilgrimage to Meili Snow Mountain: A key feature of the festival is the pilgrimage undertaken by locals and visitors alike to the foot of the Meili Snow Mountain. This journey is imbued with spiritual significance, often involving prayers and rituals along the way.
- Ritual Offerings: Participants prepare and present offerings to the mountain deities, which may include food, barley, and other symbolic items. These offerings signify respect and gratitude for the blessings received.
- Traditional Music and Dance: Folk dances and songs play a central role in the festivities. Traditional dances, such as the Guozhuang, are performed, often inviting participation from both locals and visitors, creating a joyful atmosphere.
- Religious Ceremonies: Monks and lamas conduct rituals and prayer ceremonies, providing blessings for participants. These ceremonies are a way to connect spiritually and invoke protection and prosperity for the community.
- Cultural Performances: The festival features various performances, including Tibetan opera, storytelling, and demonstrations of traditional folklore, showcasing the artistic heritage of the Tibetan people.
- Tibetan Culinary Delights: Traditional foods are prominently featured during the festival. Community feasts allow participants to share hearty dishes such as yak meat, butter tea, and tsampa (roasted barley flour), reinforcing the spirit of sharing.
- Community Games and Competitions: Traditional games and competitions, such as archery and tug-of-war, may be organized, encouraging teamwork and fostering a spirit of friendly competition.
- Arts and Crafts Exhibition: Local artisans may display their craftsmanship, including intricate jewelry, textiles, and thangka (Buddhist paintings), offering visitors an insight into Tibetan art and opportunities to purchase handcrafted goods.
- Bonfire Gatherings: Evenings are typically marked by bonfires, where communities gather to sing, dance, and share stories, forging connections and celebrating togetherness.
- Prayer Flags and Khata Exchanges: Colorful prayer flags are often raised during the festival, symbolizing the sending of prayers and positive energy into the wind. Khata, a traditional white scarf, is exchanged as a gesture of goodwill and respect among participants.
The Red-throated Thrush (Turdus ruficollis), known as 赤颈鸫 (Chì jǐng dōng) in Chinese, is a striking member of the Turdidae family. This thrush is distinguished by its vivid red throat, a feature that makes it particularly appealing to birdwatchers.
Physical Features:
- Size: Approximately 23-26 cm (9-10 inches) in length.
- Plumage: The male Red-throated Thrush is notable for its reddish-orange throat and upper chest, which contrast with its grayish-brown upperparts and white underparts. Females and juveniles are generally paler, with a less prominent throat coloration.
- Voice: Its song consists of melodious, fluting notes and trills, while its call is a sharp “tuck.”
Habits:
- Behavior: The Red-throated Thrush is a migratory bird, breeding in the taiga forests of Siberia and northeastern Asia. During winter, it migrates to southern regions, including parts of China. It prefers open forests, woodland edges, and scrublands during migration and wintering periods.
- Diet: The thrush feeds on a variety of insects, worms, and other invertebrates, as well as fruits and berries. It forages primarily on the ground.
- Breeding: The bird nests in trees or shrubs, constructing a cup-shaped nest where it lays several eggs. The breeding season typically occurs in spring and early summer.
Where to Watch in China and Yunnan:
- China:
- Northeastern China: Regions such as Heilongjiang and Jilin during migration and winter.
- Central China: Areas such as Sichuan and Shaanxi are suitable during migration.
- Southern China: Provinces like Guangdong and Guangxi during the winter months.
- Yunnan (16 Cities and Prefectures):
- Kunming: Forested parks and surrounding areas are good locations during migration and winter.
- Dali: Open forests and scrublands offer suitable habitats during migration and winter.
- Lijiang: The bird can be seen in various forested areas and parks during its migratory and wintering periods.
- Diqing: The mountainous regions and valleys provide excellent birdwatching opportunities.
- Nujiang: This area offers diverse habitats for the Red-throated Thrush.
- Baoshan (Baihualing and Gaoli Gongshan Mountain): Known for their rich biodiversity, these areas are great for spotting migratory thrushes.
- Dehong (Yingjiang County): The diverse habitats here make it a good spot for birdwatching.
- Chuxiong: Forested areas and nature reserves in Chuxiong are suitable during migration and winter.
