Also Known as Dian Stone Lotus (滇石莲) or Si Ma Lu (四马路)

Yunnan Stone Lotus (Sinocrassula yunnanensis) is a succulent plant species belonging to the Crassulaceae family and the Sinocrassula genus. This species is endemic to China and is primarily found in high-altitude regions of Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, and Hubei provinces. The plant is recognized for its beautiful rosette shape, succulent leaves, and small, delicate flowers, making it a popular ornamental plant. However, it is also valued for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional herbal practices.

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Taxonomy and Classification

Latin Name: Sinocrassula yunnanensis (Franch.) A. Berger
Common Names:

• Yunnan Stone Lotus (滇石莲)
• Si Ma Lu (四马路)
  Family: Crassulaceae
  Genus: Sinocrassula
  Endemic to: China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, Hubei, and other regions)
  Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN), listed in the “Red List of China’s Biodiversity” (Critically Endangered)

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Morphological Characteristics

Yunnan Stone Lotus is a small, perennial, succulent plant. The plant typically reaches a height of 5-10 cm, and the main root system is thin and slender, measuring about 1 mm in diameter but extending up to 10 cm in length. It develops many fine, fibrous roots, which aid in water absorption from the soil in its native habitat. The plant has a distinctive, rosette-like arrangement of leaves at the base, with each leaf covered in soft, fine white hairs.

• Rosette: The plant’s rosette formation typically measures about 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter, and the leaves are arranged in a loose, spiral pattern.
• Leaves: The basal leaves are oblong-lanceolate (shaped like a narrow spearhead) to spatulate (spoon-shaped). Each leaf is about 1.2–2.5 cm long and 4–5 mm wide. The leaf tips are acute or gradually pointed and densely covered with fine white hairs.
• Flowering: The plant produces small, umbrella-like flower clusters that are 2.5 cm in diameter. Each flower has five yellow-green petals, which are lance-shaped, measuring 3.5–4 mm long and 1 mm wide. The flowers bloom from September to October.
• Stems and Flowers: The flower stalks are covered in soft hairs and are 5–10 cm tall. The flowers themselves are compact and slightly crowded in their inflorescences.

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Habitat and Growth Environment

Yunnan Stone Lotus thrives in high-altitude environments and is typically found in mountainous regions of China, where it grows in rocky, well-drained soils. It has specific altitude preferences, which influence its natural distribution.

• Western Hubei and Eastern Sichuan: Found between 450–1200 meters above sea level.
• Western Sichuan: Found between 1200–2900 meters above sea level.
• Yunnan: Found between 1300–3300 meters above sea level.
• Southeastern Tibet: Grows at elevations of 2800 meters above sea level.

This plant is adapted to survive in environments with cool, dry conditions. It is particularly resilient to frost and can endure low temperatures during winter.

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Geographic Distribution

The species is primarily found in Dali, Yunnan, which is considered its type locality. Its distribution is mainly concentrated in mountainous regions of Southwest China, including parts of Sichuan, Tibet, and Hubei.

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Reproduction and Propagation

Yunnan Stone Lotus can be propagated by cuttings, a simple and reliable method of reproduction. Propagation can be done using leaf cuttings or stem cuttings.

1. Leaf Cuttings:
   • Mature leaves are laid flat on moist, sandy soil, with the leaf surface facing up.
   • The leaves should not be covered with soil, and the cuttings should be kept in a shaded, cool place.
   • In about 10 days, small rosettes and roots will begin to form at the base of the leaf.
   • This method can be done year-round, but August to October is the optimal period for propagation as the rooting success is higher during this time.
2. Stem Cuttings:
   • You can also propagate using stem cuttings, such as top cuttings or offsets. The cuttings should be left to dry for a day or two to allow the cut ends to callous before being inserted into well-draining sand or soil.
   • Roots will develop in about 20 days.
3. Division:
   • The plant can also be propagated through division, where new shoots or pups emerging from the base of the plant can be carefully separated and replanted into pots.

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Cultivation Techniques

Yunnan Stone Lotus is suitable for indoor cultivation or greenhouse planting in regions with colder climates. It thrives in well-draining, slightly acidic soil, and benefits from occasional exposure to outdoor sunlight.

Potting and Soil:

• Use a mixture of peat soil, leaf mold, and coarse sand to ensure good drainage.
• It is important to repot the plant every spring or autumn, replacing the old soil and adding some phosphorus-rich fertilizer.
• Drainage is crucial for preventing root rot, especially during the rainy season.

Watering and Care:

• Watering should be controlled. Over-watering can cause the roots to rot, so it’s essential to follow the principle of “water thoroughly, but infrequently”.
• In winter, watering should be reduced, and the soil should be kept dry to prevent frost damage to the roots.
• The plant should be placed in an area with plenty of indirect sunlight. Excessive shade can lead to leggy growth and diminished ornamental value.

Fertilization:

• Fertilization should be done sparingly, about once a month during the growing season. Use a diluted liquid fertilizer or low-nitrogen fertilizer with higher levels of phosphorus and potassium to encourage healthy growth.
• Avoid fertilizing during the dormant period in winter, as the plant slows down its metabolic processes during this time.

Temperature:

• The ideal temperature range for growth is between 15°C to 25°C. In the winter, if temperatures fall below 10°C, the plant may enter dormancy.
• Yunnan Stone Lotus can tolerate brief periods of cold and is hardy enough to survive temperatures as low as 5°C. Some varieties can even endure frost and temperatures as low as 0°C.

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Main Uses

Ornamental Value

Yunnan Stone Lotus is a highly decorative plant, prized for its succulent, jade-like leaves arranged in a rosette pattern. The leaves have a unique glossy appearance, which makes the plant resemble a small, sculpted lotus flower. This makes it popular as a potted plant for home decoration, as well as an accent in rock gardens or flower beds. It is especially attractive when planted among other succulents or in mixed containers.

In tropical and subtropical climates, the plant can be grown outdoors in rockeries or as a ground cover, whereas, in colder regions, it is best suited for indoor planting or as a greenhouse plant.

Medicinal Value

Yunnan Stone Lotus is not only an ornamental plant but also plays an important role in traditional medicine. The entire plant, including the roots, stems, and leaves, has therapeutic properties.

• Medicinal Use: It is used in various herbal remedies for treating ailments such as sore throat, dysentery, intestinal bleeding, and external injuries like burns and wounds.
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Known for its cooling nature, it is used to clear heat, relieve pain, and stop bleeding.
• Tibetan and Ethnic Medicines: The plant is also used in Tibetan medicine for treating intestinal issues and uterine bleeding.

Dosage: The plant is typically used in the form of a decoction, with a standard dosage of 30-50g of the whole plant for internal use. For external applications, the plant is crushed and applied to affected areas, such as burns or wounds.

Ethnobotanical Uses:

• Tujia Ethnic Medicine: Used to treat respiratory diseases, bone fractures, and skin infections.
• Pu Mi Medicine: Known for treating lung conditions such as cough and tuberculosis.

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Conservation Status

Yunnan Stone Lotus is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The plant is also listed on the Red List of China’s Biodiversity, which highlights its status as a species at risk of extinction due to habitat destruction, overharvesting, and climate change.

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Related Species in the Sinocrassula Genus

The genus Sinocrassula includes several related species that share similar characteristics, especially the rosette growth form and succulent leaves. Some notable species include:

• Sinocrassula ambigua: Long-tube Stone Lotus
• Sinocrassula densirosulata: Dense-leaved Stone Lotus
• Sinocrassula indica: Indian Stone Lotus
• Sinocrassula longistyla: Long-style Stone Lotus
• Sinocrassula techinensis: Deqin Stone Lotus

Each of these species has adapted to different ecological niches, but they share the characteristic succulent nature and ability to thrive in rocky, well-drained soils.

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Yunnan Stone Lotus (Sinocrassula yunnanensis) is a fascinating and highly prized plant due to its unique succulent features, its ornamental value, and its medicinal applications. Its critically endangered status underlines the importance of conservation efforts to protect this unique species and its habitat.

Yunnan Province, known for its rich biodiversity, varied climates, and stunning landscapes, is a perfect environment for a wide variety of succulent plants. From the arid, high-altitude regions in the north to the subtropical and tropical zones in the south, Yunnan’s diverse habitats support numerous species of succulents. These plants are adapted to store water in their fleshy leaves and stems, allowing them to survive in Yunnan’s often dry, rocky, and sometimes extreme environments.

Overview

Yunnan’s geographical diversity, with its mountain ranges, valleys, plateaus, and tropical zones, creates a range of ecological environments. The province’s climate varies significantly, offering ideal conditions for a wide variety of succulent species. Many of these plants are well adapted to harsh conditions, including periods of drought and extreme temperature fluctuations, which are common in areas like the Hengduan Mountains and Xishuangbanna.

Succulent plants thrive in Yunnan’s well-drained soils, rocky slopes, and sunny locations. Their ability to store water in their thick, fleshy tissues allows them to survive in areas with minimal rainfall, making them a perfect fit for the semi-arid regions in the west and the dry slopes of the Hengduan Mountain range.

Categories of Succulent Plants in Yunnan Province

Succulents in Yunnan can be broadly categorized based on their growth habits, leaf structures, and environmental adaptations. Below are some of the major categories of succulents found in the province:

1. Agave Species (Agave spp.)

• Growth Habit: Rosette-forming, spiny, and large.
• Adaptation: Agaves are well-adapted to arid and rocky environments. They have thick, fleshy leaves that store water.
• Habitat: Agaves are typically found in dry, rocky, and semi-arid regions of southwestern Yunnan, near the borders with Myanmar and Laos.

2. Echeveria Species (Echeveria spp.)

• Growth Habit: Low-growing rosettes with thick, fleshy leaves that often show a bluish-gray color.
• Adaptation: Echeveria species are drought-tolerant and can withstand Yunnan’s cooler subtropical climates.
• Habitat: Echeveria thrives in high-altitude regions, often in gardens, rocky outcrops, or other well-drained, sunny environments.

3. Sedum Species (Sedum spp.)

• Growth Habit: Groundcovers to upright shrubs, known for their fleshy, water-storing leaves and small flowers.
• Adaptation: Sedums are hardy plants that can survive in dry, rocky, or disturbed soils. They can withstand both cold and heat.
• Habitat: Sedums grow well in high-altitude regions of Yunnan, such as the Hengduan Mountains, where they thrive in stony soils.

4. Kalanchoe Species (Kalanchoe spp.)

• Growth Habit: Shrubby or spreading plants with thick, fleshy leaves. Some species produce bright, tubular flowers.
• Adaptation: Kalanchoe plants are hardy in subtropical climates, making them well-suited to the lower-altitude, warmer regions of Yunnan.
• Habitat: Found in gardens, rocky outcrops, and areas with moderate rainfall.

5. Crassula Species (Crassula spp.)

• Growth Habit: Small, bushy succulents with thick, fleshy leaves that store water.
• Adaptation: Crassulas are hardy in semi-arid conditions and can grow in a variety of habitats, often in rocky, well-drained soils.
• Habitat: Crassulas are common in the subtropical regions of Yunnan, particularly in areas with less rainfall.

6. Aloe Species (Aloe spp.)

• Growth Habit: Succulent plants with thick, spiny, water-storing leaves. Some species have medicinal properties.
• Adaptation: Aloe species are drought-tolerant and thrive in warm, dry conditions.
• Habitat: Aloe plants are found in the warmer, subtropical regions of Yunnan, particularly in the southern parts.

