The Huanglian Mountain Waterfall(绿春县黄连山瀑布) is located in the central part of Lvchun County, in the eastern part of the Huanglian Mountain area within a national-level subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest nature reserve. The area has a cool climate, fresh air, steep cliffs, clear streams, dense forests, and deep valleys. Hidden among lush green foliage, a magnificent spring cascades down a 150-meter-high cliff, resembling a flowing cloud or a descending galaxy—this is the renowned Huanglian Mountain Waterfall.
The Huanglian Mountain Waterfall consists of three tiers. The waterfall flows year-round without interruption. The upper and lower tiers feature vertical water curtains, each approximately 60 meters in height. The middle tier, due to the sloping cliff face, forms several rapids and small falls. During the summer, when water flow is abundant, the waterfall rushes down like a herd of wild horses, roaring like a lion and thunderous like a storm in the valley. The splashing water, illuminated by sunlight, creates stunning rainbows and magnificent water curtains.
Features
- The waterfall consists of three tiers, with continuous flow throughout the year. The upper and lower tiers have vertical water curtains, each about 60 meters high, while the middle tier, due to the inclined cliff, forms several small cascades.
- At the base of each tier, the impact of the waterfall creates three distinct emerald-green pools.
- During the summer, when the water source is plentiful, the waterfall cascades down like a stampede of wild horses, echoing through the valley with a roaring sound. The mist and splashes, when illuminated by sunlight, create dazzling rainbows that blend beautifully with the majestic water curtains.
Climbing the steep forest path on the northern side of the waterfall takes about an hour to reach the source river of the waterfall, “Qia Ka Ou Men” (in Hani language: Waterfall Source River). This is a clear high mountain river flowing eastward from the heart of Huanglian Mountain. The riverbanks are lined with towering mountains covered in original forests, and the riverbed and surrounding areas are dotted with strange rocks and vibrant green orchids. The winding and steep river valley offers ever-changing scenery, providing a refreshing and picturesque experience.
The Huanglian Mountain Waterfall, with its combination of forest, rocks, streams, and waterfalls, is a natural paradise that blends grandeur, elegance, wilderness, and mystery. It is an excellent and undeveloped tourist destination. The Huanglian Mountain Waterfall is gaining recognition, and many people brave the challenging mountain paths and stay in the open air to experience its beauty.
Overview
Dailu Waterfall (歹鲁瀑布) is located in Dailu Village, Xiangyang Township, Luxi County, Honghe Prefecture. Situated 44 kilometers from Luxi County’s downtown area, it is the most famous waterfall in the region. Spanning 7 kilometers, the waterfall cascades through eleven tiers, with the highest drop exceeding 70 meters. The waterfall’s dramatic and awe-inspiring beauty is enhanced by its flow over cliffs and mountains, creating a spectacle of natural wonder.
Waterfall Features
The waterfall flows from clear mountain springs at high altitudes, plunging down a 7-kilometer stretch, forming multiple cascading falls. During the summer, the water flows like a white ribbon, either as towering columns or bolts of lightning, making it a striking sight. The roar of the waterfall is thunderous, echoing through the area as mist rises and droplets scatter in the air. The impact of the water against the rocks creates countless splashes, which transform into colorful droplets in the sunlight, creating a magical and vibrant scene.
Scenic Beauty
Dailu Waterfall is renowned for its grandeur. Over a stretch of 7 kilometers, the waterfall features 11 distinct tiers, with the tallest drop reaching more than 70 meters. Visitors can experience the contrast of calm, clear water upstream against the wild and vigorous flow of the falls downstream. The sight and sound of the waterfall create a powerful and immersive natural experience, captivating all who visit.
Accessibility and Transportation
Admission
Currently, there is no entrance fee to the Dailu Waterfall Scenic Area. The area is open 24 hours a day, allowing visitors to enjoy the beauty of the waterfall at any time.
Getting There
- By Bus: You can take a bus from Luxi County’s passenger station to Dailu Village. Bus routes include “Luxi – Yunpeng Power Station” and “Luxi – Dailu.”
- By Car: Visitors traveling from Kunming can drive to Shilin, then to Luxi, and finally to Dailu Village. The total journey takes approximately 3 hours.
The waterfall is located just a few kilometers downhill from Shaobu Bai Village, making it easily accessible by car or bus.
The San Tai Jiu Quan Waterfall石屏县龙武镇昌明九台瀑布三台九泉瀑布, located in Changming Village, Longwu Town, Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, consists of eight scenic spots. According to local villagers, the waterfall has three main tiers, with many smaller tiers in between. The water flows into the Changming River; this area also features a mountain, which is the second highest peak in Shiping at over 2,250 meters above sea level, while the Changming River is at over 1,300 meters. Therefore, the maximum drop of this waterfall is approximately 800 meters.
Hidden within a dense primordial forest canyon, the waterfall is composed of a group of nine waterfalls of varying sizes, hence the name “Jiu Tai Waterfall.” The water flows delicately like threads, producing a melodious sound as if playing a delightful tune, with ever-changing and captivating forms.
Best Viewing Time
The best time to visit the Jiu Tai Waterfall is from June to August each year. From a distance, the surrounding green mountains and the waterfall complement each other beautifully, creating a harmonious and picturesque scene.
Tour Route
Drive south from Longwu Town for 13 kilometers to reach Changming Village, where you will see the most spectacular San Tai Jiu Quan Waterfall. From afar, the waterfall looks like a long white jade belt flowing from the mountainside, disappearing into the mountain, making it unclear where it continues.
