Chinese Name:昆明官渡区宝象河
English Name: Baoxiang River in Kunming
Total Length of the River Channel: 41.4 km
Drainage Area: 292 km²
Source of Water: Laoyeshan Mountain in the southeastern part of Guandu District

Overview

The Laobaoxiang River is one of the ancient Liu Rivers of Kunming and the second-largest river in the city. It originates from Laoyeshan Mountain in the southeastern part of Guandu District, with a total length of 48 kilometers, flowing through Xiaozhai Village before entering the Laobaoxiang River Reservoir. The river traverses several streets in Guandu District, including Dabanqiao, Ala, Xiaobanqiao, Guandu, Liujia, and Yiliu, covering a drainage area of 344.3 square kilometers, and ultimately flows into Dianchi Lake, serving a population of over 1 million. The Baoxiang River has a long history, having witnessed the prosperity of ancient Dian civilization and bringing vitality to the city of Kunming.

The Baoxiang River mainly consists of natural river channels, with the lower reaches mostly comprising hillsides and farmland. In addition to the main Laobaoxiang River Reservoir, several small reservoirs have been constructed on its tributaries, including Tienshengba, Qianweijun, Tongniusi, Cichong, and Fuxing, controlling a total drainage area of 109.6 square kilometers. Thirteen small river dams have also been built along the river, including Jinma Village, Yuanyang Dam, Yangfu, and Xiaobanqiao. The water quality is classified as inferior Class V.

Developing

With the increase of pollution in the 1980s, the Baoxiang River experienced a phase of deteriorating water quality. However, in 2008, Kunming City launched a remediation project for the Baoxiang River. Under the leadership of Mayor Zhang Zulun, measures such as sealing off pollution sources, renovating river banks, greening riverbanks, and repairing roads were implemented. After nearly a year of remediation, the banks of the Baoxiang River are now lush with greenery, showing a significant improvement in water quality, an increase in fish populations, and a growing number of visitors. River cleaning staff have reported a decrease in litter and a gradual restoration of the ecological environment along the river.

At Baofeng Wetland Park, the reporters observed blooming lotus flowers, croaking frogs, and flying sparrows, with many people coming to enjoy their time. Baofeng Wetland Park is part of the Kunming Dianchi International Urban Wetland, with a planned area of 2,360 acres, subdivided into three phases. The first phase has already been completed, covering over 400 acres, with a water surface area of 134 acres and the planting of 17,900 trees.

The section of Baoxiang River in the Economic Development Zone is located in the middle and upper reaches of the river, with water quality serving a crucial role for the entire river system. After treatment, clear water continues to be injected into the Baoxiang River, ensuring the water quality. The green belts and plant zones on both sides of the river have also been well maintained, keeping the river water clear.

Introduction

The Panlong River is in an urban river in Kunming City, Yunnan, China. It flows in the general north-to-south direction through the city’s Panlong, Wuhua and Guandu Districts, and enters the Dian Lake at 24.953732°N 102.686274°E.

The river receives a large quantity of municipal sewage and wastewater from industrial effluent.
The Panlong River of Kunming should not be confused with another, longer, river of the same name (also 盘龙江), which flows through south-eastern Yunnan and Vietnam, and enters the Red River.

Panlong River passes through Kunming City, Yunnan, China. It receives a large quantity of municipal sewage and wastewater from industrial effluent.

The Importance of Panlong River

Panlong River is a wandering river, like a crouching dragon on the land of Kunming. The river starts from Liangwang Mountain in the west flows by Aziying and Lion Mountain, flows together with Lengshui River, turns into Songhua Basin, runs through Kunming from south to north, and finally flows into the Dianchi Lake.

Panlong River is one of the few rivers in Kunming, and it nourishes people at both banks. Panlong River nurtures the alpine pearl in southwest border of China, and it is our mother, the mother of Kunming.

Ralated Attractions

Linyu Bridge (霖雨桥)

Linyu Bridge, the Most Historic Stone Bridge over the Panlong River, the Mother River of Kunming. After over 300 years, Linyu Bridge is as intact as before. It is said that Kunming had a drought, and officials praying for rain encountered a life-saving rain on the stone bridge, so it was named as Linyu Bridge.

Longchuan Bridge (龙川桥)

Longchuan Bridge, the Earliest Bridge over the Panlong, the Mother River of Kunming. Longchuan Bridge is the number one bridge of Panlong River, which was dated back to over 700 years ago. “Gunlong Basin” is in the north of the bridge, and the basin is high and the river is low, so the flood flows like a “rolling dragon”, and the bridge is named as Longchuan Bridge.

Desheng Bridge (得胜桥)

Desheng Bridge, the Most Popular Stone Bridge in the Panlong River, the Mother River of Kunming. Desheng Bridge has a long-lasting history, and it was named as Dade Bridge in the Yuan Dynasty and Yunjin Bridge in the Ming Dynasty. It is said that when Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty conquered Three Feudatories, Zhao Desheng led soldiers and occupied the bridge, so the bridge was renamed as Desheng Bridge. Now Desheng Bridge is the boundary of four urban districts of Kunming City, so it is even more popular than before.

Hongzha Bridge (洪闸桥)

Hongzha Bridge, the Last Guard of the Panlong River, the Mother River of Kunming. Hongzha Bridge is the last bridge over the Panlong River and meanwhile it is an important transportation bridge for local people. Water of the Panlong River flows under the last guard Hongzha Bridge and runs into the Dianchi Lake.

Travel Tips

You can not go fishing and go swimming  there. The river is protected by government to avoid pollution.

Qinglong Gorge (青龙峡) is located in the northwest of Anning City (安宁市), approximately 29 kilometers away from the urban area of Anning and 20 kilometers from hot springs. The gorge has convenient transportation access, with the Anfu Road (安富公路) passing through it and a station on the Chengkun Railway (成昆铁路) nearby (Qinglong Station, 青龙站). The total area of Qinglong Gorge is about 19 square kilometers and features ancient forests and beautiful waterfalls. Minority groups have lived in this region for generations.

