Basic Introduction

Chinese Name: 景东县祭孔活动
English Name: Confucius Culture Festival in Jingdong County, Puer
Location: Jingdong County, Pu’er City

The festival emphasizes the rich cultural heritage and teachings of Confucius, celebrating values such as morality, education, and respect for tradition. This annual festival typically features a variety of activities and events designed to promote Confucian values and foster a sense of community. This vibrant festival not only serves to honor Confucius and his teachings but also fosters unity within the community, promotes cultural identity, and highlights the importance of education and moral development in today’s society. It reflects the deep-rooted cultural values of the region and encourages both locals and visitors to participate and appreciate Confucian culture.

Hilights of the Festival

1. Cultural Performances: Participants and performers engage in traditional music, dance, and drama that reflect Confucian ideals and the cultural history of the region.
2. Academic Forums and Lectures: Scholars and speakers gather to discuss the relevance of Confucian philosophy in modern society and its impact on education, ethics, and governance.
3. Traditional Rituals and Ceremonies: The festival may include ceremonial activities that honor Confucius, including offerings at temples and traditional rites, aimed at fostering respect for educators and the pursuit of knowledge.
4. Art Exhibitions: Local artisans may showcase their works, including calligraphy, painting, and traditional crafts, often inspired by Confucian themes.
5. Community Engagement Activities: Events designed to engage locals, such as workshops on traditional skills, discussions on moral philosophy, and activities for families, are common.
6. Food and Local Products: The festival often features local cuisine and products, allowing visitors to experience the culinary heritage of Jingdong County.

Overview

• Chinese Name: 大姚县石羊孔庙孔子文化节
• English Name: Confucius Culture Festival in Dayao County, Chuxiong
• Location:大姚县石羊古镇石羊孔庙/Shiyang Confucius Temple in Shiyang Ancient Town, Dayao County

The Confucius Culture Festival in Dayao County, is an annual event that pays homage to the teachings and philosophy of Confucius, one of China’s most influential thinkers and philosophers. This festival serves not only to celebrate Confucian ideals but also to promote local culture, history, and community engagement.

Background

1. Cultural Significance: Confucianism, founded by Confucius (Kong Fuzi) in the 5th century BCE, has deeply influenced Chinese culture, values, and social structures. The philosophy emphasizes ethics, family loyalty, respect for elders, and the importance of education.
2. Historical Context: Dayao County has a rich cultural heritage, with its Confucius Temple (孔庙) serving as a historical site for the study and practice of Confucian teachings. The temple is a place of worship and cultural education, with significant historical architecture reflecting traditional Chinese design.
3. Objectives: The festival aims to increase awareness of Confucian culture, encourage moral education, and strengthen community ties through shared cultural experiences.

Local Activities

1. Ceremonial Activities: The festival often kicks off with a ceremonial procession to the Confucius Temple, including rituals such as offerings to Confucius and important figures in Chinese history. These ceremonies reflect respect for tradition and the teachings of Confucius.
2. Cultural Performances: Traditional music and dance performances are an integral part of the festival. Local artists may perform classical Chinese music, traditional dances, and theatrical pieces that reflect Confucian themes and stories.
3. Educational Workshops: The festival features workshops that promote Confucian teachings, such as lectures on ethics, philosophy, and the importance of education. These sessions aim to inspire attendees to adopt Confucian values in their daily lives.
4. Calligraphy and Art Exhibitions: Calligraphy, an important aspect of Chinese culture, is often highlighted during the festival. Local calligraphers may display their works, and attendees may have the opportunity to participate in calligraphy workshops.
5. Community Engagement: Various interactive activities, such as poetry contests, storytelling, and traditional games, encourage community participation. Families and individuals can engage in these activities, deepening their understanding of cultural heritage.
6. Food and Local Products: Local cuisine plays a significant role in the festival, with food stalls and vendors offering traditional dishes that reflect the region’s culinary heritage. Local artisans may also showcase and sell handmade crafts and products.
7. Youth Involvement: Special programs may be organized for young people, such as debates or competitions centered around Confucian ideals, fostering a sense of pride in their cultural heritage and encouraging them to carry forward these teachings.

Conclusion

The Confucius Culture Festival in Dayao County is a vibrant celebration of Confucian philosophy and its enduring relevance in contemporary society. Through a rich array of activities that blend spirituality, education, and community spirit, the festival not only honors the legacy of Confucius but also reinforces cultural identity and unity among local residents. It is a unique opportunity for both locals and visitors to immerse themselves in the profound teachings of Confucius while enjoying the cultural richness of Yunnan Province.

Overview

• Chinese Name: 建水县文庙大型灯会
• English Name: Lantern Festival of Jianshui Confucius Temple in Jianshui County, Honghe
• Location: Jianshui Confucius Temple in Jianshui County, Honghe

The Shengmian Festival, also known as the Hutian Festival, is an important celebration for the Dai ethnic minority in Shiping County, located in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. This festival showcases the rich cultural heritage of the Dai people and serves as a significant occasion for social interaction, spiritual reflection, and agricultural celebration.

Background

1. Cultural Significance:
   • The Shengmian Festival is closely related to the Dai people’s agricultural practices and spiritual beliefs. It is primarily celebrated to honor the harvest, express gratitude for nature’s bounty, and seek blessings for good fortune in the coming year.
   • The festival also reflects the Dai culture’s deep connection with water, nature, and the changing seasons, embodying ideas of renewal and harmony.
2. Timing:
   • The Shengmian Festival usually takes place during the lunar calendar month of April, often coinciding with the traditional Dai New Year celebrations. The exact timing can vary based on local customs and weather patterns.