Walking through the dense forest, you will arrive at the second tier, which is about 200 meters above the ground, with a drop of over 30 meters. Follow the river to reach the highest tier, which has a drop of over 50 meters and splits into two streams with a span of nearly 20 meters. The first and second tiers create pools, while the third tier flows into the Changming River. Along the waterfall’s path, you will find rugged rocks and sheer cliffs, creating a magnificent sight.
Tourism Development
According to the guiding villagers, the waterfall, along with two others to the east and five more to the west, spans a straight-line distance of about 3 kilometers. Deputy Secretary Wang mentioned that, although he has been working in Longwu for nearly two years, he had never heard of the waterfall group in Changming Village, which was a real eye-opener for him.
Deputy Secretary Wang also noted that in addition to the waterfall group, Longwu features attractions such as Yunshan Misty Sea, Fabei Chong Grand Canyon, Dalongtan, and the Ancient Tea Horse Road. To visit all these sites would require at least four to five days.
It is understood that very few tourists have visited this area, and some artists have come to sketch. Based on these observations, the area seems to have potential for tourism development, though further expert evaluation is needed.
Dawei Mountain Nature Reserve is located in the common border of the Pingbian County and Hekou County of the Yunnan Province. To its south, it is Vietnam. To its north, it is the seat of the Pingbian County, Yuping Town. The total area of the reserve is 650,000 mu and its percentage of forest cover is more than 81.5 percent. The scenery of the reserve is very beautiful and charming. Since it is on the Tropic of Cancer, it is also called the Green Pearl on the Tropic of Cancer.
Overview:
- Formation:
Jiucheng Waterfall is formed by the convergence of numerous streams and mountain springs within the Daweishan National Forest Park. It features a series of three tiers, each consisting of three levels, totaling nine tiers. Each tier has an approximate height of 7 meters and a width of 4 meters, cascading down through stone crevices. - Comparison to Other Waterfalls:
Compared to the grandeur of the Dripping Water Waterfall, Jiucheng Waterfall presents a gentler yet equally captivating spectacle. Flowing slowly from the pristine forests of Daweishan and converging at the base, it forms a breathtaking waterfall formation. The sight of Jiucheng Waterfall is particularly mesmerizing during the summer, with the sound of cascading water resembling the melodious whispers of a dragon or the soft murmur of a song.
Natural Environment:
- Climate:
The Daweishan National Nature Reserve is located at the northern edge of the Southeast Asian tropical region. It experiences a climate influenced by the Southeast Asian monsoon, with warm, moist air from the northern Gulf of the Pacific bringing substantial moisture. This results in a climate characterized by high temperatures, abundant rainfall, and high humidity. The average annual temperature ranges from 16°C to 22.6°C, with annual precipitation between 1621 mm and 1777 mm. The relative humidity reaches up to 85%. The abundant water resources and the significant altitude variation contribute to the formation of the stunning Jiucheng Waterfall and the Dripping Water Waterfall, which cascade from heights of dozens of meters, evoking the imagery of the “Milky Way falling from the heavens.”
Weather Variations:
- Rainy Season:
During the rainy season, the flow of the waterfall increases dramatically, creating thunderous sounds and rising mist. This period can be quite dramatic and awe-inspiring. - Dry Season:
In contrast, during dry periods, the waterfall still flows gently, creating a serene and melodious ambiance. The surrounding dense forests and clear waters of the deep pool below add to the area’s natural charm. The pool at the base is clear and allows for a picturesque view of unique rock formations, accommodating several people for photos. Sitting by the rocks and watching the waterfall provides a refreshing and tranquil experience.
Local Legend:
- Name Origin:
According to local legend, seven celestial maidens descended to earth and were so captivated by the earthly scenery that they did not wish to return to heaven. This displeased the Jade Emperor, who sent the Bodhisattva Guanyin to investigate. Upon visiting the area, Guanyin was also enchanted by the earthly beauty and decided to explore further. Arriving at the Jiucheng Waterfall, she was so moved by its beauty that she bathed under the waterfall. After bathing, she admired the falls and wished to leave her mark. With a wave of her willow branch, the single waterfall transformed into three tiers, each with three levels, making a total of nine tiers. The resulting formation resembled her graceful figure, leading the locals to refer to it as “Water Guanyin.”
Summary:
Jiucheng Waterfall is a captivating natural wonder with its multi-tiered cascade and picturesque surroundings. Its serene beauty, combined with the rich local legend, makes it a notable destination in the Daweishan region.
Honghe Prefecture has a topography that is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. Divided by the Red River, it separates into the northern and southern regions. The eastern part belongs to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, while the western part is in the Ailao Mountain range with its deep valleys. The Ailao Mountains stretch along the southern bank of the Red River into Vietnam and are the main mountain range in the prefecture. The mountainous area accounts for 88.5% of the total area. The Tropic of Cancer crosses Gejiu City, Mengzi City, and Jianshui County.
The water system of Honghe Prefecture belongs to both the Red River and Pearl River systems. The southern part is part of the Red River system, while the northern part is part of the Pearl River system. Major rivers include the Lixian River, Tengtiao River, Nanxi River, Qujiang River, and Dianxi River. There are 180 rivers with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers within the prefecture (including the two main rivers, the Nanpan River and the Red River). Among these, 65 rivers belong to the Pearl River system and 115 rivers belong to the Red River system. There are 13 rivers with a drainage area of more than 1000 square kilometers, with 6 in the Pearl River system: Nanpan River, Qujiang River, Lujiang River, Shadian River, Dianxi River, and Nandong River; and 7 in the Red River system: Red River, Xiahebei River, Nanxi River, Lixian River, Siman River (Niukong River), Xiahei River, and Tengtiao River (Mengla River). The lakes in Honghe Prefecture are all freshwater lakes, located in the Nanpan River basin, including Yilong Lake, Chirui Lake, Sanjiao Sea, Datun Lake, and Changqiao Lake.
