The Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山) is located in Lijiang City (丽江市), Yunnan Province (云南省). As the southernmost large snow-capped mountain in the Northern Hemisphere, its main peak, Shanzidou (扇子陡), reaches an altitude of 5,596 meters. It is not only a famous tourist destination but also a habitat for many rare wild animals. The pristine forests of the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve (玉龙雪山省级自然保护区) are home to a variety of rare wildlife species.

Wildlife Species

Yellow-throated Monal-Partridge (黄喉雉鹑): A Class I nationally protected wildlife species, this is a rare alpine bird.
Forest Musk Deer (林麝): A Class I nationally protected wildlife species, this small deer feeds on leaves, twigs, and herbs.
White-speckled Laughingthrush (白点噪鹛): A Class I nationally protected wildlife species, this is a small bird.
White Eared-Pheasant (白马鸡): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this large pheasant inhabits alpine meadows and shrublands.
Red Muntjac (赤麂): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this small deer feeds on leaves, twigs, and herbs.
Lady Amherst’s Pheasant (白腹锦鸡): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this large pheasant is known for its vibrant plumage.
Blood Pheasant (血雉): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this small pheasant lives in alpine meadows and shrublands.
Giant Laughingthrush (大噪鹛): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this is a small bird.
Yellow-throated Marten (黄喉貂): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this small carnivore preys on small mammals.
Leopard Cat (豹猫): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this small feline feeds on small mammals and birds.
Chinese Goral (中华斑羚): A Class II nationally protected wildlife species, this small antelope is skilled at leaping and climbing steep cliffs.

Conservation Measures

The Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Nature Reserve monitors wildlife using infrared cameras and other equipment to study species composition, distribution, population numbers, and conservation management. In recent years, strengthened protection measures have significantly improved wildlife habitats, leading to a steady increase in populations and the formation of a complete biological chain within their ecosystems.

Note

The Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山) boasts rich and diverse wildlife resources, making it a treasure trove of biodiversity. While admiring the stunning mountain scenery, visitors should also take care to protect wildlife and their habitats.

Folk Festivals and Celebrations

Naxi “Sanduo Festival” (纳西族”三多节”):
Held annually from the 15th to the 20th day of the third lunar month, this traditional Naxi festival is a major occasion for cultural exchange and entertainment. Activities include rich displays of ethnic culture, such as performances of Naxi ancient music (纳西古乐), Dongba dance (东巴舞), and Leba dance (勒巴舞). There are also special trade fairs and intangible cultural heritage exhibitions.
Spring Festival Activities:
Yulong County hosts a “Non-Generic Spring Festival” (非遗版春节) event, where visitors can participate in Naxi New Year preparations, such as making traditional foods like cured pork ribs (腊排骨) and chickpea jelly (鸡豆凉粉). They can also enjoy performances like the Qilin dance (舞麒麟) and Naxi ancient music.
Mid-Autumn Festival Activities:
During the Mid-Autumn Festival, Junliang Village (均良村) in Lashi Town (拉市镇) offers immersive experiences where visitors can dress in traditional costumes and engage in Naxi customs, such as making “Bantao” (班涛, meaning “mooncake” in Naxi language).

Immersive Cultural Tourism Experiences

Xushanhai Immersive Theme Village (序山海沉浸式主题村落):
Located in Junliang Village (均良村) within the Lashi Lake Scenic Area (拉市海风景区), this is China’s first immersive cultural tourism brand. Visitors can “become characters in a story,” experiencing the history of the Ancient Tea-Horse Road (茶马古道), the romance of Naxi wedding customs, and the mystique of Dongba culture (东巴文化).
“Xushanhai” Realistic Ancient-Style Immersive Interactive Experience (《序山海》实景古风沉浸式互动体验活动):
Held in Junliang Village, this activity allows visitors to “travel through time” and experience the Naxi people’s unique Mid-Autumn traditions.

Cultural Exhibitions and Performances

Naxi Cultural Showcase (纳西文化展示展演):
During the Sanduo Festival, the “A Night Through a Millennium” (一夜话千年) performance presents Naxi culture through a combination of song, dance, and music, showcasing centuries of traditions.
Baisha Fine Music (白沙细乐) and Naxi Primitive Leba Dance (纳西原生态勒巴舞):
At the Naxi New Year Lantern Festival (纳西新春提灯会), visitors can experience the charm of Naxi music and dance up close.

Sports and Competitive Activities

Square Dance Competitions (广场舞大赛):
Multiple square dance competitions are held during the Sanduo Festival, attracting many participants.
Chinese Chess Tournament (中国象棋大赛):
Organized by the Yulong County Cultural Center during the Sanduo Festival.

Other Entertainment Activities

“Four Seasons Village Evening” (四季村晚):
A national event held in Yulong County, featuring artistic performances that highlight the unique charm of rural Lijiang and its farmers, as well as the essence of Yulong’s ethnic culture and traditional arts.
Fun Carnival Activities (趣味游园活动):
Held during Children’s Day (六一儿童节), this event includes various games, allowing children to celebrate their holiday joyfully.

The above are some of the entertainment activities available in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县). Visitors can choose to participate based on their interests.