Overview

• Chinese Name: 青龙峡
• English Name: Qinglong Gorge
• Location: Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Area: 19 km²
• Opening Hours: Year-round, Monday to Sunday, 09:00 AM – 05:00 PM

Main Attractions

The scenery within Qinglong Gorge is characterized by dense forests, well-preserved vegetation, ancient vines, babbling streams, cascading waterfalls, spinning waterwheels, sunlight casting warm hues, and simple local customs. The attractions are distributed across five main zones:

1. Drifting Adventure Zone: Qinglong Gorge’s drifting experience is known as “the best drift in central Yunnan” and is the most engaging tourist activity. This area includes 17 attractions, such as:
   • Cattle Returning Home (牧牛归耕)
   • Fragrant River Crossing (禾香渡)
   • Flower Valley (群芳坞)
2. Ancient Forest Exploration Zone: This area features 20 attractions, including:
   • Ancient Vine Swing (古藤荡秋千)
   • Streamside Pavilion (溪山草亭)
   • Ancestral Ruins (先人遗址)
3. Stream and Valley Sightseeing Zone: Here, you can explore 12 attractions, including:
   • Waterfront Mountain Lodge (水踞山房)
   • Serene Stream (芳溪静流)
   • Valley Exploration (溪谷探源)
4. Minority Group Village Scenic Area: This zone showcases 6 attractions and recreational activities, such as:
   • Yi Village Scenery (彝寨风光)
   • Archery Hunting (弓箭狩猎)
   • Horse Riding (骑马)
5. Flower Adventure Zone: This area consists of 9 attractions, including:
   • Exquisite Flower Realm (玲珑花界)
   • Spring Flowers by the Stream (花溪春早)
   • Fragrant Pavilion (染香亭)

The gorge also offers facilities such as restaurants, parking lots, guest rooms, and camping tents. Visitors who stay overnight can participate in ethnic-themed bonfire parties.

Geographical Environment

Qinglong Gorge is located in the northwest outskirts of Anning City (安宁市), approximately 29 kilometers from the city center and 20 kilometers from nearby hot springs. It has favorable transportation links, including the Anfu Road (安富公路) and the Chengkun Railway (成昆铁路) with a station (Qinglong Station, 青龙站). The total area of the scenic area is about 19 square kilometers.

Travel Guide

The climate in Kunming (昆明) is mild throughout the year but has distinct wet and dry seasons. January and February are particularly pleasant, making them ideal for travel. Late July marks the “Torch Festival” celebrated by the Yi, Bai, Nala, and Mongolian ethnic groups, and visitors can explore nearby Stone Forest (石林) while enjoying the festival festivities.

From July to August, most regions in China experience intense heat, while temperatures in Kunming range between 20-25°C, making it a perfect summer retreat. Kunming is suitable for tourism throughout the year.

Driving Directions

To reach Qinglong Gorge from downtown Kunming, follow this route:

• Kunming City Center → Dongfeng East Road → Baita Road → Chuncheng Road → Fude Interchange → Second Ring South Road → Guannan Interchange → Hangrui Expressway → Kun’an Expressway → Mingbo Interchange → Biji Pass Tunnel → Xiaohubian Tunnel → Anchu Expressway → Anfengying/Yimen Exit → G320 → Luping Line → C717 → Longchuan Street → Anfu Road → Qinglong Gorge Scenic Area.

Zones Overview

• Zone 1: Drifting Adventure
• Zone 2: Ancient Forest Adventure
• Zone 3: Stream and Valley Adventure
• Zone 4: Minority Group Village Adventure
• Zone 5: Flowers Adventure

Niulanjiang River (牛栏江), also known as Tanglang River (堂琅江) and Chehong River (车洪江), is a significant tributary of the upper Yangtze River (长江), specifically on the right bank of the Jinsha River (金沙江). It originates in Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province, flowing a total length of 423 kilometers with a drop of 1660 meters, and has a drainage area of 13,320 square kilometers. The river generally flows from south to north, traversing the eastern part of Yunnan Province and Weining County (威宁县) in Guizhou, eventually merging with the Jinsha River in Zhaotong (昭通).

Overview

The river features several major tributaries, including Malong River (马龙河), Xize River (西泽河), Hala River (哈喇河), and Xiaochang River (硝厂河). Niulanjiang River has substantial hydropower resources, with a theoretical storage capacity of 1841.2 MW, of which 1669.9 MW (90.7% of the total) is found in the main stream. Key hydropower stations along the main river include Eluojiaoping (额罗家坪) and Hongshiyan (洪石岩). Notable inter-basin water diversion projects include the Niulanjiang-Dianchi Lake (滇池) water supply project.

General Information

• Chinese Name: 牛栏江
• Other Names: 牛洪江 (Niuhongjiang), 牛栏河 (Niulanhe)
• Ancient Name: 堂琅江 (Tanglangjiang)
• River System: Upper Yangtze River, right bank tributary of the Jinsha River
• Regions: Eastern Yunnan Province, Western Guizhou Province
• Source: Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province
• Course Through: Kunming, Qujing, Zhaotong, Weining, Guizhou
• Mouth: Tianba Mahao Village (田坝麻耗村), Zhaoyang District (昭阳区), Zhaotong City
• Total Length: 461 kilometers
• Drainage Area: 13,320 km²
• Drop: 1660 m

Main Stream Overview

The main stream of Niulanjiang is 423 kilometers long, with a total drop of 1660 meters and a drainage area of 13,320 square kilometers. It flows generally from south to north through various counties and cities in Yunnan Province, including Songming County (嵩明县), Malong County (马龙县), Xundian County (寻甸县), Qilin District (麒麟区), Zhanyi County (沾益县), Xuanwei City (宣威市), Huize County (会泽县), Qiaojia County (巧家县), Ludian County (鲁甸县), and Zhaoyang District (昭阳区), finally emptying into the Jinsha River in Zhaotong City.

In Songming County, the upper reaches of the Niulanjiang were originally known as Chehong River, with two sources: Guoma River (果马河), which is the main source at an elevation of 2320 meters, and a secondary source from Xundian County’s Jinshuo Township (金所乡) that flows south into Songming County, joining with the Duolong River (对龙河) and becoming Niulanjiang.