- Yuxi: Offers good birdwatching spots during the winter months.
- Qujing: Suitable habitats for the Red-throated Thrush during migration and winter.
- Puer: The subtropical forests in this region are ideal for wintering thrushes.
- Xishuangbanna: Subtropical forests are a prime location for observing the thrush during winter.
- Lincang: Forested areas and nature reserves are suitable for birdwatching during migration and winter.
- Wenshan: Offers good habitats for the thrush during the winter months.
- Zhaotong: Suitable areas for birdwatching during migration and winter.
- Honghe: Diverse habitats in Honghe are ideal for spotting the thrush during its migratory journey and wintering period.
Best Time for Birding Tours:
- Autumn (September to November): Optimal for observing the Red-throated Thrush as it migrates to its wintering grounds.
- Winter (December to February): The best period to see the Red-throated Thrush in Yunnan and other parts of southern China.
- Spring (March to May): Another excellent time for birdwatching as the thrush prepares to migrate back to its breeding grounds.
Birding Trips and Recommendations:
- Guided Birdwatching Tours: Joining guided tours can increase your chances of spotting the Red-throated Thrush. Local guides can provide valuable insights and assistance.
- Local Birdwatching Organizations: Contact birding clubs or organizations in Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Diqing, Nujiang, Baoshan, Dehong, Chuxiong, Yuxi, Qujing, Puer, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Wenshan, Zhaotong, and Honghe for up-to-date information on birdwatching trips and the best locations to find the Red-throated Thrush.
- Self-Guided Birdwatching: Utilize field guides and birding apps to help identify and locate the Red-throated Thrush. Research local birding spots and plan visits during the optimal times for this species.
Additional Tips:
- Equipment: Bring high-quality binoculars and a camera with a telephoto lens to capture images of the Red-throated Thrush. A field guide specific to the region will also be helpful.
- Local Expertise: Engaging with local birdwatching groups or experts can enhance your birdwatching experience and provide deeper insights into the behavior and habitat of the Red-throated Thrush.
The Black-throated Thrush (Turdus atrogularis), known as 黑颈鸫 (Hēi jǐng dōng) in Chinese, is a member of the Turdidae family. This thrush is noted for its striking black throat and overall appearance, making it a favorite among birdwatchers.
Physical Features:
- Size: Approximately 24-27 cm (9.4-10.6 inches) in length.
- Plumage: The male Black-throated Thrush is distinguished by its black throat and upper chest, which contrasts sharply with its grayish-brown upperparts and white underparts. The female is generally more subdued in coloration, with a grayish-brown throat and upper chest.
- Voice: Its song is a series of melodious and clear whistles, often repeated. The call is a distinctive “chack” sound.
Habits:
- Behavior: The Black-throated Thrush is migratory, breeding in the taiga and forest regions of Siberia and Central Asia. During winter, it migrates to South Asia and East Asia. It prefers open forests, woodland edges, and scrublands during migration and wintering.
- Diet: This thrush feeds on a diet of insects, worms, and other invertebrates, supplemented with fruits and berries. It forages on the ground or in low vegetation.
- Breeding: Nests are typically built in trees or shrubs, where the female lays several eggs. The breeding season occurs in spring and early summer.
Where to Watch in China and Yunnan:
- China:
- Northeastern China: The Black-throated Thrush is found in regions like Heilongjiang and Jilin during migration and winter.
- Central China: In provinces such as Sichuan and Shaanxi, the bird can be seen during migration.
- Eastern China: Areas like Jiangsu and Zhejiang provide suitable habitats during winter.
- Yunnan:
- Kunming: The bird can be observed in forested parks and surrounding areas of Kunming during migration and winter.
- Xishuangbanna: The subtropical forests of Xishuangbanna offer a good habitat for the Black-throated Thrush, especially in winter.
- Dali and Lijiang: These regions are also suitable for spotting the Black-throated Thrush during its migratory journey and winter stay.
Best Time for Birding Tours:
- Autumn (September to November): This period is ideal for observing the Black-throated Thrush as it migrates to its wintering grounds.
- Winter (December to February): In Yunnan and other parts of southern China, the bird is present in suitable habitats during the winter months.