Ancient History

Warring States Period

During the Warring States period, the area of (玉龙纳西族自治县) Yulong Naxi Autonomous County was part of the borderlands of the Qin state. When (楚庄蹻) King Zhuang of Chu established the (滇国) Dian Kingdom, this region belonged to Dian.

Western Han to Eastern Han Dynasties

It was part of (益州越嶲郡) Yizhou Yuexi Commandery, specifically (遂久县) Suijiu County.

Shu Han Period

During the Shu Han period, the area was transferred to (云南郡) Yunnan Commandery.

Eastern Jin to Northern and Southern Dynasties

It was under (宁州云南郡西姑复县) Ningzhou Yunnan Commandery, Xigu County.

Tang Dynasty

Both (吐蕃) Tibet and (南诏) Nanzhao set up (铁桥城) Tieqiao City (now (塔城乡) Ta’er Town) as the administrative center of (神川都督府) Shenchuan Dudu’s government.

Song Dynasty and the Dali Kingdom

In the early Song period, it was under the jurisdiction of (剑川节度) Jianchuan Military District, later changing to (成纪镇善巨郡) Chengji Town, Shanju Prefecture.

Southern Song Dynasty

In 1253, (忽必烈) Kublai Khan invaded the Dali Kingdom and established (茶罕章管民官) the administration of Chahanzhang to govern the region.

Yuan Dynasty

In the 8th year of the (至元) Zhi Yuan reign (1271), it was renamed (茶罕章宣慰司) Chahanzhang Xuanwei Office. In the 13th year of the reign (1276), the (丽江路军民总管府) Lijiang Military and Civilian General Administration Office was established, and the name “Lijiang” began to be used.

Ming Dynasty

In the 15th year of (洪武) Hongwu reign (1382), the Ming Dynasty established (丽江府) Lijiang Prefecture.

Qing Dynasty

In the 17th year of (顺治) Shunzhi reign (1660), (丽江府) Lijiang Prefecture was maintained. In the 1st year of (雍正) Yongzheng reign (1723), the land was returned to central administration, ending the rule of the (木氏土司) Mu Clan. In the 35th year of (乾隆) Qianlong reign (1770), (丽江县) Lijiang County was established.

Modern History

Republic of China Period

In 1913, (丽江府) Lijiang Prefecture was abolished, and (丽江县) Lijiang County was placed under (腾越道) Tengyue Dao. In 1929, (腾越道) Tengyue Dao was abolished and directly administered by Yunnan Province.

1949

On July 1, it became part of the (滇西北人民行政专员公署丽江政务委员会) Northwest Yunnan People’s Administrative Commissioner’s Office, Lijiang Affairs Committee.

1950

It became part of (丽江专区) Lijiang Special Region, Lijiang County.

1961

On April 10, (丽江纳西族自治县) Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was established, under (丽江专区) Lijiang Special Region (renamed Lijiang District in 1971).

2002

On December 26, the State Council approved the establishment of (玉龙纳西族自治县) Yulong Naxi Autonomous County.

2003

On April 1, (丽江纳西族自治县) Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was officially abolished and divided into (古城区) Gucheng District and (玉龙纳西族自治县) Yulong Naxi Autonomous County.

Historical and Cultural Significance

(玉龙纳西族自治县) Yulong Naxi Autonomous County is one of the main settlements of the Naxi ethnic group, with a rich cultural heritage, including (东巴文化) Dongba culture, (白沙壁画) Baisha murals, and (纳西古乐) Naxi ancient music. These cultural forms not only showcase the history and traditions of the Naxi people but also attract a large number of visitors to experience them.

The history of (玉龙纳西族自治县) Yulong Naxi Autonomous County is a history of ethnic integration, cultural exchange, and development. From the ancient (滇国) Dian Kingdom to the modern autonomous county, this land has witnessed countless historical changes and cultural inheritances.

Yulong County (玉龙县) is located in Lijiang City (丽江市), Yunnan Province (云南省). As a multi-ethnic region, it is primarily inhabited by several minority groups including the Naxi (纳西族), Yi (彝族), Bai (白族), and Lisu (傈僳族) peoples. The area boasts not only stunning natural scenery but also profound cultural heritage with diverse ethnic cultural resources. Below are the main cultural characteristics of Yulong County:

I. Naxi Culture

The Naxi people are one of the main ethnic groups in Yulong County, with a rich and colorful culture of unique charm.

1. Dongba Culture (东巴文化)

Dongba culture is the ancient and distinctive cultural system of the Naxi people, encompassing Dongba script (东巴文字), Dongba paintings (东巴绘画), Dongba music (东巴音乐), and Dongba dance (东巴舞蹈). The Dongba script is the world’s only still-used pictographic writing system, hailed as a “living hieroglyph.” Dongba paintings showcase the religious beliefs and daily life of the Naxi people through their unique style and rich content.

2. Naxi Ancient Music (纳西古乐)

Naxi ancient music is traditional Naxi music renowned for its long history and distinctive style. It incorporates musical elements from Han (汉族), Tibetan (藏族), Bai (白族) and other ethnic groups, primarily featuring instruments like flutes (笛子), erhu (二胡), and pipa (琵琶). Representative pieces include “Baisha Fine Music” (白沙细乐) and “Dongjing Music” (洞经音乐), which are performed during important Naxi festivals and ceremonies.