The primary tributaries include:

• Guoma River (果马河)
• Pusha River (普沙河)
• Miliang River (弥良河)
• Duolong River (对龙河)
• Yanglin River (杨林河)
• Kuanglang River (匡郎河)
• Malong River (马龙河)
• Xize River (西泽河)
• Xiaochang River (硝厂河)
• Hala River (哈喇河) in Guizhou Province
• Yulong River (玉龙小河) in Guizhou Province

Detailed Course Characteristics

Niulanjiang flows northward from Songming County, crossing through Xundian County for approximately 70 kilometers before entering Huize County. In Huize County, the river spans 175 kilometers, with a drainage area of 708 square kilometers and an annual water yield of 3.1 billion cubic meters.

Within Ludian County, the river serves as a boundary between Ludian and Qiaojia counties, flowing through Jiangdi Township (江底乡), Huodehong Township (火德红乡), Longtoushan Town (龙头山镇), Lehong Township (乐红乡), and Suoshan Township (梭山乡) for a total length of 110.7 kilometers, with a drop of 579 meters and an average gradient of 8.7‰, providing a hydropower capacity of 1.2 million kW.

The river enters Zhaoyang District, stretching 2.77 kilometers before flowing into the Jinsha River at Mahao Village in Tianba Township.

Geographical Features

The Niulanjiang region is characterized by complex geological structures featuring a mix of north-south and northeast folds, with wide and narrow folds alternating. The area experiences seismic activity with a basic intensity of 7 degrees. The basin is part of the northeastern plateau of Yunnan, with significant topographical variations. The upper reaches of the river, spanning 155 kilometers, flow through Songming and Xundian, characterized by extensive flatlands.

In the middle section, from Deze to the mouth of Shaba River (沙坝河), which stretches 199 kilometers with a drop of 590 meters and an average slope of 3.0‰, the river passes through canyons with elevations approaching 3000 meters on both sides, creating a high mountain gorge landscape. The lower section, from the mouth of Shaba River to the mouth of Niulanjiang, measures about 69 kilometers with a drop of approximately 550 kilometers, also characterized by steep mountains and gorges.

Based on natural conditions, Niulanjiang can be divided into three sections: upstream, midstream, and downstream.

Upstream Section

From the Deze Bridge (德泽大桥) to the mouth of Shaba River, this section spans approximately 155 kilometers with mostly gentle slopes and wide basins. Major agricultural areas are found here, with significant irrigation systems. During dry seasons, the river has low flow, making it unsuitable for hydropower development.

Midstream Section

Extending from Deze Bridge to the mouth of Shaba River, this section is about 199 kilometers long with a drop of 590 meters and an average slope of 3‰. It is the primary area for hydropower development, with reservoir projects such as Huangli Reservoir (黄梨水库) and Xiangbilin Reservoir (象鼻岭水库) being feasible. Concentrated drops allow for efficient water diversion development.

Downstream Section

From the mouth of Shaba River to the mouth of Niulanjiang, this section measures around 69 kilometers with a drop of about 550 kilometers and an average slope of 8‰. The canyon is deeply cut, with high mountains and steep slopes, suitable for water diversion hydropower stations, though development conditions are slightly worse than the midstream section.

The upstream area has convenient transportation with highways, county roads, and railways. Midstream transportation conditions are average, while the downstream area is less accessible, with fewer and lower-grade roads.

Major Tributaries

Key tributaries include Guoma River, Pusha River, Miliang River, Duolong River, Yanglin River, Kuanglang River, Malong River, Xize River, Xiaochang River, as well as Hala River and Yulong River in Guizhou Province.

Malong River

Malong River is a tributary of the upper Niulanjiang, originating from the northern ridge of Walnut Mountain (核桃大山) in Yuewang Township (月望乡), Malong County (马龙县). It flows through various regions, including Songxipo Reservoir (松溪坡水库), Xihai Lake (西海子), and the town of Malong, eventually merging with Niulanjiang in Xundian County.

Yanglin River

Yanglin River, formerly known as Yulong River, is located in the southern part of Songming County. It originates from Laoyeshan Mountain (老爷山) in Guandu District (官渡区) and flows northward from Tian Sheng Bridge (天生桥) to Dahuikou, merging with Guoma River and entering Niulanjiang. This river stretches 19.4 kilometers with a drainage area of 95.3 square kilometers.

Miliang River

Located in central Songming County, Miliang River’s name means “a clearing between the valleys” in the Yi language. It flows north from Liangwang Mountain (梁王山) to Jiali (嘉丽泽), merging with Duolong River. The river is 26.5 kilometers long and characterized as a mountain stream with an unstable riverbed.

Duolong River

Formerly known as Yunlong River during the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed due to its flow through Duolong Village (对龙村) in the Republican period. The river has two sources, with the primary one originating from the Laoba Jiu Li Chao area, flowing through Guandu District before entering Songming County and merging with Miliang River.

Kuanglang River

Previously known as Kuanlang River, it was renamed after flowing through Kuanglang (匡郎) and into the main river. The river is rich in local fish and shrimp species.

Xiaochang River

A primary tributary originating from Huangdonghe Village (黄栋河村) and flowing into Xize River. Xiaochang River is renowned for its beautiful scenery and clear waters, featuring deep pools and rapid streams.

Xiaojiang River (牛奶河) refers to a river in the Xiaojian area of Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Due to local mining industries discharging tailings water directly into the river, the water in Xiaojiang River appears grayish-white, resembling milk. This phenomenon led to it being colloquially dubbed the “Milk River.”

On June 1, 2013, Kunming City reported the follow-up handling of the “Milk River” pollution incident. On November 29, 2014, local villager Liu Tianhua reported that the “Milk River” phenomenon had reoccurred in Xiaojian, Dongchuan District, Kunming City.

• Chinese Name: 牛奶河
• Location: 云南昆明
• Cause: 工矿业排放尾矿水
• First Exposed: 2012年6月1日
• Incident: 有企业污染河水

River Background

In April 2013, the water in a small river in Dongchuan Valley, Yunnan, turned milky white due to the illegal discharge of wastewater by several mining companies, leading to the nickname “Milk River.” This milky water flowed for over 70 kilometers, eventually merging with the Jinsha River (金沙江) at the junction of Menggu Township in Qiaojia County, Zhaotong City, and Yebao Ping Township in Huadong County, Sichuan Province, as well as Gele Village in the Dongchuan District.