Festival Activities

1. Rituals and Ceremonies:
   • The festival often begins with rituals performed to honor deities and ancestors. Families prepare offerings, which may include rice, fruits, and other local specialties as a way of showing gratitude and seeking blessings.
   • The ceremonies may take place at local temples or designated sacred sites, where participants chant prayers and perform symbolic rites.
2. Water-related Activities:
   • Given the Dai’s cultural ties to water, activities often include water-splashing festivities, symbolizing cleansing, renewal, and good luck. Participants joyfully throw water on each other as a way to celebrate life and friendship.
3. Traditional Dance and Music:
   • Dance and music play a central role in the Shengmian Festival. The Dai people perform traditional dances, often dressed in colorful, embroidered clothing adorned with silver jewelry. The dances are typically accompanied by live music, including instruments like the hulusi (a gourd flute) and drums, creating a festive and lively atmosphere.
4. Culinary Traditions:
   • Food is an integral part of the celebration, and families come together to prepare traditional Dai dishes. Staples include sticky rice, fresh vegetables, grilled meats, and local specialties. The act of sharing food emphasizes community and familial bonds.
5. Games and Competitions:
   • Various traditional games and competitions may be organized during the festival, fostering a sense of community and friendly rivalry. These games often involve physical challenges and highlight the skills and camaraderie of the participants.
6. Cultural Exhibitions:
   • Some celebrations may feature exhibitions of Dai handcrafts, textiles, and traditional art forms, allowing locals and visitors to appreciate the craftsmanship of the Dai people. This aspect of the festival helps to preserve and promote the unique cultural identity of the Dai ethnic minority.

Conclusion

The Shengmian Festival is a rich celebration that embodies the cultural spirit of the Dai ethnic minority in Shiping County. Through its variety of ceremonies, communal activities, traditional performances, and culinary delights, the festival serves not only as a time for thanking the heavens for the harvest and praying for a prosperous future but also as a vital means of reinforcing social ties and preserving the unique cultural heritage of the Dai people. This lively and colorful festival highlights the importance of community, spirituality, and cultural identity within the Dai community, making it a truly vibrant part of the region’s cultural landscape.

Chinese Name: 诺邓古村祭孔活动
English Name: Confucius Memorial Ceremony in Nuodeng Village of Yunlong County, Dali
http://ylx.gov.cn/view/front.article.articleView/13078/32/797.html

Overview

Heqing Confucius Temple (鹤庆文庙), located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School (鹤庆一中) in the southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), was established in the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271). The original site of the temple was Yuanhua Temple (元化寺), which was relocated to its current site in the 29th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1396). The entire area covers more than 30,000 square meters.

Heqing Confucius Temple preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty (明代). The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), also known as Dacheng Hall (大成殿), features a two-story, double-eaved hip roof with flying eaves and dougong brackets. Arranged along the central axis from south to north are the screen wall (照壁), the pond (泮池), the Dacheng Gate (大成门), and the Xianshi Hall. The Xianshi Hall is centered, with various structures including the Dan Platform (丹墀台), Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate (棂星门), pond, Li Gate (礼门), Yi Gate (义门), large screen wall (大照壁) in front, and Qisheng Palace (启圣宫), Minglun Hall (明伦堂), and Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁) behind. The east and west sides contain the East and West Wings (东庑, 西庑), famous officials shrine (名宦祠), local sages shrine (乡贤祠), Xingxian Fang (兴贤坊), Zhengyi Study (正谊斋), Mingdao Study (明道斋), professors’ office (教授室), guidance room (训导室), lecture hall (讲堂), and dining hall (馔堂), all arranged symmetrically. There are also a lotus pond (莲池), stone hill (石山), and a Celery Picking Pavilion (采芹亭) within the temple grounds.

Heqing Confucius Temple holds historical, artistic, and scientific significance and is important for studying the architectural features and styles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (明清时期).

In December 1987, Heqing Confucius Temple was announced as a key provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government (云南省人民政府).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 鹤庆文庙 (Heqing Confucius Temple)
• Location: Heqing No. 1 Middle School, southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Area: 30,000 m²
• Cultural Heritage Level: Third batch of provincial-level key cultural relic protection units in Yunnan
• Dynasty: Ming Dynasty

