Yunnan Province is one of China’s important production areas for zinc concentrate, with abundant zinc concentrate resources that play a crucial role in supporting the domestic zinc mining industry. Here is some information about Yunnan’s zinc concentrate resources and production:

1. Distribution of Zinc Concentrate Resources

• Reserves: As of now, the total reserves of zinc concentrate in Yunnan Province have exceeded 30 million tons.
• Main Distribution Areas: Zinc concentrate resources are primarily concentrated in the regions of Honghe Prefecture, Chuxiong Prefecture, Wenshan Prefecture, and Nujiang Prefecture. Among these, Honghe and Chuxiong are the main production areas, known for their large output and high ore quality.

2. Zinc Production

• Annual Production Fluctuations: Yunnan Province’s annual zinc production typically ranges between 500,000 and 700,000 tons. This production accounts for a significant proportion of China’s total zinc output, making Yunnan a major contributor to domestic zinc production.
• Major Production Areas: Honghe and Chuxiong are the main production areas in Yunnan. These regions not only have high production volumes but also produce relatively high-quality ore, making them key suppliers of zinc concentrate both within and outside the province.

3. Resource Types and Processing

• Resource Types: Yunnan’s zinc resources are diverse, including karst-type zinc deposits, skarn-type zinc deposits, and coal-series zinc deposits found in coal mines, among others.
• Processing Capability: Yunnan Province has established advanced production lines and processing technologies for zinc concentrate, which effectively enhance production efficiency and provide high-quality zinc concentrate products.

4. Industry Development Trends

• Market Demand: As market demand for zinc continues to increase annually, Yunnan’s zinc mining industry is also growing and expanding.
• Technological Advancements: In recent years, through technological upgrades and equipment modernization, Yunnan’s zinc mining and concentrate processing capabilities have continuously improved, leading to higher production efficiency.
• Economic Contribution: The sustained growth of the zinc mining industry will further boost the local economy and provide stronger economic support for Yunnan Province.

5. Estimated Annual Production Data

• 2019: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 tons.
• 2020: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 55,000 and 65,000 tons.
• 2021: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 60,000 and 70,000 tons.
• 2022: Zinc concentrate production was estimated to be between 65,000 and 75,000 tons.

These figures reflect the growth trend of Yunnan’s zinc mining industry and its significant role in China’s overall zinc production. In the future, with further technological advancements and growing market demand, Yunnan’s zinc mining industry is expected to continue its steady growth trajectory.

1. Production Capacity: Yunnan Province is one of China’s key aluminum producers, with significant bauxite resources that provide the raw material necessary for aluminum production. Over the years, Yunnan has developed a robust aluminum industry, thanks to its rich bauxite deposits and favorable conditions for hydroelectric power generation, which is essential for the energy-intensive process of aluminum smelting.

2. Major Production Areas: The primary bauxite mining and aluminum production areas in Yunnan include:

• Wenshan Prefecture: This region is known for its substantial bauxite reserves and plays a crucial role in Yunnan’s aluminum production. The bauxite extracted here is used as raw material in alumina and aluminum production.
• Puer and Baoshan: These areas have also been identified as key zones for bauxite mining. The establishment of processing facilities in these regions supports the local aluminum industry by providing a steady supply of raw materials.
• Qujing and Chuxiong: These cities host significant aluminum smelting facilities, benefiting from Yunnan’s abundant and inexpensive hydropower resources, which help lower production costs and reduce carbon emissions compared to coal-based power.

3. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Considerations: Yunnan’s aluminum industry is characterized by its use of clean and renewable energy sources. The province’s abundant hydropower resources make it an attractive location for aluminum production, as it reduces the carbon footprint associated with the smelting process. This energy efficiency aligns with China’s broader goals of reducing emissions and promoting sustainable development in its industrial sectors.

4. Economic Impact: The aluminum industry significantly contributes to Yunnan’s economy, providing employment opportunities and supporting local businesses. It also plays a vital role in the national aluminum supply.

Yunnan Province’s Green Aluminum Industry: Production and Distribution

1. Strategic Importance and Development: Yunnan Province has emerged as a critical area for the transfer of China’s electrolytic aluminum industry, particularly under the “Northern Aluminum to the South, Eastern Aluminum to the West” strategy. The province is seizing opportunities presented by initiatives like the Belt and Road, the new round of Western Development, and regional cooperation. Yunnan aims to build the “China Green Aluminum Valley,” leveraging its abundant energy resources to foster a green, low-carbon, integrated, and competitive aluminum industry cluster. This strategy has resulted in the development of a comprehensive industrial chain that spans from raw materials and electricity to green aluminum, deep processing of aluminum products, and comprehensive utilization.

2. Policies and Planning: Yunnan is the only province in China that actively supports the development of a full green aluminum industry chain. In recent years, Yunnan has issued several policy documents, including the “Three-Year Action Plan for the Development of Yunnan’s Green Aluminum Industry (2022–2024)” and measures to support the green aluminum industry. The goal is to establish the “China Green Aluminum Valley” by 2030, making Yunnan’s green aluminum industry globally competitive in terms of scale, processing, and innovation.

3. Resource Base and Energy Advantage: Yunnan is rich in green energy resources, a key factor in its aluminum industry development. The province’s total exploitable green energy capacity exceeds 200 million kilowatts, making it a leader nationwide. This includes 104 million kilowatts of hydropower, around 98 million kilowatts of theoretical exploitable capacity, and significant wind and solar power potential. By May 2024, Yunnan’s total power generation capacity reached 136.24 million kilowatts, with clean energy (hydropower, wind power, photovoltaic) accounting for 89.5% of total power generation. This extensive use of clean energy reduces the carbon footprint of aluminum production and provides a competitive edge with electricity costs significantly lower than the national average.

4. Bauxite Resources and Aluminum Production: Yunnan has substantial bauxite resources, ranking sixth in China in terms of confirmed bauxite reserves. The province has 30 bauxite mining areas, primarily located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (including Qiubei, Malipo, Xichou, Yanshan, and Wenshan County), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (Heqing County), and Zhaotong City. As of now, Wenshan has proven reserves of 1.5 billion tons, with 1.1 billion tons available for development, positioning it as the leading bauxite reserve area in Yunnan.

5. Aluminum Production Capacity: Yunnan is one of China’s leading regions in electrolytic aluminum production, with a capacity of 6.33 million tons (about one-sixth of the national capacity). This is expected to increase to 8.26 million tons, approaching one-fifth of China’s total capacity. Key production areas include:

• Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture: The largest contributor, with a capacity of 2.48 million tons already built and another 950,000 tons under construction, totaling 3.43 million tons, accounting for 41.5% of the province’s capacity.
• Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture: Second largest, with 2.48 million tons of completed and under-construction capacity.
• Zhaotong City: Contributing 700,000 tons per year.

6. Production Growth and Economic Impact: Yunnan’s electrolytic aluminum production has shown an upward trend, with a total output of 4.3874 million tons in 2023, marking a 5.6% increase from the previous year. Wenshan, Dali, and Zhaotong are major contributors, accounting for approximately 79% of the province’s total output. In 2023, Yunnan’s green aluminum industry’s output value surpassed 100 billion yuan for the first time, reaching 118.4 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of 23.7%.

7. Industry Layout and Key Enterprises: The “Two Plus Four” spatial development strategy outlined in the “Three-Year Action Plan” aims to concentrate green aluminum development in Wenshan and Honghe, with coordinated development in Dali, Zhaotong, Qujing, and Kunming. Key aluminum industry parks are established in these regions, attracting major projects like Yunnan Hongtai’s 2.03 million-ton green aluminum project and Yunnan Shenhuo’s 900,000-ton integrated aluminum project. Leading companies such as Chinalco Group, Shandong Weiqiao, Shenhuo, and Sichuan Qiya have established a strong presence in Yunnan, enhancing the scale and influence of the province’s green aluminum industry.

8. Innovation and Research: Yunnan’s green aluminum industry boasts a comprehensive and robust industry-academia-research system. It includes key institutions such as Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Nonferrous Metallurgy Design Institute Co., Ltd., and Yunnan Aluminum Co., Ltd., known for their advanced technological capabilities in aluminum research and development.

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This overview reflects Yunnan Province’s ongoing efforts to lead in the development of a sustainable and competitive aluminum industry, supported by rich natural resources, favorable policies, and significant investment in innovation and infrastructure.

Caterpillar fungus冬虫夏草 is a common name for the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. This parasitic fungus is known for its medicinal properties and is particularly famous in traditional Chinese medicine.

Description

• Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps sinensis
• Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
• Genus: Ophiocordyceps

Morphology:

• Fruit Body: The fruiting body is a stick-like structure that can reach up to 6 cm in length and 2 mm in diameter. It is initially leathery, yellowish at the base, brownish in the middle, and dark brown at the tip. After drying, it becomes cork-like and changes color to grey-brown or black.
• Stroma: The stroma (the main body of the fungus) is cylindrical, smooth to slightly rough, and white inside when fresh.
• Spores: The ascospores are thread-like, colorless, thin-walled, and segmented. They measure approximately 120-262 micrometers in length and 5-6 micrometers in width.

Habitat

• Altitude: Ophiocordyceps sinensis typically grows in high-altitude regions, between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level.
• Environment: It is found in the soil of alpine meadows, river valleys, and grassy areas.
• Distribution in China: It is native to Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces.

Growth Cycle

• August to October: The larvae of the bat moth (a host) become infected with Ophiocordyceps sinensis spores. Infected larvae become sluggish and die, turning into “zombie worms.”
• November to February: The fruiting body growth is very slow or halted due to low temperatures.
• March to April: As temperatures rise and the soil thaws, the fungus grows rapidly, and mycelium forms a membrane on the surface of the dead larvae.
• May to June: The fruiting body emerges from the ground and grows to 20-50 mm in length.
• June to July: The head of the fruiting body expands, and spores mature and are released. The fungus completes its life cycle by infecting new larvae.

Chemical Composition

• Nucleotides: Includes cordycepin, adenosine, uridine.
• Polysaccharides: Contains D-mannitol (cordycepic acid).
• Sterols: Includes ergosterol, cholesterol.
• Other Components: Crude protein, fats, fatty acids, vitamin B12.