3. Naxi Traditional Architecture

Naxi traditional architecture features a unique style that blends characteristics from Han, Tibetan and other ethnic architectural traditions. Typical Naxi dwellings are mostly earth-wood structures with rational layouts and exquisite decorations. The ancient Naxi residences in Lijiang Old Town (丽江古城) exemplify this architectural style with exceptionally high artistic value.

II. Yi Culture

The Yi people are another significant ethnic group in Yulong County with equally rich and diverse culture.

1. Yi Torch Festival (彝族火把节)

The Torch Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals of the Yi people, usually held on the 24th day of the sixth lunar month. People light torches symbolizing the dispelling of evil and prayers for happiness. The festival features various cultural activities such as Yi song and dance performances and wrestling competitions.

2. Yi Embroidery (彝族刺绣)

Yi embroidery is famous for its vibrant colors and rich patterns. Yi women excel at embroidery, creating works that decorate clothing and various daily items. The patterns often feature natural elements and animals, possessing high artistic value.

III. Bai Culture

The Bai people also inhabit Yulong County, with their own unique cultural charm.

1. Bai March Fair (白族三月街)

The March Fair is a traditional Bai festival held annually from the 15th to the 20th day of the third lunar month. It serves as an important occasion for material exchange and cultural entertainment among the Bai people, featuring rich song and dance performances and traditional handicraft exhibitions.

2. Bai Embroidery (白族刺绣)

Bai embroidery is renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful patterns. Bai women are skilled embroiderers, creating works that adorn clothing and various daily items. The patterns often depict flowers and animals in vibrant colors with high artistic value.

IV. Lisu Culture

The Lisu people also reside in Yulong County with their own rich cultural traditions.

1. Lisu Knife-Pole Festival (傈僳族刀杆节)

The Knife-Pole Festival is an important traditional Lisu festival, usually held on the eighth day of the second lunar month. During the festival, people perform thrilling acts like “climbing the knife mountain and descending into the fire sea,” symbolizing bravery and fearlessness.

2. Lisu Song and Dance (傈僳族歌舞)

Lisu song and dance are famous for their unique style and rich content. Lisu dances feature bold movements and lively rhythms, often performed during important festivals and ceremonies.

V. Religious Culture

Yulong County also boasts diverse religious culture, primarily including Dongba religion and Buddhism.

1. Dongba Religion (东巴教)

Dongba religion is the traditional faith of the Naxi people, with doctrines and rituals closely connected to Naxi daily life. Dongba priests, known as Dongba (东巴), preserve Naxi cultural and religious knowledge as inheritors of Dongba culture.

2. Buddhism (佛教)

Buddhism is also widely practiced in Yulong County, with many well-preserved temples and pagodas. For example, Jinshan Temple (金山寺) is a historic Buddhist temple with unique architectural style housing many precious Buddhist artifacts.

VI. Traditional Festivals

Each ethnic group in Yulong County has its own unique traditional festivals, which serve as important vehicles for cultural transmission and opportunities for visitors to experience local culture.

1. Naxi “Sanduo Festival” (纳西族”三多节”)

The Sanduo Festival is a traditional Naxi holiday held annually from the 15th to the 20th day of the third lunar month. As an important Naxi festival, it serves as an occasion for material exchange and cultural entertainment, featuring rich displays of ethnic culture such as Naxi ancient music, Dongba dance and Leba dance performances.

2. Yi Torch Festival (彝族火把节)

The Torch Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals of the Yi people, usually held on the 24th day of the sixth lunar month, featuring various cultural activities.

3. Bai March Fair (白族三月街)

The March Fair is a traditional Bai festival held annually from the 15th to the 20th day of the third lunar month, featuring rich cultural performances.

4. Lisu Knife-Pole Festival (傈僳族刀杆节)

The Knife-Pole Festival is an important traditional Lisu festival usually held on the eighth day of the second lunar month, featuring thrilling performances.

VII. Cultural Preservation and Protection

Yulong County places high importance on cultural preservation and promotion through various methods.

1. Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection

Yulong County has many intangible cultural heritage items such as Naxi Dongba culture, Yi embroidery, and Bai embroidery. Local authorities protect and promote these heritages through cultural protection zones and inheritor training programs.

2. Cultural Display and Tourism

Through cultural tourism development, Yulong County showcases its rich cultural resources to visitors. Tourists can appreciate Naxi Dongba culture and Baisha murals (白沙壁画) in Lijiang Old Town and Baisha Ancient Town (白沙古镇), and experience Naxi folk activities and traditional crafts at Lashi Lake (拉市海) and Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山).

Lashi Lake (拉市海), located in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县), is a picturesque alpine wetland surrounded by several villages boasting unique cultural and natural landscapes. Here are some noteworthy villages around Lashi Lake worth visiting:

1. Junliang Village (均良村)

Located on the western side of Lashi Lake, Junliang Village is primarily inhabited by the Naxi ethnic group. In recent years, through the development of rural tourism and specialty agriculture, the village has become a tourist destination combining natural scenery with folk culture. The village features nearly 1,000 mu (about 66 hectares) of edible and ornamental roses. Every spring, the blooming roses attract numerous visitors. Additionally, Junliang Village has been recognized as a “National Key Village for Rural Tourism” (全国乡村旅游重点村), “Civilized Village of Yunnan Province” (云南省文明村), and “Sanitary Village of Yunnan Province” (云南省卫生村).