Historical Evolution

• In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), Heqing established a temple school, but its location was not at the current site. The current site was originally Yuanhua Temple (元化寺).
• In the 15th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1382), the temple was destroyed by war.
• In the 29th year of the Hongwu era (1396), the local magistrate Gao Zhong relocated the temple to its current site.
• In the 12th year of the Zhengtong era (1447), Governor Lin Qiuji expanded the temple.
• In the second year of the Zhengde era (1507), Governor Liu Jue oversaw the construction of the Zunjing Pavilion.
• In May of the 10th year of the Zhengde era (1515), the Zunjing Pavilion collapsed due to an earthquake.
• In the 11th year of the Zhengde era (1516), Deputy Envoy Zhu Gun converted Yuanhua Temple into a temple school, and Governor Wu Tang carried out repairs.
• In the second year of the Longqing era (1568), Governor Zhou Ji relocated the temple entrance to the south, excavated the pond, and added decorations.
• During the Wanli era (1572–1620), officials such as Jiang Xin, Governor Sang Jingchu, Governor Chen Daoyuan, and Qi Rudong conducted multiple repairs on the temple.
• In the Tiangui era (1621–1627), Censor Cai Kan, Supervisor Shao Mingshi, and Governor Chen Kaitai rebuilt the temple, which gradually fell into disrepair afterward.
• In the winter of the fourth year of the Chongzhen era (1631), the temple was affected by a disaster.
• In the fifth year of the Chongzhen era (1632), Lijiang local magistrate Mu Zeng provided support for the rebuilding of the temple.
• In the third year of the Kangxi era (1664), Acting Vice Magistrate Wang Zongzhou repaired the temple.
• In the 22nd year of the Kangxi era (1683), the temple was ordered to be rebuilt.
• In the 23rd year of the Kangxi era (1684), Governor Li Zuoyi and Educator Ma Zhihua further repaired the temple.
• In the 25th year of the Kangxi era (1686), Professor Xie Yan and Educator Dong Bening repaired Wenchang and Kuixing Pavilions.
• In the 28th year of the Kangxi era (1689), Governor Lu Congyi established Le Wusheng and held sacrifices, along with maintenance of the temple.
• In the 40th year of the Kangxi era (1701), Governor Ai Rulin, Vice Magistrate Tong Zhen, and Professor Xiong Zhaoyi relocated the Chongsheng Shrine to the back of the main hall and rebuilt Minglun Hall behind the shrine.
• In the 45th year of the Qianlong era (1780), the prefecture conducted repairs on the main hall and two wings.
• In the 11th year of the Daoguang era (1831), Prefect Shao Baochuo led local gentry Zhou Tianxiang and Zhao Yudan in continued repairs; however, he left office before completion, and Huang Jizhong completed the work.
• During the Guangxu era, the temple underwent further repairs.
• After 1949, the temple suffered damage during land reform, the Cultural Revolution, and the “2·3” earthquake.
• In December 1951, the Lingxing Gate (灵星门) collapsed due to an earthquake and was converted into a basketball court for Heqing No. 1 Middle School. Since then, the temple has been used by the school.
• During the Cultural Revolution, the commercial sector built a state-run hotel in the temple, dividing it into northern and southern sections.
• After 1986, the government conducted several repairs on Heqing Confucius Temple, restoring its original appearance.
• Since 1997, the Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and Heqing County governments have invested nearly 10 million yuan to complete repairs on Dacheng Hall, Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate, screen wall, pond, and more, adding Taihe Yuqi Fang and a statue of Confucius.

Architectural Layout

Heqing Confucius Temple covers an area of over 30,000 square meters and preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty. The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), has an area of 2,400 square meters. The central area of the main hall features a cloud-dragon stone carving embedded in the center of the imperial platform. Additionally, there are four wooden carvings of coiled dragons supported between the first and second floors of the hall, appearing to dance and play with pearls. Inside the hall, there are four columns that can be embraced by two people; these tall and sturdy columns are made of high-quality materials, with two of them said to be made of fragrant nanmu wood. A pair of couplets inscribed by Emperor Qianlong (乾隆) (replicas) hangs on the central column: “气备四时，与天地日月鬼神合其德；教垂万世，继尧舜禹汤文武作之师” (The spirit encompasses all seasons, harmonizing with heaven, earth, sun, moon, and spirits; education transcends generations, following Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, and Wenwu as teachers).

Cultural Relics

Stone Tablets

There are three existing stone inscriptions within Heqing Confucius Temple:

1. “Zunjing Pavilion Tablet” (《尊经阁碑记》) established in the second year of the Zhengde era (1507).
2. “Rebuilding Heqing Academy Tablet” (《重修鹤庆府学庙碑记》) established in the 29th year of the Qianlong era (1764).
3. “Newly Built Yuping Academy Tablet” (《新修玉屏书院碑记》) established in the 19th year of the Guangxu era (1893), written by Yang Jinkai, calligraphed by Zhao Heling, and engraved by Yang Zhaoqing.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Name Origin

The Confucius Temple is a shrine dedicated to commemorating and worshipping Confucius (孔子), a Chinese thinker, politician, and educator. Throughout different historical periods and regions, it has been known by various names, such as Confucius Temple (夫子庙), Temple of the Most Sacred (至圣庙), and Dacheng Temple (大成殿), all signifying its central theme of revering Confucius and promoting Confucianism.

Role in Education

Heqing Confucius Temple serves as an essential educational and cultural venue, where local scholars gather to hold examinations, lectures, and academic discussions. It played a significant role in the dissemination of Confucian culture and the education of local youths, contributing to the moral and cultural development of the area.

Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Heqing Confucius Temple is a critical site for preserving and studying the architectural, historical, and cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The temple attracts scholars, researchers, and tourists, providing a window into the rich cultural history of Yunnan Province.

Contemporary Usage

Today, Heqing Confucius Temple is used not only for educational purposes but also as a venue for cultural events, festivals, and ceremonies celebrating Confucian teachings, promoting traditional Chinese culture, and fostering community ties.

Visiting Heqing Confucius Temple

Visitors to Heqing Confucius Temple can explore its beautiful architecture, enjoy the tranquil atmosphere of the temple grounds, and participate in cultural activities. The temple is also an excellent spot for photography, with its historical structures and serene landscapes providing a picturesque backdrop.

Additional Information

• Access: Visitors can reach Heqing County by public transportation from Dali City. The temple is located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School and is open to the public.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, as the weather is pleasant for outdoor exploration.

Heqing Confucius Temple is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Yunnan Province, reflecting the influence of Confucianism in Chinese society. Its architectural beauty, historical significance, and educational role make it a noteworthy destination for anyone interested in Chinese culture and history.