Medicinal Uses

• Immune Modulation: Polysaccharides in the fungus help regulate the immune system.
• Respiratory Health: Effective in treating cough, phlegm, and asthma.
• Sexual Health: Exhibits androgen-like effects, helping with sexual dysfunction.
• Anti-Tumor: Inhibits cancer growth, including lung cancer and lymphoma.
• Other Benefits: Antibacterial, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-myocardial ischemia, and renal protective effects.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as cordyceps or winter worm summer grass, is a type of parasitic fungus from the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. Its scientific classification is as follows:

• Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
• Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
• Genus: Ophiocordyceps

Morphological Characteristics

Fruiting Body:

• Structure: The fruiting body is annual and rod-shaped. When fresh, it is leather-like, with a base that is pale yellow, a middle section that is yellow-brown, and a tip that is black-brown. It can grow up to 6 cm long and 2 mm in diameter.
• Texture: Internally, it is white when fresh, turning corky when dried. Externally, it is gray-brown to black-brown, smooth to slightly rough.
• Spore-producing Structures: The fruiting body produces a black-brown, prominent perithecium with a slightly pointed, sterile apex. The base is covered with fine hairs when young, which fall off when mature.

Hyphae:

• Appearance: The hyphae are colorless, thick-walled, frequently septate, and occasionally branched. They are regularly arranged, typically 3-6 micrometers in diameter, occasionally expanding up to 12 micrometers.

Asci and Ascospores:

• Asci: The asci are cylindrical, colorless, and have a linear opening. They contain two ascospores, measuring (175- )190-305( -312) micrometers by (7.5- )7.8-9.5( -10) micrometers.
• Ascospores: The ascospores are thread-like, colorless, thin-walled, and frequently septate when mature, measuring (118- )120-262( -270) micrometers by (4.5- )5-6( -6.5) micrometers. The average length is 204 micrometers, average width is 5.46 micrometers, with a length-to-width ratio of 37.3.

Complex Formation:

• The fungus forms a complex with the larvae of the bat moth. The larvae, which resemble silkworms, are 3-5 cm long and 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter, with a deep yellow to yellow-brown surface marked by 20-30 rings. The head is red-brown with 8 pairs of legs, the middle 4 pairs being more prominent. The texture is brittle and breaks easily, with a slightly flat surface that is pale yellow-white.

Uses and Distribution:

• Habitat: Cordyceps sinensis grows in high-altitude regions between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level, typically in the soil of grasslands, river valleys, and grass patches. In China, it is found primarily in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
• Traditional Uses: It is a unique traditional Chinese medicine, known alongside ginseng and deer antler as one of the three major supplements. According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is sweet and neutral, used to tonify the kidneys and lungs, stop bleeding, and resolve phlegm. It is prescribed for kidney deficiency, impotence, nocturnal emissions, lower back and knee pain, chronic cough with weak breathing, and hemoptysis.

Conservation Status:

• Red List Status: Listed in the “Chinese Red List of Biodiversity—Volume on Large Fungi” with a conservation status of Vulnerable (VU).

Habitat and Growth Conditions

Habitat:

• Altitude: Ophiocordyceps sinensis primarily grows in high-altitude areas between 3000 and 4000 meters above sea level. It is commonly found in the soil of grasslands, river valleys, and grassy patches.
• Distribution in China: It is distributed across the high-altitude regions and snow-capped grasslands of Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces.

Growth Conditions:

• The distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis is closely related to various environmental factors including altitude, climate, temperature, humidity, light, soil, and vegetation. Among these, rainfall and temperature have the most significant impact.

Growth Habits

• August to October: In late August, the larvae of the bat moth, which serve as hosts, come into contact with the spores of Ophiocordyceps sinensis carried by wind or rain. If environmental conditions are favorable, the spores infect the larvae. Infected larvae become sluggish and die in October when temperatures are between 2-9°C, turning into “zombie worms.”
• November to February: During this period, the ground temperature is extremely low, causing very slow or halted growth of the fruiting body.
• March to April: As temperatures rise to 4-10°C and the soil thaws, mycelium grows on the surface of the dead larvae and forms a membrane with the soil.
• May to June: The fruiting body rapidly grows to 20-50 mm in length, emerging from the ground.
• June to July: In late June to July, the head of the fruiting body expands, and the ascospores mature and are ejected under suitable temperature, humidity, and light conditions. The decayed larvae underground leave a hollow fruiting body, and the released spores can infect new bat moth larvae. In a natural setting, completing both the asexual and sexual generations of Ophiocordyceps sinensis takes approximately three years.

Main Values

Chemical Components:

• Nucleotides: Includes cordycepin, adenosine, uridine, etc.
• Polysaccharides: Contains D-mannitol (cordycepic acid).
• Sterols: Includes ergosterol, cholesterol, etc.
• Also contains crude protein, fats, fatty acids, and vitamin B12.

Pharmacological Effects:

• Immunomodulation: Cordyceps polysaccharides have bidirectional regulatory effects.
• Antitussive, Expectorant, and Bronchodilator: Significant effects in relieving cough, phlegm, and asthma.
• Androgen-like Effects: Regulates and restores sexual dysfunction in male test animals.
• Anti-tumor: Inhibits primary lung cancer and spontaneous lung metastasis, as well as lymphoma in mice. Also has antibacterial, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-myocardial ischemia, and renal protective effects.

Function and Indications:

• Properties: Sweet, neutral.
• Functions: Tonifies kidneys and lungs, stops bleeding, resolves phlegm. Used for kidney deficiency, impotence, nocturnal emissions, lower back and knee pain, chronic cough with weak breathing, and hemoptysis.

Conservation Status

• Conservation Level: Listed in the “Red List of China’s Biodiversity – Macrofungi” with a conservation status of Vulnerable (VU).

Fengqing walnuts凤庆核桃 are a famous specialty of Fengqing County in Yunnan Province. The area is so well-known for its walnut production that it has been designated as “China’s Walnut Town” by the national government. Fengqing is one of the key bases for the construction of high-quality walnut orchards in the Linxiang region. The cultivation of walnuts is widespread in Dasi, and farmers in the region have a long-standing tradition of growing walnuts. Currently, the area under walnut cultivation in the town has reached over 4,800 acres, with an annual yield of 200 tons. In 2003, a 10,000-acre high-quality walnut orchard was established, and today the total walnut-growing area in the town has expanded to 15,000 acres. Additionally, it is a key area for ecological construction in the Xiaowan Reservoir area. To support the Xiaowan Hydropower Station, Dasi Township has been actively implementing the “Green Mountain Afforestation Project” and the “Grain-to-Forest Project” over the past two years, continuously strengthening ecological construction efforts.

History

Fengqing has a long history of walnut cultivation, dating back approximately 3,000 years. The walnuts grown in Fengqing are mainly in natural, pollution-free environments in mountainous and high-altitude canyons. These walnuts are large, with thin shells, white kernels, and a rich flavor, and they have a high oil content. They are a traditional export commodity and are renowned as the “Walnut Town of China.”

Honors

In 1976, Fengqing’s export walnuts, known for their large size, thin shells, thick meat, and excellent flavor, received praise from foreign merchants. That year, the county was designated as a development base for walnuts by the province. In 1978, the county government decided to designate the villages of Luoxing, Shili, Ziwei, Heshun, Xinyuan, and Xinmin as walnut-growing bases. By 1978, a census revealed that the county had over 570,000 walnut trees, including more than 460,000 iron walnuts and over 110,000 bubble walnuts. In 2004, the county was recognized by the National Standardization Management Committee for its unified standards for high-quality bubble walnuts, and in December of the same year, it was awarded the title of “China’s Walnut Town” by the National Forestry Bureau. In December 2021, Fengqing walnuts were included in the list of the third batch of national famous and excellent new agricultural products.

Development

Before liberation, Fengqing had both iron walnuts and bubble walnuts, along with a small quantity of mixed walnuts. In 1953, the county government made grafting walnuts a focus for developing economic forestry, setting plans and measures for walnut development. In 1958, Xinjiang walnut varieties were introduced, but they were not widely promoted due to their small fruit and short trees. That year, local white-skin walnuts began to be processed for export. In 1961, policies were implemented to reward the planting, grafting, and sale of walnut oil and walnuts.

Characteristics

Fengqing has a long history and cultural heritage related to walnut cultivation. The walnuts are known for their large size, thin skins, thick meat, white kernels, and rich flavor. Currently, walnuts cover 13 townships, 174 villages, and over 70,000 households in the county, accounting for 71% of all households. The walnut-growing area has reached 1.2356 million acres. In 2008, walnut production reached 15,100 tons, with a production value exceeding 300 million yuan. The average walnut income per farmer was 720 yuan. Over 1,000 households earned more than 10,000 yuan from walnuts, with the highest income from walnuts exceeding 80,000 yuan. Walnuts have become a key industry for increasing farmers’ incomes and are a significant growth point for wealth in the mountainous regions. In recent years, Fengqing has consistently prioritized the walnut industry as a pillar of economic and social development, striving to achieve the goal of developing 1.4 million acres of bubble walnuts with a focus on refining and expanding the industry.

1. Variety Characteristics

Yunnan Fengqing walnuts, also known as Dianchi walnuts, are one of China’s renowned local varieties. They are highly favored by consumers due to their large size, thin shells, full kernels, and rich flavor. Fengqing walnuts come in various types, including “bubble walnuts,” “paper-skin walnuts,” and “sweet walnuts,” with the “Qingxiangtian” (lightly fragrant and sweet) series being particularly well-known.

2. Growing Environment

Located in a low-latitude, high-altitude region, Yunnan Fengqing has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil, providing ideal conditions for walnut growth. The walnut trees here are long-lived, yield high quantities, and have stable quality. The unique geographical environment imparts a rich flavor and substantial nutritional value to Fengqing walnuts.

3. Harvesting and Storage

Fengqing walnuts are generally harvested between September and November each year. During harvesting, care should be taken to handle the fruits gently to avoid damage. For storage, walnuts should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated place, avoiding direct sunlight and moisture. For long-term storage, methods such as refrigeration or vacuum packaging can be used to maintain freshness and quality.