At the confluence of the two rivers, one side of the Jinsha River presents a natural earthy yellow, while the Xiaojiang side is milky white, creating a distinct visual contrast. The two-colored water flows together downstream.

After the founding of New China in 1949, Dongchuan became an important mining area in Yunnan, with tailings water from dozens of mining companies along the riverside contaminating Xiaojiang. The Xiaojiang River ultimately merges into the Jinsha River at the junction of Qiaojia County, Huize County, and Dongchuan District.

Dongchuan is one of the five districts under the jurisdiction of Kunming City, Yunnan Province. The confluence of the Jinsha River and Xiaojiang River at Xiaokou, within Dongchuan, is at an altitude of only 695 meters, making it the lowest point in Kunming City. Due to the region being part of the world’s deep fracture zone, there is significant geological erosion, forming a typical high mountain canyon topography characterized by steep cuts. Additionally, differences in airflow, rainfall, soil, and vegetation contribute to a distinctive “one mountain divides four seasons, ten miles vary in weather” three-dimensional climate.

River Pollution

Pollution Causes

In Dongchuan District, Kunming City, a river that local villagers call the “Milk River” flows through the area. Tailings water from local mining activities is directly discharged into the river, causing it to turn white, resembling milk. The irrigation and drinking water for nearby villages have been severely affected.

On June 1, 2012, a journalist published a report titled “Life Irrigated by Dongchuan’s ‘Milk River’ is Withering” that caught the attention of many readers. Due to the illegal discharge of wastewater by some mining companies, the water in Xiaojiang River had temporarily turned milky white, sparking widespread concern.

Puduhe River (普渡河) is a major tributary of the Jinsha River (金沙江) on the right bank, located in the central part of Yunnan Province (云南省), People’s Republic of China. The river originates from Chalaqing (喳拉箐) on the northern foothills of Liangwang Mountain (梁王山) in Songming County (嵩明县) at an elevation of 2,600 meters. It flows through various districts and counties, including Guandu District (官渡区), Panlong District (盘龙区), Wuhua District (五华区), Xishan District (西山区), Chenggong District (呈贡区), Jinning County (晋宁县), Anning City (安宁市), Fumin County (富民县), and Luquan County (禄劝县). The river empties into the Jinsha River about 1 kilometer northeast of Heiquxiaopingzi (黑区小河坪子) in Luquan County.

The total length of Puduhe River is approximately 380 kilometers, with a drop of around 1,850 meters and an average slope of about 4.9‰. The watershed area covers approximately 11,090 square kilometers, with over 9,400 square kilometers within Kunming City (昆明市), accounting for about 85% of the Puduhe River watershed. It is conventionally divided into four sections: Panlong River (盘龙江), Dianchi Lake (滇池), Tanglangchuan (螳螂川), and the lower section of Puduhe River (普渡河下段).

General Information

• Chinese Name: 普渡河
• Water System: A tributary of the upper Yangtze River (长江) and Jinsha River (金沙江)
• Geographical Location: Kunming City, Yunnan Province
• Flowing Regions: Songming, Kunming urban area, Anning, Xishan, Fumin, and Luquan (Dongchuan)
• Source: Chalaqing on the northern foothills of Liangwang Mountain, Songming County
• Watershed Area: 11,090 km²
• Average Flow Rate: 91.2 m³/s
• Total Length: Approximately 380 kilometers

Main River Overview

Puduhe River flows through the central and northern parts of Yunnan Province. It originates from Haikou (海口) on the southwestern shore of Dianchi Lake, flowing north through Xishan District (西山区) in Kunming City and the counties of Anning, Fumin, and Luquan, before merging into the Jinsha River in the northeastern part of Luquan County. Its total length is 379.6 kilometers, with a watershed area of 11,089 square kilometers. The average annual flow rate is 101 cubic meters per second, and the annual runoff is approximately 2.3 billion cubic meters.

Puduhe River originates from Dianchi Lake (滇池) and flows through Xishan District (西山区) in Kunming City, Anning, and Fumin counties, generally flowing from south to north before finally emptying into the main Jinsha River at Xiaopingzi Village (小坪子村) in Luquan County. The river is approximately 379.6 kilometers long, with an average slope of 4.88‰ and a drainage area of 11,083 square kilometers.

The section from Dianchi Lake to the Yongding Bridge (永定大桥) in Fumin County is known as Tanglangchuan (螳螂川), while the segment below Yongning Bridge (永宁大桥) is referred to as Puduhe River. The Tanglangchuan section measures 200.3 kilometers and is the only outlet of Dianchi Lake, flowing through Anning Pingba before the riverbed deepens. The valley gradually opens up at Yongding Bridge. This section receives several tributaries, including Mingyi River (鸣矣河), Muban River (木板河), Daying River (大营河), Qingshui River (清水河, also known as Tuodan River or 拖担河), Longna River (龙纳河), and Sandan River (散旦河).

Panlong River

Panlong River (盘龙江) is the upstream section of Puduhe River. It originates from the confluence of Mu Yang River (牧羊河) and Dianwei River (甸尾河) at Chahezhui (岔河嘴) in Guandu District (官渡区). It flows through Guchangba Reservoir (谷昌坝水库), exiting Songhuaba Reservoir (松华坝水库) and passing through the urban area of Kunming, ultimately flowing into Dianchi Lake at Hongjia Village (洪家村). The river is 93.5 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 903 square kilometers and an average annual runoff of 165 million cubic meters. The elevation of the watershed ranges from 2,280 to 1,890 meters, with a gentle slope.