7. Sempervivum Species (Sempervivum spp.)

• Growth Habit: Low-growing, rosette-forming succulents that can survive harsh climates.
• Adaptation: Sempervivum plants are cold-hardy and able to withstand extreme temperature fluctuations.
• Habitat: These plants are commonly found in the higher-altitude, cooler regions of Yunnan, where they grow in rocky, well-drained soils.

8. Cactus Species (Cactaceae family)

• Growth Habit: Cacti are characterized by their spiny, fleshy stems that store water. They often have brightly colored flowers.
• Adaptation: Cacti are well-suited for extremely dry conditions and can survive long periods without water.
• Habitat: While not native to China, some cactus species are cultivated in Yunnan’s dry regions, particularly in the southwestern areas.

9. Tylecodon Species (Tylecodon spp.)

• Growth Habit: These plants have swollen, bulbous bases with delicate, branching stems and leaves.
• Adaptation: Tylecodons are adapted to survive in arid environments with minimal rainfall.
• Habitat: Found in the driest parts of Yunnan, particularly in rocky outcrops and arid zones.

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Best Places to Plant Succulent Plants in Yunnan Province

Yunnan’s diverse climates and topographies provide a range of habitats suitable for different types of succulent plants. The best places to plant succulents in Yunnan depend on the species’ specific requirements for temperature, sunlight, and soil conditions.

1. High-altitude Regions

• Best for: Echeveria, Sedum, Sempervivum.
• Locations: The Hengduan Mountains, areas surrounding Dali, and the northern regions near Lijiang.
• Conditions: These areas offer cooler temperatures and well-drained rocky soils, making them ideal for cold-hardy succulents that can withstand low rainfall.

2. Dry, Rocky Slopes

• Best for: Agave, Aloe, Crassula.
• Locations: Southwestern Yunnan near the borders with Myanmar and Laos, and rocky slopes in the eastern parts of the province.
• Conditions: Dry, well-drained soils with plenty of sunlight are perfect for succulents that require minimal water.

3. Subtropical Gardens

• Best for: Kalanchoe, Aloe, Crassula.
• Locations: The subtropical zones of Xishuangbanna, parts of Jinghong, and the southern regions of Yunnan.
• Conditions: These regions are warmer and receive moderate rainfall, making them ideal for succulents that thrive in slightly more humid environments with rich, well-draining soils.

4. Alpine Meadows

• Best for: Sempervivum, Sedum.
• Locations: The alpine meadows around Nujiang Valley and the higher altitudes of the Hengduan Mountains.
• Conditions: Cool temperatures and rocky, well-drained soils make these areas ideal for hardy succulents that can tolerate colder climates.

5. Tropical and Semi-arid Regions

• Best for: Cactus, Tylecodon, Agave.
• Locations: Southern Yunnan, especially areas around Xishuangbanna, where the climate is warmer and drier.
• Conditions: These regions have hot, dry climates, and succulents that thrive in such conditions will do well in areas with little rainfall and full sunlight.

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Yunnan Province offers a variety of environments that are perfect for growing succulent plants, from the cooler, high-altitude regions to the warm, subtropical lowlands. With its diverse habitats, the province is home to a wide range of succulent species, each adapted to specific climatic conditions. Whether you’re interested in planting succulents in a high-altitude garden or a subtropical landscape, Yunnan provides a wealth of opportunities for cultivating these hardy, drought-resistant plants.

The Mystical Xishuangbanna Menglun Tropical Botanical Garden: A Tropical Paradise and the Secret to Plant Survival

Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), located in the southern part of Yunnan Province, China, is home to the only large-scale tropical rainforest in the country. It is a haven for tropical flora and fauna, with evergreen forests, vibrant flowers, and a unique cultural landscape that sets it apart from other regions. Xishuangbanna is also a popular destination for artists, especially from the north, who come to sketch and gather inspiration during the dry season from November to April, when temperatures hover around 20°C, making it an ideal time for artistic exploration.

Xishuangbanna Scenery

Traveling from Kunming to Jinghong by bus, one is greeted by towering bamboo groves and dense forests, with scattered minority villages and lush greenery. The constantly changing landscape offers a refreshing feeling, as though you’re stepping into a new world with each turn. The weather along the route is equally dynamic—heavy rain, drifting clouds, thick mist, and bright sunshine all occur in quick succession, creating a constantly shifting atmosphere. After a 10-hour journey, travelers arrive at Jinghong, and from there, a one-hour drive takes them to Menglun (勐仑).

The Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Tropical Botanical Garden

The Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, located in Menglun Township of Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, is surrounded by the Luosuo River (罗梭江) and nestled on a beautiful, gourd-shaped peninsula. Established in 1959, it is the largest botanical garden in China, covering an area of 1,100 hectares and housing more than 13,000 species of tropical plants from around the world. The garden is renowned for its vast, well-preserved tropical rainforest in the eastern part of the island, which serves as an excellent location for artistic studies and nature exploration.

Every year, around December, the garden attracts numerous artists who come to capture the magic of the tropical rainforest’s plant and animal life, creating a significant cultural influence both domestically and internationally.

Luosuo River (罗梭江)

The Luosuo River surrounds the tropical botanical garden and adds to the area’s enchanting scenery. The crystal-clear waters and lush vegetation make it an ideal location for environmental and ecological studies.

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Views

The garden is famous for its diverse plant species and stunning landscapes, offering visitors a glimpse into the secrets of tropical rainforests. Its various ecosystems are an important research resource for botanists and environmentalists from around the world.

Missile Palm at the Botanical Garden

One of the highlights of the garden is the missile palm, a plant that thrives in the lush tropical climate of Xishuangbanna. Its unique appearance is a visual treat for visitors and a subject of interest for researchers and artists alike.

Menglun Town

Although Menglun is a small town, the presence of the botanical garden has led to the development of numerous hotels, ensuring no shortage of accommodations. However, due to the high volume of visitors, some local businesses may engage in questionable pricing practices, offering tourists one price and locals another, sometimes with drastic price differences. Moreover, bargaining is typically not allowed outside of designated shopping areas, which can be frustrating.

Life in the town is relaxed and leisurely, with locals often treating business transactions as casual affairs. A popular drink among visitors is passion fruit juice, though it can be hard to find consistently, as shop owners may close without notice, unlike the more structured business practices in northern regions.

Local Dining and Farm Stays

Dining at local farm stays is another interesting experience in Xishuangbanna. Many establishments serve meals in courses, where the first table’s dishes are served in full before the second table is served. If you arrive late and there are many people ahead of you, you may have to wait for one to two hours for your meal. Additionally, meals are often served in the order written on the menu, which is a stark contrast to the practice of serving cold dishes first, followed by other courses, as seen in other regions.

Menglun’s Weather

The weather in Menglun is generally misty and damp in the mornings, with heavy rainfall occurring between 8:30 and 9:00 am. By around 11:00 am, the clouds dissipate, and the sun becomes intensely hot. In the afternoon, the weather becomes oppressively humid, and one can sweat profusely even under the shade of trees. This weather phenomenon is captured in the local saying: “Four seasons’ clothes are always worn, rain in the east and sun in the west.”

For artists sketching, understanding the weather patterns is crucial. Flowers that don’t have tree cover should ideally be painted before 11:00 am, as the intense midday sun can be unbearable and cause discomfort for the eyes. However, shade brings its own challenges, primarily mosquitoes. The local saying “Three mosquitoes equal one dish” refers to the incredibly irritating mosquitoes, some of which are large and capable of piercing through thick clothing.

Mosquitoes and Wildlife in Xishuangbanna

Xishuangbanna is also home to a variety of dangerous animals, including venomous snakes. To prevent snake bites, locals suggest carrying powdered realgar mixed with dried ginger in a cloth bag. This scent deters snakes, keeping them at bay. Additionally, lighting mosquito incense is advised, as the region’s venomous mosquitoes are notorious for being relentless.

Tropical animals living in Xishuangbanna’s rainforests often depend on plants for survival, and many of these plants have developed toxic defenses to protect themselves from being eaten. Visitors are advised not to touch certain plants, especially those with sharp thorns or furry surfaces, as they could cause allergic reactions that may be life-threatening. The infamous “blood-curdling tree” (见血封喉树) is a particularly dangerous species. Its sap can cause paralysis, blood clotting, and suffocation if it comes into contact with open wounds.

The “Blood-Curdling Tree” (箭毒木)

The “blood-curdling tree” is one of the most poisonous trees in the world. Its sap, found in the trunk, branches, and leaves, is highly toxic. Even a small amount can cause rapid heart failure and death. Local legend states that animals shot with arrows tipped in this sap can only manage a few steps before dying.

The Life-Saving “Bend Hand Vine” (扁担藤)

On a more positive note, the “bend hand vine” is a life-saving resource in the rainforest. Its thick vine contains water, which can be drunk in times of dehydration, providing fresh, sweet water that can save lives when other sources are unsafe to drink.

Tropical Rainforest as the “Lungs of the Earth”

Tropical rainforests are often called the “lungs of the Earth” because of their ability to rapidly absorb and fix atmospheric carbon dioxide. This makes them the most powerful ecosystems for carbon fixation on the planet. The biodiversity in tropical rainforests is extreme, with numerous species of plants and animals competing for sunlight, space, and nutrients. It is a vivid demonstration of the survival of the fittest and the law of natural selection.

The Unique Climate of Xishuangbanna

Xishuangbanna’s rainforest is a geographical anomaly. Located at the northernmost reach of the tropics, its latitude is higher than most tropical regions, and yet, it is a thriving oasis. The area’s unique climate is shaped by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (青藏高原) and the Hengduan Mountains (横断山脉) to the north, which block cold northern air, allowing for the creation of a unique tropical ecosystem. Xishuangbanna’s average annual temperature is only 20.7°C, and the region receives an average of 1,336.8 mm of rainfall each year, which is considerably less than the 2,000 mm typical for tropical rainforests. Despite these limiting factors, Xishuangbanna’s tropical rainforest endures, largely due to the region’s frequent fogs.

Xishuangbanna’s Fog

The fog in Xishuangbanna, occurring up to 100-200 days a year, is a characteristic feature of the region’s climate. It typically forms at night and dissipates by mid-morning. This prolonged fog helps maintain the humidity levels necessary for the survival of the tropical plants and acts as a protective barrier against temperature fluctuations.

The “Tropical Rainforest Miracle”

Due to its unique geography and climate, the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna represents an ecological miracle. However, this fragile ecosystem is under threat from human activities, particularly the cultivation of rubber trees, which has led to widespread deforestation. In addition to the destruction caused by logging and agriculture, the use of pesticides to protect rubber plantations further harms the delicate balance of this ecosystem.

The Skyward-Soaring “Looking at the Sky Trees” (望天树)

The “Looking at the Sky Tree” (望天树), a species of the Dipterocarpaceae family, was discovered in Mengla County in 1974. Standing at an impressive 70-80 meters, it is the tallest tree in Asia and among the tallest in the world. The discovery of this tree changed the perception that China had no tropical rainforests and is a symbol of the rich biodiversity that Xishuangbanna harbors.

The Layers of the Tropical Rainforest

Xishuangbanna’s rainforest is a multi-layered ecosystem, with the tallest trees reaching heights of 60-70 meters. The canopy is home to towering trees such as the “Looking at the Sky Tree,” while the understory consists of smaller trees, shrubs, and ferns. This stratified structure allows for a great diversity of plant species and provides habitats for a wide range of animal species.

The region’s diverse and vibrant landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage, make it a must-see destination for travelers interested in nature, art, and adventure. Whether you are exploring the botanical garden, sketching in the rainforest, or simply immersing yourself in the beauty of the tropical paradise, Xishuangbanna is an extraordinary journey waiting to be discovered.