4. Nutritional Value

Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are rich in nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamin E. The fats are primarily unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Additionally, walnuts contain essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, which help strengthen bones and maintain bodily function balance.

5. Consumption Methods

1. Direct Consumption: Shelled walnuts can be eaten directly. They are crunchy and nutritious.
2. Cooking Porridge: Walnuts can be cooked with millet, red dates, and other ingredients to make porridge, which is beneficial for boosting energy, nourishing the stomach, and strengthening the spleen.
3. Making Snacks: Walnut kernels can be added to cakes, cookies, and other snacks to enhance flavor and nutritional value.
4. Pairing with Beverages: Chopped walnuts can be added to soy milk, milk, and other beverages to enrich flavor and nutritional content.

6. Market Prospects

With increasing health awareness and advancements in food processing technology, the market prospects for Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are promising. They are in high demand both domestically and internationally, providing opportunities for related industries such as walnut cultivation, processing, and sales. In the future, Yunnan Fengqing walnuts are expected to become a prominent product in China’s nut market, driving local economic development.

As a renowned local specialty, Yunnan Fengqing walnuts have won consumer favor with their excellent quality and rich nutritional value. Understanding their variety characteristics, growing environment, harvesting and storage, nutritional value, consumption methods, and market prospects allows us to better appreciate and benefit from this natural nutritional treasure. When purchasing Yunnan Fengqing walnuts, choose reputable brands and vendors to ensure quality and taste. Enjoy your healthy and delicious walnuts!

Yangbi walnuts are known for their large size, thin shells, white kernels, aromatic flavor, high kernel yield, and oil content, as well as their rich nutritional profile. The oil content in walnut kernels averages between 65.08% and 68.88%, with some reaching up to 76.26%, which is higher than that of soybeans, rapeseed, peanuts, and sesame. The protein content typically hovers around 15%, reaching as high as 29.7%, which exceeds the protein content of eggs (14.8%) and duck eggs (13%), and is 2.1 times that of tofu and 5 times that of fresh milk. The walnut kernels are also high in net protein, with excellent digestibility and absorption, making them a source of high-quality protein. In addition, walnut kernels contain 18 amino acids, including eight essential amino acids in higher concentrations, as well as various vitamins and trace elements such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc.

Growing Environment

Yangbi County, located in Yunnan Province, is characterized by its vast area, ample rainfall, moderate climate, fertile soil, strong water retention, and adequate sunlight. The average annual temperature ranges from 9°C to 16°C, and the annual precipitation exceeds 800 mm, which is ideal for walnuts, which thrive in sunny environments. Walnuts are susceptible to waterlogging and drought, preferring moist conditions. Yangbi’s abundant water supply from the Yangbi River and the snowmelt from Cangshan Mountain creates an optimal environment for walnut growth, leading to widespread cultivation. The region is dotted with lush, fruitful walnut trees.

Yangbi’s Big Puffed Walnuts are typically round or slightly oval-shaped with narrow and prominently raised seams, and smooth shells. The kernels are large, with very thin shells (about 1 mm thick), and a high yield rate of 50% to 76.56%. The walnuts are known for their excellent productivity and superior quality.

Growing Conditions

This walnut variety thrives in areas with an average annual temperature between 11.4°C and 18°C, a coldest monthly average temperature of 3.8°C to 10.9°C, and an absolute minimum temperature of -5.8°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 1,100 mm (concentrated from May to October), with a distinct dry and wet season. It is a sun-loving species, preferring well-drained, fertile, and moist soil on the sides of valleys, mid-slopes, and lower slopes, and can grow well in limestone, red soil, yellow soil, purple soil, and brown forest soil (pH 5.5 to 7.5). Yangbi walnuts are deep-rooted with well-developed main roots and extensive lateral roots, reaching depths of 4 to 6 meters and horizontal extensions of over 10 meters in good soil conditions. Proper soil and water management, along with minimal damage during harvest, can help mitigate the occurrence of alternate bearing.

Morphological Characteristics

Yangbi walnut trees have a medium growth habit with an open tree form and a rounded crown. They bud early, exhibit a male-first flowering pattern, and produce fruit from terminal buds. This mid-maturing variety has short to medium fruiting branches with a fruiting branch rate of 52.6%, and each fruiting branch bears approximately 2.3 fruits. The nuts are flat-rounded spheres with narrow, prominent seams and smooth shells. Each nut weighs between 12 to 16 grams, has a shell thickness of about 1 mm, and the kernels are easily extracted with a yield rate of 53.5% to 57.6%, and an oil content of around 70%. The kernels are full, plump, creamy yellow, and have a fragrant flavor. Grafted trees begin fruiting in their seventh year, are highly productive, have good quality, and are relatively adaptable. Budding starts in mid-March, male flowers bloom in late March, female flowers bloom and pollinate in early April, fruit matures in late September, and leaves fall in late October. The entire growth cycle from budding to leaf drop spans 230 days.

Historical Origins

Over 3,500 years ago, walnuts were distributed in the Lancang River basin within the region.

More than a thousand years ago, during the Song Dynasty’s Dali Kingdom period, commercial walnuts appeared within Dali Prefecture.

Kangxi’s “Yunnan Tongzhi” Volume 10 records that “the walnuts of Yangbi are the best.” The “Dianhai Yuhengzhi” also notes that “walnuts from the Yangbi River are the finest, with thin shells that can be broken by hand.” This indicates that as early as the Qing Dynasty, the Yangbi River basin had already cultivated the famous Yangbi Big Puffed Walnut.

Yangbi walnuts have been a traditional crop of the Dali people. Over the years, growing walnuts has become a common practice in Dali, and it is a cherished variety among countless households in the mountainous regions of Dali Prefecture.

Production Status

By the end of 2016, walnut cultivation in Yangbi County had expanded to 245,600 acres, with 2.456 million trees, accounting for 71.2% of the county’s economic forest area. The production reached 4 million kilograms, with a value of 40 million yuan, representing 59.1% and 84.8% of the total economic forest production and value, respectively. Some farmers in major walnut-producing areas have an average walnut income of 1,430 yuan per person, while large-scale walnut growers earn over 50,000 yuan annually.

Product Honors

On November 3, 2017, at the “2017 Third China Fruit Industry Brand Conference·National Fruit Industry Poverty Alleviation Conference·China (Changsha) Quality Fruit Expo” held in Changsha, Yangbi Yi Autonomous County was awarded the “China Fruit Industry Brand Building Outstanding Contribution Award,” and Yangbi walnuts were listed on the China Fruit Industry Brand List.

On October 26, 2023, Yangbi walnuts were included in the second batch of key geographical indication application promotion guidance lists published by the National Intellectual Property Office.

Related Activities

Since 2008, the Dali Prefecture Committee and the Dali People’s Government have organized the “China·Dali Yangbi Walnut Festival” annually from September 1 to 30 in Yangbi County, the main walnut-producing area in Yunnan Province.

Distribution

Yangbi Big Puffed Walnuts are distributed throughout Yunnan Province and can grow normally at altitudes between 1,200 and 2,900 meters, with the best conditions at 1,600 to 2,500 meters. The cultivation has expanded to Guizhou, Sichuan, and Tibet.

Nutritional Benefits

1. Brain Health
   Walnuts are rich in proteins and essential unsaturated fatty acids, which are crucial for brain cell metabolism, nourishing brain cells, and enhancing brain function. They are particularly beneficial for pregnant women, children, and individuals with high mental workload.
2. Anti-Aging
   The rich monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenol antioxidants in walnuts protect cells from oxidative damage by free radicals, earning them the titles “longevity fruit” and “everlasting child.”
3. Skin Care
   Walnuts are high in squalene and linoleic acid, along with calcium, phosphorus, and iron, making them ideal for skin health. They are quickly absorbed and help maintain skin elasticity and moisture.
4. Cardiovascular Health
   Walnuts contain various unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids that effectively lower cholesterol levels, preventing arteriosclerosis and its complications, high blood pressure, heart disease, heart failure, kidney failure, and cerebral hemorrhage.
5. Digestive Health
   Walnuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and carotenoids, which are easily digestible. They reduce stomach acid, prevent gastritis and duodenal ulcers, stimulate bile secretion, and enhance pancreatic enzyme activity, thus reducing the incidence of cholecystitis and gallstones.

Consumption Methods

Walnuts can be enjoyed raw, cooked, baked into cakes, stir-fried, dipped in honey, deep-fried, or blended into soy milk, offering a variety of delicious ways to consume them.

Precautions

1. Avoid Consuming with Wild Chicken
   Do not consume walnuts with wild chicken, as it may cause adverse reactions. It is better to consume them separately.
2. Not Suitable for Patients with Pneumonia or Bronchiectasis
   Individuals with pneumonia, bronchiectasis, or similar conditions should avoid eating walnuts to prevent exacerbating their symptoms.
3. Not Recommended for Those with Yin Deficiency and Fever
   People with yin deficiency and fever should avoid walnuts, as they may aggravate their condition.

Why Do Walnuts Taste Bitter?

The bitterness in walnuts primarily comes from the brown outer skin. This skin contains tannins, which can impart a slight bitterness. This is a normal occurrence, and the taste is improved after removing the skin.

Why Are Some Walnuts Black on the Surface?

Walnuts may turn black on the surface due to the oxidation of the green husk. This is a normal process. Our dried walnuts are not washed or bleached and are roasted at a constant temperature with charcoal, ensuring they are natural and healthy.

Friendly Reminder

The color of walnuts can vary due to factors such as climate, sunlight, rainfall, and roasting methods. These variations are natural and not the result of machine production. Each walnut is a natural gift with its own unique appearance and color, but all maintain authentic taste and rich aroma.

Flower Cake (鲜花饼)

Flower Cake, also known as “Xianhua Bing,” is a traditional Chinese pastry made with flour and various edible flowers such as roses, magnolias, and chrysanthemums. Originating in Yunnan Province, this delicacy is especially popular during the peak blooming season of edible roses, which occurs from late April to early May.

Historical Background

Origin and Evolution
Flower Cake has a history of over 300 years, dating back to the Qing Dynasty. It was originally created by a skilled pastry chef and was later favored by the Qing Emperor Qianlong. The pastry’s distinct floral aroma, balanced sweetness, and beautifying properties made it a favorite in the imperial court. The tradition of making Flower Cake has been passed down through generations, and it remains a beloved treat in Yunnan.