1. Jiutai Waterfall (石屏·昌明九台瀑布)
- Location: Changming Village, Longwu Town, Shiping County, southeast direction.
- Description: This majestic waterfall is nestled in the dense primeval forest. The river’s narrow and continuous flow creates a spectacular waterfall with significant altitude differences. The cascading water creates a stunning display of splashing droplets that form beautiful rainbows in the air.
2. Jiucheng Waterfall (屏边·九层瀑布)
- Location: Daweishan National Forest Park, Pingbian County.
- Description: Renowned for its grandeur, this waterfall features three tiers, each consisting of three levels, totaling nine tiers. Each tier is about 7 meters high and 4 meters wide. The waterfall is surrounded by lush forests. During the rainy season, it produces a thunderous roar, while in autumn and winter, it flows gently, resembling a natural melody. A clear pool at the base allows for scenic viewing of large rocks.
3. Dripping Waterfall (屏边·滴水层瀑布)
- Location: Pingbian County.
- Description: The Dripping Waterfall includes both Large Dripping Waterfall and Small Dripping Waterfall. The Small Dripping Waterfall features unique rock formations and a rainbow-like arch. The Large Dripping Waterfall cascades from high cliffs into a deep pool below, creating a dazzling spectacle under the sunlight.
4. Huayu Cave National Forest Park (河口·花鱼洞国家森林公园)
- Location: Xiaonanxi Tropical Rainforest, Nanxi Town, Hekou County.
- Description: This park combines karst formations, waterfalls, and tropical rainforests. A unique four-tiered waterfall, 26 meters high and 10 meters wide, resembles a water curtain cave. The waterfall cascades over rocks, creating a dramatic and picturesque scene.
5. Dailu Waterfall (泸西·歹鲁瀑布)
- Location: 44 kilometers outside Luxi County.
- Description: The most famous waterfall in Luxi, it features 11 tiers within a 7-kilometer range, with the highest drop reaching over 70 meters. The waterfall creates a powerful and spectacular display as it crashes against the rocks.
6. Huo Shui Yan Waterfall (金平·滮水岩瀑布)
- Location: Ma’andi Township, Jinping County.
- Description: Situated deep in the Red River Butterfly Valley, this waterfall is 256 meters long, resembling a dragon plunging into water. The thunderous sound of the waterfall is striking, and visitors can reach the base where the clear pool and surrounding lush vegetation enhance the natural beauty.
7. La Deng He Waterfall Group (金平·拉灯河瀑布群)
- Location: Upstream of Wutai River and its tributary Shidong River, Jinping County.
- Description: This rare group of five waterfalls is situated at an elevation of 2621 meters. Each waterfall ranges from 60 to over 100 meters in height and 10 meters in width. The surrounding pristine forests contribute to its wild natural beauty.
8. Huanglian Mountain Waterfall (绿春·黄连山瀑布)
- Location: Huanglian Mountain National Nature Reserve, Luxi County.
- Description: The Huanglian Mountain Waterfall features three tiers, each about 60 meters high. During the wet season, it roars like a herd of galloping horses, while in the dry season, it flows calmly, forming three green pools at the base. The surrounding deep valleys and lush forests create a stunning natural landscape.
Location and Overview
Dishui Waterfall 屏边县滴水瀑布 is located in Pingbian County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The waterfall cascades dramatically from a high cliff, creating a spectacular natural display. From the viewing platform, visitors can appreciate the majestic flow of the water as it plunges down from above.
Experience
Approaching the waterfall, one can experience the refreshing mist up close. Dishui Waterfall is situated near Dishui Miao Village. To reach it, visitors follow a path along National Highway 326, passing through bamboo forests and descending into the valley. The sound of the waterfall guides the way, leading to a captivating view of the falls.
Scenic Beauty
The waterfall plunges with a powerful force, creating a grand and impressive sight. The water volume is abundant, and on sunny days, the waterfall appears like a silver ribbon cascading down into a deep pool below. The sunlight reflects off the water droplets, making them sparkle like precious gems.
Visiting Experience
Standing beside the waterfall, visitors can gaze up at its grandeur and feel the cool mist on their faces. The experience is invigorating, offering a refreshing escape from the summer heat and daily troubles. The natural beauty and tranquility of Dishui Waterfall provide a perfect retreat for nature enthusiasts and those seeking relaxation.
Introduction to Baihe Town屏边县白河镇火车集市
Baihe Town, located in Pingbian Miao Autonomous County under the jurisdiction of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, is a small border town on the China-Vietnam border. This town is predominantly inhabited by ethnic groups such as the Yao, Miao, Zhuang, and Yi, resulting in a rich cultural atmosphere. The locals, often seen in traditional ethnic clothing, add to the town’s vibrant and colorful charm.
Geography and Terrain
Baihe Town is situated within the Ailao Mountain Range, characterized by a north-to-south sloping terrain that is typical of the karst landscape of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The highest peak in the area is Dixishan Xinqing, with an elevation of 2,295 meters, while the lowest point is at Sancha River in the south, at 154 meters above sea level. Baihe Town is also the first town where the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway enters the Nanxi River Valley.
The Unique Train Market
One of Baihe Town’s most distinctive features is its “train market,” a market that takes place right along the railway tracks. Every Monday, market day, villagers from the surrounding areas come to set up stalls on both sides of the railway line, creating a unique and lively scene.
Market Day Atmosphere
Pingbian County, home to Baihe Town, is a region rich in ethnic minority culture. On market days, villagers dressed in traditional Miao festival attire gather to trade. The market is bustling with the sounds of vendors calling out and people haggling, creating a lively atmosphere. The narrow street of Baihe Town fills with stalls selling a wide array of goods, from daily necessities and agricultural tools to herbal medicines and ethnic delicacies.