Hello everyone! This time, I finally arrived at Olive Dam (橄榄坝) in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) and had an amazing day tour visiting Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园) and Manyuan Village (曼远村). From the water-splashing activities in the morning to the family-friendly fun in the afternoon, the day was both fulfilling and exciting. Let me share my experience with you!

Itinerary Overview:

• Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园) → Manyuan Village (曼远村)

We departed from Jinghong City (景洪市) at 8:00 AM, driving south for about an hour to reach Xishuangbanna Dai Ethnic Park (西双版纳傣族园). This park preserves the most authentic traditional lifestyle of the Dai ethnic group, featuring attractions such as the Welcome Square (迎宾广场), Manchunman Ancient Buddha Temple (曼春满古佛寺), and Manting Buddhist Temple (曼听佛寺). The ticket costs 45 yuan per person, offering excellent value!

First Stop: Welcome Square (迎宾广场)

Upon entering, you’ll immediately feel the warm atmosphere of the Welcome Square (迎宾广场). The square hosts water-splashing events daily, held at 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM. Don’t forget to bring a water bucket, as the splash performances are lively and fun. Be sure to bring a change of clothes too!

Second Stop: Manchunman Ancient Buddha Temple (曼春满古佛寺)

The Manchunman Ancient Buddha Temple (曼春满古佛寺), with a history of 1,400 years, is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). The architecture is ancient and elegant, showcasing the essence of Dai culture, making it a perfect spot for taking photos ?.

Third Stop: Manting Buddhist Temple (曼听佛寺)

Next, we walked to the Manting Buddhist Temple (曼听佛寺), where we enjoyed a traditional Dai song and dance performance. The performance recreates the story of the Dai King’s marriage proposal, offering a magnificent spectacle. The dances and songs highlight the core of Dai culture.

Outdoor theater performance times:

• First show: 11:00 AM
• Second show: 3:00 PM

Fourth Stop: Peacock Garden (孔雀园)

Finally, we visited the Peacock Garden (孔雀园), where the children were thrilled to see peacocks spread their tails. This is a great spot for a family-friendly tour.

For lunch, we dined at a restaurant inside the park, where we enjoyed authentic Dai dishes, such as lemongrass grilled chicken (香茅烤鸡) and Dai-style barbecue (傣族特色烧烤). The prices were affordable, and the taste was delicious! ?

Afternoon Visit to Manyuan Village (曼远村)

At 2:00 PM, we drove to Manyuan Village (曼远村), which was named one of China’s Top 10 Most Beautiful Villages (中国十大最美乡村) by CCTV in 2017. It is only a 20-minute drive from Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园). Manyuan Village preserves the original Dai architecture, with magnificent golden temples nestled among tropical flowers, offering a unique atmosphere.

First Stop: Mushroom House (蘑菇屋)

We visited the Mushroom House (蘑菇屋), featured in the variety show “Longing for Life” (向往的生活). The ticket costs 20 yuan per person. We took some photos and experienced the same kitchen and swings from the show – it was a lot of fun!

Second Stop: Mountain Top Buddhist Temple (山顶佛寺)

Next, we walked up the red stairs to visit the Mountain Top Buddhist Temple (山顶佛寺). The red staircase makes for great photo opportunities ?. From the temple, you can overlook the entire village. Below the temple, there’s an ancient well where it’s said that washing your hands in the water brings good luck.

Third Stop: Thousand-Year Banyan Tree (千年榕树)

We then visited the Thousand-Year Banyan Tree (千年榕树), which feels like an entire forest in one tree. It’s truly spectacular and perfect for photography ?.

Fourth Stop: Strolling the Village and Eating Fruit (逛村吃水果)

As we walked around the village, we saw that each courtyard was filled with flowers and fruits. The fresh pineapples (小菠萝), papayas (木瓜), and mangoes (芒果) were especially delicious. You could buy 3 small pineapples for 10 yuan or 2 papayas for 10 yuan. It was incredibly pleasant to enjoy the fresh fruit while exploring the village.

Finally, we had a meal at a village restaurant, enjoying authentic Dai-style barbecue (傣味烧烤). I highly recommend the grilled fish (烤鱼) and lemongrass grilled chicken (香茅烤鸡)—they have a unique flavor and are reasonably priced. We also picked up some Laos ice coffee (老挝冰咖啡) to enjoy back at the hotel.

Travel Tips:

1️⃣ Transportation: It’s recommended to drive yourself as the park and Manyuan Village (曼远村) are located far from the city center, and self-driving is more convenient.

2️⃣ Tickets: You need to buy separate tickets for Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园) and Manyuan Village (曼远村). It’s best to buy tickets on the left side, which offers better value for money.

3️⃣ Sun Protection and Mosquito Repellent: The sun in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) is very strong, so be sure to protect yourself from the sun and bring mosquito repellent.

4️⃣ Time Arrangement: It’s recommended to leave at 8:00 AM and return to Jinghong (景洪) around 5:00 PM to make the most of your day.

This day trip to Olive Dam (橄榄坝) was a perfect mix of exploring the majestic ancient temples and cultural performances at Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园) and enjoying the original and picturesque Dai village life at Manyuan Village (曼远村). The day was both enriching and fun. I hope this guide helps those planning a visit here!

Xishuangbanna Launches Three Cool and Refreshing Routes to Escape the Heat

Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) has launched three special summer travel routes designed to offer a cool and refreshing experience in Menghai County (勐海县). These routes focus on wellness retreats, tea plantations, local culture, village exploration, and more. Each route provides a unique blend of outdoor activities, ethnic culture, and tranquil nature experiences, perfect for escaping the summer heat. Whether you prefer a relaxed vacation, an active adventure, or cultural immersion, these routes cater to various interests and provide the ultimate summer getaway.

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Route 1: Wellness and Leisure Tour Centered Around Mengbala Resort

Starting Point: Mengbala Resort (勐巴拉旅游度假区)

Recommended Highlights:

• Mengbala Resort (勐巴拉旅游度假区) is a premier vacation destination that combines family-friendly activities, team-building exercises, and leisure in a natural, forested environment. The resort is surrounded by over 400 acres of lush grassland, offering a serene atmosphere and a high concentration of negative oxygen ions, making it an ideal location for health and wellness retreats.
• The resort offers various types of accommodations, including the Regal Resort Hotel (悦椿酒店), vacation villas, and leisure inns, all equipped with amenities such as swimming pools and Dai (傣族) and Thai-style restaurants serving local delicacies. These facilities create a comfortable and relaxing vacation experience for all visitors.

Suggested Activities:

• Leisure and Wellness Activities:
  In the resort, guests can engage in a wide range of outdoor and recreational activities, such as cycling, horseback riding, off-road mountain biking, lawn games, hiking, archery, fishing, and children’s fish-catching competitions. Other activities include travel photography, outdoor BBQ, bonfire parties, tea tasting, and various wellness programs like yoga and meditation. Visitors can enjoy a truly rejuvenating experience here.
• Nearby Attractions:
  The resort is conveniently located near several popular scenic spots, including the Liushahe Starlight Night Market (流沙河星光夜市), Tea Horse Road (茶马古道), and Crocodile Valley (鳄鱼谷景区). These spots are perfect for tourists looking to explore the local culture and history.
  Visitors can also explore Manhe Water Well (曼贺水井), Water White Tower (水白塔), and savor local delicacies like Menghai Roasted Chicken (勐海烤鸡), a non-material cultural heritage food. These activities allow visitors to get an in-depth understanding of the local lifestyle, traditions, and the beautiful scenery of Menghai (勐海).

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Route 2: Tea and Wellness Journey – The Seven Famous Tea Mountains Tour

Starting Point: Nan Nuo Mountain (南糯山)

Recommended Highlights:

This route takes you through the renowned Tea Mountains of Menghai, visiting Nan Nuo Mountain (南糯山), Mengsong Ancient Tea Mountain (勐宋古茶山), He Kai Ancient Tea Mountain (贺开古茶山), and Old Banzhang Village (老班章村) in Bulong Mountain (布朗山). Along the way, you will have the opportunity to explore Hani (哈尼族) villages, sample local tea, and immerse yourself in the deep cultural and natural beauty of the area.

• Nan Nuo Mountain (南糯山) is famous for its Hani ethnic villages (哈尼族村落), where visitors can stay at the Craft Lodge Hotel (匠庐·南糯山酒店), offering a blend of rustic charm and modern comforts, perfectly capturing the spirit of “half poetry, half smoke”.
• Mengsong Sliding Bamboo Mountain (勐宋滑竹梁子山), known as the “Roof of the Rainforest”, is ideal for rainforest trekking. The area offers unique opportunities for Ancient Tea Workshop (雨林古茶坊) tours and hands-on tea-making experiences. The region is also known for its La Hu (拉祜族) cultural experiences, where you can learn about the traditions of this indigenous group.
• He Kai Ancient Tea Mountain (贺开古茶山) is home to the Menghun Weekend Market (勐混周末集市), where visitors can explore Man Zhao Dai Paper Village (曼召傣纸村), Man Duan Jade Buddha Temple (曼短玉佛寺), and Palong Mei Fairy Footprints (帕龙美仙人脚). These spots are steeped in local folklore and rich history.
• Finally, at Old Banzhang Village (老班章村) in Bulong Mountain (布朗山), the legendary Tea King can be witnessed in the local tea plantations. This area is one of the best places to learn about the Dai (傣族), Bulong (布朗族), La Hu (拉祜族), and Hani (哈尼族) cultures and their profound connection to the region’s tea production.

Suggested Activities:

• Tea Forest Studies: Participate in tea forest research and experience the ancient methods of tea picking and processing.
• Rainforest Hiking: Explore the depths of the rainforest, visit ancient tea plantations, and engage in eco-tourism.
• Cultural Immersion: Engage in Hani ethnic cultural experiences, visiting villages to learn about local rituals, food, and daily life.

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Route 3: Deep Country Exploration – Hidden Villages and Scenic Spots

Starting Point: Daluo (打洛)

Recommended Highlights:

This route provides a deep dive into the rural heart of Menghai, where you can explore national cultural heritage sites, historical landmarks, folklore, and rural hospitality. The journey takes you to Daluo (打洛), Mengzhe Town (勐遮镇), Menghun Town (勐混镇), Mengwang Township (勐往乡), Jiangbian (江边), and Qian Nian Zhang Lang (千年章朗).

• Daluo (打洛) is a border town rich in cultural exchanges between China and Myanmar (缅甸). Visitors can immerse themselves in the borderland culture and enjoy the unique atmosphere of this region.
• In Mengzhe Town (勐遮镇), Menghun Town (勐混镇), and Mengwang Township (勐往乡), visitors can take part in activities like fruit picking, local history exploration, and folk culture studies, all while experiencing the laid-back lifestyle of the rural villages.
• Qian Nian Zhang Lang (千年章朗) is a historic site known for its ancient cultural relics, traditional folk arts, and picturesque landscapes, offering a peaceful retreat from urban life.

Suggested Activities:

• Cultural and Ethnic Festival Participation: Take part in ethnic celebrations, visit traditional markets, and enjoy the vibrant atmosphere of local events.
• Local Cuisine Tasting: Experience the unique ethnic food by visiting local food markets and trying regional specialties that reflect the area’s diverse cultures.
• Craftsmanship Learning: Discover traditional handicrafts such as weaving, pottery, and wood carving, and learn the skills passed down through generations.