Historical Records
According to historical records, Flower Cake was mentioned in the “Yanjing Suishilu” from the late Qing Dynasty: “In April, cakes made with rose flowers are called rose cakes, and those made with wisteria flowers are called wisteria cakes.” The use of edible rose petals, which have a limited blooming period, contributes to the cake’s rarity and value. Its popularity spread from southwestern Kunming to northern Tianjin.

Emperor Qianlong was particularly fond of Flower Cake and issued an imperial decree stating that rose cakes could be offered at ceremonies without prior approval, highlighting its esteemed status in the royal court.

Ingredients

Edible Roses
Edible roses belong to the Rosaceae family and are known for their superior quality when grown in Yunnan. The province’s favorable climate—spring-like weather year-round, abundant sunlight, and unique geographical conditions—provides ideal growing conditions for these roses.

Production Process

1. Harvesting: Edible roses are harvested early in the morning while still covered in morning dew, typically before 9 AM. This timing helps preserve the flowers’ fragrance and quality as temperatures rise later in the day.
2. Filling Preparation: Fresh rose petals are separated from the stems, mixed with sugar, and gently kneaded. Honey is added for flavor, and the mixture is allowed to ferment in a dark place for 2-3 days. To adjust moisture levels and consistency, cooked glutinous rice flour is incorporated into the filling.
3. Pastry Dough: The pastry is made using a combination of lard, water, and flour to create the oil skin and flaky dough. The filling is encased in the dough with the flaky layer on the inside and the oil skin on the outside.
4. Baking: The cakes are brushed with egg wash and pierced with a bamboo stick to prevent deformation during baking. They are baked at 150°C (302°F) for 25-30 minutes.

Health Benefits

Flower Cake is not only a delicious treat but also offers several health benefits. According to the “Bencao Gangmu Shiyi,” edible roses have properties that improve blood circulation, relieve liver heat, and detoxify. Nutritional analyses reveal that edible roses contain more nutrients than common vegetables. They are known for their mild, slightly sweet flavor and warming properties, beneficial for soothing liver qi, relieving depression, and regulating menstrual cycles.

In summary, Flower Cake is a unique and cherished pastry with deep historical roots, exceptional ingredients, and notable health benefits, making it a special treat from Yunnan.

Ingredients

Main Ingredients: Flour
Additional Ingredients: Rose, Magnolia, Chrysanthemum, Rock Candy, White Sugar, Sesame, Peanuts, Walnuts, Jujube Paste, Lard

Methods

Method 1

1. Prepare the Filling: Mix the rose, magnolia, and chrysanthemum with rock candy, white sugar, and other ingredients to create the flower filling.
2. Make the Pastry: Wrap the filling with oil pastry.
3. Bake: Place in the oven and bake until done.

Method 2

1. Rose Flower Cookies: These are handmade and unique in terms of recipe, ingredients, process, and taste.

Carefully Selected Ingredients

• Highland Rose “Big Sweet Petals”: Pure highland rose unique to Yunnan with top global quality.
• Butter: Healthier option.
• Yunnan Premium Highland Wheat: Grown in highland terraced fields with traditional farming methods, using mountain water and natural fertilizers.
• Highland Wild Honey: Produced from flowers in mountain forests, cliffs, and lakes.
• Highland Cane Sugar: Grown in highland river valleys, with traditional farming and irrigation methods.
• Farm Fresh Eggs: Directly sourced from farms, avoiding feed and hormone-treated farms.

Production Steps

1. Creaming Butter: Use manual stirring, consistently in one direction to incorporate air into the butter, which prevents the cookies from being too dry.
2. Mixing Dough: Handle gently and mix from bottom to top repeatedly until finished.
3. Shaping: Press the dough into shape by hand.
4. Baking: Bake at a constant temperature of 200°C. Although this extends the baking time, it ensures the cookies are soft, moist, and less likely to cause discomfort.
5. Cooling: Strict cooling requirements; let the cookies cool at room temperature until the center reaches 35°C to avoid mold or contamination.
6. Packaging: Pack in EU food safety standard boxes with a special stone paper inner box. Include a detailed product description and seal. Special attention is given to prevent breaking during transport with sealed outer boxes and air-filled bags.

Rose Flower Cake

Features:

1. Ingredients: High-quality flour, white sugar, water, vegetable shortening, rose flower filling (fresh rose petals, honey, cooked flour).
2. Shelf Life: 60 days.
3. Production Technique: Handmade, with a sugar-to-flower ratio of 1:1 or higher. Lower ratios may result in excess syrup and moisture, making the cake overly sweet and potentially greasy.
4. Baking: Bake to ensure nutrition while extending shelf life and preventing mold.

Yunnan’s climate conditions are unique, and its plant resources are abundant, making many areas famous for producing medicinal herbs. Yunnan produces over a thousand types of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, enjoying high reputation both domestically and internationally. Today, let’s explore some of Yunnan’s famous traditional Chinese herbs.

Notoginseng (Sanqi)三七

Primarily produced in Wenshan Prefecture, Honghe, Yuxi, Qujing, Dali, Chuxiong, Kunming, and other places, with cultivation in various regions. It has a long history, excellent quality, and is renowned both in China and abroad. The annual production in Yunnan accounts for more than 70% of China’s total.

Notoginseng is a perennial herb in the Araliaceae family. Li Shizhen referred to it as “gold that cannot be exchanged.” Its stems, leaves, and flowers can all be used medicinally.

Notoginseng has the effect of “breaking and nourishing,” meaning that raw notoginseng can activate blood circulation, reduce swelling, and relieve pain, making it effective for trauma and strain; cooked notoginseng (fried with chicken oil or other oils until golden) can nourish the blood and strengthen the body.

Notoginseng is categorized into “spring notoginseng” and “winter notoginseng,” based on the harvesting season. Spring notoginseng is harvested before the seeds set, while winter notoginseng is harvested afterward. Spring notoginseng is of higher quality, with large, heavy, well-colored, smooth, and solid roots being the best. Winter notoginseng tends to have more wrinkles and is of lower quality.

Yunnan’s main production areas are in Wenshan Prefecture’s counties, including Yanshan, Maguan, and Xichou, where cultivation has a history of three to four hundred years.

Gastrodia Elata (Tianma)天麻

Produced in Zhenxiong, Daqian, Weixin, Yongshan, Lijiang, Weixi, Yunlong, Fugong, and Gongshan counties. The commercial gastrodia is large, firm, and has a bright yellow-white color, commonly known as “bright gastrodia.”

Gastrodia, also known as “Chijian,” “Dingfengcao,” or “Shuiyangyu,” is a precious medicinal herb used recently to treat high blood pressure and nervous system disorders.

Yunnan is one of China’s main production areas for gastrodia, with the highest yield and best quality found in Zhaotong’s counties, particularly in the Yi Liang and Zhenxiong regions.

Yangchun Sand (Yangchunsha)阳春砂

Primarily produced in Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Wenshan, Honghe, and Lincang. The annual production in Yunnan accounts for about 60% of China’s total, making it the leading producer.

Yangchun Sand is the dried mature fruit of the cardamom genus in the ginger family and is one of the medicinal plants listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Originally from Guangdong, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan has become the main production area for Yangchun Sand in China.

Dendrobium (Tiepi Shihu)铁皮石斛

Distributed in Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Honghe, Lincang, Qujing, and other regions. Yunnan accounts for about 50% of China’s annual procurement, making it the leading producer.

Dendrobium is a perennial epiphytic herb in the Orchidaceae family, also known as “black-jointed herb” or “Yunnan dendrobium.” It contains polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, and various trace elements, and is recognized as a top-tier health supplement.

Wild Dendrobium is a nationally protected rare and endangered plant, with artificial cultivation in Yunnan’s Dehong, Xishuangbanna, and Baoshan regions.

Angelica (Danggui)当归

Mainly produced in Lijiang, Zhongdian, Deqin, Lanping, Weixi, Heqing, and Jianchuan counties. Known as “Yun Angelica,” it is praised for its large size, firmness, strong flavor, and rich oil content. It is primarily exported.

Angelica, from the Apiaceae family, is used to nourish and invigorate the blood, moisten dryness, smooth the intestines, remove stasis, and relieve pain and regulate menstruation. The root is used in stews with chicken or meat and is a warming tonic with effects for nourishing blood and treating deficiencies. Yunnan’s high-altitude areas are the main production regions, with the best quality being dry, with a large root head, firmness, oil content, aromatic smell, and white flesh.

Rock Cabbage (Yanbaicai)岩白菜

Rock cabbage is the dried rhizome of the rock cabbage plant in the Saxifragaceae family, also known as “dull cabbage,” “short cabbage,” “rock wall vegetable,” “stone cabbage,” “red rock seven,” and “snow-head flowering.”

It has nourishing and strengthening properties and is used to stop bleeding and cough. Originally a folk remedy, its main component, yanbaicai saponin, has expectorant and cough-relief effects, showing good results in treating chronic bronchitis.

There are 10 species of rock cabbage worldwide, with 7 species found in China. In Yunnan, it is primarily distributed in the northwest, central, and northeast regions.

Yunnan Wood Fragrance (Yunmuxiang)云木香

A genuine medicinal material. Main production areas include Lijiang, Diqing, Dali, Baoshan, and Nujiang, with some cultivation in Chuxiong, Qujing, and Zhaotong. The roots are uniform, solid, heavy, oily, and aromatic. Yunnan’s annual procurement is among the top one or two in China.

It is a perennial herb in the Asteraceae family, with a height of 100-200 cm. The main root is robust, cylindrical, and has a distinctive fragrance. The leaves are triangular-ovate or long triangular, with shallowly serrated or wavy edges. The stem leaves are broadly oval. The achenes are linear.

It blooms from July to August and fruits from August to October. Found in Yunnan and other regions in China, its roots are used to strengthen the stomach, relieve bloating, regulate qi, and ease pain.

Coptis (Huanglian)黄连

Mainly distributed in Nujiang Prefecture and Tengchong County; with some cultivation in Weixi, Yunlong, and Jianchuan counties. It is characterized by its solid texture, yellow color, bitter taste, and the presence of a chrysanthemum-like heart.