Local Products and Traditions
The products sold at the market are mostly organic, naturally grown by the local villagers. These include fruits, vegetables, and livestock such as chickens, ducks, geese, fish, and shrimp. Various mountain products and agricultural goods are sold along the railway tracks, contributing to the train market’s unique charm, which has been maintained for over a hundred years.
The Experience of the Train Passing Through
In the past, a train would pass through the town between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. every day. As the train approached, it would whistle from a distance, signaling the villagers to move their goods off the tracks. After the train passed, they would simply resume their market activities as if nothing had happened. However, due to strengthened railway management, a new market area has been established away from the tracks. Most of the stalls have been relocated, though a few elderly vendors still adhere to the old traditions.
Current Train Services
Since passenger services on the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway were discontinued in June 2003, only a few freight trains continue to run, with no specific schedule. Encountering a train at the market is now purely a matter of luck.
A Glimpse into the Past
This last remaining train market in China offers a glimpse into a way of life that has largely disappeared. It is a place where you can experience local customs, enjoy the vibrant atmosphere of everyday life, and witness the unique scene of a train passing through a market. Baihe Town in Pingbian County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan, is an excellent destination for those seeking an authentic and culturally rich experience.
Travel Tips
Transportation:
Getting to Baihe Town can be challenging. After exiting the highway at Pingbian County, you will need to take National Highway 219, a winding mountain road with narrow curves. The area is often shrouded in fog in the morning, so driving is recommended if possible. Alternatively, you can take the high-speed train to Pingbian County and hire a car.
Accommodation:
To increase your chances of encountering the train on Monday, it is advisable to arrive early and wait. Consider staying in Baihe Town on Sunday night. The town has only two hotels, both located near the train market, just a three-to-five-minute walk away. The accommodation is basic, with rates around 60 to 70 yuan per night.
The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway in Baihe Town, Pingbian County
Baihe Town, located in Pingbian Miao Autonomous County of Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, is a notable point on the historic Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. This railway, which was once a vital transportation route, enters the Nanxi River Valley at Baihe Town, making it the first town along this section of the line.
The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway has a significant historical and cultural impact on Baihe Town. It has not only shaped the town’s geography but also influenced its local economy and cultural practices. The railway’s presence led to the creation of the unique “train market,” a market where locals set up stalls right alongside the railway tracks. This market, which has been in existence for over a century, continues to be a vibrant part of the town’s identity, even though passenger trains have ceased to run since 2003.
Although the passenger service on the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway has been discontinued, freight trains still occasionally pass through Baihe Town. This rare event turns the market day into a special occasion as vendors briefly clear their goods from the tracks to allow the train to pass, only to resume their activities moments later. The continuation of this practice, despite modern changes, adds to the nostalgic charm of Baihe Town and its unique relationship with the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway.
Dishui Miao Ethnic Town in Pingbian County屏边县滴水苗城特色小镇 is a unique cultural tourism destination that centers on the vibrant traditions and customs of the Miao ethnic group. It leverages the pristine natural resources and excellent ecological environment of the nearby Dawei Mountain National Forest Park to create a distinctive health tourism town rich in Miao cultural characteristics.
Key Features:
- AAA Scenic Area: Dishui Miao Town is an AAA-level scenic area located in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. In October 2022, it was designated as a national 4A-level tourist attraction.
- Cultural Heritage: The town is said to have originated from a beautiful Miao maiden who scattered flower petals that grew into what is now Dishui Miao Town, a place revered by Miao people worldwide as the homeland of Miao culture.
- Climate: Located at 23°N latitude, Pingbian County boasts a distinct three-dimensional climate, with mild winters and cool summers, earning it the reputation as the southernmost “Spring City” in China.
Town Layout:
- Location and Size: Dishui Miao Ethnic Town covers 1.4 square kilometers in the western area of Pingbian County. The town’s layout is characterized by the “One Heart, Eight Villages” concept, featuring notable elements such as mountains, water, forests, Miao culture, and traditional architecture.
- Components: The “One Heart, Eight Villages” includes the Miao Cultural Center and various themed villages (Yushui, Dishui, Lishui, Yueshui, Yunshui, Linshui, Huisui, and Rongshui). Additionally, the “One River, Five Sceneries” features the Pastoral River Landscape, Huashan Plaza, Cherry Blossom Avenue, Miao Calendar Plaza, and Dishui Waterfall.
Cultural and Natural Attractions:
- Miao Architecture: As visitors pass through the symbolic Ox-Horn Reed Gate at the town’s entrance, they are greeted by traditional Miao-style buildings with unique architectural features such as yellow walls, gray tiles, stilted houses, and wooden lattice windows. The design incorporates Miao cultural elements like reed pipes, butterflies, and ox heads, adding to the town’s ethnic charm.
- Natural Beauty: The town’s Pastoral River Wetland Park is a lush, green space where the Pastoral River meanders through the town, reflecting the blue sky and white clouds. The park is dotted with waterfalls formed by dams, creating a misty and serene atmosphere.
- Cultural Center: The Miao Cultural Center, with its distinctive yellow buildings nestled amidst green forests, provides a warm and elegant setting. At night, the illuminated China·Yunnan Miao Medicine Museum stands tall, offering visitors an immersive experience of Miao medicine and insights into the history and cultural heritage of ethnic medicine in Pingbian.
Surrounding Areas:
- Dawei Mountain National Park: Located behind Dishui Miao Town, Dawei Mountain National Park is a verdant oasis, home to ancient trees, exotic flowers, and rare fruits. Visitors can hike up the mountain, surrounded by the sounds of birds and the tranquility of the vast forest.
