The Hani polyphonic folk song Transplant Seedling was circulated in several Hani villages centered in Puchun Village(普春村) in Honghe County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is one of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage in Yunnan, which reflects the daily life and cultural of Hani Ethnic Minority.
In Hani language, the Transplant Seedling (栽秧山歌) is Wuchuaci (吾处阿茨), which is a representative work of Hani traditional folk song Achi (阿哧). Transplant Seedling is rich in content, including praising labor, love, eulogizing the beauty of the nature. Most of them are directly related to productive labor, especially to terraced fields, rice and seedling cultivation. They can be sung from the beginning of seedling cultivation to the harvest season when paddy turns yellow, that is, from the first month to the “October Year” of the lunar calendar(农历十月年).
Singing the Transplant Seedling Song is the most common and lively thing in the planting season. In some places, special singers singing between the terraces to add fun. More often, the women planting seedlings sing extemporaneously while working. All women over 16 in Puchun Village(普春村) can sing. The first form of singing is mainly singing and assisting singing(帮腔), with 7 people in general, 1 leading singer and 6 followers (4 women and 2 men) assisting. If there is a band accompaniment, the lead singer will sing after the the band starts playing. When the lead singer finishes a paragraph, the helper enters the voice part to form the effect of polyphonic voices. The second form includes instrumental accompaniment and non-instrumental accompaniment: the instruments used when singing in the house and on the stage are straight flute(直笛 ,Zhabi in Hani language), small Sanxian(小三弦,Lahe in Hani language), Sanxianxiaoerhu (三弦小二胡(Laheciwo in Hani language)and leaves. In the field, ginger leaves are made into instrument Meipa(梅琶), to make the accompany.
The singing structure of Transplant Seedling Song consists three parts: the opening (开腔), the main singing(主唱) and the assisting singing(帮腔), which formed a singing passage. This passage is also the basis for the singing of the whole ” Transplant Seedling ” , the music passage continues to repeat, while the lyrics are different. During the song, the lead singer is the core, singing the theme and the content. The assisters only sing the auxiliary words, using harmony, multi-part polyphony, to support the lead singer, while the band accompanies. “ The assisters follow the lead singer, the wind instruments follow the men, then the string instruments follow the wind instruments; Singing and playing melodies are different, and change freely with singers; the song is natural, harmonies and leisurely. Up to now, Transplant Seedling Song has 8 voices parts in all, the music is pleasent and beautiful.
Transplant Seedling Song has great value for the study of Hani Ethnic Minority’s terrace cultivation culture and its historical origin. It is especially helpful to the understanding of Hani Ethnic Minority’s customs and culture of production and labor all the year round. Since the 1980s, the unique mode and polyphonic singing method of Transplant Seedling has gradually attracted the attention of the outside world. It has successively performed at home and abroad and successfully appeared at the CCTV Western Folk Song TV Competition. The polyphonic music of Hani Ethnic Minority has no strict system of teacher or family transmission, it is mostly taught by oral and memory. At present, there are more than 10 representative inheritors of polyphonic music in Puchun Village, and most young, middle-aged and elderly women in the village can sing it.
Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1233.html
Translated by 杨悦 from College of Foreign Languages of Yunnan Normal University
Lisu Ethnic Minority is a group good at singing and dancing, accompanied by the national instrument Qiben(其奔). Folk song of Lisu Ethnic Minority is very popular, which is reflected in the old saying that “Salt is indispensable in meals, and singing is indispensable in life”. With plenty of tunes, most of the traditional dances are group dance, among which some simulate animals and some others represent the labor and life. So this turn called Qibenmugua(其奔木刮). It is an important cultural and entertainment project of the Lisu Ethnic Minority. It can be played anywhere.
Qiben is a native-made instrument, also called Lisu lute(傈僳琵琶). It has four metal strings, and
different tunes divide into three-string and four-string play.
Mugua is an ancient narrative song, which is also called epic. Mugua’s lyrics are profound and connotative, and generally sung by the elderly and middle-aged people. It usually sing about sky, earth, people, things and scenery.