Dianchi Lake

Dianchi Lake (滇池) is the largest lake in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (长江), located between longitudes 102°36′ to 102°47′ and latitudes 24°40′ to 25°02′. It is situated in a watershed region between three major water systems: the Yangtze River, the Red River (红河), and the Pearl River (珠江). Dianchi Lake is a limestone fault lake formed under the influence of the Himalayan uplift in the Tertiary period. Surrounded by mountain ranges, it belongs to the eastern branch of the Yunling Mountain Range (云岭山脉). There are dozens of peaks surrounding the lake, with the western part of the lake adjacent to the foot of the Xishan Mountain (西山), while the other three sides consist of river alluvial and lake sediment plains. This creates a semi-circular distribution of plains and hills around the lake.

Tanglangchuan

Tanglangchuan (螳螂川) begins at the outlet of Dianchi Lake and flows into Anning, passing through Shilong Dam Power Plant (石龙坝电厂) and reaching Tongxian Bridge (通仙桥). The section extends to Wengquan (温泉) and Qinglong Temple (青龙寺), ending at Yongding Bridge in Fumin County. It measures 97.6 kilometers in length, with elevations ranging from 1,884 to 1,700 meters and a drainage area of 5,178 square kilometers. Major tributaries include Mingyi River, Shuanghe River (双河), Maliao River (马料河), Sha River (沙河), Xianjie River (县街河), Luji River (禄脿河), Dianwei River (甸尾箐河), and Luze River (律则河). The notable tributary, Mingyi River, is 77 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 908 square kilometers and an average annual runoff of 187 million cubic meters, making it a significant irrigation river for Anning City.

Lower Section of Puduhe River

The lower section of Puduhe River starts from Yongding Bridge and flows through areas including Mailong, Zhebei, Yiwut, Chahe, Tiesuo Bridge (铁索桥), Lao Chicken Street (老鸡街), Lezuoni (乐作尼), and Jidu, ultimately merging into the main Jinsha River about 1 kilometer northeast of Xiaopingzi Village in Luquan County. This section measures 156.2 kilometers in total. Major tributaries include Dahe River (大合河), Longzhaba River (龙闸坝河), Zhangjiu River (掌鸠河), Muban River, Xima River (洗马河), Zhongping River (中屏河), Wumeng River (乌蒙河), Shugu River (舒姑河), and Jidu River (基多河). The larger tributary, Zhangjiu River, originates from Fanglaogu (放老姑) in Sanyingpan Town (撒营盘镇) of Luquan County, measures 129 kilometers in length, and has a watershed area of 1,933 square kilometers (of which 1,421 square kilometers is within Kunming). It runs vertically through Luquan County from north to south with a drop of 1,010 meters, serving as a major irrigation river for the county, with significant hydropower potential.

The section from Yongding Bridge in Fumin County to the mouth of the Jinsha River is considered the lower segment of Puduhe River, measuring 156.2 kilometers. Its main tributaries include Daying River, Longzhaba River, Zhangjiu River, Muban River, and Xima River. The upper and middle sections are located within the flat area of Kunming, while the lower sections are characterized by mountainous canyons, with a usable drop of 484 meters and hydropower potential of approximately 720,000 kilowatts, suitable for dam-based development.

Tributaries

The tributaries of Puduhe River mainly include three rivers: Zhangjiu River (掌鸠河) on the left bank, and Mangzhai River (蟒寨河) and Xima River on the right bank. Most tributaries originate from the plateau and plain areas, with small watershed areas, short lengths, and concentrated drops at the mouths where they join the main river. The average annual flow rate of Puduhe River is about 95 cubic meters per second, leading to a total annual runoff of 2.95 billion cubic meters. The major tributaries include Daying River, Luji River, Muban River, Qingshui River, and Zhangjiu River.

Summary

Puduhe River is a significant waterway in Yunnan, playing a crucial role in irrigation and hydropower generation. It flows through various scenic areas and contributes to the ecological balance in the region. The river’s tributaries also enhance the local water supply and support agricultural development.

Bajiang River (巴江), also known as Banqiao River (板桥河), is a first-level tributary of the Nanpan River (南盘江) on the left bank of the Pearl River (珠江) system.

Origin and Route

The river originates from the Shanshen Temple Peak (山神庙峰) in Shilin County (石林县), flowing from north to south through the county seat of Shilin and merging into the Nanpan River at Lufeng Village (禄丰村) in Yiliang County (宜良县). The total length of Bajiang River within Shilin County is 57 kilometers, with a drainage area of 810 square kilometers.

Nearby Attractions

• Shilin World Geopark (石林世界地质公园): Located upstream, this area is renowned globally.
• Dadianshui Scenic Area (大叠水风景区): Situated downstream, it is a national-level scenic spot.

Bajiang River serves as a multifunctional waterway, providing irrigation, flood control, power generation, and urban ecological environment regulation for Shilin County. Along the banks, four townships and two towns host a population of approximately 120,000.

The Mother River of Shilin

Bajiang River is revered as the mother river of the people of Shilin, nurturing countless generations with its vast and generous waters. However, rapid economic and social development has led to significant environmental challenges:

• Vegetation damage along the banks
• Severe soil erosion
• Dilapidation of riverbanks, resulting in blockages and collapses

Environmental Remediation Efforts

In June 2003, the county committee and government decided to invest 212 million yuan in four phases to initiate the largest environmental remediation and protection project in Shilin’s history. The goals are to:

• Thoroughly address pollution in the Bajiang River basin
• Transform it into an ecological river suitable for tourism, urban leisure, agricultural irrigation, urban drainage, and sewage discharge

By the end of 2004, the first two phases of the project, which included 2,200 meters of river length and 115,300 square meters of green space, had been completed with a total investment exceeding 68 million yuan. Construction of a sewage treatment plant is set to begin.

Scenic Features

In the early morning and evening, the 3,300-meter-long Bajiang linear park exudes tranquility and beauty, featuring:

• Winding paths
• Pavilions
• Lush green grass
• Blooming flowers

The scenery resembles an unembellished ink wash landscape painting, attracting an increasing number of domestic and international tourists.

Tourism Resources

Bajiang River is not only a vital water source but also a tourist link, enriching the cultural and recreational landscape of Shilin County:

• Shilin World Geopark (石林世界地质公园): A world-renowned attraction upstream.
• Dadianshui Waterfall (大叠水), also called Feilong Waterfall (飞龙瀑): The largest and most spectacular waterfall in Yunnan Province, located 25 kilometers southwest of Shilin County.