Introduction

The Wenwu Temple (文庙和武庙) is located in the southern part of Zhoucheng Town (州城镇), about 12 kilometers from Binchuan County (宾川县) in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The Wenwu Temple consists of two parts: the Confucian Temple (文庙), built in the seventh year of the Ming Hongzhi era (弘治七年, 1494), and the Martial Temple (武庙), established during the early years of the Qing Kangxi era (康熙初年, 1662-1670). This site has been recognized as a key national cultural relic protection unit since May 25, 2006.

A Wen Wu temple or Wenwu temple (Chinese: 文武廟) is a temple in China venerating both the patron gods of civil and martialaffairs in the same temple complex. In southern China the civil god or Wéndì (Chinese: 文帝), is Wenchang (Chinese: 文昌) and in the north it is Confucius, in both the north and the south the martial god or Wǔdì (Chinese: 武帝) is Guan Yu (Chinese: 關帝). Although temples to either the civil or martial deities alone are widespread, it is comparatively rare to have temples venerating both. Wen Wu temples were patronised by those in the Ming and Qing dynasties seeking success in the Imperial examinations, which were divided into civil and military examinations, and by those seeking advancement in those professions which can be interpreted as falling under the aegis of either god; so for example to the present day civil servants will make offerings to the civil god and policemen to the martial god.

Area and Structure

The total area of the Wenwu Temple complex is 14,908 square meters. The Confucian Temple faces west and covers over 8,000 square meters, featuring a traditional axial layout with four courtyards. Key buildings include the wall of honor (照壁), Lingxing Gate (棂星门), Shrine of Renowned Scholars (名宦乡贤祠), Great Achievement Gate (大成门), two wings (两庑), Great Achievement Hall (大成殿), and the Chongsheng Shrine (崇圣祠), primarily constructed in the late Qing Dynasty (清朝中后期). The Martial Temple faces south and spans over 6,000 square meters, with architectural styles similar to the Confucian Temple. Its notable structures include the wall of honor, main gate, two wings, central hall, and the Wucheng Hall (武成殿), mainly dating back to the ninth year of the Qing Guangxu era (光绪九年, 1883).

Historical Background

The construction of the Great Achievement Hall (大成殿) began in 1494, with significant renovations occurring in 1541. The Martial Temple’s construction started in the early years of the Kangxi era, with multiple restorations and expansions over the years, including the addition of shrines and significant structural repairs in the 20th century.

Architectural Features

Confucian Temple

The Confucian Temple is arranged in a four-courtyard layout, with the Great Achievement Hall as the main structure along the central axis. Key buildings include:

• Lingxing Gate (棂星门): The entrance to the complex.
• Great Achievement Gate (大成门): A ceremonial gate.
• Great Achievement Hall (大成殿): A single-eaved hip-roof structure measuring 18.5 meters wide and 15 meters deep, housing tablets for Confucius and other scholars.
• Chongsheng Shrine (崇圣祠): A two-eaved pavilion behind the Great Achievement Hall.

Martial Temple

The Martial Temple, located 50 meters south of the Confucian Temple, covers over 3,000 square meters and features similar architectural styles, including:

• Wucheng Hall (武成殿): A single-eaved structure measuring 13.5 meters wide and 5.6 meters deep.
• Main Hall (中堂): A single-eaved structure 12 meters wide and 7.5 meters deep.

Cultural and Historical Value

The Wenwu Temple is one of the largest and most well-preserved ancient architectural complexes in Yunnan. It reflects the local cultural values of reverence for education and martial prowess, serving as an essential site for understanding the architectural developments and social history of Yunnan during the Ming (明) and Qing (清) dynasties.

Protection Measures

The site was designated a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government in November 1998 and was recognized as a national key cultural relic protection unit in 2006.

How to Get There

• Public Transport: Take bus route 4 to Renmin Road Crossing Station (人民路口站) in Dali. From there, it is a short walk of about 410 meters to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays to avoid crowds.
• Engage with local guides for in-depth historical insights.
• Sample local cuisine at nearby eateries.
• Bring a camera to capture the intricate architecture and serene surroundings.

Overview

The Guandi Temple (关帝庙, Guān Dì Miào) in Dali City (大理, Dàlǐ) was established in the 17th year of the Hongwu era during the Ming Dynasty (明朝, Míng cháo), specifically in 1384. Also known as the Wumiao (武庙), this temple symbolizes Dali’s martial culture and wealth. The temple is part of the “Hedang Ancient Road” series project initiated by Yunnan City Investment (云南城投, Yúnnán Chéngtóu) and aims to become a new historical and cultural attraction in Dali.

Historical Significance

With the development of Yunnan’s tourism industry, the Guandi Temple represents the first step in transforming Dali’s cultural tourism. This project uniquely integrates traditional Chinese culture with the millennia-old mysteries of the Bai people’s (白族, Bái zú) local culture. The temple will feature 63 of the most influential Bai ancestral statues alongside the statue of Guandi (关公, Guān Gōng) in the main hall, serving as a focal point for worshippers.

The temple’s restoration and the excavation of its historical significance ensure it goes beyond mere real estate development. As part of the celebrations for the upcoming Ethnic Festival on April 10, the first martial arts competition, an international folk music festival, and various cultural performances will be held.

Cultural Events

The Guandi Temple is expected to rival famous sites like the Confucius Temple in Nanjing (南京夫子庙, Nánjīng Fūzǐ Miào). Spanning over 20 acres, the temple complex has expansive courtyards accommodating thousands of worshippers and is vital to the cultural heritage of Dali.

Restoration and Development

The “Hedang Ancient Road” project involves protective development on the original temple site, restoring landmarks such as the ancient wall and stone fountain. The architectural style will reflect Bai traditional residences while providing a welcoming ambiance. The project includes a sunken plaza for showcasing local cultural activities and will feature dining, cultural, experiential, and antique zones.