- Dishui Waterfall: This stunning waterfall, resembling a white silk ribbon dancing among the green mountains, is a must-see attraction. Visitors can experience the power and grandeur of the waterfall as they stand nearby, feeling a deep sense of connection with nature.
Best Time to Visit: Dishui Miao Town is an ideal destination for cooling off in summer and escaping the cold in winter. A recommended travel route to explore the region is Kunming → Yuxi → Tonghai County → Jianshui → Shiping → Gejiu → Mengzi → Pingbian County → Hekou County.
Travel Tips:
- Location: Pingbian Miao Autonomous County is part of Honghe Prefecture, 59 km from Mengzi (the prefectural capital) and 95 km from Hekou (a national-level open port). Historically, it served as a crucial stop on the southern “Ancient Silk Road.”
- Nearby Attractions: The Dawei Mountain Nature Reserve, located northeast of Pingbian County, is a 4A scenic area known for its majestic mountains, dense forests, and diverse flora and fauna. The reserve’s tropical forest ecosystem has earned it the titles of “Plant and Animal Gene Bank,” “Natural Beauty Salon,” and “China’s Natural Oxygen Bar.”
- Local Culture: Visitors can explore the unique “Train Market” in Baihe Town, where market activities occur around a railway track, creating a vibrant cultural scene.
Dishui Miao Ethnic Town in Pingbian County is a fascinating blend of cultural heritage and natural beauty, offering visitors a deep dive into the traditions of the Miao people amidst the serene landscapes of Yunnan Province.
In the world of Pu’er tea, there are a group of scholars who, with their scientific approach and rigorous style, continuously explore the mysteries of Pu’er tea. These names shine like brilliant stars, illuminating the path of Pu’er tea research.
Through countless experiments and studies, they have revealed the unique characteristics of Pu’er tea, enhancing its quality and value. They have also left us with valuable academic legacies, allowing future generations to navigate the ocean of knowledge and continue exploring the infinite possibilities of Pu’er tea.
- Ding Wenjiang丁文江: The Founder of Pu’er Tea Cakes
In the land of Pu’er in southern Yunnan, Ding Wenjiang, a tea farmer, took the initiative in the 1950s to press loose Pu’er tea leaves into cakes. This innovation not only revolutionized traditional tea-making techniques but also established the foundation for Pu’er tea cakes.
He is revered as the “Father of Pu’er Tea Cakes,” with his achievements enduring like the fragrance of Pu’er tea.
- Chen Yonghua陈永华: The Guide to Pu’er Tea on the International Stage
During the 1980s, Chen Yonghua, with the wisdom of a businessman, took Pu’er tea to the world stage by founding the “Yunnan Pu’er Tea Import and Export Company,” bridging China and the world and spreading the fragrance of Pu’er tea globally.
He is hailed as the “Father of Pu’er Tea Exports,” and his pioneering spirit inspires future generations to keep moving forward.
- Zhang Hongda张宏达: The Father of Pu’er Tea
Zhang Hongda, a botanist born in 1914 in Jiexi, Guangdong, graduated from Sun Yat-sen University in 1939. He served as a professor and the head of the Biology Department at Sun Yat-sen University.
Pu’er tea was once believed to originate from Assam, India, and was originally named Assam tea. Through in-depth research, Zhang Hongda determined that Assam tea actually originated in China and renamed it Pu’er tea. Thus, he is also known as the “Father of Pu’er Tea.”
- Chen Baolong陈宝龙: The Founder of Pu’er Tea’s Academic Realm
As a leading figure in Pu’er tea academia, Chen Baolong used research institutes as platforms to delve deeply into the quality, processing, and preservation of Pu’er tea. His research results are like lighthouses, guiding the path of Pu’er tea academic research.
He is celebrated as the “Father of Pu’er Tea Experts,” and his academic contributions have laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of Pu’er tea culture.
- Zou Bingliang邹炳良: The Pioneer of the Key Technique of Pu’er Tea Fermentation
Born in 1939 in Xiangyun County, Yunnan, Zou Bingliang is a pioneer in the exploration and research of Pu’er tea fermentation techniques. With nearly 60 years of tea-making experience, he is honored as the “Founder of Pu’er Ripe Tea Fermentation Techniques” and the “Father of Pu’er Ripe Tea.” He has been awarded the title of “Lifetime Achievement Master of Chinese Pu’er Tea.”
His book “Pu’er Tea Craft” is the world’s first professional textbook on Pu’er tea production, processing, and operating procedures, ending the era without scientific standards for Pu’er tea.
- Guo Yonghuai郭永怀: The Guardian of Pu’er Tea Quality
Guo Yonghuai, through research societies, delved into the identification and quality evaluation of Pu’er tea. His rigorous attitude and profound knowledge set a benchmark for ensuring the quality of Pu’er tea.
He is known as the “Father of Pu’er Tea Quality,” and his pursuit of quality has won Pu’er tea widespread acclaim in the market.
- Bai Shuiqing白水清: The Mentor of Pu’er Tea and a Pu’er Tea Collector
In the field of Pu’er tea planting and production techniques, Bai Shuiqing conducted long-term research and promotion, focusing on the cultivation technology and production techniques for high-quality tea leaves. His concepts and techniques, such as “ferment first then age” and “adding moisture for fermentation,” played an indispensable role in the development and innovation of Pu’er tea.
Moreover, Bai Shuiqing has extensive experience in establishing Pu’er tea tasting and evaluation systems. He proposed special tasting methods and scoring standards, positively impacting the quality evaluation and market positioning of Pu’er tea. His tasting philosophy emphasizes a comprehensive evaluation of tea consistency, taste, and aroma, making Pu’er tea evaluation more objective and scientific.