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Conclusion: A Summer of Exploration in Menghai

These three routes—whether centered on wellness, tea culture, or rural exploration—offer a diverse range of experiences that will refresh and rejuvenate visitors. By immersing yourself in the local culture, exploring the stunning landscapes, and enjoying the coolness of Menghai County (勐海县), you’ll find the perfect summer getaway that blends nature, culture, adventure, and relaxation. Whether you seek peaceful retreats, cultural experiences, or exciting outdoor activities, these routes provide everything needed for an unforgettable summer experience.

If you’re seeking a combination of relaxation, cultural exploration, and outdoor adventure, look no further than Menghai (勐海) in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). A one-day itinerary in this scenic county will offer you the chance to enjoy the Tea Horse Road (茶马古道) history, marvel at the border landscapes between China and Myanmar, wander through unique forests, and experience the vibrant Starlight Night Market (星光夜市). This itinerary blends wellness, tea tourism, and the stunning landscapes of Menghai, offering you a perfect getaway.

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Recommended Itinerary

• Mengbala International Tourism Resort (勐巴拉旅游度假区)
• Rainforest Ancient Tea Workshop (雨林古茶坊庄园)

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Mengbala International Tourism Resort: The Ultimate Wellness Destination

Start your day at the Mengbala International Tourism Resort (勐巴拉国际旅游度假区), located in Menghai County (勐海县), which is nestled within 17,500 acres of pristine rainforest. The resort has become renowned for its clean air, mild climate, and fusion of mountains and lakes, making it a prime destination for wellness retreats.

The resort strategically integrates culture, tea tourism, and wellness, offering a comprehensive experience for visitors. Its goal is to become an immersive tourism destination, combining cultural experiences, tea culture, wellness retreats, and environmental conservation into one seamless package. Visitors can explore everything from scenic hikes to health-oriented activities, all while immersed in the natural beauty of the region.

Core Features of the Resort:

• Cultural Experiences (文化体验): Explore the rich cultural heritage of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), including traditional Dai (傣族) customs, crafts, and performances.
• Tea Tourism (茶旅): Learn about the region’s centuries-old tea traditions and its connection to the Tea Horse Road (茶马古道).
• Wellness and Health (康养度假): Relax in the resort’s health-focused spaces and partake in activities that promote overall well-being.
• Filming Locations (影视拍摄): The area is also a popular choice for filmmakers due to its stunning landscapes and traditional villages.

The resort is designed to cater to both casual tourists and those seeking in-depth, wellness-oriented vacations. Whether you’re looking to relax in the serenity of the rainforest or learn about Xishuangbanna’s (西双版纳) cultural and natural treasures, Mengbala Resort is an ideal base for your journey.

Address: Mengbala International Tourism Resort, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province

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Highlights at Mengbala Resort

1. Romantic Flower Sea & Pink Beach (浪漫花海，打卡粉色沙滩)

• Why Visit: One of the resort’s standout features is the pink beach and sprawling flower sea, making it a perfect spot for romantic photos. The soft, pink sand feels like walking on clouds, while the colorful flowers add to the surreal beauty of the place. This area is ideal for couples and families seeking to capture special memories.

2. Sky Mirror: A View of the Mountains and Sea of Clouds (天空之境，赏远山云海)

• Why Visit: For those who love breathtaking panoramic views, head to the highest observation deck in Mengbala Resort. From here, you can enjoy a spectacular view of the cloud sea (云海), with mist rolling over the mountains. In the colder months (autumn and winter), the scene is even more magical at sunrise, when the sky is painted in vibrant colors. Ensure to check the weather forecast before you go to catch the best sunrise view.

3. Rainforest Skywalk & Wilderness Adventure (雨林空中栈道 & 雨林野外探险)

• Why Visit: Take a walk on the Rainforest Skywalk, a thrilling elevated trail that takes you above the treetops. Here, you can breathe in the fresh, untainted air of the rainforest while enjoying stunning views. If you prefer something more adventurous, opt for the Wilderness Adventure where you can explore deeper into the jungle, walking along the forest trails and experiencing nature up close.

4. Mountain ATV & Rainbow Slide (山地越野摩托车 & 彩虹滑道)

• Why Visit: If you’re an adrenaline junkie, hop on an ATV (越野摩托车) to navigate through the rugged mountain terrain. The resort also boasts a Rainbow Slide, which lets you zoom down the hills in a colorful, exciting ride. It’s a fun way to add a little thrill to your trip.

5. Intangible Cultural Heritage Village (非遗文化村，体验非遗魅力)

• Why Visit: Immerse yourself in the traditional cultures of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) by visiting the Intangible Cultural Heritage Village. Learn about ancient handicrafts such as Dai (傣族) pottery, paper-making, weaving, and singing. You’ll get the chance to try your hand at making these traditional crafts, deepening your appreciation for the cultural diversity of the region.

6. Tent Camping & Winter BBQ (帐篷露营地，暖冬BBQ)

• Why Visit: For an unforgettable experience, camp out under the stars in one of the resort’s cozy tents. Enjoy a winter BBQ and take in the peaceful atmosphere of the surrounding rainforest. This activity is perfect for those looking for a more immersive and rustic connection to nature.

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Rainforest Ancient Tea Workshop: A Deep Dive into Tea Culture

Next, make your way to the Rainforest Ancient Tea Workshop (雨林古茶坊庄园), an essential stop for anyone interested in the tea culture of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). This is a dedicated tea experience center that combines ancient tea tree research, tea leaf processing, and cultural education.

Here, visitors can learn about the famous ancient tea trees (古树茶) of the region, which have been growing for centuries. The center offers a range of activities designed to deepen your knowledge and experience of tea production, from picking and processing to tasting and learning about its history.

Key Features of the Tea Workshop:

• Tea Museum (茶博物馆): Discover the fascinating history of tea in Yunnan (云南) and see over 30,000 tea samples from various years, villages, and types.
• Tea Ceremony Hall (茶道院): Participate in traditional tea ceremonies and learn the proper way to prepare and appreciate tea.
• Tea Culture Education (茶文化教育): Experience tea-picking activities, participate in tea processing workshops, and gain insight into the cultural significance of tea in the region.
• Rainforest Half-Mountain Hotel (雨林半山酒店): Stay in the eco-friendly rainforest hotel, combining nature, wellness, and tea culture.

Why Visit:

• The Rainforest Ancient Tea Workshop is a unique experience for tea enthusiasts and cultural explorers alike. Here, you can participate in every step of the tea-making process, from picking fresh leaves to processing them into Pu’er tea (普洱茶).
• You can explore more than 30,000 ancient tea samples from across the region, allowing you to compare and contrast the differences in taste, origin, and history.
• Learn about Xishuangbanna’s (西双版纳) rich tea culture through the educational exhibits and cultural workshops. It’s an immersive experience that blends history, culture, and the art of tea making.

Address: Beside Manmai Rainforest Garden, Mengsong Township, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province

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Conclusion: A Perfect Day in Menghai

This one-day tour offers a unique mix of adventure, cultural immersion, and relaxation. Menghai (勐海), in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), is a perfect destination to enjoy both nature and culture. From the wellness-focused Mengbala Resort (勐巴拉旅游度假区) to the educational tea experiences at the Rainforest Ancient Tea Workshop (雨林古茶坊庄园), there’s something for everyone.

Whether you’re seeking thrilling activities like ATV riding, cultural experiences like traditional tea ceremonies, or simply a peaceful retreat in the rainforest, Menghai offers a fulfilling experience. With its beautiful natural landscapes, rich tea culture, and wellness opportunities, you’ll leave this region refreshed, enlightened, and full of cherished memories.

Hello again, travel enthusiasts! If you’re planning to explore Menghai (勐海) in a single day, get ready for an unforgettable experience. With its rich tea culture, scenic landscapes, and unique border charm, Menghai offers an ideal destination for a day of discovery and adventure. Here’s a more detailed look at the Menghai One-Day Tour, packed with highlights, local culture, and travel tips to help you make the most of your trip!

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Full Itinerary Overview:

• Xishuangbanna Tea Horse Road Scenic Area (西双版纳茶马古道景区)
• Mengjinglai Scenic Area – The First Village on the China-Myanmar Border (中缅第一寨勐景来景区)
• Daluo Unique Forest of Trees Scenic Area (打洛独树成林景区)
• Gaoshuang Starlight Night Market (告庄星光夜市)

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Tea Horse Road: Echoes of History ✨

Xishuangbanna Tea Horse Road Scenic Area (西双版纳茶马古道景区) is the perfect place to kick off your Menghai adventure. This historic area has long been a vital part of the Tea Horse Road (茶马古道), an ancient trade route that linked Yunnan (云南) with Tibet and Southeast Asia, transporting tea and horses.
In the early morning, you’ll get the chance to ride a horse through lush forests, past ancient temples, and old tea plantations. As you ride, you can almost hear the echoes of past traders and the sounds of the tea horse caravans (茶马队伍), once a key part of Yunnan’s (云南) trade with Tibet, Myanmar, and beyond.
While here, don’t miss the chance to savor the local delicacies:

• Guoqiao Mixian (过桥米线) – A famous Yunnan dish of rice noodles served with a steaming hot broth, accompanied by fresh vegetables, meats, and herbs.
• Suyao Cha (酥油茶) – Butter tea, a Tibetan-inspired drink that’s rich and filling, perfect for recharging after your journey through history. ?

Key Experience:

• Horseback riding through tea plantations and ancient sites
• Tasting local tea-based dishes like Guoqiao Mixian and Suyao Cha

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Mengjinglai: The First Village on the China-Myanmar Border ?

Next, we journey to Mengjinglai (勐景来), known as the First Village on the China-Myanmar Border (中缅第一寨). This scenic area is a blend of rich ethnic culture and dramatic landscapes.
The village is famed for its Diaojiaolou (吊脚楼), traditional stilted houses built by the Dai ethnic group (傣族), as well as its striking 101 Buddhist stupas (佛塔). Here, you’ll feel the influence of Southern Buddhism (南传佛教) and learn about the Dai (傣族) way of life, including their unique crafts and rituals.

While here, visit the Boundary Monument No. 229 (界碑229号), where you can stand at the border and gaze into Myanmar (缅甸), feeling the magical connection between these two countries.
In the village, you’ll also have the chance to participate in traditional Dai (傣族) handcrafts, such as weaving or making traditional accessories, giving you an even deeper understanding of local culture.

Key Experience:

• Admiring the stilted houses and Buddhist stupas
• Exploring the Dai (傣族) culture and traditions, including hands-on experiences with local handicrafts
• Standing at Boundary Monument No. 229, overlooking Myanmar

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Daluo Unique Forest of Trees: Nature’s Marvel ?

In the afternoon, head to the Daluo Unique Forest of Trees Scenic Area (打洛独树成林景区). This enchanting area is home to an ancient banyan tree that has grown so large, it has created its own forest (独树成林)! The tree’s immense canopy resembles an umbrella, providing shade for the entire area below.
This phenomenon, called “One Tree Forest,” is a rare natural wonder that draws visitors from around the world. As you walk around the area, you’ll notice the tree’s thick roots, sprawling branches, and the unique ecosystem it has nurtured over centuries.
The site is also home to the China-Myanmar Friendship Golden Pagoda (中缅友谊大金塔), a peaceful, golden monument that symbolizes the friendship between the two nations. The pagoda offers sweeping views of Myanmar (缅甸), and it’s the perfect place to snap a photo to remember your visit.

Key Experience:

• Discovering the One Tree Forest phenomenon
• Visiting the China-Myanmar Friendship Golden Pagoda
• Scenic views of Myanmar from the pagoda

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Gaoshuang Starlight Night Market: A Dream of Lights and Flavors ?