Grand Opening Ceremony

The grand lighting ceremony of the Guandi Temple was officiated by the renowned Taoist master Liao Dehong (廖德鸿, Liào Déhóng) from Taiwan. Incense ash from three major Guandi temples—Luoyang (洛阳, Luòyáng), Jiexiu (解州, Jiězhōu), and Dangyang (当阳, Dāngyáng)—was combined and placed in the temple’s incense burner, marking a significant cultural unification.

Cultural Fusion

The Dali Guandi Temple stands as the only local temple integrating martial and Bai ancestral cultures. It aims to promote tourism, entertainment, dining, shopping, and cultural experiences while preserving traditional values. Experts highlight its potential to be a cultural tourism hub, merging ancient traditions with modern tourism.

Travel Information

How to Get There

• By Car: Start from Dali City Bus Station (大理市客运站, Dàlǐ Shì Kèyùn Zhàn) via People’s North Road (人民北路, Rénmín Běi Lù) and Xijing Road (西景线, Xī Jǐngxiàn).

Travel Tips

• Visit Duration: Expect to spend 1-3 hours exploring the site.
• Opening Hours: 08:00 AM – 05:00 PM (January 1 – December 31, daily).
• Ticket Information: Please consult the temple for specific ticket details.
• Location: 172 Huguo Road, Dali Ancient City, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省大理白族自治州大理市护国路172号大理古城).

The Dali Guandi Temple is not only a historical monument but also a unique blend of culture and tourism, ensuring a memorable visit for all.

Fengyi Confucius Temple (凤仪文庙), also known as Zhao Prefecture Confucius Temple (赵州文庙), is located in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省), specifically at the West Street (西街) in Fengyi Town (凤仪镇). It was first established in the 18th year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1385) and was rebuilt in the 12th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1886). Today, it serves as the Fengyi Cultural Center (凤仪文化站).

Historical Overview

Fengyi Confucius Temple originally had an east-west layout, facing West Street to the east and backed by the Zhao Prefecture city wall to the west. The original layout included the following features from east to west: the Great Screen Wall (大照壁), the Pan Pool (泮池), the Lingxing Gate (棂星门), the Great Success Gate (大成门), the Great Success Hall (大成殿), the Sutra Repository (藏经楼), and the rear palace (后宫). Currently, only the Great Success Gate, Great Success Hall, two side wings, and the Sutra Repository remain, with the rest having been destroyed or dismantled. Fengyi Confucius Temple is noted for its well-preserved structure, high architectural quality, and significant historical and scientific value. In December 2003, it was designated as a key provincial cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial Government.

Architectural Layout

Originally, the temple’s layout was oriented east-west, with the eastern entrance facing West Street. The structure included several important buildings, including:

• Great Screen Wall (大照壁)
• Pan Pool (泮池)
• Lingxing Gate (棂星门)
• Great Success Gate (大成门)
• Great Success Hall (大成殿)
• Sutra Repository (藏经楼)
• Rear Palace (后宫)

The existing structures include the Great Success Gate, Great Success Hall, two side wings, and the Sutra Repository.

Major Buildings

• Great Success Gate (大成门): A three-bay entrance with a single eave hanging gable roof, reconstructed in 1986.
• Great Success Hall (大成殿): A five-bay hall with a single eave hip roof, measuring 23 meters wide, 18.5 meters deep, and approximately 13 meters high, featuring two entrances.
• Sutra Repository (藏经阁): A three-bay building in a lofted style.

Cultural Relics

The temple houses two ancient steles, including:

• A “Reconstruction of the City Record” from the third year of the Hongzhi period (1490) by Governor Zhang Yanshou (张延寿).
• A “Memorial Stele of the Ding Building for Wenchang” from the fourth year of the Kangxi period (1665).

Historical and Cultural Significance

Fengyi is today known as Dali Town (大理一镇). Historically, it was eligible to establish a Confucius Temple, as it served as the seat of Zhao Prefecture, which governed both Fengyi Town and Midu County (弥渡县), thus holding a higher status than regular counties.

Heritage Protection

Fengyi Confucius Temple has been recognized as a cultural heritage site on several occasions:

• September 1985: Designated as a key municipal cultural heritage site by Dali City Government.
• December 1987: Designated as a key state-level cultural heritage site by Dali Prefecture Government.
• December 2003: Recognized as a key provincial cultural heritage site by Yunnan Provincial Government.

The protection area includes boundaries defined by the Great Screen Wall (currently the Lingxing Gate), the southern eaves of the south wing, and the main road to the west.

Travel Information

Location

Fengyi Confucius Temple is situated at West Street (西街) in Fengyi Town (凤仪镇), Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省).

How to Get There

The temple is approximately 16 kilometers from the Dali City Government. Driving takes about 30 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays to avoid crowds.
• Explore nearby attractions to enrich your cultural experience.
• Consider learning about the local customs and history for a more immersive visit.

Overview

Shiping Confucius Temple is situated on North Zheng Street (北正街) in Yilong Town (异龙镇), Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Prefecture (红河州). Originally established during the Yuan Dynasty (元) in the Zhi Zheng period, the temple has undergone several renovations, including significant restorations in the 22nd year of the Hongwu reign (洪武) and expansions during the Jiajing (嘉靖) and Tianqi (天启) periods. With a width of 33.75 meters and a depth of 96.33 meters, the temple spans an area of 4,257 square meters and faces south. Key architectural features include the Lingxing Gate (棂星门), Pan Pool (泮池), Dacheng Hall (大成殿), Hall of the Great Teacher (先师殿), and Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁). The stone carvings on the Pan Pool’s railing are intricate and noteworthy. The temple is currently recognized as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit.