Also known as “Weilian,” “Chuanlian,” or “Jizhualian,” it belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and is a perennial herb. The leaves are basal, thick, ovate-triangular, three-parted, with the central lobes being ovate-rhombic and deeply cleft. The leaf margins are sharply serrated, and the leaf stalks are 5-12 cm long. It grows wild or is cultivated in cool, shaded valleys at altitudes of 1000-1900 meters. It has effects of clearing heat, drying dampness, and detoxifying.

Coptis deltoidea (Huhuanglian)胡黄连

Distributed in Deqin, Weixi, Zhongdian, and Gongshan counties, with initial success in cultivating wild varieties.

Coptis deltoidea, from the Ranunculaceae family, is the dried rhizome of the plant. It is also known as “Hu Lian,” “Jia Huanglian” (Tibetan name), “Tibetan Coptis,” or “Domestic Coptis.” It is used as a medicine to clear heat and dry dampness. It is mainly found in the northwest of Yunnan, including Deqin, Zhongdian, Weixi, and Gongshan.

Poria (Fuling)茯苓

Also known as “Yunling.” Wildly distributed in Lijiang, Weixi, Zhongdian, Fugong, Yunlong, Jianchuan, Tengchong, Luquan, Wuding, Fumin, Xuanwei, and other counties.

Cultivated mainly in Chuxiong Prefecture, Kunming City, and Qujing; Weixi and Lijiang also grow it. The product is noted for its weight, solidity, large size, smoothness, non-cracking, white and delicate cross-section. It is supplied domestically and for export.

Magnolia officinalis (Daye Houpu)大叶厚朴

Magnolia officinalis is the dried branches, roots, and bark of the plant from the Magnoliaceae family. Known as “Tengchong Houpu,” “Gongshan Houpu,” or “Dianmian Houpu,” due to its primary production areas in Tengchong, Gaoligong Mountain, and the Myanmar border.

Magnolia bark is commonly used in traditional medicine for treating common and frequent ailments. It is mainly distributed in the northwest of Yunnan and the western Myanmar border regions, including Tengchong, Luxi, Fugong, Gongshan, and Deqin counties.

Snow Lotus (Xuelian)雪莲

In Tibetan, it is called “Gangla Mei Duo” or “Xia Gui Suo Ba.” It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a plant 10-30 cm high, covered with dense white cotton-like hairs, resembling cotton. It is used to clear heat, detoxify, relieve heat pain, regulate menstruation, and stop bleeding.

In Yunnan’s Zhongdian area, there are varieties such as Cotton-head Snow Lotus, Jellyfish Snow Lotus, and Three-finger Snow Lotus.

Catechu (Ercha)儿茶

Mainly produced in Xishuangbanna. The catechin content is 40-50%. It is the peeled branches of the Acacia catechu plant, dried and boiled to make a concentrated extract. It is harvested in winter, with branches dried, peeled, chopped, boiled, concentrated, and dried. It is also cultivated in Hainan.

Catechu has properties to invigorate blood and relieve pain, stop bleeding and promote tissue regeneration, astringe and heal wounds, and clear phlegm. It is used for injuries, external bleeding, hematemesis, ulcers, eczema, and lung heat cough.

Chebula (Hezi)诃子

Distributed in Baoshan, Lincang, and Dehong regions. The product is known for its firmness, weight, and thick flesh. Yunnan accounts for about 80% of China’s annual procurement.

Chebula, from the Combretaceae family, is the dried mature fruit of the Terminalia chebula plant. It has astringent properties to stop diarrhea, relieve cough, reduce fire, and soothe the throat. It is commonly used for chronic diarrhea, dysentery, rectal prolapse, lung weakness, persistent cough, and sore throat.

White Snow Tea (Bai Xue Cha)白雪茶

Also known as “Di Xue Cha,” this tea is grown in high-altitude areas of Yunnan. It has a delicate fragrance with a hint of bitterness and a sweet aftertaste. White Snow Tea contains various beneficial compounds that can lower blood lipids, aid weight loss, refresh the mind, clear heat, quench thirst, moisten the lungs, and relieve cough. It is effective for hypertension, nervous disorders, and pharyngitis.

Fritillaria (Bei Mu)贝母

Fritillaria is a perennial herb from the Liliaceae family, named for its resemblance to the shape of a “shell” (bei). It is commonly used for lung diseases, such as pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, dry cough, and hemoptysis. It is widely produced in Shangri-La.

Dengzhanxi Xin (Deng Zhan Xi Xin)灯盏细辛

Also known as “Deng Zhan Ju,” “Tu Xi Xin,” “Di Ding Cao,” “Xi Xin Cao,” or “Dong Ju,” this herb is the dried whole plant of the short-stemmed Asteraceae member. Dengzhanxi Xin has a warm nature with a spicy, slightly bitter taste. It can disperse cold, relieve surface symptoms, expel wind and dampness, and relieve pain. It is primarily distributed in Wenshan, Honghe, Yuxi, Kunming, Chuxiong, Qujing, Zhaotong, Dali, Lijiang, and Diqing regions of Yunnan.

Pinellia (Ban Xia)半夏

This herb is abundant in wild resources, mainly found in Zhaotong, Qujing, Kunming, and Wenshan regions. The product is round, pearl-like, white, firm, finely powdered, and has a spicy taste.

Pinellia is used to dry dampness, transform phlegm, stop vomiting, and resolve abdominal distension. It is employed for phlegm-related cough and asthma, dizziness from phlegm, phlegm-induced headaches, vomiting, and chest discomfort. It is also used externally for treating abscesses and phlegm nodules.

Gentiana (Qin Jiao)秦艽

Distributed in Lijiang, Dali, Diqing, and Nujiang regions. The product is noted for its thick, firm, and well-textured roots. It is also known as “Da Ye Long Dan,” “Da Ye Qin Jiao,” or “Xi Qin Jiao.”

This perennial herb has cylindrical roots and large basal leaves, with stem leaves being lance-shaped and arranged in whorls. It blooms in summer and autumn with deep blue-purple tubular flowers. It has high medicinal value and is used to treat rheumatic joint pain, tuberculosis, tidal fever, and jaundice.

Lijiang Mountain Dioscorea (Li Jiang Shan Ci Gu)丽江山慈菇

This is the dried bulb of the Lijiang Mountain Dioscorea from the Liliaceae family. It is also known as “Guang Ci Gu,” “Tu Bei Mu,” “Cao Bei Mu,” “Jia Bei Mu,” “Nao Gou Yao,” or “Yi Bi Jian.” It has a warm nature, bitter taste, and is toxic. It can detoxify, reduce swelling, and resolve hardness.

Research has found that it contains colchicine, which can be used as a raw material for extracting colchicine. It is mainly distributed in the northwest Yunnan regions of Lijiang, Diqing, and Dali.

Yunnan Scutellaria (Dian Huang Qin)滇黄芩

Yunnan Scutellaria, also known as “Scutellaria,” “Kunming Scutellaria,” and “Southwest Scutellaria,” is the dried root of the Scutellaria baicalensis plant from the Lamiaceae family. It has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine and is widely distributed in most parts of Yunnan, except for the southern and southwestern regions.

Poria (Zhu Ling)猪苓

Poria is found in counties such as Weixi, Lijiang, Ninglang, Eryuan, Jianchuan, Yunlong, Lanping, Gongshan, and Zhenxiong. The product is characterized by large size, firmness, black skin, and white flesh.

Poria is a medicinal fungus from the Polyporaceae family and genus. The young fruiting body is edible and highly flavorful. Its underground sclerotia are black, vary in shape, and are a famous Chinese medicine with diuretic properties for treating edema. Poria contains poria polysaccharides (glucans) and has been tested for anticancer properties.

Polygonatum (Pi Ma Cao)披麻草

Polygonatum is a plant from the Liliaceae family, including species like Dali Polygonatum, Mengzi Polygonatum, Narrow-leaved Polygonatum, and Hairy-leaved Polygonatum. It is known by various names such as “Small Polygonatum,” “Polygonatum,” “Small Brown Package,” and “Human Hair.” It is a raw material for traditional Chinese medicines and is distributed in many parts of Yunnan.

Pangolin (Chuan Shan Jia)穿山甲

The pangolin is found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions below 2,500 meters in altitude. The scales are large, glossy, odorless, and free from meat oil.

Long Pepper (Bi Ba)荜茇

Long Pepper is distributed in counties such as Yingjiang, Ruili, Luxi, Longchuan, Lianghe, and in regions like Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, and Nujiang. The product features large, firm, plump, dark brown fruit spikes with a slightly red cross-section. Yunnan accounts for over 70% of the annual national harvest.

Dew Grass (Lu Shui Cao)露水草

Dew Grass is the root or whole plant with roots from the Commelinaceae family, known by names like “Pearl Dew Grass” (Qujing), “Cock’s Comb Ginseng” (Kunming), “Zhimu” (Mengzi), “Hairy Blue Ear Grass,” and “Chicken Claw Ginseng” (Gejiu). Its main functions include dispelling wind, activating channels, relieving dampness and swelling, and reducing heat. It is found throughout most of Yunnan, except for the high-altitude cold regions in the northeast and northwest.

Tofu Dregs Fruit (Dou Fu Zha Guo)豆腐渣果

Tofu Dregs Fruit comes from the plants in the family Sapindaceae, including the Deep Green Dragon Eye. It is also known as “Tofu Fruit,” “Mother Pig Fruit,” “Luo Luo Fruit,” and “Radish Tree.” Its seeds are used to extract Tofu Fruit Glycoside (Shen Shuai Guo Su) and are used by various ethnic groups in Yunnan. The medicinal use of the seeds, roots, leaves, and stems varies. It is primarily distributed in Dehong, Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Simao, Yuanjiang, Chuxiong, and Weishan counties.

Musk (She Xiang)麝香

Musk is distributed in areas such as Diqing, Lijiang, Nujiang, Dali, Chuxiong, Baoshan, Qujing, and Zhaotong. It is warm in nature, non-toxic, and bitter in taste. It enters the heart, spleen, and liver meridians and is used for opening orifices, dispelling filth, unblocking channels, and dispersing blood stasis. It is primarily used to treat stroke, phlegm obstruction, convulsions, distress, abdominal pain, traumatic injuries, and abscesses.