- Lu Zhuxun卢铸勋: The Father of Ripe Pu’er Tea
Lu Zhuxun is a well-known figure in Hong Kong’s tea industry and is hailed as a pioneer of modern ripe tea technology. Born in 1927 in Guangdong, Lu Zhuxun had extensive early experiences, studying tea business in Macau and Hong Kong.
Through years of practice and research, Lu mastered tea fermentation technology and became a key figure in restoring traditional “red soup Pu’er tea,” significantly contributing to the development of ripe Pu’er tea. Despite never making a single cake of tea himself, he is known as the “Father of Ripe Pu’er Tea.”
In Hong Kong’s tea industry, he is a household name. His techniques not only influenced Hong Kong’s tea industry but also spread to Guangdong, Thailand, and beyond, having a profound impact on the development of Pu’er tea.
- Xiao Shiying肖时英: The Father of the Clonal Tea Varieties in Yunnan
Xiao Shiying is a senior agronomist at the Pu’er Tea Research Institute in Yunnan, known as the “Great Tea Master” and the “Father of Clonal Tea Varieties in Yunnan.” He dedicated his life to selecting and researching high-quality clonal tea varieties in Yunnan, making significant contributions to the development of Yunnan’s tea industry.
After graduating from Huazhong Agricultural University with a major in tea science, Xiao was assigned to work at the Menghai Tea Experimental Station in Yunnan, beginning nearly 70 years of dedication to Yunnan’s clonal tea varieties. His work included not only breeding new tea varieties but also promoting quality varieties and methods, creating famous teas, and promoting Pu’er tea culture.
- Chen Yun陈云: The Guardian of Pu’er Tea Culture
With his dual identity as a politician and cultural figure, Chen Yun has a unique emotional and intellectual connection with Pu’er tea. He vigorously promoted the concept of “Pu’er Tea Culture,” emphasizing its cultural value and protection, setting a benchmark for the inheritance and development of Pu’er tea culture.
He is revered as the “Father of Pu’er Tea Culture,” and his cultural passion has elevated Pu’er tea from merely being a beverage to a symbol of culture.
Conclusion:
Pu’er tea, a treasure from Yunnan, China, has blossomed into brilliance through the collective efforts of these ten pioneers.
Their wisdom and dedication not only made Pu’er tea a globally renowned tea but also ensured the continuation and enhancement of Pu’er tea culture. Let us remember these contributors’ names and deeds and work together to preserve and pass on this valuable cultural heritage.
Menghai Tea Factory, located in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, is one of China’s oldest specialized tea production enterprises. Established in 1938, it was founded by Mr. Fan Hejun and Mr. Zhang Shicheng, who led over 90 tea technology workers in the construction of the factory. It officially began production in 1940 under the original name of Fohai Tea Factory. Menghai Tea Factory has not only witnessed the development of Pu’er tea in China but also offers a diverse range of products including Pu’er tea, black tea, green tea, and more, totaling hundreds of varieties. It is a significant player in China’s Pu’er tea industry.
- Zou Bingliang and Lu Guoling邹炳良，卢国龄 Anning Haigang Tea Industry安宁海湾茶业
In October 1999, Pu’er tea experts Zou Bingliang and Lu Guoling established Anning Haigang Tea Industry Co., Ltd. Both gentlemen had served as factory directors at Menghai Tea Factory and had been working to advance Yunnan’s tea industry since the 1950s.Zou Bingliang and Lu GuolingAfter retiring from Menghai Tea Factory in 1997, they were hired as the chief consultants for Pu’er tea production by the Yunnan Tea Import and Export Company. In 1999, the two gentlemen, along with four investors, founded Anning Haigang Tea Industry Co., Ltd. The company operates on 13 acres of land and began operations in October of the same year. - Ruan Dianrong阮殿蓉 – Yunnan Six Great Tea Mountains Tea Industry 云南六大茶山茶业
Yunnan Six Great Tea Mountains Tea Industry Co., Ltd. was established in 2002 and is headquartered in Kunming, Yunnan. The company primarily produces and sells high-quality, natural Yunnan large-leaf sun-dried green tea. They have three high-standard, modern production bases located in Fengqing, Menghai, and Yiliang.Ruan DianrongRuan Dianrong became the director of Menghai Tea Factory, known as the “top Pu’er tea brand,” in 1998. She is now the Chairwoman and General Manager of Menghai Tea Industry Co., Ltd. and also the Chairwoman of Yunnan Great Tea Mountains Tea Industry Co., Ltd. - Yu Zhengcai余正才 – Menghai Dachanghao Pu’er Tea Industry 勐海大昌号普洱茶业
Xishuangbanna Menghai Dachanghao Pu’er Tea Industry Co., Ltd. was registered in 2006 and is located in Menghai County, just 25 kilometers from Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna, with convenient transportation. It is built according to the national Q certification standards.Yu ZhengcaiYu Zhengcai, the original designer of the “Yi” brand trademark at Menghai Tea Factory and former deputy factory director responsible for production technology, now serves as the tea-making director at Menghai Dachanghao. - Wang Xia王霞 – Simao Wang Xia Pu’er Tea Company 思茅王霞普洱茶公司
Yunnan Simao Wang Xia Pu’er Tea Co., Ltd. was founded by Wang Xia in 2004. Wang Xia is both the Chairwoman and General Manager of the company.Wang XiaWang Xia began working at Menghai Tea Factory at the age of 18, starting as an ordinary worker and gradually becoming a technical expert responsible for Pu’er tea production. Between 1999 and 2004, she served as General Manager of Simao Ancient Pu’er Tea Co., Ltd. before resigning in 2004. - Dong Guoyan董国艳 – Mengyang Guoyan Tea Factory 勐养国艳茶厂