In the evening, the Gaoshuang Starlight Night Market (告庄星光夜市) is the perfect place to end your Menghai tour.
Under the vibrant, multi-colored umbrellas, the market is alive with activity:

• Street food stalls (街头小吃) offering delicious snacks like cold shrimp salad (凉拌虾), pounded chicken feet (舂鸡脚), and hand-shaken ice lollies (手摇冰棒).
• Local products such as tea, crafts, and textiles are available for purchase, allowing you to take a piece of Menghai (勐海) home with you.
  As you wander through the market, you can also try on Dai ethnic costumes (傣族服饰) and immerse yourself in the festive atmosphere. The market is a colorful celebration of culture, food, and local life, where you can enjoy the fusion of various traditions and have fun haggling for souvenirs.

Key Experience:

• Sampling a variety of local street foods
• Shopping for unique Dai ethnic (傣族) crafts and textiles
• Trying on traditional Dai (傣族) clothing and taking part in the night market’s lively atmosphere

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End of the Day: Perfect Accommodation ?

After a full day of exploration, unwind at the Mekong River Jinglan Hotel (湄公河景兰大酒店), an elegant hotel overlooking the Mekong River (湄公河). The hotel provides top-notch service, with spacious rooms and stunning views of the river and surrounding areas. It’s the perfect place to relax and reflect on the day’s adventures.

Key Experience:

• Enjoying a comfortable stay at the Mekong River Jinglan Hotel
• Relaxing by the river after a day of exploration

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Helpful Tips for Your Menghai One-Day Tour ?

1️⃣ Dress Comfortably: Wear light, comfortable clothes and sturdy shoes for walking and exploring the natural terrain. ?
2️⃣ Sun Protection and Insect Repellent: Don’t forget to bring sunscreen and mosquito repellent, especially if you’re visiting outdoor sites like the Tea Horse Road and Daluo Unique Forest of Trees. ?
3️⃣ Bargain at the Night Market: While shopping at the Gaoshuang Starlight Night Market, don’t forget to bargain! It’s part of the fun, and you might score some great deals on local products. ?

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I hope this detailed guide helps you plan your trip to Menghai (勐海)! Whether you’re a history buff, a nature lover, or a foodie, Menghai (勐海) offers something for everyone. If you have any questions or want more info, feel free to reach out. Happy travels! ?

Menghai County Tea Culture Tour Route Guide

Overview

Explore the rich tea culture of Menghai (勐海), a region in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), known for its ancient tea mountains, ethnic diversity, and deep-rooted tea traditions. This boutique tour provides an in-depth exploration of some of the most historic and significant tea mountains in Yunnan Province (云南省). The route takes you through famous tea-growing areas such as Nannuo Mountain (南糯山), HeKai (贺开), BanZhang (班章), and Browns Mountain (布朗山), where you’ll experience tea cultivation methods passed down through generations, immerse in local ethnic cultures, and enjoy traditional cuisine. The journey is designed for tea enthusiasts and cultural explorers alike, offering both tea-tasting experiences and cultural immersion in the communities of the Hani (哈尼族), Dai (傣族), Lahu (拉祜族), and Browns (布朗族) ethnic groups.

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Tour Highlights

• Ancient Tea Mountains: Visit the historic Nannuo (南糯山), HeKai (贺开), BanZhang (班章), and Browns Mountain (布朗山), all famous for their centuries-old tea trees and traditional cultivation methods.
• Tea-Tasting Sessions: Savor the finest Pu’er tea (普洱茶), including the world-renowned BanZhang tea, considered the “King of Pu’er.”
• Cultural Encounters: Experience the diverse cultures of the Hani, Dai, Lahu, and Browns ethnic groups through their unique cuisines, traditions, and village life.
• Hands-on Tea Experiences: Participate in handcrafting tea and tea-tasting sessions, where you can learn about the tea production process from leaf picking to tea brewing.
• Traditional Cuisine: Taste a wide range of ethnic dishes, including Dai grilled fish, Hani herbal soups, and Browns roasted meats, giving you a taste of the local culture and flavors.
• Scenic Tea Landscapes: Enjoy stunning views of ancient tea forests, terraced tea plantations, and traditional tea villages as you travel through the heart of Xishuangbanna.

Detailed Itinerary for the “Into Menghai Ancient Tea Mountain” Boutique Route

Day 1: Journey to Menghai’s Tea Mountains

8:00 AM – Departure from Jinghong (景洪)

• Jinghong (景洪) is the capital city of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), located in the southern part of Yunnan Province (云南省). The city is known for its tropical climate, diverse cultures, and rich tea heritage. Prepare for a scenic 2.5-hour drive through lush tea plantations and dense forests on your way to the tea mountains.

10:30 AM – Arrival at Gelanghe and Nannuo Mountain (格朗和南糯山)

• Gelanghe (格朗和) is a peaceful village near Nannuo Mountain (南糯山), known for its ancient tea gardens.
• Nannuo Mountain is one of the oldest and largest tea-growing regions in Xishuangbanna. The tea trees here are considered the “Ancient Tea Kings” due to their 800-year-old history.
• Visit the ancient tea fields, where you’ll learn about traditional tea cultivation methods, including hand-plucking tea leaves and processing the leaves in traditional ways.
• Explore the Nannuo Ancient Tea Forest and hike through the lush landscape to witness stunning views of the tea gardens that stretch across the mountainside.

12:00 PM – Lunch at Menghun Restaurant (勐混餐厅) to Taste Dai-flavored Cuisine

• Enjoy a traditional Dai (傣族) lunch, a refreshing and light meal typically featuring rice, fresh vegetables, and unique regional dishes like grilled fish, spicy curries, and herbal salads.
• The Dai people, known for their warm hospitality, will introduce you to the vibrant and refreshing flavors that define their cuisine.

1:30 PM – Visit to Menghun HeKai Ancient Tea Garden (勐混贺开古茶园)

• HeKai Ancient Tea Garden is located in Menghun (勐混), home to one of the oldest tea gardens in Xishuangbanna. This area is known for its exceptional tea production methods that adhere strictly to traditional practices.
• The tea gardens here cover thousands of acres, and visitors can experience the charm of ancient tea cultivation methods, including the traditional hand-picking and hand-processing of tea leaves.
• Learn about the Lahu (拉祜族) ethnic group, who have lived in harmony with the tea plants for centuries, preserving the ecological balance in the area.

2:30 PM – Visit to Browns Mountain Old BanZhang (布朗山老班章)

• Browns Mountain Old BanZhang is known as the “Tea King” of Xishuangbanna. The tea from this area is considered one of the best and is highly sought after for its rich taste and quality.
• Explore the ancient tea trees and learn about the unique cultivation techniques used to produce Pu’er tea (普洱茶).
• Taste some of the finest Pu’er tea while learning about its production process, which has remained largely unchanged for centuries.
• This is also the perfect opportunity to understand why BanZhang tea is called the “King of Pu’er Tea” in the tea industry.

5:30 PM – Enjoy Hani Ethnic (哈尼族) Cuisine

• Enjoy an authentic Hani meal, known for its flavorful and spicy dishes. The Hani people, who have inhabited the region for centuries, are known for their rice dishes, such as Hani-style sticky rice, and for their rich, savory sauces made from local ingredients like chili peppers, ginger, and herbs.
• Local specialties include steamed fish, bamboo shoots, and wild mushrooms, all prepared with a unique Hani touch.

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Day 2: Exploring the Ancient Tea Mountains and Cultural Immersion

9:00 AM – Depart from Browns Mountain Village (布朗山乡)

• After a restful night in a local guesthouse or tea lodge, depart from Browns Mountain for your journey to more ancient tea villages.

10:00 AM – Arrival at Browns Mountain Old Man’e (布朗山老曼峨)

• Old Man’e Village (老曼峨村) is famous for its Old Man’e tea, which is renowned for its powerful and deep flavors. The village is nestled in the forests of Browns Mountain, and the tea gardens here have been preserved for generations using traditional tea cultivation techniques.
• Enjoy a guided tour of the tea plantations, where you can learn about the special methods used in this region to produce some of the finest Pu’er tea in Xishuangbanna.

11:30 AM – Visit to Browns Mountain Baka Nan (布朗山坝卡囡) (Dayi’s 10,000-acre Tea Garden)

• Baka Nan is home to Dayi’s 10,000-acre Tea Garden, which is one of the largest tea estates in the region. The plantation is known for its high-quality tea and the unique techniques used to produce and process the tea leaves.
• You’ll have the chance to see how the tea is harvested on such a large scale and experience the tea-making process from start to finish.
• Take a guided walk through the gardens to see how different types of tea are produced and to enjoy the picturesque views of the tea plantations.

12:30 PM – Lunch and Enjoy Browns Ethnic (布朗族) Specialty Cuisine

• After visiting Baka Nan, take a break and enjoy a traditional Browns meal. The Browns (布朗族) people are known for their hearty, meat-based dishes, often including wild game and various herbs and spices native to the region.
• One of the popular dishes you will try is Browns-style roasted pork, seasoned with local spices, and accompanied by tea-flavored rice or wild vegetables.

3:00 PM – Explore Tea Horse Road Scenic Area (茶马古道景区)

• The Tea Horse Road Scenic Area is a must-visit for any tea lover. This historical route, once used for transporting tea from Yunnan to Tibet and Southeast Asia, is now a fascinating tourist site.
• You can participate in handmade tea-making experiences here, where skilled artisans will show you how to craft Pu’er tea from leaf to cup using traditional methods.
• Enjoy Pu’er tea tastings in the scenic surroundings and learn about the fascinating history of the Tea Horse Road and its importance in the region’s tea trade.

5:30 PM – Dinner Featuring Pu’er Tea Dishes

• End your day with a Pu’er tea-themed dinner. Many dishes in Xishuangbanna incorporate tea as an ingredient, and you’ll be treated to a unique dinner that highlights the many ways tea can be used in cooking.
• Dishes may include Pu’er tea-infused soups, tea-cooked meats, and tea cakes, offering an unforgettable culinary experience.

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Final Thoughts on the Itinerary:

This 2-day itinerary offers a deep dive into the tea culture of Menghai County (勐海县) and the surrounding regions of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). Not only will you explore ancient tea mountains and experience the rich history and culture of Pu’er tea (普洱茶), but you will also be immersed in the diverse ethnic cultures of the Hani (哈尼族), Dai (傣族), Lahu (拉祜族), and Browns (布朗族) people. Through tea-tasting sessions, guided walks, and cultural experiences, this itinerary is a dream come true for tea enthusiasts and cultural explorers alike.

Route Features:

Nannuo Ancient Tea Mountain (南糯古茶山)

Nannuo Mountain is one of the oldest and largest ancient tea-growing regions in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), with a total area of about 12,000 acres. It has long been considered a sacred mountain by tea enthusiasts, both domestically and internationally. The region is renowned for its 800-year-old cultivated tea trees (人工栽培型茶王树), which bear testament to the long history of tea cultivation in Yunnan (云南). Nannuo Mountain is also the birthplace of mechanical tea processing in the province, marking it as a historical cornerstone for the tea industry.

HeKai Ancient Tea Mountain (贺开古茶山):

HeKai Ancient Tea Mountain is one of the oldest tea-growing areas in Xishuangbanna, covering over 16,000 acres. The core of the HeKai Tea Mountain area includes three Lahu ethnic (拉祜族) villages: Manmai (曼迈), Manlong Laozhai (曼弄老寨), and Manlong Xinzai (曼弄新寨). For centuries, the local Lahu people have maintained traditional methods of tea tree cultivation, carefully preserving the purity and quality of their tea by harvesting fresh leaves according to local customs, and processing them with traditional hand-made techniques.