Enhanced Leisure Spaces

After the comprehensive management of Bajiang, Shilin County has introduced a new highlight for tourism and leisure: the Bajiang River Linear Park. The town of Shilin has transformed, allowing the river to flow through the city, creating a harmonious environment where the river and urban life intertwine.

In the early morning and evening, the serene riverbanks are adorned with scenes of fishing, net casting, swimming, and laundry, resembling an exquisite ink wash painting. Visitors can stroll along winding paths by the river, enjoying lush green lawns, clear waters, blooming flowers, shady trees, and refreshing breezes, allowing for relaxation and a reconnection with nature.

The rejuvenated banks of Bajiang have become a popular choice for residents to relax and take walks after meals. As evening falls, the sounds of frogs fill the air, and crowds are often seen enjoying the gentle, colorful lights along the river. The improved water quality and ecological environment have led to an increase in fish and shrimp, with the sight of fish leaping from the shimmering waters adding to the enjoyment. The successful designation of Shilin as a national-level garden city is closely tied to these positive developments.

Overview

Puduhe River Nature Reserve (普渡河自然保护区) is located in Luquan County (禄劝县), covering an area of 11 hectares. Established in 1984, the reserve aims to protect the rare and endangered ancient plant Cycas panzhihuaensis (攀枝花苏铁).

• Chinese Name: 普渡河自然保护区
• Nature Reserve Level: Provincial Nature Reserve
• Area: 11 hectares
• Approved Year: 1984

Cycas (苏铁) is an ancient group of plants and one of the most primitive groups among seed plants. There is only one family with 110 species globally, primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In China, there is one genus with ten species. Puduhe Provincial Nature Reserve is one of the narrow and concentrated distribution areas of Cycas panzhihuaensis, which possesses significant scientific research and conservation value.

Kunming (昆明) is suitable for tourism year-round, with the best visiting period from March to October, as it showcases beautiful scenery and numerous festivals of ethnic minorities. It is also the season for abundant fruits and flowers. In early spring (March), one can still see the snow-capped mountains.

Kunming, known as the “Spring City,” has a temperate plateau humid monsoon climate, characterized by long sunshine hours and a mild climate throughout the year. Summers are not extremely hot, and winters are not harsh. This makes Kunming a favorable destination for tourism across all seasons. The annual average temperature in the urban area of Kunming is around 15°C, with the hottest months averaging between 19°C and 22°C, while the coldest months range from 6°C to 8°C.

Puduhe Scenic Area

The Puduhe Scenic Area (普渡河风景区) is located within Luquan County, covering an area of 11 hectares. The reserve aims to protect the rare and endangered ancient plant Cycas panzhihuaensis (攀枝花苏铁) and was established as a provincial nature reserve in 1984.

• Chinese Name: 普渡河风景区
• Geographical Location: Within Luquan County
• Area: 11 hectares
• Established Year: 1984

Puduhe River (普渡河) is a major tributary on the right bank of the Jinsha River (金沙江) located in central Yunnan Province. The river originates from Liangwang Mountain (梁王山) in Songming County (嵩明县) at an elevation of 2,600 meters. It flows through various districts and counties, including Guandu District (官渡区), Panlong District (盘龙区), Wuhua District (五华区), Xishan District (西山区), Chenggong District (呈贡县), Jinning County (晋宁县), Anning City (安宁市), Fumin County (富民县), and Luquan County, before merging with the Jinsha River one kilometer northeast of Heihe Xiaopengzi (黑区小河坪子). The total length of Puduhe River is about 380 kilometers, with a drop of approximately 1,850 meters and an average slope of about 4.9‰. The watershed area is approximately 11,090 square kilometers, with over 9,400 square kilometers within Kunming, accounting for about 85% of the Puduhe River watershed. Conventionally, Puduhe River is divided into four sections from upstream to downstream: Panlong River (盘龙江), Dianchi Lake (滇池), Tengchong River (螳螂川), and the lower section of Puduhe River.

Puduhe Grand Canyon

The Puduhe Grand Canyon (普渡河大峡谷) is situated within Luquan County. However, the truly magnificent section is from Sanjingkou (三江口) to where it converges with the Jinsha River. The following description pertains to the large canyon area near Kazu Village (卡租村) in the Zehai Township (则黑乡). Opposite Kazu Village lies the renowned Jiaozi Snow Mountain (轿子雪山). Here, visitors can enjoy stunning views of the vast and deep Puduhe Grand Canyon, as well as the towering and majestic Jiaozi Snow Mountain, the undulating Mazong Ridge (马鬃岭), and the cliff-hanging road from Wumeng Township (乌蒙乡) to Xueshan Township (雪山乡). Kazu Village is approximately 140 kilometers from Luquan County and 13 kilometers from Zehai Township. The entire route is paved with asphalt and cement, taking about three and a half hours one way. The road from Zehai to Kazu Village passes through a vast forest area, providing a perfect spot for a short break.

After leaving the second-class road Ludao Highway (禄大公路) from Luquan to Sayinpan Town (撒营盘镇), travelers enter the narrow Sazhe Section (撒则段) road. The famous Banbi Rock (板壁岩) along this section is situated on steep slopes or cliffs, requiring cautious driving.

A distant view from the Dega Village Committee (德嘎村委会) overlooks the ridge leading from Malutang Township (马鹿塘乡) to Pufu Village Committee (普福村委会).

The small town of Zehai under blue skies and white clouds offers picturesque views, as does the distant Zehai Reservoir (则黑水库).

The cement road leading from the east side of Zehai Township to Kazu Village is very narrow. Especially when leaving the town, there might be traffic congestion in the village area. Travelers will also pass through the renowned ten-thousand-acre forest. Following the winding mountain road, visitors arrive at Fameke Village (法木克村) by the banks of the Puduhe River. Across from Fameke Village is the famous cliff-hanging road in Xueshan Township, where the grand Puduhe Grand Canyon appears even more spectacular, leading up to the renowned Jiaozi Snow Mountain.

Kazu Village (卡租村).

Jiayan Hydropower Station (甲岩水电站) dam.