Purple Salvia (Zi Dan Shen)紫丹参

Purple Salvia, also known as Yunnan Salvia, Small Purple Salvia, or Dian Salvia, is the root of the Salvia miltiorrhiza plant from the Lamiaceae family. It has a slightly bitter taste and a slightly cold nature, with effects that calm the mind and soothe the heart. It is mainly distributed in the eastern, central, and northwestern regions of Yunnan.

Fo-ti (He Shou Wu)何首乌

Fo-ti, also known as Polygonum multiflorum, is distributed in Yuxi, Honghe, Wenshan, Chuxiong, Kunming, and Zhaotong. The product is large, firm, and exhibits a significant powdery texture, with a black-brown exterior and yellowish-white or reddish-brown interior, often marked with cloud-like patterns. It is a tonic herb used for its restorative properties.

Coarse-stemmed Gentian (Cu Jing Qin Jiao)粗茎秦艽

Coarse-stemmed Gentian, also known as “Niu Wei Qin Jiao,” “Niu Wei Jiao,” “Radish Gentian,” and “Dian Gentian,” is the dried root of the Gentiana macrophylla plant from the Gentianaceae family. Its functions include dispelling wind-dampness, clearing damp-heat, and relieving joint pain. It is mainly found in Yunnan’s Lijiang, Diqing, Nujiang, Dali, and Zhaotong, and is commonly grown in high-altitude areas.

Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao)冬虫夏草

Cordyceps is distributed in counties such as Lijiang, Zhongdian, Deqin, and Gongshan. The product is known for its dry, plump, robust body with a white cross-section, and short, non-blackened fungal base.

Red Snow Tea (Hong Xue Cha)红雪茶

Red Snow Tea, also known as Gold Silk Tea, has been used in Tibetan medicine for centuries. Modern research shows that it is rich in essential trace elements and has effects such as lowering blood lipids and cholesterol, clearing the heart and opening orifices, nourishing blood, and improving heart health. It is effective for hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity, with no toxic side effects, making it an excellent health product and gift.

Gentian (Long Dan)龙胆

Gentian is distributed in Baoshan, Wenshan, Dali, Chuxiong, Zhaotong, Qujing, and Lincang. The root is characterized by its coarse, fat, bright yellow color, and extremely bitter taste.

Dragon’s Blood (Xue Jie)血竭

Dragon’s Blood is processed from the Dragon’s Blood Tree in the seasonal rainforest of Xishuangbanna and is known as the “Holy Medicine for Blood Circulation.” It is used to treat traumatic injuries, blood stasis pain, rheumatism, and gynecological disorders. It is also a key ingredient in the “Qili San” medication.

Snow Mountain Aconite (Xue Shang Yi Zhi Hao)雪上一枝蒿

Snow Mountain Aconite is the dried tuber of the Aconitum gymnandrum from the Ranunculaceae family, known by names such as “Snow Mountain Aconite,” “One-stem Aconite,” “Iron Rod Hammer,” “Iron Bull Seven,” and “Three-turn Half.” It has unique effects on internal and external pain but is highly toxic. Due to its potency and the narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses, it is classified as a special management drug.

Lampstand Leaf (Deng Tai Ye)灯台叶

Lampstand Leaf is the dried leaf of the Sugar Maple Tree from the Apocynaceae family, also known as Lampstand Tree, Lampstand Tree, Noodle Tree, and Duck Foot Tree. It is used in Yunnan folk medicine to treat chronic bronchitis.

There is also a related plant called Small-leaved Lampstand Leaf from the Apocynaceae family, which should be differentiated. It is mainly found in southern, southeastern, and southwestern Yunnan, such as Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Honghe, Wenshan, Dehong, and Baoshan.

Qing Yang Shen (青羊参)

Qing Yang Shen, also known as Qingyang Ginseng, is the dried root of the Qingyang Shen plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. It is a traditional herbal medicine discovered among the Bai and Naxi ethnic groups in western Yunnan. It has a warm nature and a taste that is both spicy and sweet, with mild toxicity. It is used to treat rheumatic bone pain, lumbar muscle strain, and general weakness or exhaustion. Qing Yang Shen is distributed in most parts of Yunnan Province.

Yunnan’s Herbal Treasures

When talking about Yunnan, apart from the “Eighteen Oddities,” this land of natural beauty is home to countless plant and animal resources. Hence, the title of “Kingdom of Flora and Fauna” rightfully belongs to Yunnan! Many of these natural plants are not only edible but also excellent for nourishing and regulating the body.

By combining medicinal herbs with food, the nutritional value and health benefits of dishes can be enhanced. Yunnan’s traditional Chinese medicine is increasingly utilized, so be sure to keep these herbs in mind!

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1. Camellia山茶花
   • Characteristics: Camellia is a commonly seen plant often used for ornamental purposes in gardens. However, it also has medicinal value.
   • Benefits: It is primarily used to stop bleeding, effective for symptoms like vomiting blood, nosebleeds, and external wounds.
2. Big Eared Grass大虎耳草
   • Region: Mainly distributed in the southwestern regions.
   • Benefits: This plant is used to treat conditions such as carbuncles, measles, coughs, bronchitis, vomiting blood, snake bites, and skin ulcers. It is applied externally for wounds and internally for internal injuries.
3. August Fruit八月瓜
   • Description: August fruit is a plant with significant medicinal value, widely used in clinical medicine.
   • Benefits: It is used to treat edema, rheumatic pain, bruises, and lactation issues. Its primary use is in decoction for internal consumption.
4. Wild Loquat野枇杷
   • Description: Prefers warm, humid environments, shaded, and avoids direct sunlight. Grows well in soil rich in humus and well-drained.
   • Benefits: Used for cough suppression, phlegm removal, blood circulation, diuresis, and detoxification. It treats chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis cough, hemoptysis, fatigue, joint pain, hepatitis, and hypertension.
5. Wild Grape野葡萄
   • Description: A perennial climbing herb, smaller in size compared to grapes, found in places like Qujing, Dali, and Wenshan in Yunnan.
   • Benefits: It helps in dispelling wind and dampness, cooling, diuresis, and reducing swelling. It is used for internal wind-dampness, summer heat, and urinary issues.
6. Goat’s Milk (Local Name)羊奶奶
   • Description: Sweet and edible when ripe. Roots, leaves, and fruits are used medicinally. Grows in the mountains of Yunnan.
   • Benefits: Used for wind-dispelling, activating channels, pain relief, liver and kidney health, and improving blood circulation. It is effective for rheumatic arthritis, gastrointestinal inflammation, and lumbar muscle strain.
7. Chinese Yam淮山药
   • Characteristics: Sweet in taste, neutral in nature. Affects the spleen, lung, and kidney meridians.
   • Benefits: Strengthens the spleen, nourishes the stomach, generates fluids, and benefits the kidneys. It helps balance hormones, maintains energy, and aids in tissue repair. It can prevent and alleviate conditions like malignant tumors, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease, obesity, and dementia.
8. Panax Notoginseng三七
   • Function and Indications: Dispels blood stasis, stops bleeding, reduces swelling, and relieves pain. Used for hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, rectal bleeding, uterine bleeding, external bleeding, chest and abdominal pain, and contusions.
9. Goji Berry枸杞
   • Function and Indications: Nourishes liver and kidneys, benefits vision. Used for deficiency and fatigue, lower back and knee pain, dizziness, tinnitus, internal heat, and eye disorders.
10. Astragalus黄芪
    • Function and Indications: Boosts qi, strengthens the exterior, promotes diuresis, expels toxins, and aids wound healing. Used for qi deficiency, fatigue, poor appetite, prolapse, rectal bleeding, sweating, and edema.
11. Hawthorn山楂
    • Function and Indications: Aids digestion, strengthens the stomach, and promotes qi movement and blood circulation. Used for food stagnation, stomach distension, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, and high cholesterol.
12. Angelica当归
    • Function and Indications: Nourishes blood, invigorates circulation, regulates menstruation, and relieves pain. Used for blood deficiency, dizziness, irregular menstruation, abdominal pain, constipation, rheumatism, and wounds.
13. Gastrodia Elata天麻
    • Description: Moist but not dry, primarily enters the liver meridian. Effective for calming the liver and extinguishing wind. Mainly grown in Zhaotong, Yunnan.
    • Benefits: Used for calming the liver, treating headache, dizziness, epilepsy, and tetany. It helps relieve symptoms caused by internal wind and phlegm.
14. Aged Tangerine Peel陈皮
    • Characteristics: Warm, pungent, and bitter; enters the spleen and lung meridians.
    • Function: Regulates the middle jiao, disperses qi and phlegm, and smooths the five zang organs.
15. Longan桂圆
    • Benefits: Tonifies the heart and spleen, nourishes blood, and calms the mind. Used for qi and blood deficiency, palpitations, memory loss, insomnia, and pallor.
16. Lily百合
    • Function: Nourishes yin, moistens the lungs, clears the heart, and calms the mind. Used for chronic cough due to yin deficiency, phlegm with blood, restlessness, and insomnia. It has a soothing effect on the lungs and mind.
17. Corn Silk玉米须
    • Benefits: Sweet, bland, neutral; enters the kidney, liver, and gallbladder meridians. It promotes diuresis, reduces swelling, and supports liver and gallbladder health. Used for edema, urinary issues, jaundice, cholecystitis, gallstones, hypertension, and diabetes.
18. Red Bean红豆
    • Characteristics: Sweet and neutral. Strengthens the spleen, resolves dampness, disperses blood stasis, and detoxifies.
    • Uses: For edema, beriberi, postpartum lactation issues, diarrhea, jaundice, and hemorrhoids.
19. Almond杏仁
    • Characteristics and Effects: Rich in protein, fats, sugars, carotene, B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin P, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Bitter, slightly warm, with minor toxicity. Moistens the lungs and relieves constipation. Used for lung heat, cough, dry throat, and constipation.
20. Luo Han Guo罗汉果
    • Characteristics and Effects: Sweet and cool, clears heat, moistens the lungs, and relieves cough and constipation.
21. Perilla紫苏
    • Description: A commonly used herb, available in purple, green, and white varieties, with green being more common. Perilla is pungent, warm, and affects the spleen and lung meridians.
    • Benefits: Perilla leaves and stems have warming, dispersing, and chest-opening effects. The leaves are good for dispersing cold and regulating qi; the stems help with chest opening and pain relief. Perilla can enhance the flavor of grilled meats and aid digestion.
22. Licorice甘草
    • Function and Indications: Strengthens the spleen, boosts qi, clears heat and toxins, resolves phlegm, relieves pain, and harmonizes other herbs. Used for spleen deficiency, fatigue, palpitations, cough with phlegm, abdominal pain, sores, and toxicity.
23. Snakeberry蛇莓
    • Note: Not for consumption.
    • Medicinal Use: Clears heat, cools blood, reduces swelling, and detoxifies. Used for heat illnesses, convulsions, cough, vomiting blood, sore throat, dysentery, abscesses, carbuncles, and snake bites.