History of Development

The Confucius Temple was first constructed in the 14th year of the Zhengzheng reign (正十四年) (1354), located east of the Zhouya area. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by conflict in the 14th year of the Hongwu reign (洪武十四年) (1381). In the 22nd year of the Hongwu reign (洪武二十二年) (1389), the temple was rebuilt. The Dacheng Hall and the east and west wings underwent renovations in the 2nd year of the Tianshun reign (天顺二年) (1458), commemorated by the inscribed “Shiping Prefecture Temple Academy Record.” Major renovations took place from the 2nd year of the Jiajing reign (嘉靖二年) (1523) to the 5th year of the Tianqi reign (天启五年) (1625). In the 1st year of the Shunzhi reign (顺治元年) (1644), Governor Liu Weishi (刘维世) and Academy Head Luo Tianzhu (罗天柱) oversaw comprehensive repairs, revitalizing the temple’s appearance, which has endured various earthquakes without damage.

Structural Layout

The Lingxing Gate features a wooden and stone structure, measuring 31 meters in width, 3.88 meters in depth, and 13.5 meters in height. The central room is 4.25 meters wide and 3.88 meters deep, with two side rooms each measuring 3.6 meters wide and 3.88 meters deep. The front plaque reads “Lingxing Gate,” while the reverse bears inscriptions praising “德配天地” (Virtue Matches Heaven and Earth) and “道冠古今” (Way Tops Past and Present), written by Zhang Ruiliang (张瑞亮). On the side walls, “太和元气” (Great Harmony Vitality) is inscribed by Tu Yan (涂晫) during the Kangxi period (康熙), and “鸢飞鱼跃” (Kites Fly and Fish Leap) is by Liu Xuan (刘宣).

The east and west side doors measure 2.18 meters wide and 1.74 meters deep. The gate features a single eave hip roof design, while the side doors have a single eave hanging roof, both covered with blue tiles.

After entering through the gate, visitors arrive at Pan Pool, which is adorned with a single-arch stone bridge called the “Zhuangyuan Bridge” (状元桥). Pan Pool spans 20.2 meters wide and 15 meters deep, covering an area of 303 square meters. The stone bridge measures 2.8 meters wide and 15 meters long, with a railing height of 65 centimeters and pillar height of 160 centimeters.

Beyond Pan Pool lies Dacheng Hall, flanked by the Ming Officials Shrine (名宦祠) on the east and the Local Worthies Shrine (乡贤祠) on the west. Both structures are single-eave, hip-roof wooden buildings. Dacheng Hall measures 17.3 meters in width and 8.55 meters in depth, covering 147.9 square meters. It features five bays and three sections, with a roof topped with a glazed bottle and beast kiss (兽吻). The hall combines lifting beam and through-dou style, supported by nine beams and 24 columns, including six eave columns, with no dou-gong brackets.

Following the Dacheng Hall is the Hall of the Great Teacher, the temple’s central hall, measuring 16.73 meters in width and 10.9 meters in depth, covering 182 square meters. It features a single eave hip roof, originally topped with a glazed bottle and beast kiss, and covered with blue tiles. The hall is structured with five bays and three sections, employing both lifting beam and through-dou styles. It includes 12 dou-gong brackets and 24 supporting columns, with bases made of bluestone featuring intricate dragon relief carvings.

In front of the Hall of the Great Teacher is a terrace covering 174 square meters, with two dragon carvings flanking six stone steps leading to the hall, which are used by officials during the annual sacrificial ceremonies for Confucius’s birthday on the 27th day of the 8th lunar month.

Flanking the Hall of the Great Teacher are two wings, each with nine rooms. The eastern wing measures 30 meters in width, 6.2 meters in depth, and 4 meters in height, built as a wooden single-story structure with a tiled roof. Inside are tablets honoring Confucius’s 72 disciples. Behind the Hall of the Great Teacher is the Chongsheng Hall (崇圣殿) and the Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁).

Cultural Relic Protection

In October 1983, Shiping Confucius Temple was designated as a second batch of state-level cultural relic protection units. In December 2003, it was recognized as a sixth batch of provincial-level cultural relic protection units, officially named “Shiping County Confucius Temple and Yuping Academy” (石屏县文庙及玉屏书院).

How to Get There

To reach Shiping Confucius Temple, visitors can travel to Yilong Town by road from Shiping County. Local transportation options include taxis and regular bus services that run frequently from the county center to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal visiting seasons are spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November), when the weather is most pleasant.
• Local Cuisine: Explore nearby eateries for local dishes that highlight fresh, traditional recipes unique to the region.
• Respect Cultural Significance: Maintain respectful behavior within the temple premises, especially in sacred areas, to honor its cultural importance.
• Photography Etiquette: While photography is encouraged, respect the privacy of individuals and adhere to local customs.
• Consider Guided Tours: Joining a guided tour can enhance your experience by providing insights into the temple’s rich history from knowledgeable locals.

Location and Historical Background

Majie Confucius Temple is located in Majie Village (马街村), Xiaolongtan Town (小龙潭镇), Kaiyuan City (开远市), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州). The temple was originally built during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) under the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆), and it underwent renovations during the Guangxu period (光绪). Covering an area of over 4,000 square meters (4000 m²), the temple complex includes several significant buildings.

Architectural Features

The temple is composed of several key structures, including the Dacheng Gate (大成门), Dacheng Hall (大成殿), and the two wings known as Xuehai (学海). The courtyard is adorned with ancient cypress trees that provide a cool, shaded environment. In 1983, Majie Confucius Temple was designated as a cultural heritage protection site by Kaiyuan City.