Some villagers from Kazu Village occasionally like to come here to gaze across the grand canyon at the snow mountain town and Jiaozi Snow Mountain or simply to daydream.

A flock of sheep returns home led by a shepherd.

The road from Kazu Village ends here.

The sunset casts its glow on Shugu (书姑) and the majestic Mazong Ridge (马鬃岭).

In the evening light, the imposing Mazong Ridge appears even more magnificent.

Hiking Guide: Exploring Puduhe River and Camping at the Immortal Dam

The longer the road traveled, the less ostentatious one becomes. The longer the journey, the more experiences one accumulates, which allows one to feel their own insignificance. What is called maturity is a process of self-restraint. When you restrain your brilliance and hide your exuberance, you drift further away from extravagance and arrogance.

From the Jiaozi Snow Mountain direct line to the snow mountain township road section, this is the famous cliff-hanging road in Luquan Snow Mountain Township (禄劝雪山乡). On the left, the snow-capped mountains rise steeply, while on the right lies the Puduhe River valley. The road is situated 1,820 meters above the valley. From a distance, the road looks like a fine line wrapped around the cliff, precariously hanging on the sheer wall, threatening to fall at any moment, with a sheer cliff beside it. Here, photography isn’t just about taking pictures; it feels like aerial photography. If a car were to fall off the road, it would be like an air disaster. Driving through here feels like riding on clouds, leaving a lasting impression, almost like dancing on the edge of a cliff.

The road winds and spirals, flanked by steep cliffs and loose stones. A slight deviation towards the edge brings a feeling of floating in the clouds. A glance down can leave one dizzy and terrified if they have a fear of heights; this is truly a road for the brave.

After about three and a half hours of driving, we arrive at the junction of the Wumeng Township (乌蒙乡) and Xueshan Township (雪山乡) road. Here is a viewpoint that offers the best views of the grand canyon. The most dangerous places often reveal the most beautiful views, as the infinite scenery unfolds at perilous peaks. Layers of rocky strata and a steep cliff showcase the wonders of nature. Above are the towering cliffs known as Wangtiang Cliff (望天崖), and below lies the magnificent Lao Gu Rock (老姑岩).

Descending the steps to the viewpoint, one can see steep cliffs lining both sides of the canyon, with snow-capped mountains stretching endlessly. Despite the challenging mountain canyon terrain, several villages are scattered throughout this remote area. The turquoise waters at the canyon’s bottom reflect the beauty of Puduhe River, which flows into the Jinsha River, eventually heading toward the distant Pacific Ocean.

Half an hour later, we turn onto Shugu Village’s (书姑村) Caozi Road (草子路) towards the Jiayan Hydropower Station (甲岩水电站). It is only ten minutes away. The dam here is built with towering concrete, appearing solid and robust. On the banks of the river, we can see the dam constructed at the head of the Puduhe River.

After strolling along the river for about an hour, we can start preparing for dinner and camping. Camping under the stars, with the gentle sound of flowing water accompanying us, we can enjoy the breathtaking beauty of nature.

In the evening, we can gather wood to start a fire. The flickering flames dance and reflect off the river, creating an enchanting atmosphere.

Address and Contact Information

• Address: Puduhe River Nature Reserve, Luquan County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
• Contact Information:
  • Tel: [Insert relevant phone numbers or contact details]
  • Email: [Insert relevant email addresses]

Access and Transportation

• By Car: Visitors can access the nature reserve via private vehicle or taxi from Kunming, taking approximately 2 to 3 hours.
• By Public Transport: Buses are available from Kunming to Luquan County, followed by local transport to the nature reserve.
• Parking: On-site parking facilities are available for visitors.

Local Attractions

In addition to the nature reserve, nearby attractions include:

• Dianchi Lake: Known for its beautiful scenery and diverse wildlife.
• Jiaozi Snow Mountain: A popular destination for hiking and skiing.
• Luquan Ethnic Culture: Explore the rich cultural heritage of the local ethnic minorities.

Geographic Overview

• Origin: The Matihe River is a tributary of the Nanpan River (南盘江), originating in Malong District (马龙区), Qujing City (曲靖市). It flows south into Yiliang, quietly carving the northern part of the Yiliang Karst Plateau over millions of years.
• Location: Yiliang County, Kunming
• Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate
• Entrance Fee: Free
• Famous Attractions:
  • Zhangziba (獐子坝)
  • Matihe Canyon (马蹄河峡谷)

Journey Description

In Gengjiaying Township (耿家营乡), Yiliang County, there is a tributary of the Nanpan River called Zhangziba River (獐子坝河). Its two sources are the Mingyue River (明月河) and the Matihe River (马蹄河). On the way to the Mingyue River, we first crossed the Matihe River. The highway bridge spans approximately 20 to 30 meters above the river.

Scenic Views from the Bridge

Looking down from the bridge, the cliffs on both sides rise steeply, with wisteria and ancient trees defiantly growing in the crevices of the rocks. The river has a significant drop, and the water rushes violently against the rocks, producing strange sounds, likely due to hidden caves beneath the river. A small path leads directly to the riverbank, where flat boulders provide a nice camping spot with decent scenery.

Encountering Duimen Mountain (对门山)

Upon arriving at the small village of Duimen Mountain, it was unremarkable, and we set off on foot toward Mingyue River. It’s unknown who gave this place such an evocative name—Mingyue (明月), meaning “Bright Moon.” If one were to visit here on a night with a full moon, what kind of scenery would that present?

The Cliff’s Edge

The spot where we settled was at the edge of a cliff, overlooking a sheer drop of over a hundred meters, extending in a semi-circle for hundreds of meters. Perhaps that’s why it is called “Moon”! The rushing river water is blocked by the stone wall, having no choice but to turn back, creating a lush, wooded peninsula. According to Xing (邢), the scenery at Mingyue should be elegant, but here it is grand and magnificent.

The Descent to the River

The descent path was well-worn, having been carved into the cliff face, making it feel as if we were scurrying like mice, carefully walking close to the cliff. Upon reaching the riverbank and looking back, we could see a waterfall cascading down from above, though the water was sparse due to upstream irrigation.