- Spring (March to May): Spring is another excellent time for birdwatching, as the thrush prepares to migrate back to its breeding areas.
Birding Trips and Recommendations:
- Guided Birdwatching Tours: Participating in guided birdwatching tours can increase your chances of spotting the Black-throated Thrush. Guides with local knowledge can provide valuable assistance.
- Local Birdwatching Organizations: Contact local birding clubs or organizations in Kunming, Xishuangbanna, Dali, and Lijiang for up-to-date information on birdwatching trips and the best locations to find the Black-throated Thrush.
- Self-Guided Birdwatching: Use field guides and birding apps to help identify and locate the Black-throated Thrush. Plan your visits based on the best times to observe this species.
Additional Tips:
- Equipment: Bring high-quality binoculars and a camera with a telephoto lens to capture images of the Black-throated Thrush. A field guide specific to the region is also useful.
- Local Expertise: Engaging with local birdwatching groups or experts can enhance your birdwatching experience and provide deeper insights into the behavior and habitat of the Black-throated Thrush.
The Dusky Thrush (Turdus eunomus), known as 斑鸫 (Bān dōng) in Chinese, is a member of the Turdidae family. It is renowned for its distinct markings and migratory behavior, making it a fascinating species for birdwatchers.
Physical Features:
- Size: Approximately 22-24 cm (8.7-9.4 inches) in length.
- Plumage: The Dusky Thrush has a mix of brown and white feathers. The upper parts are generally dark brown with a distinctive white supercilium (eyebrow) and throat. The underparts are pale with heavy dark streaks and spots, especially on the breast and flanks. The rump and upper tail coverts are also brown.
- Voice: Its call includes a series of harsh “chuck” sounds and a melodious song composed of fluty notes and trills.
Habits:
- Behavior: This species is primarily migratory, breeding in Siberia and northeastern Asia and wintering in East Asia, including China and Japan. The Dusky Thrush prefers open forests, woodland edges, scrublands, and sometimes urban parks during migration and wintering periods.
- Diet: The Dusky Thrush feeds on insects, worms, and other invertebrates, as well as fruits and berries. It forages both on the ground and in low vegetation.
- Breeding: It nests in trees or shrubs, building a cup-shaped nest. The breeding season typically occurs in the spring and early summer.
Where to Watch in China and Yunnan:
- China:
- Northeastern China: The Dusky Thrush is found in regions such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, particularly during migration and wintering periods.
- Eastern China: During winter, it can be spotted in areas like Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.
- Southern China: It can also be found in provinces such as Guangdong and Guangxi during the winter months.
- Yunnan:
- Kunming: The bird can be observed in forested parks and surrounding areas of Kunming during migration and winter.
- Xishuangbanna: The subtropical forests provide a suitable habitat for the Dusky Thrush, especially during its wintering period.
- Dali and Lijiang: These regions offer varied habitats where the Dusky Thrush can be seen during its migratory journey and winter stay.
Best Time for Birding Tours:
- Autumn (September to November): This is a prime time to observe the Dusky Thrush as it migrates to its wintering grounds.
- Winter (December to February): In Yunnan and other parts of southern China, the Dusky Thrush can be seen wintering in suitable habitats.
- Spring (March to May): Spring is another good period for birdwatching as the Dusky Thrush prepares to migrate back to its breeding grounds.
Birding Trips and Recommendations:
- Guided Birdwatching Tours: Participating in guided birdwatching tours can enhance your chances of spotting the Dusky Thrush. Experienced guides can provide valuable insights and help locate the bird more effectively.
- Local Birdwatching Organizations: Contact local birding clubs or organizations in Kunming, Xishuangbanna, Dali, and Lijiang for updated information on birdwatching trips and the best locations to find the Dusky Thrush.
- Self-Guided Birdwatching: Use field guides and birding apps to assist in identifying and locating the Dusky Thrush. Research local birding spots and plan your visits according to the optimal times for this species.
Additional Tips:
- Equipment: Bring high-quality binoculars and a camera with a telephoto lens to capture images of the Dusky Thrush. A field guide specific to the region will also be helpful.
- Local Expertise: Engaging with local birdwatching groups or experts can improve your chances of seeing the Dusky Thrush and provide valuable insights into its behavior and habitat.
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