Significance of Confucius

Confucius (孔子), born Qiu (丘) in 551 BC and passing in 479 BC, was a philosopher, educator, and politician from the State of Lu (鲁国), in present-day Qufu (曲阜), Shandong Province (山东). He is recognized as the founder of Confucianism, which has significantly influenced Chinese history and culture, as well as having a profound impact worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. Confucius’s ancestor, Wei Zi Qi (微子启), was a younger brother of King Zhou (纣王) of the Shang Dynasty (商朝) and was granted the fief of Song. The sixth-generation ancestor Kong Fu Jia (孔父嘉) adopted the surname Kong (孔), and the fifth-generation ancestor Mu Jin Fu (木金父) fled to the State of Lu, where the family eventually settled.

Xiaolongtan Town Overview

Xiaolongtan Town is located in the northwest of Kaiyuan City and serves as a hub for transportation, electricity, and coal energy. It borders Chake Town (岔科镇) to the northwest, Xunjiansi Town (巡检司镇) and Pengpu Town (朋普镇) to the northeast, and is adjacent to Lebaidao Office (乐百道办事处) in the east and Lingquan Office (灵泉办事处) in the south. The town covers a total area of 179.44 square kilometers, accounting for 9.06% of Kaiyuan City’s total area, ranking fifth among the eight townships in the city. It administers six village committees, one community committee, 46 natural villages, and 62 village groups.

How to Get There

To reach Majie Confucius Temple, take a bus from Kunming (昆明) to Kaiyuan City. Once in Kaiyuan, you can hire a local taxi or use public transportation to Xiaolongtan Town. The temple is a short walk from the town center.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays for a quieter experience.
• Dress respectfully when visiting the temple.
• Bring water and snacks, as there may be limited options nearby.
• Explore the surrounding area to appreciate the local culture and scenery.

The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) is located in Luxi County (泸西县), within the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) of Yunnan Province (云南省). The temple was originally built in the 17th year of the Ming Chenghua era (1481) and was reconstructed in the 13th year of the Qing Guangxu era (1887).

Architectural Overview

The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) features a four-courtyard layout:

• First Courtyard: Contains a screen wall (照壁), pond (泮池), Phoenix Gate (腾蛟凤起门坊), and huabiao (华表).
• Second Courtyard: Includes the Lingxing Gate (棂星坊), Kong Gate (孔门), and Yilu (义路), leading to the Dacheng Gate (大成门).
• Third Courtyard: Houses the Hall of the First Teacher (先师殿), with side halls and ear rooms.
• Fourth Courtyard: Contains the Chongsheng Hall (崇圣殿) and additional ear rooms.

The Hall of the First Teacher (先师殿) is architecturally rigorous, featuring a hip roof with a width of 25 meters and a depth of 16.5 meters, sitting on a platform that is 1.45 meters high. The Chongsheng Hall (崇圣祠) has a single eave and also employs bracket supports. In 1983, the temple was designated as a cultural heritage site in Luxi County (泸西县). The temple now includes an exhibition room for cultural relics.

Regional Geography

The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated in the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by diverse landforms such as limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The region experiences significant elevation changes and has a complex terrain with abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a mild temperature variation throughout the year, primarily featuring a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer traversing the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, resulting in a humid and hot climate. The rainy season typically spans from May to October, while frost occurs from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, the best times to visit the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) are in March-April and September-November, avoiding the hot and rainy summer and autumn months.

Exploring Luxi Confucius Temple: A Cultural Treasure of Yunnan!

? The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙), an ancient building established in the 17th year of the Ming Chenghua era, embodies a profound historical and cultural heritage. Entering the temple feels like stepping back in time to an era that revered literature and education.

? The four courtyards of the temple are meticulously designed, with each section showcasing unique architectural styles and symbolic meanings. From the screen wall (照壁) and pond (泮池) to the Phoenix Gate (腾蛟凤起门坊) and huabiao (华表), every detail radiates an aura of ancient elegance.

? Particularly noteworthy is the Lingxing Gate (棂星门), the first gate of the temple. Its name derives from the “Lingxing” in ancient astronomy, symbolizing respect for Confucius as if worshipping the heavens, reflecting the significance of Confucianism in feudal society. The calligraphy on the gate—棂星门—displays a robust and majestic style that is truly awe-inspiring.

? Walking through the temple, the red walls and green tiles, along with the lush cypress trees, exude the beauty of time-worn elegance. Notably, the inscription on either side of the Lingxing Gate (棂星门)—“鸢飞鱼跃”—is closely related to Confucian educational ideals, allowing visitors to appreciate not only the calligraphy but also the profound impact of Confucian thought.

? The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) is not only the second-largest Confucius temple in Yunnan Province but also a treasure of Chinese culture. Whether you are a calligraphy enthusiast or a history buff, this ancient structure rich in cultural heritage is a must-visit. Come to the Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) to experience the weight of history and the charm of culture!

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Kunming Changshui International Airport (昆明长水国际机场) and take a bus or train to Luxi County (泸西县).
• By Train: Regular train services connect Kunming (昆明) with Luxi County (泸西县).
• By Bus: Long-distance buses from major cities to Luxi County (泸西县) are available, with local transport options to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Respectful Visit: Show reverence at the temple, as it holds cultural and historical significance.
• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during the milder months of spring or autumn for the best experience.
• Local Cuisine: Explore local food options in Luxi County (泸西县).
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of local customs and etiquette while visiting historical sites.
• Weather Preparedness: Check the weather forecast to dress appropriately for your visit.