Chinese Version:
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1234.html
Haicai Tune(Haicai Qiang) of Shiping(石屏)’s Yi Ethnic Minority is a well-known folk song unique to Yunnan. It is circulated in the Yi village of Shiping County(石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture(红河哈尼彝族自治州). It is one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Yunnan, which introduces the cultural and daily life of Yi people.
Haicai Tune is also called Dapangjiang(大攀桨), Daobanjiang(倒扳桨), commonly known as shiping Tune(石屏腔). It is one of the Four Tunes, together with another three kinds of tunes :Shayou Tune(沙悠腔),Four Tune, Five mount Tun. Yi people call all of them Tunes. Haicai Tun has a long history, there are records and poems in the Qing dynasty local Chronicles about it. Until now, legends,stories and customs about it are still spread among the folks. Such as at the Yilong lake (异龙湖),the traditional song festival held in the tenth day of the second lunar month, there are Tiaoxian dance (跳弦), (Yanhe dance(烟盒舞)) and folk song (Haicai tune) singing competition.
Haicai Qiang tune(海菜腔) is usually leading by one or two people, and others (usually more than three people) followed, usually men and women sing in pairs. Its singing form includes leading singing, antiphonal singing, chorus, speaking sing and so on. Melodies are usually composed of Juqiang(拘腔) tunes, empty tunes, Zhengqi(正七)tunes, Yaqiang (㧎腔)tunes and Baihua(白话) tunes. They are complex in structure, large in length, neat in lyrics and rich in content. They can be described as songs in songs, tunes in tunes, and “song series in folk songs”. Folk singers sing a complete set of Haicai tunes, the least takes 40 minutes, while the most takes more than an hour to complete. The lyrics of the Haicai tune can be divided into two categories: the main words and the lining words. Among them, the “main words”(正词) has only 28 fixed words, the format of which is equivalent to a poem of four line, seven words for each line. Most of the “linings words”(衬词) are improvised by singers and involve a wide range of contents. The sound range of Haicai tune is very wide. When a experienced folk singer sings Haicai tune, he will skillfully alternate the use of true and falsetto voices, which made thee tune bright , beautiful and natural. Due to the blending of Yi and Han cultures in history, Haicai tune is now mainly in Chinese.
In the 1950s, Haicai tune was well-known around the world through the performance of Bai Xiuzhen (白秀贞), a famous Yi singer, and other singers ; in January 2004, Yi folk singers Li Huaixiu (李怀秀) and Shi Wanheng (施万恒) participated in the “Western Folk Song Television Competition” (西部民歌电视大赛) held by CCTV to sing Haicai tune and won the golden prize of the pairs of singers; folk singers Li Huaixiu (李怀秀), the older sister, and Li Huaifu (李怀福), the brother, participated in ” The Second North-South Folk Song Competition of China” (第二届中国南北民歌擂台赛) held by the Ministry of Culture in Shanxi(山西) in August 2005. They won the title of “King of Chinese Folk Songs” and the first prize of original singing method in July 2006 when he participated in the National Young Singers Competition.
Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1232.html
Translated by Emily -Wang/王海玲
The Achang epic “Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima “(遮帕麻和遮咪麻)is mainly spread among the Achang people in Lianghe County, Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, and has been spread to now in two main forms: singing poetry and oral vernacular. Tiangongpama(天公帕麻) and Dimu Mima(地母咪麻) are the mythological characters in the eyes of the Achang nationality. They are not only the ancestors of human beings, the great gods of the earth, the giant craftsmen who replenish heaven and control the water, the heroes who kill demons and protect all sentient beings, but also the most worshiped gods and gods who protect all ordinary families, as well as the god in charge of the sacrifice activities of the Achang people. The Lahong (腊訇) in the epic is the greatest evil god.
“Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima ” tells the story of the ancestors of the Achang people, such as making heaven and earth, creating human beings, replenishing heaven and water, fighting evil Lahong and reforming heaven and earth. The epic plot is vivid and touching, the character is distinct, the language is simple and fresh. Among them, the mother of heaven and earth roll to burn firewood, otter cat send letters, Saguni()left hometown and Mima brough Lahong’s daughter clmb the mountain to pick up chicken, are described very wonderful, even otter cats, sparrows, flies, mice and other small animals are lifelike. As a savior and god of war, the image of Pama contrasts sharply with the vicious nature of Lahong ferocious, reflecting the correspondence between good and evil. It is not only a creative epic, but also vividly reflects the transition of human beings from motherhood to patriarchy. The myth of Yanpo() in the story is a rare record in the myth of salt in the ancient southwest nationality.
Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1231.html Translated by Lynette Fu/付云锐
Mupamipa -Creation Myths(牡帕密帕) is a long epic of creation, was spread in Langcang Lahu Autonomous County of Simao City. Mupamipa -Creation Myths was formed in the long ancient society of the Lahu Ethnic Minority . During the long-term hunting, gathering and migration, the Lahu nationality created the belief of animism, and myths and legends including the birth of Esha, the creation of heaven and earth, the creation of sun and moon, the origin of species, and the origin of race emerged.
Mupamipa -Creation Myths tells the story of the Lahu people’s pioneering work. It records the creation of heaven and earth, creation of all things, reproduction of human beings, manufacturing tools, development of production and distribution system. The poem contains 17 or 19 chapters, including the birth of Esha(厄莎), the creation of heaven and earth, the creation of sun, moon and stars, the creation of mountains, rivers and lakes, the creation of all things, the breeding of gourds, the marriage and reproduction of brothers and sisters (Zadinadi(扎迪娜迪), the ancestor of Lahu Nationality), the first generation, the formation of nationalities, the separation of brothers and sisters, the discovery of fires, the building of farm implements, and the building of houses. Agricultural production, Spring Festival, cotton planting, medicine, kinship and so on.
Lahu people’s “broad and broad” is a folk singing form of narrating ancient times. It is mainly sung by the singer “Gamuke”(波阔嘎阔), accompanied by Chorus and rotation, usually during traditional festivals or religious ceremonies. The melody is simple, there is only one mode, the melody is popular and fluent, the lyrics are fixed, the duality sentences are predominant and easy to be spoken and sung. The singing activity of Mupamipa -Creation Myths is rooted in the folk. The singing method is simple. People surround the fire pond, drink and listen to songs, and stay up all night.
Now, with more than 2,300 lines of poetry, it takes about three days and three nights to finish. The repertoire is rich in mythology and imagination, which can be called the Encyclopedia of Lahu nationality’s history and culture. However, due to the impact of modern culture, there are fewer singing activities and few successors. There are only 2 to 3 artists in Datangzi Village(大塘子村), Zhutang Township, Lancang County(澜沧县), and Banshan Village(半山村), Fubang Township(富邦乡), who can complete the performance of Mupa Mipa is the oldest one nearly 80 years old. At present, after collecting and sorting out, has published “Mupa Mipa”, “Mupa Mipa Guge Canaceae”, “Mupa Mipa” and other books, “Mupa Mipa” all the arias have been included in “Lahu Folk Literature Integration”.
Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1230.html
Translated by Winnie/张赢
Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority(哈尼族四季生产调) spread in Honghe Hani Yi Autonomous Prefecture(红河彝族自治州), Yuanyang County(元阳县), Lvchun County(绿春县), Jinping County(金平县) and other counties. There are no words in the history of Hani nationality, but a large number of rich skills and experiences which are accumulated by its ancestors about nature, animals and plants, production and life form a set of complete knowledge system of agricultural production, life and folk culture. After summing up and refining, the traditional culture of farming production and life of Hani nationality has been continued from generation to generation with the popular ballad Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority .
Although there are different versions of Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority , the main contents are the same. At present, about 1670 lines of ballads have been collected in Honghe Prefecture, which are divided into five parts: an actor undefined opening words, three months of winter , three months of Spring , three months of Summer and three months of Autumn. It completely reproduces the labor production procedure and living custom picture of Hani nationality, imparts the systematic Hani terraces farming technology and unique living custom, and is a complete Hani production and life textbook.