Banpen Ancient Tea Mountain (班盆古茶山):

Located in Banpen Old Village (班盆老寨村), Hekai Village (贺开村), Menghun Town (勐混镇), Menghai County (勐海县), Banpen Tea Mountain adheres strictly to the principle of “original ecology, original origin, and local processing”. The tea produced here is known for its natural, pure quality, following the traditional methods of tea cultivation and processing that have been passed down through generations.

Banzhang Ancient Tea Mountain (班章古茶山):

Located in the Browns Mountain (布朗山) area in Menghai County (勐海县), Banzhang Village (班章村), this ancient tea mountain is one of the most renowned in Xishuangbanna. The mountain is divided into the Old Banzhang (老班章) and New Banzhang (新班章) villages, where Han (哈尼族) and Browns (布朗族) ethnic groups have cultivated tea for centuries. Banzhang tea is considered a top-tier Pu’er tea and is often referred to as the “king of Pu’er tea” in the tea industry. The tea gardens cover an area of 5,870 acres, offering the finest tea leaves grown in the lush forests surrounding the villages.

Old Man’e Ancient Tea Mountain (老曼峨古茶山):

Situated in Old Man’e Village (老曼峨村), Browns Mountain (布朗山), Menghai County (勐海县), Old Man’e Tea Mountain is part of the Browns Mountain Ancient Tea Area, one of the oldest tea regions in Xishuangbanna. This region strictly follows the principle of “original ecology, original origin, and local processing”, producing high-quality, traditional Pu’er tea (普洱茶).

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Target Audience:

This route is designed for tea enthusiasts and lovers. Visitors will have the opportunity to experience the distinct cultures and cuisines of the Hani (哈尼族), Dai (傣族), Lahu (拉祜族), and Browns (布朗族) ethnic groups. Along the way, they will also enjoy the unique tea-tasting experiences and cultural performances. There are inns and guesthouses along the route for visitors to relax and rest.

The “Into Menghai Ancient Tea Mountain” boutique route offers an immersive experience of Xishuangbanna’s (西双版纳) rich tea culture, unique landscapes, and indigenous ethnic customs. This route provides a perfect opportunity for tea lovers to explore the ancient tea mountains, taste a variety of Pu’er tea (普洱茶), and discover the ethnic diversity of Menghai County (勐海县) through hands-on experiences and authentic local cuisine.

The Pu’er Tea Horse Road Tourism Area (普洱茶马古道旅游景区) is a 4A-level scenic spot located in Pu’er City (普洱市), Yunnan Province (云南省), known as the “World’s Tea Source.” It is adjacent to the provincial-level nighttime cultural and tourism consumption gathering area, the Tea Horse Ancient Town Tourism Town (茶马古城旅游小镇). The area is only 2.5 kilometers from the city’s administrative center, about a 5-minute drive from the Puerbei Toll Station (普洱北收费站) on the highway, and about 15 minutes by car from Pu’er Railway Station (普洱火车站), making it easily accessible.

Since ancient times, Pu’er has been an advantageous center for the distribution and trade of tea in southern Yunnan along the Tea Horse Road. It has long been known as the “Silver Simao” (银思茅) and the “Southeast Asian Land Wharf” (东南亚陆路码头). The Tea Horse Road is one of China’s famous linear cultural heritage sites, with the Tea Horse Road ruins (茶马古道遗址) within the scenic area representing an important section of the north-south route. This section marks the starting point for tribute tea traveling to the capital and is the most well-preserved, longest, and culturally rich part of the road, with the best ecological conditions along the route.

Surrounded by mountains and rivers in a picturesque subtropical forest, visitors can enjoy the scenic, rolling Pu’er Tea Mountains (普洱茶山) from a distance and immerse themselves in the long history of the Tea Horse Road culture. Come, and let us guide you to walk the ancient path again, witness the intangible cultural heritage of fishing with trained fish eagles, sit around a stove with the muleteers, and ride through the wetlands where fragrant grasses stretch endlessly…

Scenic Spots within the Area (景区游玩景点)

Dingbo Lake (定波湖)

A serene and picturesque lake that is one of the area’s most famous natural spots.

Large Water Dance Show “Mabang Love Song” (大型水舞秀《马帮情歌》)

A spectacular water and dance performance that portrays the romance and challenges of the ancient muleteers.

Rainbow Cableway (彩虹索道)

A thrilling cableway experience offering panoramic views of the scenic surroundings.

Loyalty Post Station Museum (忠义驿站博物馆)

A museum that showcases the history and significance of the ancient Tea Horse Road post stations.

Tang Tea Hall Museum (唐茶殿博物馆)

A museum dedicated to the history and culture of tea, particularly focusing on the tea trade along the Tea Horse Road.

Tea Horse Road (茶马古道)

The famed ancient trade route that was once a vital link between China and the outside world, allowing the transportation of tea and goods through the region.

Earth Altar (土地坛)

A cultural and religious site where local traditions and customs are celebrated.

Forest Walkway (森林栈道)

A wooden walkway through the dense subtropical forest that offers an immersive natural experience.

Tribute Tea Hall (贡茶院)

A hall dedicated to the tribute tea trade, showcasing the high-quality tea sent to the imperial court in ancient times.

Muleteer’s Former Residence (马锅头故居)

The former residence of a muleteer, where you can explore the daily life and struggles of those who traveled the Tea Horse Road.

Transportation (交通出行)

Nearby Public Transport Stations:

• Route 3 – Lamei Slope Foot Station (腊梅坡脚站): 1.2 kilometers on foot
• Route 1 – Pu’er Renjia East Gate Station (普洱人家东门站): 2.1 kilometers on foot

From the Local Airport/Train Station:

• Simao Airport (思茅机场): Take the bus at the Traffic Road Station (交通路站) and ride Route 2 to the Zhengwu Center Station (政务中心站). Transfer to Route 3 and get off at Lamei Slope Station (腊梅坡站), then walk 1.2 kilometers to the destination.
• Pu’er Railway Station (普洱站): Take Route 3 and get off at Lamei Slope Station (腊梅坡站), then walk 1.2 kilometers to reach the area.

By Car:

• Enter Pu’er by driving to the Pu’erbei Toll Station (普洱北收费站) and continue eastward until you reach the Tea Horse Ancient Town Tourism Town (茶马古城旅游小镇) for parking.

Website:  https://www.pecmgd.com/

Puer (普洱) is a treasure trove of experiences, offering not only world-renowned tea but also an abundance of fascinating places to visit! In this 3-day tour, we’ll explore Puer Tea Culture and the region’s breathtaking natural landscapes. Get ready for an exciting adventure! ??

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Itinerary Highlights

• Day 1: Ning’er Nakeli (宁洱那柯里) -> Tea Horse Ancient Town Night Market (茶马古城夜市)
• Day 2: Meizi Lake (梅子湖) -> Yunnan Provincial Museum (云南省博物馆) -> Puer Science and Technology Museum (普洱科技馆) -> Dai Family Lane (戴家巷) -> May 1st Market (五一市场)
• Day 3: Puer Tea Expo Park (普洱茶博览苑) -> Red Panda Garden (小熊猫庄园)

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Day 1: Ning’er Nakeli (宁洱那柯里) -> Tea Horse Ancient Town Night Market (茶马古城夜市)

Morning: Journey to Ning’er Nakeli

• Self-drive to Ning’er Nakeli: Start your day with a scenic drive to Ning’er Nakeli, a beautiful town nestled in the tea mountains. Known for its deep cultural roots and picturesque scenery, this town is a must-see for anyone interested in tea culture and the Tea Horse Road.
• Horse Caravan Cuisine: Try the famous horse caravan cuisine at Xinyuan Restaurant (心园饭店). The unique flavors of the dishes will give you a taste of the region’s history as it was once a stop on the Tea Horse Road. The food is rich in spices and flavors, making it a memorable experience for food lovers. ?️

Afternoon: Explore Local Crafts and History

• Wind and Rain Bridge: Walk across the Wind and Rain Bridge, an ancient bridge that holds great historical significance. This unique bridge, built with wood and covered by a roof, was designed to protect travelers from the elements. As you walk, feel the weight of centuries of history and the stories embedded in the structure.
• Batik and Gourd Craft: Try your hand at traditional batik (tie-dye) and gourd crafts. Both are prominent in local culture, and you can create your own handicrafts as souvenirs. This is a great way to connect with the region’s artistic heritage. ?

Evening: Tea Horse Ancient Town Night Market

• Barbecue by the River: Head to the Tea Horse Ancient Town Night Market (茶马古城夜市) for an exciting food adventure. Enjoy local delicacies like grilled skewers, handmade dumplings, and braised meat. The riverbank setting creates a perfect atmosphere for an evening meal. ??
• Cultural Performances: Don’t miss the bonfire party and traditional ethnic minority dance performances, where local dancers perform in colorful costumes. This lively experience is a perfect way to end the day. The streets come alive with lights and music, creating a festive atmosphere.
• Shopping: Stroll through the night market, where you can find unique trinkets and souvenirs, such as ethnic crafts, local teas, and handmade jewelry. ?

Accommodation Recommendation:

• Stay at a hotel near the Tea Horse Ancient Town Night Market, which makes evening exploration much easier.

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Day 2: Meizi Lake (梅子湖) -> Yunnan Provincial Museum (云南省博物馆) -> Puer Science and Technology Museum (普洱科技馆) -> Dai Family Lane (戴家巷) -> May 1st Market (五一市场)

Morning: Scenic Meizi Lake

• Visit Meizi Lake: Start your day early by heading to Meizi Lake (梅子湖). Here, you’ll enjoy a peaceful morning surrounded by misty waters and the soft chime of wind chimes. The tranquility of the lake and the surrounding forest will set a serene tone for the day. ?️
• Walking on the Boardwalk: Take a leisurely walk along the viewing platform that stretches over the lake, providing breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape and Puer city.

Late Morning: Yunnan Provincial Museum

• Yunnan Provincial Museum: Visit the Yunnan Provincial Museum (云南省博物馆), where you can explore the rich cultural and historical heritage of Yunnan province. From ancient artifacts to displays on local ethnic groups, the museum offers free admission and is a great way to learn more about the region’s past. ?️

Early Afternoon: Puer Science and Technology Museum

• Puer Science and Technology Museum (普洱科技馆): Dive into the world of science and technology. This interactive museum allows visitors to experiment with various exhibits, making it fun for all ages. Learn about the mysteries of physics, chemistry, and space exploration through hands-on exhibits. ?

Late Afternoon: Dai Family Lane

• Dai Family Lane (戴家巷): In the afternoon, head to Dai Family Lane, a charming area where traditional Dai ethnic architecture meets modern cafes and shops. Enjoy a relaxing coffee or tea while admiring the ancient buildings and the vibrant culture of this area. ☕️

Evening: May 1st Market

• Visit May 1st Market (五一市场): This bustling local market is the heart of Puer’s daily life. Here, you’ll find fresh produce, local handicrafts, and ethnic foods. The market provides a great opportunity to pick up souvenirs, interact with locals, and experience the everyday rhythms of Puer. ?

Accommodation Recommendation:

• Stay near Meizi Lake or in the city center where transportation is convenient.

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Day 3: Puer Tea Expo Park (普洱茶博览苑) -> Red Panda Garden (小熊猫庄园)

Morning: Puer Tea Expo Park

• Visit Puer Tea Expo Park: Begin your day with a visit to the Puer Tea Expo Park (普洱茶博览苑). Here, you can pick your own tea leaves and even learn how to make your own tea cake. This immersive experience will deepen your understanding of Puer tea culture.
• Ethnic Dance Performance: Enjoy a captivating performance of traditional ethnic minority songs and dances, a cultural experience that reflects the diversity of the people in the region. ?