Overview

Miyang Wenchang Palace (弥阳文昌宫) is a historically significant structure located in the former County Committee compound in Mile City (弥勒市), Yunnan Province, China. It faces south and originally served as an educational institution starting in the third year of the Ming Dynasty’s Tianqi era (1623). The current building was rebuilt in the fifteenth year of the Guangxu era of the Qing Dynasty (1889) and occupies an area of 214 square meters, showcasing a traditional wooden architectural style.

Miyang Wenchang Palace is located in the downtown area of Mile City, within the original premises of the former county committee. Facing south, it was first built during the Ming Dynasty in the 3rd year of the Tianqi reign (1623). Originally serving as the Mile Prefecture School, the current structure of Wenchang Palace was reconstructed in the 15th year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1889). Covering an area of 214 square meters, the building is a wooden structure showcasing traditional Chinese architectural style.

Architectural Features

The architectural design of Wenchang Palace is grand, measuring 17.4 meters in width and 12.3 meters in depth. It rests on a raised platform that is 1.9 meters high, giving it a commanding presence. The central hall features a seven-tiered stairway, enhancing the building’s layered appearance. In front of the hall, there is an approximately 80-square-meter platform known as the Tianzi Tai (天子台), providing a unique viewpoint for visitors.

The details of the building’s carvings are exquisite, showcasing the craftsmanship and dedication of the artisans. Each brick and tile reflects the artisans’ skill and respect for traditional culture. Miyang Wenchang Palace stands not just as an architectural marvel but as a historical witness, showcasing the allure of ancient Chinese architecture. It attracts numerous visitors and history enthusiasts eager to experience its profound historical influence and cultural richness.

Architectural Layout

The palace is a grand three-tiered structure with hipped roofs. It spans a total width of 17.4 meters and has a depth of 12.3 meters. The building is set on a raised platform 1.9 meters high, with a seven-step central stairway leading to the hall. In front of the hall, there is an 80-square-meter Tianzi (Emperor’s) platform.

Architectural Grandeur

Wenchang Palace is remarkable for its grand scale and exquisite craftsmanship. The structure’s intricate carvings and expansive layout embody the artistic excellence of Chinese architecture. The building, with its towering presence, stands as a testimony to the skill and artistry of ancient builders.

Historical Significance

Wenchang Palace has a long history, dating back to its original construction in the Ming Dynasty. Over the years, it has undergone several renovations, with the most notable reconstruction occurring during the Guangxu reign in 1889. The palace’s current form reflects this Qing Dynasty restoration, with a triple-eaved hipped roof design. Measuring 20.1 meters in width, 11.9 meters in depth, and 24 meters in height, the building covers an area of 256 square meters. In 1998, it was designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site.

Cultural and Educational Role

After its construction, the palace became a central location for local scholars and gentry to worship the Wenchang Emperor, the deity of culture and literature in Chinese mythology. It also served as an academic institution for generations of Mile scholars. During the mid-to-late Republic of China era, the palace was repurposed as a school. Today, it stands as a historic site for tourists, representing a key cultural landmark in Mile City.

Mile Cultural Importance

Wenchang Palace holds a prominent place in the cultural landscape of Mile City. As a symbol of the area’s rich history and cultural traditions, it offers insight into the development of the region’s educational and religious practices over the centuries. The palace is an essential venue for understanding Mile’s history, culture, and the spiritual beliefs that have shaped the local community.

Jianguo Tower (建国楼)

Located beside Wenchang Palace, Jianguo Tower is another historic structure with profound cultural significance. The tower was originally constructed during the 22nd year of the Hongwu reign (1389) of the Ming Dynasty. The current building was reconstructed in 1947, based on the original architectural plans from the Guangxi Prefecture Records. The tower faces south and is also built in a three-tiered hipped roof style. It has a width of 21 meters, a depth of 15 meters, and a height of 21 meters, covering an area of 315 square meters. Like Wenchang Palace, Jianguo Tower was also designated a provincial-level cultural heritage site in 1998.

Architectural Mastery

Jianguo Tower is a grand structure that exemplifies the fusion of traditional Chinese craftsmanship with modern elements. Its design is a reflection of the ingenuity of Chinese artisans, with detailed decorative elements both inside and outside the building. The combination of local ethnic aesthetics with timeless architectural traditions makes the tower a distinctive symbol of Mile City.

Symbol of Mile City

Jianguo Tower represents the soul of Mile City. More than just a building, it embodies the city’s rich history and cultural evolution. The tower’s design and structure speak to the city’s growth over the centuries, with each brick and tile narrating the story of Mile’s past. Today, Jianguo Tower stands as a prominent landmark, serving as a tangible link to the city’s historical and cultural identity.

Getting There

To reach Miyang Wenchang Palace:

1. By Air: Fly into Kunming Changshui International Airport (昆明长水国际机场).
2. By Bus or Train: From the airport, take a bus or train to Mile City. There are regular connections available.
3. Local Transport: Once in Mile City, taxis or public buses can easily transport you to the palace.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for comfortable weather and fewer crowds.
• Local Cuisine: Explore local Mile snacks and dishes, especially the famous Mile rice noodles and other traditional foods available in nearby markets and eateries.
• Respectful Behavior: Dress modestly and maintain a respectful demeanor when visiting the site, especially in areas designated for worship.
• Photography: Photography is allowed; however, be mindful of local customs and avoid taking pictures of worshippers without their permission.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for deeper insights into the history and cultural significance of the palace and the surrounding area.

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Confucius Temples

Confucius Temples

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