The introduction part has 41 lines, which emphasizes the importance of inheriting ancient songs and imparting traditional knowledge in wonderful and vivid language, while the rest describes or introduces the procedures of terraces farming in seasonal order, including bubble fields(泡田), ridges(打埂), breeding(育种), seeding(撒秧), transplanting(插秧), seedling extraction(拔秧), seedling planting(栽秧), seedling collection(薅秧), millet(打谷子), back millet(背谷子), warehousing(入仓), etc. It also includes astronomical calendars and natural phenological changes corresponding to farming activities, depicting the three prayer and harvest festivals of the Hani people such as the Zhai God(寨神), the sixth lunar month, and the tenth lunar month in easy-to-understand language , and the education of life etiquette for young people.
The Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority is easy to understand and can be recited and sung; the content is very detailed and concrete, with strong maneuverability. It is not only the comprehensive summary of terraces production technology, but also the collection of Hani social ethics and morality. It is carried on mainly by Mo Pi (莫批,Hani folk culture inheritor) through the way of receiving apprentices, family inheritance and singing in festivals or public places. At present, there are only a handful of elders and priests who can systematically sing the Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority , and their inheritance needs to be strengthened.
Chinese Version:http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1229.html Translated by Olive Zhang/张银芳
Ashima(阿诗玛), an epopee of Yi Ethnic Minority , is popular in Shilin Yi Autonomous County(石林彝族自治县) of Kunming. It is one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Yunnan, which reflects the history and legends of Yi people.
Ashima was originally sang in Yi language, before the 1950s, the Ashima singing in Sani Yi language is popular in Sani and Yi ethnic minority areas. The Chinese translation version and other forms of Ashima made a good impact at home and abroad after its publishing. However, The Sani language version Ashima is endangered in the Sani Yi ethnic area. Nowadays, there are few singers can sing Ashima in Sani language.
Ashima tells the story about Ashima and Ahei in oral poetry and narrative melody. It depicts Ahei and Ashima’s perseverance in fighting against the powerful, and at last they become the echo in the mountains and the stone peaks in the stone forest. Their story left beauty to the world, shows that light will defeat darkness, beauty will overcome ugly and freedom will conquer oppression, which reflects the character and spirit of Sani people of the Yi Ethnic Minority. In the minds of Sani people, Ahei and Ashima are the symbols of hero and beauty.
Ashima is divided into two schools, the southern school and the northern school. The southern school spread over Guishan township(圭山乡), Muzhuqing township(亩竹箐乡), Weize township(尾则乡). The northern school spread over Beidacun township(北大村乡), Xijiekou township(西街口乡), shilin town(石林镇). Both schools share some similarities. Ashima can be told or sung, singing is more often, there are solo, duet, a person led others follow several forms. Tunes include Xi tone(喜调), Old man tone(老人调), Sad tone(悲调), Crying tone(哭调), Scold tone(骂调), etc. Singers choose corresponding tunes according to their age and gender.
Ashima is sing by five words sentences(五言句), using the skills such as foreshadowing, hyperbole, irony, and so on. For the artistic form, it uses homophonic, anadiplosis, zeugma, simile and other skills. Ashima was singing in different occasions, mainly in the festivals, weddings, sacrifices, funerals, labor and daily life. Among them, Ashima is most sang in wedding.
Since the publication of the Chinese edition in early 1950s, Ashima has been translated into English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Japanese, Korean and other languages, spread all over the world. In China, it was adapted into a film, which is the first colorful wide screen stereo music musical film(彩色宽银幕立体声音乐歌舞片). It has also been adapted into Beijing Opera, Dian opera(滇剧), opera, dance drama, Sani opera(撒尼剧) and so on. The Chinese version was rated as China’s “Hundred Excellent Chinese Literature Books in the Last Century(百年百种优秀中国文学图书)” in the 20th century, and Ashima dance drama was rated as “Chinese dance classics of the 20th century(中华民族20世纪舞蹈经典)”. As a recognized outstanding work of Chinese folk literature, Ashima has been compiled into the textbook of folk literature for colleges and universities, collected in the authoritative dictionary Cihai(《辞海》) and Encyclopedia of China–Chinese Literature(《中国大百科全书·中国文学》).
Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1227.html
Translated by Emily -Wang/王海玲
Wanzi Miao Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Weixin County, Zhaootng
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1695.html
Shuicheng Lisu Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Tengchong City, Baoshan
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1694.html
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1693.html
Nuodeng Bai Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Yunlong County, Dali
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1692.html
Niru Village (尼汝村) is situated in northeastern Shangri-La City (香格里拉市), Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (迪庆藏族自治州), bordering:
Located 75km from downtown Shangri-La at 2,705m elevation, the village enjoys:
As a preserved Tibetan Bon (苯教) settlement, Niru maintains:
Designated as:
Plowing Festival (开犁节): 15th day, 2nd lunar month
Water Deity Worship (祭水神节): 15th day, 4th lunar month
Danba Festival (丹巴节): 15th day, 7th lunar month
Mountain Deity Horse Racing (祭山跑马节): 15th day, 9th lunar month
Spring (April-June): Rhododendron blooms
Autumn (September-November): Colorful foliage for hiking/photography
Rainbow Waterfalls (七彩瀑布): Iconic waterfall complex
Nanbao Pasture (南宝牧场): Alpine meadows for camping/wildlife
Shudu Lake (属都湖): Connects to Potatso National Park (普达措国家公园)
Diji Grassland (迪吉草场): Expansive hiking terrain
From Shangri-La (香格里拉):
Tibetan specialties:
Unique wildlife:
Niru-Rainbow Falls roundtrip: 11km (day hike)
Niru-Nanbao Pasture loop: 28km (overnight)
Niru-Shudu Lake traverse: 21km (overnight)
Niru Village: Basic Tibetan guesthouses
Nanbao Pasture: Camping (bring equipment)
This hidden Shangri-La gem offers unparalleled Tibetan cultural immersion amidst spectacular landscapes.
For Chinese version please go to:
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1691.html
The Hani polyphonic folk song Transplant Seedling was circulated in several Hani villages centered in Puchun Village(普春村) in Honghe County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is one of...
Introduction Lisu Ethnic Minority is a group good at singing and dancing, accompanied by the national instrument Qiben(其奔). Folk song of Lisu Ethnic Minority is very popular, which is reflected...
Haicai Tune(Haicai Qiang) of Shiping(石屏)’s Yi Ethnic Minority is a well-known folk song unique to Yunnan. It is circulated in the Yi village of Shiping County(石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous...
Brief Introduction The Achang epic “Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima “(遮帕麻和遮咪麻)is mainly spread among the Achang people in Lianghe County, Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, and has been spread...
The Origin Mupamipa -Creation Myths(牡帕密帕) is a long epic of creation, was spread in Langcang Lahu Autonomous County of Simao City. Mupamipa -Creation Myths was formed in the long ancient society...
Brief Introduction Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority(哈尼族四季生产调) spread in Honghe Hani Yi Autonomous Prefecture(红河彝族自治州), Yuanyang County(元阳县), Lvchun County(绿春县), Jinping County(金平县) and other counties. There are no ...
Ashima(阿诗玛), an epopee of Yi Ethnic Minority , is popular in Shilin Yi Autonomous County(石林彝族自治县) of Kunming. It is one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Yunnan, which reflects the history...
Wanzi Miao Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Weixin County, Zhaootng http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1695.html...
Shuicheng Lisu Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Tengchong City, Baoshan http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1694.html...
Qiaotou Buyi Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Hekou County, Honghe Located in Qiaotou Township, Hekou County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, this protection area centers on villages like Laodong...
Nuodeng Bai Ethnic Culture Protection Area in Yunlong County, Dali http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11114-1692.html...
Location Niru Village (尼汝村) is situated in northeastern Shangri-La City (香格里拉市), Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (迪庆藏族自治州), bordering: Dongni Township (东尼乡) and Exi Township (俄西乡) of Sichuan Province to the east Yanluo Village (岩洛村) to ...
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