Other herbs include mountain raspberries, strawberries, mulberries, and tea herbs.

Cynanchum otophyllum (Common Name: Qingyangshen/青羊参) is a perennial, herbaceous, climbing vine belonging to the Apocynaceae family and the genus Cynanchum. The roots are cylindrical, gray-black, with a diameter of about 8 mm, and the stem is covered with two rows of hairs. The leaves are opposite, membranous, ovate-lanceolate, 7-10 cm long, 4-8 cm wide at the base, with an apex that is long and gradually pointed, and a base that is deeply ear-shaped and heart-shaped. The leaf ears are rounded and drooping, with both sides covered in soft hairs.

The inflorescence is an umbellate cyme that grows axillary, with about 20 flowers. The calyx is covered with fine hairs on the outside and has five glands on the inner base. The corolla is white, with long, oval lobes that are covered with fine hairs on the inside. The corona is cup-shaped, slightly longer than the corolla, with lobes having a small tooth in the middle, which may be folded or missing. The pollen sacs are each in one chamber and are pendulous. The stigma is slightly bilobed. The follicles are either paired or only one develops, short lanceolate, about 8 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, tapering towards the end, with a narrower base and the outer fruit skin has vertical stripes. The seeds are ovate, 6 mm long and 3 mm wide, with white, silky hairs that are 3 cm long. The flowering period is from June to October, and the fruiting period is from August to November.

Habitat and Distribution

This plant grows in mountainous areas, valleys, sparse forests, or along slopes at elevations of 1500-2800 meters. It is distributed in the provinces of Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou (including counties and cities such as Weining, Nayong, Songtao, Xingyi, Xingren, Anlong, Huangping, Leishan, and Panxian), Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet in China.

Main Value

Properties and Effects: Spicy, sweet, and warm; slightly toxic. It is used to dispel wind and dampness, benefit the kidneys and strengthen the waist, and detoxify snake and dog bites.

Common Formulas:

1. For treating trauma and muscle pain: Use 50 grams of Cynanchum otophyllum, soaked in medicinal wine, and take orally.
2. For treating fractures and pain: Use 100 grams of Cynanchum otophyllum, along with 30 grams each of Jiangjin leather and redleaf epimedium, and 20 grams each of Xiaoxueteng and pine penhead. Crush and stew the mixture, then apply it externally to the affected area.

Main Chemical Components: Contains palmitic acid esters, vanillic acid, Cynanchum otophyllum saponin aglycone, cowhide saponin, digitalis glycosides, and β-sitosterol.

Modern Research: Pharmacological studies show that it has anticonvulsant, anti-experimental epilepsy, and protective effects on lymphocyte DNA. In modern clinical practice, it is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, chronic lower back pain, dyspepsia, abdominal bloating and pain, and insect and snake bites.

The Common Alstonia Leaf灯台叶 (Alstonia scholaris) is the dried leaf of the Alstonia tree, which belongs to the Apocynaceae family and the Alstonia genus. The branches are arranged in whorls, contain latex, and are hairless. The leaves are also arranged in whorls, and they can be obovate, lanceolate, spoon-shaped, or occasionally oval to elongated oval. The leaves are hairless, with a rounded, blunt, or slightly notched apex, occasionally acute or gradually pointed, and a wedge-shaped base. The flowering period of Common Alstonia Leaf is from June to November, and the fruiting period is from October to April of the following year. The Alstonia tree is commonly referred to as the lampstand tree, and its leaves are used medicinally, hence the name “lampstand leaf.”

Common Alstonia Leaf is distributed in southern and western Guangxi and southern Yunnan in China, as well as in Cambodia, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, subtropical regions of Australia, and the Philippines. It grows in low hilly areas with sparse forests and prefers moist, fertile soils. The propagation methods for Common Alstonia Leaf include seed propagation and tissue culture for rapid multiplication.

Scientific Classification:

• Family: Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)
• Genus: Alstonia
• Species: Alstonia scholaris (also known as Alstonia)

Botanical Description:

• Leaves: Opposite, lanceolate to elliptic, or spoon-shaped, sometimes ovate or long-ovate. The leaves are glabrous, with a rounded or slightly notched apex, and a wedge-shaped base.
• Flowers: Bloom from June to November.
• Fruits: Mature from October to April of the following year.
• Tree: Often referred to as the “lampstand tree” due to its medicinal leaves.

Distribution:

• Regions: Southern and western Guangxi, southern Yunnan in China, as well as in Cambodia, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Australia (subtropical regions), and the Philippines.
• Habitat: Prefers moist, fertile soils in low hills and sparse forests.

Reproduction:

• Methods: Propagated by seeds and tissue culture (fast propagation).

Uses:

1. Medicinal Value:
   • Applications: Commonly used in formulations to treat bronchitis. It has good anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and cough-suppressing properties.
   • Benefits: Economical and widely applicable medicinal herb.
2. Ornamental Value:
   • Appearance: The tree is valued for its attractive shape, elegant leaves, and white flowers. Post-flowering, the green leaves contrast with the red fruits, creating a visually appealing combination.
   • Uses: Suitable for parks, gardens, streets, scenic areas, and landscaping due to its aesthetic appeal.
3. Industrial Use:
   • Wood: The tree trunk provides high-quality timber.
   • Latex: The white latex can be processed into gum base for chewing gum.

Summary: Lampstand leaf (Alstonia scholaris) is a versatile plant known for its medicinal properties, ornamental appeal, and industrial uses. It thrives in subtropical regions and is valued both for its practical applications in medicine and its aesthetic qualities in landscaping.

Snowy Aconite (Radix Aconiti Brachypodi) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Ranunculaceae family, genus Aconitum. The root is upright, carrot-shaped with a brown outer skin. The stem is upright, either unbranched or branched, covered with sparse, curved, and appressed short hairs. The leaves are alternate, broadly ovate, and either hairless on both sides or with sparse short hairs on the veins of the underside. The inflorescence is terminal and dense, with leaf-like bracts; the fruit is a follicle; and the seeds are numerous. The flowering period is from September to October, and the fruiting period is from October to November. Snowy Aconite is named for its appearance resembling mugwort and its growth in alpine meadows.

Snowy Aconite is distributed in the southwestern part of Sichuan and the northwestern part of Yunnan. It commonly grows in alpine meadows at high altitudes, often on shady slopes, with soil best being fertile, loose, black humus soil. It is usually propagated by seeds and root buds.

Snowy Aconite has some medicinal value; it is bitter, pungent, and warm in nature, entering the liver and kidney meridians. It can be used to dispel wind and dampness, disperse blood stasis and reduce swelling, invigorate blood circulation, relieve pain, and detoxify carbuncles. However, due to its highly toxic nature and lack of proper preparation, it is not suitable for internal use.

Botanical History

Snowy Aconite is named for its growth in alpine meadows and its mugwort-like appearance.

Morphological Features

Snowy Aconite is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Ranunculaceae family, genus Aconitum. The tuberous root is obconic, 2.3-3.6 cm long, 9-11 mm in diameter, or nearly cylindrical, about 7 cm long and 5 mm in diameter. The root is upright with a carrot-like brown outer skin. The stem is upright, 40-65 cm tall, either unbranched or branched, covered with sparse, curved, appressed short hairs, and leaves are spaced evenly along the stem. The lower leaves wither during flowering. The middle stem leaves have short petioles and are hairless; they are alternate, leathery, pentagonal, sometimes roundish or broadly ovate, 5.5-9 cm long, 8-10 cm wide, with a base that is heart-shaped or shallowly heart-shaped, sometimes round, deeply three-lobed to 1.5-2 cm from the base, with central lobes that are ovate-diamond-shaped, gradually tapering, with edges sparsely toothed with triangular teeth, and veins somewhat raised forming an obvious network. The leaves are hairless on both sides or with sparse short hairs on the veins of the underside; the petioles are 2.2-3 cm long and cylindrical. The upper stem leaves become smaller, broadly ovate or diamond-shaped, three-lobed slightly beyond the middle, sometimes narrowly ovate, with few divisions. The inflorescence is terminal and dense, with 1-6 flowers, 2.2-3 cm long; the peduncle and pedicels are hairless; the pedicel is about 1 cm long and slightly bent downward. The bracts are leaf-like, with small bracts that are lanceolate to lance-shaped linear, 3-8 mm long and about 1.5 mm wide, almost hairless; the calyx is blue, with the upper calyx lobe helmet-shaped or high helmet-shaped, 2.4-3.2 cm high, 5-10 (-15) mm wide, hairless, with the lower edge slightly concave, 1.5-2.4 cm long; the petals have long claws, hairless, with large lobes, the lip about 6 mm long, the spur 5-7 mm long, curved backward; the stamens are hairless, with filaments having 2 small teeth or entire; the pistil has 3 carpels, hairless. The achene is 1.6-1.8 cm long; the fruit is a follicle; the seeds are numerous, obconic-triangular, about 2 mm long, with transverse membranous wings on the surface. Flowering occurs from September to October, and fruiting from October to November.

Habitat and Distribution

Snowy Aconite (Radix Aconiti Brachypodi) is found in the southwestern region of Sichuan and the northwestern region of Yunnan. It typically grows in alpine meadows at altitudes of 3000-4000 meters, favoring shady slopes with fertile, loose black humus soil.