Yunnan Xishuangbanna Mengyang Guoyan Tea Factory was established in 2004 at a farm in Mengyang Town, Jinghong City.Dong GuoyanMs. Dong Guoyan is the factory director, with key brands including “Elephant Tree Brand” and “Guoyan Brand.” - Zhang Jianli张建丽 – Xinghai Tea Factory 兴海茶厂
Yunnan Xishuangbanna Menghai County Xinghai Tea Factory officially began production on June 1, 2002. The factory has over 800,000 in fixed assets, 12 simple buildings, over 80 employees, and can produce 800 tons of tea per year. Zhang Jianli, the factory director, was assigned to Menghai Tea Factory’s Menghun Tea Group on October 3, 1980, working as an accountant and group leader.Zhang JianliIn May 1994, she was transferred to the management department of Menghai Tea Factory in Kunming, becoming a deputy manager. In May 1999, she moved to the management department of Menghai Tea Factory in Dalian, Liaoning Province, as a manager. After retiring from Menghai Tea Factory in 2000, she helped sell tea from a military subsidiary production base. On March 22, 2002, she founded Menghai Xinghai Tea Factory. - Bai Faxiong白发雄- Shuangyi Tea Factory 双溢茶厂
Shuangyi Tea Factory in Menghai, Xishuangbanna, was founded by Bai Faxiong, the former fermentation workshop director at Menghai Tea Factory. Bai Faxiong worked at Menghai Tea Factory for 22 years, leaving in 2000 to guide fermentation work at Fuhai Tea Factory, Xinghai Tea Factory, and a tea factory in Lincang.Shuangyi Tea Factory TuochaIn 2002, he and his friends established Tiandi Ren Tea Factory. Locally, he is known as the “foremost figure in Pu’er tea fermentation,” and he later founded Shuangyi Tea Industry Co., Ltd. - Yang Jianlin 杨坚林- Yangji Tianyuan Tea Factory 杨记天缘茶厂
Yang Jianlin founded Yangji Tianyuan Tea Factory in Menghai, Xishuangbanna, in March 2002. After transitioning from the military, he inherited his father’s business. His father, Zhou Shangzhong, and mother, Yang Baozhen, were early employees at Menghai Tea Factory, working in the compressed tea workshop for over 30 years.Yangji Tianyuan Tea Factory Tea CakesIn December 1983, they began working in the compression workshop of Menghai Tea Factory, holding positions such as team leader, recorder, and deputy workshop director. In 2000, Yang Jianlin was appointed as the factory director of Fuhai Tea Factory in Menghai County. - Mao Yunsheng毛云生 – Yunhai Tea Factory 云海茶厂
Yunnan Xishuangbanna Menghai County Yunhai Tea Factory is located on the outskirts of Menghai County. The owner, Mao Yunsheng, is also a director of the Xishuangbanna Tea Industry Association.Mao YunshengMao Yunsheng worked at Menghai Tea Factory for many years, serving as a technical worker in the Pu’er tea workshop and holding important positions in the Kunming sales department and tea factory supply and marketing division. In 2002, he co-founded a refined tea factory with other colleagues who had left Menghai Tea Factory due to state-owned enterprise reforms; in the spring of 2003, he independently founded Menghai Yunhai Tea Factory. - Du Qiongzhi 杜琼芝- Pengcheng Tea Factory 鹏程茶厂
Yunnan Xishuangbanna Menghai County Pengcheng Tea Factory opened in 2005 and offers a variety of high-quality tea products. The factory director, Du Qiongzhi, was formerly the head of the technical department at Menghai Tea Factory and has extensive experience in tea production and processing.
Du Qiongzhi
When Du Qiongzhi faced layoffs at Menghai Tea Factory, she did not abandon her career but chose to continue her entrepreneurial efforts, contributing to the local tea industry.
She has always adhered to a principle of diligence and responsibility, focusing on tea quality while actively assisting other tea practitioners by sharing her knowledge and experience. She also engages in various charitable activities, contributing to society.
After years of effort, Du Qiongzhi successfully established Pengcheng Tea Factory, revitalizing the local tea industry. Her factory produces high-quality tea that is well-loved by consumers. Under her leadership, Pengcheng Tea Factory has continuously expanded production, actively explored domestic and international markets, and made significant contributions to the local economy.
Lincang, with its rich natural, cultural, and folk resources, is a significant hub along the ancient Tea Horse Road, reflecting its deep historical and cultural heritage. The Tea Horse Road is not merely a trading route but a major corridor for ethnic exchanges, economic interactions, and cultural integration. It serves as an international gateway connecting inland China with the western and northwestern regions, as well as linking China with Southeast and South Asia. For Lincang, situated on the border, this road represents a vital channel to the central plains and the world, carrying profound historical and cultural significance. The Tea Horse Ancient Town of Lincang, with its remnants from the ancient road, showcases the deep-rooted Tea Horse culture that has evolved over centuries, weaving together historical fragments into a new narrative.
1. Location and Background
Tea Horse Ancient Town临沧茶马古镇:
- Location: Situated at the intersection of Mianning Avenue and Xianglin Road in Lincang’s Linxiang District, Yunnan Province.
- Historical and Cultural Context: Built against the backdrop of the millennium-old Tea Horse Road, the town integrates tourism and residential living, embodying the profound historical and cultural essence of southwestern Yunnan’s tea trade.