Afternoon: Red Panda Garden

• Visit the Red Panda Garden (小熊猫庄园): In the afternoon, visit the Red Panda Garden, where you’ll have the opportunity to interact with these adorable animals. You can feed them, take photos, and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered species.
• Other Animals: The garden is also home to other fascinating creatures, such as rhinos, sika deer, and various bird species. Take time to explore the different enclosures and enjoy the tranquil setting of this animal sanctuary. ?

Evening: Wetland Restaurant & Night Adventure

• Dinner at Wetland Restaurant: Enjoy a delicious hotpot dinner at the Wetland Restaurant, where you can savor fresh ingredients cooked in a bubbling pot. The restaurant is known for its cozy ambiance and high-quality food.
• Night Adventure: After dinner, join a night exploration activity to hunt for insects and observe the night sky. This stargazing experience will allow you to marvel at the beauty of the stars and the mysteries of nature. ?

Accommodation Recommendation:

• Stay at a wooden cabin villa in the Red Panda Garden for a luxurious and peaceful experience amidst nature.

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Travel Tips

1️⃣ Check the Weather: Always check the weather forecast ahead of time to plan your day properly. Be prepared for any changes in weather conditions.

2️⃣ Keep Your Belongings Safe: Be cautious with your belongings, especially in crowded places like markets or busy tourist attractions.

3️⃣ Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of the local customs and practices. Show respect for the culture, and always be courteous to the locals. ?

4️⃣ Local Halal Food: If you’re looking for halal food options, there are several restaurants in Puer serving traditional Muslim-friendly meals. Some dishes to try include grilled meats, handmade dumplings, and hotpot. Be sure to ask for recommendations from local Muslim communities for the best places to dine.

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✨ Puer’s 3-day tour is truly a journey full of surprises! From tea picking to cultural performances, and from scenic lakes to fascinating wildlife, every moment promises to be unforgettable. Come and experience the beauty of Puer for yourself! ??

Overview

Bingzhongluo Primary School (丙中洛小学) was established in 1951, originally known as the “Gongshan County First Provincial Primary School” (贡山县第一省立小学). In 1956, it was renamed the “Gongshan County Second Complete Primary School” (贡山县第二完小), and it had already developed into a senior complete primary school with a Young Pioneers organization. During the “Cultural Revolution,” the school was further renamed “Bingzhongluo Complete Primary School” (丙中洛完小).

In 1984, the school introduced a boarding class for ethnic minorities, and by 1996, it had expanded to four ethnic minority boarding classes and one preschool class. Prior to 2003, Bingzhongluo school district managed several rural schools, including:

• Qiu Natuan Village (秋那桶村): Gantan Primary School (嘠干堂小学), Nidadan Primary School (尼大丹小学), Biwang Primary School (碧旺小学)
• Jia Sheng Village (甲生村): Jia Sheng Primary School (甲生小学), Tongxin Primary School (同心小学), Sijitong Primary School (四季桶小学)
• Bingzhongluo Village (丙中洛村): Bingzhongluo Complete Primary School (丙中洛完小), Zhanatung Primary School (扎那桶小学), Wangqi Primary School (王期小学), Dala Primary School (打拉小学)
• Shuangla Village (双拉村): Shuangla Primary School (双拉小学), Jiutong Primary School (九桶小学), Bibili Primary School (毕比利小学), Xiaochala Primary School (小查腊小学)

In 2004, Bingzhongluo School District was renamed the Bingzhongluo Central School (丙中洛中心校). The school reorganized and consolidated the 15 rural schools into nine main sites, focusing on centralized education for grades four through six. By 2006, Bingzhongluo had evolved into a central township school with 13 classes, including one preschool class.

School Development and Changes

In 2007, the school was renamed “Bingzhongluo Hongta Primary School” (丙中洛红塔小学). In September 2009, with the correct leadership and strong support from the educational authorities, the school underwent further consolidation. By 2010, four remaining rural school sites were merged into Bingzhongluo Hongta Primary School, making it the first school in Gongshan County to achieve a highly centralized school system, marking a new milestone in the school’s development.

Since the school was established, it has consistently adhered to Marxism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the “Three Represents” (三个代表) ideology, and the Scientific Outlook on Development (科学发展观) as its guiding principles. The school focuses on “people-oriented” education, improving the ethnic cultural literacy of students, and advancing the development of social and cultural sectors. The school has also taken advantage of educational reforms and the implementation of nine-year compulsory education to enhance teaching quality.

Objective and Vision

The goal of Bingzhongluo Central School is to become a model school in Gongshan County, known for its “beautiful campus, strong faculty, good discipline, and high educational quality.” The school has optimized the allocation and utilization of educational resources through the centralization process.

Institutional Structure

Since the implementation of the centralized school system in March 2010, Bingzhongluo Central School established a comprehensive school management system with clear division of responsibilities. The school is organized into various departments, including the Administrative Office (校务室), Office (办公室), Academic Affairs Office (教务室), Political Education Office (政教室), Finance Office (财务室), General Affairs Office (总务室), and the Nine-Year Education Office (普九办). Each department has its specific tasks, but they cooperate and work together to improve the school’s efficiency.

Administrative Structure

Faculty and Student Information

Bingzhongluo Central School operates under the fully centralized education system, with a total of 58 staff members, including 44 full-time teachers. There are also 11 support staff and 3 temporary security personnel. The school offers six grades, with three classes in each grade, along with one preschool class. The total number of classes in the school is 19. As of now, the school has 596 students, with 292 boys and 304 girls.

The school occupies a total area of 10,473 square meters, with a building area of 6,347 square meters. After the school was centralized, it now serves more than 700 individuals, including faculty, staff, and students.

Student and Faculty Statistics

• Total Staff: 58
  • Full-Time Teachers: 44
  • Support Staff: 11
  • Temporary Security Personnel: 3
• Total Students: 596
  • Male Students: 292
  • Female Students: 304
• Campus Area: 10,473 square meters
• Building Area: 6,347 square meters

School Building Development

Bingzhongluo Central School has undertaken significant improvements in its infrastructure under the guidance of local authorities. Since 2004, several new facilities have been added to improve the school’s functioning:

• 2004: The teacher kitchen was expanded to nearly 300 square meters.
• 2005: The student dining hall was expanded by 50 square meters.
• 2006: A new comprehensive teaching building was constructed with an investment of 1.59 million RMB, covering 1,451 square meters. Additionally, a new toilet block was built.
• 2009: A new teaching building with 24 classrooms was completed, which can accommodate 700 students.
• 2011: New student dormitories and a faculty housing building were added.

These infrastructure improvements have significantly enhanced the school’s capacity and the quality of education offered.

Work-Study Activities

Bingzhongluo Central School has always placed great emphasis on work-study programs, particularly since the school was consolidated in 2004. The school actively encourages students to participate in agricultural activities, including vegetable farming and animal husbandry. These activities help improve the school’s financial situation while also teaching students valuable labor skills.

In 2010, with approval from the County Education Bureau, the school started raising pigs at the original Dongfeng Primary School site to support its work-study program. This initiative was designed to raise funds, improve the quality of school meals, and provide assistance to struggling students.

Work-Study Program Goals:

• To create a vegetable base for student meals.
• To improve the school’s financial situation.
• To assist students in learning essential life skills.
• To enhance teaching quality through better resources.

Challenges Faced by the School

Despite the progress made, Bingzhongluo Central School faces several challenges:

1. Limited Agricultural Land: After the consolidation of the school, the vegetable plot for the students shrank to less than 0.2 acres, making it difficult to supply enough vegetables for the student dining hall. In 2011, part of the land was used for building faculty housing, further reducing the available agricultural space.
2. Insufficient Sports Facilities: Due to the increased number of students, the school has inadequate space for physical education and extracurricular activities.
3. Need for Caregiving Staff: The younger students (grades 1 to 3) need guidance and supervision, so the school requires four additional caregiving staff members.
4. Health Services: There is a lack of a health budget for student health prevention and treatment. The school needs to hire two medical staff members (one doctor and one nurse) to ensure students’ physical well-being, a critical issue that has yet to be addressed by local authorities.
5. 

Faculty Statistics Table

Category	Number of Teachers	Number of Female Teachers
Total Number of Teachers	47	14
Student-Teacher Ratio	596 / 47

School Facilities Survey

School Name	Type	Number of Classes	Number of Students	Boarding Students	Campus Area (sq. m)	Building Area (sq. m)	D-Class Dangerous Buildings	Total Staff	Full-Time Teachers
Bingzhongluo Central School	Primary	19	625	585	10,473	6,347	0	56	47

Truffles (scientific name: Tuber) are a type of fungus classified under the Ascomycota phylum, Tuberaceae family, and the Tuber genus. There are approximately 10 different species, most of which are annual fungi that grow in symbiosis with the roots of broadleaf trees. Typically, they grow beneath pine trees, oak trees, and other hardwoods.

Truffles spread around the roots of trees, covering an area of approximately 120-150 cm in radius, with the main body of the truffle buried 3-40 cm underground. They are found in countries such as Italy, France, Spain, China, and New Zealand.

Truffles have a distinctive aroma and are rich in proteins, amino acids, and other nutrients. Due to their highly specific growth requirements and the difficulty in cultivating them artificially, truffles are rare and expensive. For this reason, Europeans consider truffles, along with caviar and foie gras, as part of the “three great delicacies of the world.”

Among the various types of truffles, the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.), produced in France, and the white truffle (Tuber magnatum Pico), from Italy, are regarded as the highest quality. White truffles are typically eaten raw, grated over pasta or eggs, or sliced thinly and added to meats before roasting, or used in foie gras preparation. Some cheeses also contain truffles. Black truffles have a milder taste than white truffles and can be used to make truffle salt or truffle honey. In the past, truffles had to be peeled, but nowadays they are more commonly ground to avoid waste.

In April 2016, the largest truffle in the world, weighing 1.5 kg, was discovered in Australia.

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Characteristics (形态特征)

Truffles have a unique appearance, resembling small, walnut-sized lumps or large, fist-sized formations. When young, they are white inside with a uniform texture, but as they mature, they turn dark black with lighter, marble-like veins.

The truffle’s fruiting body is spherical or oval, brown or dark-colored, with some resembling small beans, while others are as large as Fuji apples. The surface is covered with polygonal warts that reflect a reddish sheen, with a concave area at the top. The internal flesh (spore-producing tissue) is initially white, then turns brown or gray, and finally black as it matures. When cut open, the flesh has a marbled pattern and emits a damp, forest-like aroma with a dry fruit fragrance, which helps attract small animals to spread the spores.

Truffles are unusual in shape, varying in size from small as peanuts to large as a handball. They have a one-year growth cycle and their size and age are unrelated. Their growth is simply tied to the seasonal changes of the environment. Typically, black truffles mature around December and remain so until March of the following year. Overripe truffles will decompose and disintegrate.

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Growth Habits (生长习性)

Truffles grow underground, forming a symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees, absorbing nutrients from both the trees and the soil. They contain a high amount of water and significant amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and fluoride. Unlike most mushrooms, which are soft and juicy, truffles are relatively firm.

Truffles prefer alkaline soil, and high-quality truffles are mainly found in limestone-rich areas, such as Alba in Italy, Périgord in France, and Yongren County (永仁县), Yunnan, China. The nutrients they absorb from the soil and tree roots mean that once truffles have been harvested from a particular spot, that area cannot produce other crops for a while.