Cultivation Techniques

Snowy Aconite is generally propagated by seeds or root buds.

Seed Propagation: Seeds are sown in early May, spread evenly, and the soil should be kept moist. After one year of seedling growth, the plants can be transplanted.

Root Bud Propagation: The upper third of the root is cut off and, before or just after the first snowfall in November, the root buds are planted at a spacing of 21 cm x 21 cm, 4-6 cm deep.

Field Management: Regular weeding is necessary. To promote healthy growth, apply soil manure or wood ash once a year.

Main Value

Snowy Aconite has notable medicinal properties; it is bitter, pungent, and warm in nature, and enters the liver and kidney meridians. It is used to dispel wind and dampness, reduce blood stasis and swelling, invigorate blood circulation, relieve pain, and detoxify carbuncles. However, due to its highly toxic nature and lack of proper preparation, it should not be taken internally.

Pharmacological Properties:

• Taste and Nature: Bitter, pungent, warm, with significant toxicity. It enters the liver meridian.
• Functions: Dispels wind-dampness, invigorates blood circulation, and relieves pain.
• Applications: Useful for various types of pain, as it is warming and dispersing, and effective in treating many kinds of pain. It is also used for carbuncles, tumors, insect and snake bites, with external application recommended for such conditions.

Botanical Pharmacology

Modern clinical research indicates that Snowy Aconite is warm, bitter, and pungent, with significant toxicity. It can dispel wind and dampness, reduce inflammation, and relieve pain. It is used for rheumatic bone pain, bruises, and toothaches with notable efficacy. Due to its toxicity, it is primarily used externally, and internal use should be under strict medical supervision. Typical internal dosage ranges from 25-50 mg per day, with a maximum of 70 mg.

Snowy Aconite’s pharmacological components, including aconitine, benzoylaconine, and others, have analgesic effects, with some showing strong local anesthetic properties. For instance:

• Aconitine and benzoylaconine exhibit significant pain relief.
• 3-acetylaconitine is a non-addictive painkiller with effects on inflammation and tissue swelling.
• Aconitine also has a digitalis-like effect on frog hearts, counteracted by atropine.

Toxicity and Safety

Snowy Aconite is extremely toxic, and its treatment dose is close to its toxic dose. It has been included in the National Special Management Drug list due to its severe toxicity. In mice, the median lethal dose (LD50) for aconitine is about 0.08-0.3 g/kg body weight, with signs of toxicity including strong vagal nerve stimulation, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, arrhythmias, hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, or convulsions leading to coma or death.

Precautions:

• Toxicity: Highly toxic; internal use requires proper preparation and strict dosage control.
• Contraindications: Avoid use in pregnant women, the elderly, children, and patients with heart disease or ulcers.
• Dietary Restrictions: Avoid raw, cold foods, legumes, and red meat during treatment.
• Alcohol: Avoid alcohol-based preparations internally.

In case of poisoning, symptoms include severe vagal nerve stimulation and may lead to respiratory and circulatory failure.

Chemical Components

Snowy Aconite (Radix Aconiti Brachypodi) contains various alkaloids, including:

• Aconitine
• Deoxyaconitine (3-deoxyaconitine)
• Acetylaconitine (3-acetylaconitine)
• Penduline (snowy aconitine)
• Laxiconitine
• Songorine (from Xuanwei Aconite)
• Neoline
• 14-Acetylneoline
• Denudatine
• Songoramine
• Flavaconitine
• Virescenine
• Aconifine (also known as nagarine)

Usage and Dosage

Dosage:

• Oral Administration: Common dose is 25-50 mg. Maximum dose is 70 mg.
• External Use: Apply an appropriate amount mixed with alcohol.

Clinical Applications:

1. Pain Relief:
   • Effective for various types of pain including rheumatic pain, neuralgia, toothache, trauma pain, postoperative pain, and cancer pain. Can be used in powdered form, mixed with alcohol for external application, or as an injection.
2. Treatment of Sores and Toxicities:
   • Used for sores, swelling, and insect or snake bites. The toxic properties can be harnessed to counteract other toxins when applied externally.

Usage Precautions:

• Internal Use: Must be processed and dosed carefully. Not suitable for pregnant women, the elderly, children, or individuals with heart conditions or ulcers.
• Dietary Restrictions: Avoid raw, cold foods, legumes, and red meat during treatment. Avoid alcohol-based preparations internally.

Modern Research

Chemical Constituents:

• Includes several types of aconitine, such as aconitine, deoxyaconitine, acetylaconitine, penduline, and others.

Pharmacological Effects:

• Pain Relief: Various alkaloids in Snowy Aconite exhibit significant analgesic effects. For example, 3-acetylaconitine is a non-addictive painkiller with effects on inflammation and tissue swelling. The total alkaloids of the plant have strong local anesthetic properties.
• Cardiac Effects: Shows digitalis-like effects on frog hearts; these effects can be counteracted by atropine.
• Anti-Cancer: Xuanwei Aconite has demonstrated anti-tumor properties.
• Reproductive Effects: Some alkaloids have been noted for anti-fertility activity.
• Toxicity: Can cause arrhythmias and hypotension.

Clinical Research

Clinical Applications:

• Used as an injectable or topical treatment for rheumatic arthritis, joint pain, trauma, fractures, and postoperative pain with notable efficacy.
• A study used a formulation of Snowy Aconite powder with wintergreen leaf powder and other ingredients to treat patellar fractures, showing significant effectiveness in 42 out of 50 cases.

Adverse Reactions:

• Toxicity: Overdose, ingestion of raw or improperly processed form, or misuse with alcohol can lead to severe poisoning, including abdominal pain, vomiting, salivation, numbness, palpitations, hypotension, dizziness, muscle rigidity, seizures, and potentially death.
• Treatment for Poisoning: Early gastric lavage, intravenous fluids, and atropine administration are recommended. Additional treatments include quinidine, procainamide, and supportive therapies with substances like bamboo shoots, coriander, and licorice.

Additional Information

Other Variants Used in Folk Medicine:

• Liangshan Aconite (Aconitum liangshanicum)
• Jiangzi Aconite (Aconitum ludlowii)
• Short-stalked Aconite (Aconitum sessiliflorum)

Snowy Aconite is a potent medicinal herb with a range of applications but requires careful handling due to its high toxicity.

Xuejie血竭 (Blood Stasis Resin) also named Qilinjie麒麟竭is a traditional Chinese medicine made from the resin exuded from the fruit of the palm plant Calamus draco. This plant is distributed in Indonesia, including Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Xuejie is known for its properties of invigorating blood and relieving pain, resolving stasis and stopping bleeding, and promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. It is used to treat trauma and bruises, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, external bleeding from injuries, and non-healing sores.
Botanical Name: Calamus draco

Definition: Blood-stopping resin known as Xuejie is derived from the fruit of the palm plant Calamus draco. It is processed from the resin exuded from the fruit. The plant is distributed in Indonesia, particularly in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

Part Used:

• Resin exuded from the fruit of the plant.

Properties:

• Taste: Sweet, salty.
• Nature: Neutral.

Meridian Affinities:

• Heart and Liver meridians.

Functions:

• Invigorate Blood & Alleviate Pain: Enhances blood circulation and relieves pain.
• Resolve Stasis & Stop Bleeding: Resolves blood stasis and helps to stop bleeding.
• Promote Wound Healing: Assists in the healing of wounds and sores.

Indications:

• Used for treating trauma and bruises, abdominal pain from blood stasis, external bleeding from injuries, and non-healing sores.

Formulations:

1. For Abdominal Pain:
   • Combine Xuejie, Frankincense (乳香), Myrrh (没药), and Coptis (孩儿茶) in equal amounts. Take with warm wine to relieve pain.
2. For Postpartum Hemorrhage:
   • Place Xuejie and Frankincense inside the cavity of a fish, burn in a cloth bag, grind into powder, and take with hot wine.
3. For Postpartum Bleeding and Chest Fullness:
   • Mix Xuejie and Myrrh with child’s urine and wine, then consume.

Dosage and Administration:

• Internal Use: 1-2 grams in powdered form, or included in pill formulations.
• External Use: Apply as a powder or in plasters.

Precautions:

• Use cautiously during pregnancy.
• Avoid use during menstruation.

Processing:

• Collection and Preparation:
  • Harvest the fruits in autumn, cook in a steamer to extract the resin, which solidifies. Grind the solidified resin into a fine powder.
• Processing Method:
  • Remove impurities and grind into fine particles or powder.

Botanical Characteristics:

• Plant Type: A perennial, evergreen vine, growing 10-20 meters long.
• Stem: Covered with leaf sheaths and sharp spines.
• Leaves: Pinnate compound, with alternate arrangement at the tips and sometimes near opposite at the base. Leaflets are linear-lanceolate, 20-30 cm long, 3 cm wide, with sharp tips and narrow bases. Leaf stalks and axils have sharp spines.
• Flowers: Inflorescences are spikes with pale yellow, unisexual flowers. Male flowers have six stamens and elongate anthers. Female flowers have six sterile stamens and one pistil with a bottle-shaped ovary covered in scales. The stigma is trifid.
• Fruit: Drupe-like, oval-spherical, about 2-3 cm in diameter, reddish-brown with yellow scales. The fruit contains deep red resin, which exudes from beneath the scales and solidifies into a blood-like substance.

Habitat:

• Grows in humid, tropical regions, particularly in Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo).

Medicinal Characteristics:

• Appearance: Slightly rounded, square, or brick-shaped, dark red with a shiny surface, covered with red powder from friction. Hard and brittle with a red fracture surface. Turns brick-red when powdered.
• Odor and Taste: Slight odor, bland taste.
• Solubility: Insoluble in water, softens in hot water.

Historical and Classic References:

1. Compendium of Materia Medica (本草纲目):
   • Describes Xuejie as a resin similar to human blood, with sweet and salty taste, primarily affecting the liver and heart meridians.
2. Materia Medica (本经逢原):
   • Used for treating pain from injuries and blood stasis. Xuejie is especially potent for liver blood issues but should be used cautiously due to its strong action.

Xuejie is highly valued in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic effects, particularly in managing trauma, wound healing, and addressing blood-related conditions.