Significance:
- Historical Importance: Lincang is a key hub on the southern Silk Road’s Tea Horse Road and a renowned tea source center and origin of Yunnan tea, with significant historical and cultural value.
- Cultural Interpretation: The Tea Horse Ancient Town of Lincang offers an important window for domestic and international visitors to explore and learn about the rich tea horse history and culture of southwestern Yunnan.
2. Town Features
Street Views:
- Street Scenes: Under sunny skies, the streets of Lincang Tea Horse Ancient Town present a harmonious and tranquil picture of an ancient city.
Gate and Architecture:
- City Gate: An imposing and culturally rich ancient gate building representing the town’s deep ethnic and cultural heritage.
Tourist Attractions:
- Tea Horse Gai Tourist Bus: A part of the town’s deep tea horse history and culture, serving as a platform to showcase tea horse culture to visitors.
- Ancient Town Streets: Traditional blue bricks and gray tiles against the backdrop of a clear blue sky, enhancing the cultural beauty of the ancient town.
Notable Structures:
- Lan Yue Pavilion: An integral part of Lincang Tea Horse Ancient Town’s historical culture.
- Taihang Pavilion: A culturally rich traditional pavilion, providing a resting place for visitors and citizens, and a key component of the ancient town.
Scenic Elements:
- Bridges and Streams: Scenic spots with small bridges and flowing water, embodying a poetic and picturesque essence.
- He Yuan: A residential area within the town, reflecting daily life in the ancient town.
Lifestyle and Scenery:
- Natural Beauty: The town features clear mountains, clean waters, and floral scents, representing a serene lifestyle.
- Sunset View: The townscape under the sunset, blending human design with natural scenery and the rich historical tea horse culture into a picturesque cultural town.
Overview of Chama Ancient Town
Chama Ancient Town茶马古城, located in the Simao District of Pu’er City, Yunnan Province, is a renowned historical and cultural city in China. It is named for its significant position on the Tea Horse Road and serves as a multifunctional tourist area integrating commerce, travel, and leisure. Nestled by mountains and water, the town features a beautiful environment and convenient transportation, making it one of the most spectacular ancient towns in Pu’er.
Historical Significance
Chama Ancient Town has a long history dating back to the Tang Dynasty. It was a crucial post on the southern Tea Horse Road and became a key hub for Tea Horse trade, earning it the title of a model city on the Tea Horse Road. The town’s prosperity due to the Tea Horse Road is highlighted by the “Chama Ancient Town Fu” inscribed in the ancient city square.
Architectural Features
Upon arriving at Chama Ancient Town, visitors are greeted by a magnificent group of ancient buildings. The grand Chama Ancient Town Square features a rockery with mountains, fountains, flying horses, and flowing water. The town showcases traditional Chinese urban architecture with a tower, simple and charming city gate, brick and stone city walls, temples, courtyards, shops, and stables. The ancient bluestone streets and pathways add a touch of mystery and historical ambiance.
Cultural and Tourist Attractions
The ancient buildings in Chama Ancient Town are arranged in an orderly manner, creating picturesque scenes of small bridges and flowing water, resembling a classic Chinese garden. The town’s color palette includes traditional Chinese colors like red-brown, yellow, gray-blue, and black-gray, with brick and wood structures, courtyards, pavilions, and decorative details such as Qing bricks and dark tiles. The town also features beautiful flower-shaped umbrellas and traditional poetry.
Chama Ancient Town is a popular nighttime cultural and tourism consumer area with streets lined with tourist commercial streets, specialty dining streets, and charming bar streets. Visitors can enjoy a variety of experiences including intangible cultural heritage products, Pu’er tea, coffee culture products, cultural and creative products, crafts, and displays of horse caravan culture.
Ecological Environment and Scenic Beauty
Chama Ancient Town boasts an excellent ecological environment and mountain-water scenery. The Pu’er River, Dianchi Lake, Nanhua Mountain, and Pujiang River pass through the area, showcasing Yunnan’s natural beauty. Visitors can enjoy activities such as the Strawberry Bear, Big Yellow Duck, Banana Boat, flyboarding, and jet ski drifting, with every snapshot becoming a masterpiece against the backdrop of blue sky and white clouds.
Tea Horse Road Heritage
Chama Ancient Town is a crucial hub for ancient Tea Horse trade and preserves old temples, Qing Dynasty government buildings, traditional residences, and ancient trade sites. The Tea Horse Road Museum, the largest and most comprehensive museum of horse caravans in Southwest Yunnan, showcases the history, culture, and influence of the Tea Horse Road. The museum displays pack horses used by traders and allows visitors to experience the journey of the Tea Horse Road traders firsthand.
Historical Challenges and Significance
The Tea Horse Road, which began with horse markets in the early Tang Dynasty and flourished with tea-horse exchanges during the Song Dynasty, is a trade route that wound through Yunnan, Tibet, Sichuan, and other provinces. The road faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather, treacherous terrain, poisonous plants and water, wild beasts and insects, epidemics, and bandit attacks.
The road is a unique and colorful natural and cultural route with international influence, representing a heritage of nature and culture contributed by the Chinese nation. The Tea Horse Road, with its centuries-old history, not only served as a distribution path for Pu’er tea but also contributed to its fame.
Legacy of the Tea Horse Road
The Tea Horse Road, driven by tea and horse caravans, is a path of cultural exchange with features such as tea appreciation, pioneering spirit, tolerance, mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. It remains a significant historical route connecting ancient and modern times, continuing to serve as a path of exploration.
Conclusion
Chama Ancient Town, with its rich history and cultural connotations, serves as an important window to understand Pu’er’s history and culture. It stands as a testament to the ancient Tea Horse Road, carrying forward the traditional charm and cultural significance of this historic trade route.
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