Truffles are highly sensitive to environmental changes, and even slight alterations in their surroundings can prevent their spores from growing. In the early 21st century, Western countries began successfully cultivating truffles in semi-artificial conditions.

Truffles particularly thrive beneath pine trees, oak trees, poplar trees, willows, hazel trees, and linden trees. The flavor and aroma can vary depending on the type of tree. However, modern mechanized farming, pesticide spraying, excessive or insufficient rainfall, and changes in forest species have contributed to a significant decline in truffle production since the 20th century.

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Geographic Distribution (地理分布)

Italy (意大利)

White truffles are found exclusively in Italy and the Balkans, particularly in Croatia. They are pale gold, light brown (beige), or off-white with patches or fine veins of brown. White truffles vary in size, with smaller ones about the size of a golf ball, while larger ones can resemble apples. In good years, the global production of white truffles is only around 3 tons, compared to around 35 tons of black truffles produced annually. This highlights their rarity.

Piemonte (皮埃蒙特), located in the northwestern part of Italy, along the Po River, is surrounded by the Alps to the west and north, with the Ligurian Apennines to the south. The Alba (阿尔巴) region in Cuneo province, part of the Langhe (朗格) and Roero (罗艾洛) hills, is a renowned producer of white truffles.

France (法国)

Provence (普罗旺斯)

Provence is the world’s most important black truffle production area, accounting for 90% of France’s black truffle output. The main production center is in the northern region of Tricastin, where over 30 tons of black truffles are produced annually.

Sarlat (萨尔拉)

Sarlat, established in the 9th century, is over 1,000 years old and is known as “the paradise of gastronomy.” It produces both black truffles and foie gras, and many famous foie gras manufacturers are located here. The region is integral to the southwest French cuisine, particularly for black truffles.

Black truffles, which are typically harvested in the southern regions of France, are dark brown to black in color. They have a rough surface with small bumps.

China (中国)

Truffles are also found in China, with an appearance similar to French black truffles. Their outer skin is made up of smaller scales, and the internal white veins are finer. Truffles in China primarily grow under the roots of pine trees, which is also the origin of their Chinese name. The main production areas are Yongren County (永仁县) in Yunnan Province and Panzhihua (攀枝花) in Sichuan Province. Mature Chinese black truffles have a complex mushroom-like aroma, an enigmatic scent that is hard to describe.

Recent reports also suggest that high-altitude mountainous areas in Taiwan have a small number of truffles, resembling those from France and mainland China. However, as truffles are not well-known or widely consumed in Asia, there has been little commercial cultivation.

In the late 20th century, Chinese scientists discovered the distribution of black truffles in the southeastern Himalayas. Truffles are also found in southwestern China in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Tibetan, Yi, and other groups in the regions around the Jinsha River. The black and white truffles found here are considered unique to the region.

Truffle Varieties and Classification

Italian White Truffle

• Common Name: Italian White Truffle or Alba Truffle
• Scientific Name: Tuber magnatum
• Origin: Italy, Croatia
• Growing Season: October to December
• Flavor: Distinct, with a slight garlic flavor, somewhat like cheese, with a pungent aroma.
• Consumption: Typically eaten raw, thinly sliced and paired with eggs, Italian pasta, wide noodles, or salad.

Black Winter Truffle

• Common Name: Black Winter Truffle or Périgord Truffle
• Scientific Name: Tuber melanosporum
• Origin: Primarily France, also found in Spain, Italy, and Yunnan Province, China (Yongren County).
• Growing Season: December to March
• Flavor: Earthy aroma, rich and intense.
• Consumption: Typically cooked, used to flavor eggs or rice, or placed under the skin of roast chicken or in cream-based sauces.

Black Summer Truffle

• Common Name: Black Summer Truffle
• Scientific Name: Tuber aestivum
• Origin: France, Italy, Spain, Yunnan Province, China (Yongren).
• Growing Season: May to September
• Flavor: Milder than the Black Winter Truffle, closer to ordinary mushrooms.
• Consumption: Can be eaten raw or lightly heated. Larger pieces are best served with Italian pasta, meat, or sauces.

Oregon White Truffle

• Common Name: Oregon White Truffle
• Scientific Name: Tuber gibbosum
• Origin: Northwestern United States
• Growing Season: October to November
• Flavor: Different from European truffles, it is milder and crisper.
• Consumption: Can be eaten raw, or used with butter, olive oil, sauces, or broths.

Harvesting Methods

The harvesting period for black truffles is typically from November to March, with the peak season being between December and March. Truffle hunters, known as “truffle hunters,” often carry a family heirloom map, documenting the locations, times, and sizes of truffles discovered by their ancestors. The process of finding truffles is highly interesting, and different countries have unique methods for truffle hunting.

In France, people often use female pigs as their helpers in harvesting black truffles. Pigs have an incredibly sensitive sense of smell, capable of detecting truffles buried 25 to 30 cm underground from as far as 6 meters away. This is because the smell of truffles is similar to androstenone, a compound that triggers sexual desire in female pigs, making them naturally attracted to truffles. However, female pigs have a tendency to greedily consume the truffles they find, so truffle hunters must act quickly to prevent them from eating the precious fungi.

In Italy, people prefer trained female dogs to search for white truffles. The dogs use their paws to mark the spot where the truffles are located, and then their owners carefully dig them up using small rakes. Training a dog to search for truffles involves a complex process, starting with teaching the dog to fetch a thrown ball, then substituting cheese for the ball, and finally using small truffle pieces in place of cheese. A well-trained truffle dog can sell for as much as 3,000 Euros. The night before a truffle hunt, hunters typically withhold food from their dogs, which motivates them to work harder for a food reward.

Nutritional Value

Scientific studies show that black truffles are rich in protein, 18 amino acids (including 8 essential amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize), unsaturated fatty acids, a variety of vitamins, and essential trace elements such as zinc, manganese, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and selenium. They also contain sphingolipids, gangliosides, ceramides, triterpenes, androsterone, adenosine, truffle acid, sterols, truffle polysaccharides, and truffle polypeptides, all of which contribute to their high nutritional and health benefits. Among these, androsterone helps to regulate the endocrine system, while sphingolipids show significant activity in preventing Alzheimer’s, atherosclerosis, and cancer cell toxicity. Polysaccharides, polypeptides, and triterpenes are known for enhancing immunity, anti-aging, and anti-fatigue properties, making truffles useful in health and wellness.

Consumption Methods

Truffle Chicken Soup

Ingredients:

• 50 grams dried truffles
• One whole chicken (about 1500 grams)
• Green onion, ginger slices, fine salt, monosodium glutamate, pepper powder

Method:

1. Soak the dried truffles in warm water until they swell, and then wash them clean.
2. Place the slaughtered and washed chicken into a pot, add about 1.5 liters of water, and add the green onion (tied in a knot) and ginger slices. Bring to a boil over high heat.
3. Add the truffles, cover the pot tightly, bring to a boil again, then reduce the heat to simmer for about 3 hours.
4. Finally, add fine salt and monosodium glutamate to taste.

This dish highlights the rich flavors of truffle and chicken, perfect for showcasing the truffle’s distinctive taste in a comforting soup.

Historical Origins of Truffles

3000 BCE

The earliest mention of truffles dates back to ancient Sumerian inscriptions, which document the dietary habits of the Amorites, noting that they commonly ate truffles. Centuries later, Theophrastus also referred to truffles in his writings.
By 3000 BCE, the Babylonians were already hunting truffles along beaches and in the desert. Greek mythology mentions Aphrodite (the goddess of love), who was particularly fond of eating these mushrooms (Philosophus Lefkas, a writer, first discussed truffles in his works, noting their aphrodisiac qualities). One legend suggests that truffles were created by the thunder of Zeus.

In ancient times, there were two main types of truffles in Italy: Tuber Melanosporum (Black Winter Truffle) and Tuber Magnatum Pico (White Truffle). However, the Romans only consumed a mushroom resembling a truffle, known as “terfez,” or “desert truffle.” This mushroom was native to the island of Lesbos, Carthage, and especially Libya, where the coastal climate was much wetter than it is today.

Medieval Period

During the medieval period, farmers used truffles as a seasoning. The House of Savoy in Italy was particularly fond of truffles, and Prince Accaca often included them in his gifts to the Bourbon family. After the papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, Pope Urban found truffles and developed a deep love for them, eating them every week. The historian Bartolomeo Platina recorded truffle hunting in 1481, writing, “There is a breed of sow that excels at finding truffles, but they should be fitted with a muzzle to prevent them from devouring all the truffles they find!”

Pre-17th Century

During the Renaissance, truffles became popular in Europe again, appearing daily at the castles of King Francis I of France. However, truffles truly gained prominence starting in the 17th century. At that time, Europeans, especially the French, abandoned the heavy, exotic spices of the East in favor of rediscovering the value of natural foods. By the 1680s, truffles became a highly sought-after delicacy at the Paris market, and the French imported various types of truffles year-round from truffle-producing regions. Brillat-Savarin famously said, “Truffles are so expensive that they only appear on the tables of nobles, where they serve to attract women.”

17th-20th Century

In 1711, French botanist Étienne François Geoffroy first defined truffles as a type of mushroom. In 1729, Giovanni Bernardo Vigo from Florence accurately classified two types of black truffles: Tuber melanosporum (Black Winter Truffle) and Tuber aestivum (Summer Truffle).
In 1780, Polish scholar Jean Michel Borchieri wrote “Letters on the Truffles of Piedmont,” accurately describing the appearance and taste of the Piedmont truffle.
In the 20th century, Italian white truffles gained international fame. After World War II, people from areas like Monferrato, Roero, Valle Curone, and Grue actively harvested white truffles. Today, truffles have a significant presence at both domestic and international expos.

Truffle Origins in China

664 AD

In April of 664 AD, two men, Chao Liruo (朝里若) and Chao Laruo (朝拉若), from the Yunnan province, China, went hunting in the Zhi Ju (直苴) area. While tracking wild boars, they noticed the boars rooting around tree roots, eating black spherical objects. After the boars ran off, hungry and desperate, they dug up the objects the boars had been eating. Upon consuming them, they found that these black balls not only filled their stomachs but also enhanced their strength and vitality. From then on, Chao Liruo and Chao Laruo referred to this mysterious substance as “pig-root fungus” (猪拱菌). Every year, just before the Zhi Ju Yi (直苴彝族) people’s Sè Zhuāng Festival (赛装节), they would lead the tribe in gathering these “pig-root fungi” to honor esteemed guests at the festival. This tradition has continued into modern times. With the influence of outside cultures, it wasn’t until 1995 that people discovered this “pig-root fungus” was actually truffles, specifically Tuber magnatum and Tuber melanosporum, the most prized edible fungi in the world.

Truffle-Related News

• In November 2010, Macau casino mogul Stanley Ho (何鸿燊) set a record by purchasing two Italian white truffles, weighing a total of 1.3 kilograms, for $330,000 USD (approximately 2.5 million HKD). This marked the fourth consecutive year the auction was held at the Venetian Macau, featuring Italian white truffles.
• On September 20, 2015, Black Truffle (Black Truffle Wild Mushroom Soup) was served at a U.S. state banquet.
• On October 21, 2015, Black Truffle (Truffle Sauce) was served at a UK state banquet.
• In August 2016, Australia discovered the world’s largest truffle, a black truffle weighing 1.5 kilograms, worth approximately $3,000 USD.

Nutritional Content of Truffles

The following shows the approximate nutritional content per 100 grams of truffles:

• Energy: 487 kcal