2. Hainan Village (海南村)

Situated on the southern shore of Lashi Lake, Hainan Village is a multi-ethnic community home to Han (汉族), Naxi (纳西族), Bai (白族), Yi (彝族), and Tibetan (藏族) people. The village boasts beautiful surroundings, tidy streets, unique ethnic culture, and traditional architecture. Visitors can admire the unified reddish-brown walls, green decorations along the roads, and charming bridges over flowing water, creating an elegant, simple, and leisurely atmosphere.

3. Boduoluo Village (波多罗村)

Located northeast of Lashi Lake, Boduoluo is a pure Yi ethnic natural village. In the Yi language, “Boduoluo” means “the most beautiful valley in the world.” The village features not only stunning natural landscapes but also well-preserved Yi culture. To the north lies tranquil Lashi Lake, while to the west one can overlook the winding Jinsha River (金沙江). The surrounding scenery is considered “Lijiang’s paradise” (丽江的天堂), making it an excellent destination for hiking and nature exploration.

4. Manxiang Village (满祥村)

Located south of Hainan Village in Lashi Town (拉市镇), Manxiang Village retains traditional farming culture. The village mainly grows specialty economic fruits like Lijiang snow peaches (丽江雪桃), apples, and quinces. Although rural tourism in Lashi Town has developed for over a decade, Manxiang Village has avoided overdevelopment and preserved its original rural character.

5. Fishing Village (打渔村)

Situated by Lashi Lake, Fishing Village primarily engages in fishing. With few residents and beautiful scenery, the village becomes particularly charming in winter when flocks of seagulls arrive at the lake. The wetland landscape with its autumn colors creates a picturesque view. Fishing Village is an excellent free spot to observe seagulls, with many nearby cafes offering perfect photo opportunities.

Transportation Guide

Self-drive: From downtown Lijiang (丽江市区), take the relevant highway to Lashi Lake (about 30 minutes’ drive).
Public transportation: First reach Lashi Town (拉市镇), then transfer to local transportation to various villages.

Each village around Lashi Lake has its own unique characteristics. Whether you want to experience the Dongba culture (东巴文化) of the Naxi people or immerse yourself in the folk customs of the Yi ethnic group, you can find your own tranquility and beauty here.

Lashi Lake (拉市海), located in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县), is a beautiful alpine wetland surrounded by villages with unique cultural and natural landscapes. The area offers not only stunning scenery but also diverse entertainment activities suitable for visitors of all ages and interests. Here are some recommended activities:

1. Horseback Riding Experience

Horseback riding is a signature activity at Lashi Lake. Visitors can choose from different riding routes that pass through ancient Naxi villages (纳西古村落) and wetland meadows while enjoying lakeside scenery and distant snow-capped mountains. Routes are typically divided into:

Level 1 Route:

Shuiyi Fang Riding Field (在水一方骑马场) → Ancient Naxi Village (纳西古村) → Huaguo Mountain (花果山) → Primeval Forest (原始森林) → Lovers’ Tree (情人树) → Snow Mountain Viewing Platform (雪山眺望台) → Sacred Spring (圣泉源) → Wanghai Slope (望海坡) → Shuiyi Fang Riding Field

Level 2 Route:

Suitable for riders with some experience, offering longer distances and more beautiful scenery

Level 3 Route:

Designed for experienced riders with more challenging terrain

2. Boat Tours

The tranquil lake surface offers perfect conditions for boating. Visitors can depart from different docks including:

Shuiyi Fang Club Dock (在水一方会所码头)
Yunduan Bi’an Club Dock (云端彼岸会所码头)
Wetland Park Dock (湿地公园码头)

Tip: Bring biscuits to feed the seagulls during your boat ride for an interactive experience.

3. Wetland Park Exploration

As Yunnan Province’s first nature reserve named after “wetland,” Lashi Lake Wetland Park (拉市海湿地公园) boasts beautiful landscapes and rich biodiversity. Visitors can stroll through the park to appreciate the alpine wetland ecosystem.

4. Bonfire Parties

Evening bonfire parties allow visitors to dance and sing with local residents, experiencing authentic Naxi folk culture (纳西族民俗文化).

5. Fruit Picking

Numerous orchards around Lashi Lake offer fruit-picking activities, allowing visitors to enjoy fresh produce while connecting with nature.

6. Flower Fields Viewing

Villages like Junliang (均良村) feature vast fields of edible and ornamental roses that bloom spectacularly each spring. Seasonal flowers like rapeseed blossoms and tulips also create beautiful displays.

7. Outdoor Adventures

The natural environment is ideal for:

Hiking
Camping
Off-road adventures
Tea Horse Ancient Road (茶马古道) day trips

8. Cultural Experiences

Activities include:

Visiting ancient Naxi villages
Dongba culture (东巴文化) exhibitions
Naxi ancient music (纳西古乐) performances

Transportation Guide

Self-drive: From Lijiang city center (丽江市区), take relevant roads to Lashi Lake (30-minute drive)
Public transportation: First reach Lashi Town (拉市镇), then transfer to local transport to villages

Important Notes

Sun protection & warmth: Strong UV radiation requires sunscreen, hats and sunglasses. Large temperature variations necessitate warm clothing.
Safety first: Follow staff instructions during horseback riding and boating activities.
Environmental awareness: Please protect the environment and avoid littering.

The diverse entertainment activities around Lashi Lake offer something for everyone – whether experiencing Naxi Dongba culture or Yi ethnic customs (彝族民俗风情), visitors can find their own peaceful retreat. May these activities make your trip truly unforgettable.

Baoshan Stone City (宝山石头城) is located in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县), Yunnan Province. This ancient Naxi village boasts both a long history and stunning natural scenery, offering visitors diverse entertainment options through its unique landscapes and rich ethnic cultural activities.

1. Ethnic Cultural Experiences

As a typical Naxi settlement, Baoshan Stone City provides immersive traditional cultural experiences:

Naxi Cuisine (纳西族传统美食)

Visitors can enjoy authentic Naxi dishes including:

Naxi hot pot (纳西火锅)
Rice sausage (米灌肠)
Braised pork (大肉)
Crispy fried pork (酥肉)

Dongba Culture Exhibition (东巴文化展示)

Explore displays about Naxi history and religious beliefs through the ancient Dongba culture.

Traditional Song & Dance (传统歌舞表演)

During cultural festivals, performances feature:

Dongba dance (东巴舞)
Leba dance (勒巴舞)

2. Outdoor Adventures

The surrounding natural environment offers excellent adventure opportunities:

Hiking

Multiple trails showcase:

Breathtaking natural scenery
Ancient Tea Horse Road (茶马古道) routes

Rock Climbing & Mountaineering

The city’s unique location on a massive rock formation creates perfect cliffs for climbing enthusiasts.

3. Festival Celebrations

Regular festivals provide immersive cultural experiences:

“Great Mountain Sacred Music” Festival (“大山奉音”民族旅游文化节)

Held every November in Baoshan Township (宝山乡), featuring:

Cultural performances
Traditional food experiences

Bonfire Parties (篝火晚会)

Visitors join locals in festive singing and dancing during major holidays.

4. Unique Accommodation Experiences

Stay in characteristic guesthouses to experience authentic Naxi family life.

5. Handicraft Workshops

Participate in making traditional Naxi crafts:

Embroidery (刺绣)
Wood carving (木雕)

Create your own memorable souvenirs.

Transportation Guide

Self-drive: From Lijiang city center (丽江市区), take relevant roads to Baoshan Stone City (about 1.5-hour drive)
Public transportation: First reach Yulong County (玉龙县), then transfer to local transport

Baoshan Stone City is not only a treasure trove of natural beauty and historical culture, but also a destination full of fun experiences. May these activities make your journey truly unforgettable.

Baoshan Stone City (宝山石头城) is located in Baoshan Township (宝山乡), Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县), Yunnan Province. This ancient Naxi village built on a massive rock formation boasts not only unique natural scenery but also profound cultural heritage, preserving many traditional Naxi customs and cultural characteristics.

I. Naxi Culture

As a typical Naxi settlement, Baoshan Stone City has well preserved and developed Naxi cultural traditions.

1. Dongba Culture (东巴文化)

Dongba culture represents the ancient and unique cultural system of the Naxi people, including:

Dongba script (东巴文字)
Dongba paintings (东巴绘画)
Dongba music (东巴音乐)
Dongba dance (东巴舞蹈)

The Dongba script is the world’s only still-used pictographic writing system, renowned as “living hieroglyphs.” Visitors can explore Dongba cultural exhibitions to understand Naxi history and religious beliefs.

2. Naxi Ancient Music (纳西古乐)

This traditional music is famous for its long history and distinctive style, blending elements from Han (汉族), Tibetan (藏族), Bai (白族) and other ethnic musical traditions. Main instruments include:

Flute (笛子)
Erhu (二胡)
Pipa (琵琶)

Visitors can enjoy live performances of this captivating music.

3. Naxi Traditional Architecture

The architecture combines characteristics from Han, Tibetan and other ethnic styles. Most buildings feature:

Earth-wood structures
Terraced construction following mountain contours
High artistic value alongside practical functionality

II. Traditional Festivals

The Naxi people in Baoshan Stone City maintain many traditional festivals that serve as important cultural vehicles and visitor experiences.

1. Naxi “Sanduo Festival” (纳西族”三多节”)

Held annually from the 15th to 20th day of the third lunar month, this important festival features:

Cultural exchanges
Entertainment activities
Ethnic cultural displays including Naxi ancient music, Dongba dance and Leba dance (勒巴舞) performances

2. Torch Festival (火把节)

Celebrated on the 24th day of the sixth lunar month, this festival involves:

Torch lighting ceremonies (symbolizing dispelling evil and praying for happiness)
Cultural activities including Naxi song/dance performances
Wrestling competitions

III. Folk Customs

Unique folk traditions preserved here showcase Naxi cultural characteristics while attracting visitors.

1. Naxi Wedding Customs (纳西族婚俗)

The elaborate wedding rituals include multiple stages:

Marriage proposal
Engagement
Wedding procession

Visitors can observe displays explaining these unique traditions.

2. Naxi Traditional Handicrafts

Traditional crafts include:

Embroidery (刺绣)
Wood carving (木雕)
Silverware production

Visitors can watch demonstrations and even create their own souvenirs.

IV. Cultural Preservation

Baoshan Stone City prioritizes cultural heritage protection through multiple approaches.

1. Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection

Protected items include:

Naxi Dongba culture
Naxi ancient music

Preservation methods:

Establishing cultural protection zones
Conducting inheritor training programs

2. Cultural Tourism

Cultural resources are showcased through:

Dongba cultural exhibitions
Naxi ancient music performances
Traditional lifestyle experiences

V. Cultural-Tourism Integration

The city combines rich cultural resources with tourism to create unique products, allowing visitors to experience ethnic culture while enjoying natural scenery.

1. Cultural Experience Activities

Visitors can participate in:

Dongba cultural experiences
Naxi ancient music performances
Traditional handicraft workshops

2. Cultural Exhibition Spaces

Key venues include:

Dongba Culture Museum (东巴文化博物馆)
Naxi Ancient Dwelling Exhibition Hall (纳西族古民居展示馆)

These spaces display cultural heritage while offering immersive experiences.

VI. Culture and Society

Cultural development enriches local life and promotes social harmony.

1. Cultural Activities

Regular events include:

Dongba cultural exhibitions
Naxi ancient music performances

These activities showcase heritage while enriching community life.

2. Cultural Inheritance

Preservation methods ensure continuity of:

Dongba culture
Naxi ancient music
Through:
Protection zones
Inheritor training

Baoshan Stone City is an ancient village brimming with Naxi cultural characteristics – from unique natural landscapes to rich cultural heritage.

Baoshan Stone City (宝山石头城), located in Baoshan Township (宝山乡) of Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县), Yunnan Province, is an ancient Naxi village built upon a massive rock formation. This unique settlement preserves not only spectacular natural landscapes but also profound cultural heritage, maintaining many traditional Naxi customs and historical relics.

I. Historical Development

Ancient History

Tang and Song Dynasties:

During the Nanzhao (南诏) and Dali Kingdom (大理国) periods, the Baoshan Stone City area served as an important node along the Ancient Tea-Horse Road (茶马古道). Already established as a Naxi settlement, local residents primarily engaged in farming and animal husbandry.

Yuan Dynasty:

The region was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Lijiang Lu Military-Civilian Administrative Office (丽江路军民总管府), becoming an integral part of the Lijiang area.

Ming Dynasty:

In 1382 (the 15th year of Hongwu reign), the Ming government established Lijiang Prefecture (丽江府), with Baoshan Stone City remaining under its administration. During this period, Naxi culture flourished, witnessing the maturation of Dongba culture (东巴文化) and Naxi ancient music (纳西古乐).

Qing Dynasty:

In 1660 (the 17th year of Shunzhi reign), Lijiang underwent the “Gaitu Guiliu” administrative reform (改土归流), bringing Baoshan Stone City under direct Qing rule. The settlement developed into a complete Naxi community with continued economic and cultural growth.

Modern History

Republic of China Era:

The area belonged to Lijiang County (丽江县), maintaining cultural and economic development despite wartime disruptions.

People’s Republic of China:

1950: Incorporated into Lijiang County
1961: Became part of newly established Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County (丽江纳西族自治县)
2002: Administrative restructuring placed it under Yulong Naxi Autonomous County

II. Cultural Background

As a quintessential Naxi settlement, Baoshan Stone City has preserved and developed rich cultural traditions.

1. Dongba Culture

This ancient cultural system includes:
Dongba script (东巴文字) – the world’s only living pictographic writing system
Dongba paintings (东巴绘画)
Dongba music (东巴音乐)
Dongba dance (东巴舞蹈)
Visitors can explore exhibitions showcasing Naxi history and religious beliefs.

2. Naxi Ancient Music

Renowned for its historical depth and unique style, this musical tradition blends elements from:
Han (汉族)
Tibetan (藏族)
Bai (白族) cultures
Featured instruments:
Flute (笛子)
Erhu (二胡)
Pipa (琵琶)

3. Traditional Architecture

The distinctive architectural style combines:
Han and Tibetan influences
Earth-wood structures
Terraced mountain construction
High artistic and practical value

III. Historical Relics

The stone city preserves numerous historical sites that attract visitors while showcasing Naxi heritage.

1. Ancient City Walls

Built on massive rocks, these well-preserved fortifications feature:

Impressive height and sturdiness
Intact battlements and watch holes
Witness to centuries of historical changes

2. Ancient Dwellings

The terraced earth-wood structures demonstrate:

Traditional Naxi lifestyle
Harmonious mountain adaptation
Significant artistic value

3. Ancient Temples

These religious sites served as:

Centers for Naxi spiritual activities
Important venues for Dongba cultural transmission

IV. Cultural Preservation

Baoshan Stone City prioritizes heritage protection through multiple approaches.

1. Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection

Key preservation projects:

Naxi Dongba culture
Naxi ancient music

Methods include:

Establishing cultural protection zones
Conducting inheritor training programs

2. Cultural Tourism

Visitors can experience:

Dongba cultural exhibitions
Naxi ancient music performances
Traditional lifestyle demonstrations

Baoshan Stone City stands as a living museum of Naxi civilization, where ancient traditions continue to thrive amidst spectacular natural surroundings. Through thoughtful preservation and cultural tourism development, this remarkable settlement bridges past and present, offering invaluable insights into China’s rich ethnic heritage.

Fire Dance and Muosuo Songs

The only nighttime activity in town is the traditional fire dance, where the people of the town, wearing their traditional costumes, dance around a fire and sing Muosuo songs. It’s fun to watch and worth the 10 RMB entry fee.

Organized Party in Traditional Mosuo Style

Every night, there is an organized party in the traditional Mosuo manner, specifically arranged for tourists. The cost of entry is about 10 yuan, and if you wish to wear a traditional costume, there is an additional 10 yuan fee. These parties are filled with dancing and music, making them the only nighttime activity in Lugu Lake.

Daytime Activities

Take a Walk

One must take a stroll around the lake and through the villages, as you’ll meet great people who are likely to invite you into their homes for food, drink, and conversation. This is an essential way to understand the daily lives of the Mosuo people.

Tibetan Monastery Visit

A great Tibetan monastery sits atop a hill. It is small and only has about five monks living there. The walk to the peak can be a bit strenuous, so it’s not a regular tourist destination. However, once you reach the temple, one of the monks may play a special instrument (like a drum) and sing loudly, making it a memorable experience.

Village Visit

Later that day, you may be invited into a local’s home in one of the nearby villages. The minority people here are isolated from the outside world and are very curious about foreigners, as they may have seen only a few white people in their entire lives. They are great hosts, offering you tea and potatoes.

Entrance Ticket

Lugu Lake Tourism Zone

The entrance ticket for Lugu Lake Tourism Zone costs 100 yuan per person.

Boating Lines

Luoshui Village – Xiwa’e Island
Luoshui Village – Liwubi Island
Luoshui Village – Caohai Lake
Luoshui Village – Circle around the lake
Luoshui Village – Zhaojiawan Lake
Luoshui Village – Xiwa’e Island – Liwubi Island

Entertainment at Lugu Lake

Horse Ride Around the Lake

A horse ride around the lake costs 200-300 yuan.

Goddess Mountain Cableway

The cableway to Goddess Mountain is 90 yuan per person for a round trip.

Bonfire Evening Party

Ticket: 30 yuan per person
Time: 8:30 pm every evening
Location: Daluoshui Village, Xiaoluoshui Village, Nisai Village, Lige Village

Ethnic Performance

Theme: Memory of Love – Step into the Mosuo Matriarchal Big Family
Location: Lige Mosuo Culture Exhibition Center

A Xia KTV

Location: Luoshui Village

Hot Spring

Location: Yongning Hot Spring Village

Reservation Information

For the above activities, any visitor can call 0888-5881280 for reservations.

Kublai Khan’s Influence

Kublai Khan, with his Mongolian army, established his army headquarters south of Lugu Lake. A feudal government ensued as officers and troops were stationed here. Kublai Khan introduced Buddhism and enforced rules of civil administration, along with religious tenets, around Lugu Lake and Yongning town. During this time, the practice of monogamous marriage, practiced by officials of the Mongol army, also became popular among the ethnic Mosuo people, particularly in the Yankouba and Tuodian villages.

Early Records of the Mosuo

The history of the Mosuo people has been recorded in numerous historical texts. Records in the Records of the Grand Historian and History of the Han Dynasty referred to them as “Mao Niu Qiang” and “Mao Niu Yi.” In ancient times, the Mosuo were nomadic, also known as yak keepers.

The word “Mosuo” first appeared in Volume 23, Prefecture V, of History of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The land was described as having salt pits. The people were referred to as Mexie or Moxi during the Tang and Song Dynasties, as Mosha and Mexie during the Yuan Dynasty, as Moxi and Mexi during the Ming Dynasty, and as Mosa and Mosu during the Qing Dynasty.

Migration and Settlement

During the Warring States period, the Qiang tribe had a chieftain named Qiong. To evade threats from the Qin Kingdom, he led his clansmen southward to settle in Gansu, and also northwest and southwest to settle in Sichuan province. Later, they migrated to Yuexi (southeast of Xichang in Sichuan province). The Wudu Qiang tribe was called “Wudu Qiang,” and the Yuexi Qiang tribe was referred to as “Yuexi Qiang.” The “Maoniuy” people, or “Yuexi Qiang” of ancient times, were known as the “Mexie” people during the latter years of the Han Dynasty. The “Mexie” lived in the Dadu River Valley for many years. Some of them moved to the Yalong River. Later on, the Mosuo migrated southward to Dingzuo, which is today’s Yanyuan, Ningyong, and Lugu Lake in Sichuan province.

Mosuo in Modern Times

As recorded in the History of the Yuan Dynasty • Geography Records, the Mosuo had settled in Yongning for 1,500 years. The Ascending Guide Sutra of Mosuo Daba recorded that the Mosuo lived in Langqu, having migrated from Waru (today’s Qiansuo township of Zuosuo District in Sichuan province). Sixty-two generations of Mosuo people have lived in this area.

In modern times, the Mosuo people mainly lived along the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Their settlements include Yanyuan, Muli, and Yanbian counties in Sichuan province, and Ninglang in Yunnan province. There are about 20,000 Mosuo people in Ninglang and in nine townships, including Yongning, Labo, and Hongqi. Mosuo people also live in Lijiang, Yongju, Huaping, and Weixi counties. By the end of the 1980s, there were about 40,000 Mosuo people.

Mosuo Legends

Legend of Gemu and the Male Spirits

An ancient legend linked to the lake tells of a beautiful female spirit named Gemu, who had many local mountain spirits as male friends. One day, a mountain spirit from a distant region came to visit her while she was with a local male spirit. Humiliated upon finding her with another, he turned his horse around and began to leave. Gemu, realizing the visitor had come on horseback, ran after him but could only see a large hoofprint at the foot of the mountain where he had vanished. As darkness fell, Gemu began to weep, causing the hoofprint to transform into a lake filled with her tears. When the male spirit saw her tears, he lovingly threw pearls and flowers into the lake. These pearls are now said to be the islands in the lake, while the flowers that floated to the shore are believed to be scented azaleas and other flowers that bloom every year.

The Creation of the Lake and the Transformation of Waru Shila

Another legend about the creation of the lake tells of Gemu’s romance with a god named Waru Shila. During their first meeting in a garden of flowers, they were so engrossed in each other that they didn’t notice the dawn approaching. To avoid being discovered, Waru Shila fled on his horse toward the hill. As he looked back at Gemu from the shore of Lugu Lake, he held the reins tightly, causing his horse to stumble and fall, creating a deep depression in the ground. As daybreak came, Waru could not return to heaven and transformed himself into a mountain to the east of the lake. Gemu, devastated by this turn of events, cried intensely, filling the depression with her tears, which became Lugu Lake. She then cast seven of her pearls into the lake, which became the seven islands, and transformed herself into a mountain to keep watch over the lake and her lover in the east.

The Fascination with Mosuo Culture

Mosuo culture has garnered significant attention in recent years. Books, documentaries, and numerous anthropological studies have focused on this intriguing culture. However, much of the information available is misleading at best, and sometimes even damaging. Our aim is to provide more accurate and insightful information to help people better understand the unique and fascinating culture of the Mosuo people.

The History and Origins of the Mosuo Culture

Not much is known about the history and origins of Mosuo culture. The Mosuo do not have a written language (but efforts are underway to help them develop one!). As a result, their entire history is passed down orally from generation to generation, primarily through local priests known as “Daba”. While there are occasional references in Chinese written history, the many different names used throughout history make it difficult (or even impossible) to definitively link these references to the Mosuo people. Consequently, much of what is “known” about the Mosuo is based on hypotheses and theories.

Competing Theories on Mosuo Origins

Theories about the origins of the Mosuo people are varied and often conflicting. Some scholars trace Mosuo heritage back to Mongolia, while others believe they are native to the Yunnan/Sichuan area. Proving or disproving these theories is challenging, and as a result, this site focuses more on the present-day situation and those aspects of Mosuo history that are documented.

Key Aspects of Mosuo Culture

Three aspects of Mosuo culture attract the most attention:

Matriarchal System: The Mosuo practice a system that is often compared to matriarchy.
Walking Marriages: A unique practice where women can choose and change partners as they wish, and couples do not live together or get married.
Religion: The integration of Tibetan Buddhism and their own religious system, “Daba”.

Each of these topics is quite complex, so we have dedicated separate sections to explore them in more detail.

The Mosuo People and Their Location

The Mosuo are a Chinese ethnic minority group who live high in the Himalayas, in an area spanning Yunnan and Sichuan provinces near the Tibetan border. While officially classified as part of the Naxi minority by the Chinese government, the Mosuo are distinct in terms of language, culture, and religion.

While Lugu Lake is often associated with the Mosuo, the majority of Mosuo people live in small towns and villages scattered throughout the mountains. The population is estimated to be around 40,000.

The Mosuo Economy and Lifestyle

The Mosuo economy is largely agrarian, and they produce most of what they need for daily living. Historically, Mosuo men would travel on trading caravans to other parts of China to purchase goods they could not produce locally. Unlike most of China, potatoes are a staple food for the Mosuo, rather than rice—though this is gradually changing under increasing Chinese influence.

The average annual income for most Mosuo people is around US$150-200, which is quite low by Chinese standards. Despite this, the Mosuo are able to provide for their basic needs. However, this low income means that even relatively small expenses for things like education and travel can be prohibitively expensive.

The Diversity of the Region

In addition to the Mosuo, there are other ethnic minorities living in the same area, including the Yi, the Naxi, and the Pumi. Each of these groups has its own unique culture, and in some cases, cultural intermixing has occurred, adding to the richness and diversity of the local culture. Therefore, generalizations about any of these minorities can be misleading.

Learn More About Mosuo Culture

For further insights into Mosuo matriarchy, religion, and the practice of walking marriages, be sure to explore our dedicated sections on Mosuo culture. We also address many common myths and misconceptions in our “Myths & Misperceptions” section, offering a clearer understanding of the real situation.

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