Challenges Along the Path

After traversing the narrow “rat path,” we arrived at Yangqiao Village (羊桥村), where we could challenge the Matihe River. From Yangqiao, we went directly down to Longtan (龙潭) and the large waterfall, then followed the river downstream for 3 kilometers to the confluence.

Leaving Yangqiao, the terrain was not very undulating; the mountains connected in a way that formed a hilly landscape, but the river was nowhere to be seen. Only a canyon several hundred meters deep remained. Climbing along the cliff edge and looking down, we could faintly see the yellow glimmer of the water through the gaps in the bushes.

Navigating the Narrow Path

The path, covered in dead branches and decayed leaves, had seemingly not been walked on for ages. With slippery moss and muddy ground, we had to sit down, clutching onto shrubs and weeds, inching our way down, all the while aware of the numerous thorns on the bushes. The narrow path clung to the cliff, only 20 to 30 centimeters wide, sometimes requiring us to directly climb on the cliff itself.

The outside world dropped into a bottomless gorge, and with the slightest misstep, one could fall freely. What does it mean to be terrified? This was the moment I truly understood, as sweat poured down my forehead. After a hard-earned journey to a spot where two people could stand side by side, I suddenly realized I was standing on the exposed roots of an old tree.

Finally, we reached the bottom of the gorge, my calves trembling and my eyes glazed over.

Chashitan Reservoir (柴石滩水库)

In Yiliang, another scenic gorge worth mentioning is the Chashitan Reservoir, which spans the Nanpan River with a dam that creates a 33-kilometer-long gorge.

Location and Accessibility

• Distance: The Matihe River is located in Gengjiaying Township, Yiliang County, approximately 90 kilometers from Kunming’s main city, with a driving time of about 1.5 hours.

This area has a tributary of the Nanpan River called Zhangziba River (獐子坝河), which has two sources: the Mingyue River (明月河) and the Matihe River (马蹄河). Both rivers originate in Malong County (马龙县) and flow south into Yiliang, silently carving the northern part of the Yiliang Karst Plateau over millions of years.

Scenic Beauty

Due to its deep concealment within the gorge, few people have had the opportunity to witness its beauty.

Particularly, the lower section of the Matihe River is rarely visited, essentially remaining an undeveloped virgin land. Here, the scenery is beautiful, with emerald cliffs and steep crags lining both sides of the river, featuring a rich variety of plants.

Within the gorge, the stream flows gently, glimmering in the light. The green moss and vibrant grass move along the current, creating delightful scenes. The cliffs are alive with the sounds of birds and fragrant flowers, captivating the heart and soul.

Overview

Tanglangchuan River (螳螂川), a tributary of the Jinsha River (金沙江), is a vital waterway with a length of 252 kilometers, serving as the only outlet of Dianchi Lake (滇池). The river flows northwest from Dianchi Lake, passing through Anning (安宁), Fumin (富民), and Luquan (禄劝) in Kunming, Yunnan Province, before joining the Jinsha River at the border of Luquan and Dongchuan (东川).

The river’s upper reaches are known as Tanglangchuan (螳螂川), but downstream from Fumin, it is referred to as the Puduhua River (普渡河). While the sections around Anning and Fumin have broader riverbeds with slower currents and terraced floodplains, the Luquan section features steep gorges with fast-flowing waters and widespread “V-shaped” valleys.

In ancient texts such as Huayang Guo Zhi – Nanzhong Zhi (《华阳国志·南中志》), Tanglangchuan is described as a vital waterway, with historical references to Dianchi Lake, “a large body of water surrounded by mountains, narrowing as it flows downstream, resembling an inverted river.” This reflects the river’s geographical significance in the region.

Key Information

• Name: Tanglangchuan River (螳螂川)
• Location: Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
• Length: 252 kilometers
• Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate
• Ticket Price: Free entry
• Type of Attraction: Rock climbing, canyon landscapes
• Open Year-round: 24/7
• River Classification: Tributary of Jinsha River (金沙支流)

Scenic Description

Tanglangchuan River has nourished fertile fields and enriched local communities along its banks for centuries. The scenic landscape is renowned for its poetic beauty, with willow-lined villages and mountains illuminated by scattered pinewood lamps. A poetic description captures the charm of the river:

“Villages connected along the riverbanks, pines glowing in the night. In every household, people drink homemade wine and feast on fish stew.”

On sunny days, the river reflects the lush surroundings: “A stretch of Tanglangchuan water twists into the vast river, its verdant colors floating towards the sky, casting the reflection of Biji Mountain (碧鸡山) onto magnolia boats.” — Yuan Wenkui (袁文揆), Qing Dynasty

At night, the scene turns magical: “The moonlit night feels like day, the river flows without the chill of winter. Nets startle birds into flight, and cranes rise between the twin trees.” — Yang Shen (杨慎), Ming Dynasty

The banks of Tanglangchuan are home to several natural and cultural landmarks, attracting scholars and poets throughout history. Rowing along the river and hiking to destinations like Caoxi Temple (曹溪寺) became a beloved pastime for the literati. The renowned poet Yang Shen once praised the area in his verse:

“The water of Tanglangchuan is as green as moss, and the flowers of Caoxi Temple bloom red across the terrace. Let us not regret the fleeting springtime; come and take a boat to enjoy this beauty.” — Yang Shen (杨慎), Ming Dynasty

Hot Springs and Agriculture

Tanglangchuan is also known for its abundant hot springs. The history of hot spring bathing here dates back centuries, and during the Ming Dynasty, the Sichuan scholar Yang Sheng’an (杨升庵) even bestowed the title “The Best Hot Springs Under Heaven” (天下第一汤) on the area. Today, many hot spring resorts line the river, offering therapeutic experiences for visitors.

In addition to its natural beauty, the region surrounding Tanglangchuan is famous for its rapeseed oil production. While Luoping (罗平) is renowned internationally for its breathtaking rapeseed flower fields, the rapeseed fields along Tanglangchuan are also vast and impressive, providing a stunning backdrop during the blooming season.

Historical Significance and Recognition

In 2021, the Tanglangchuan section between Heshandong (河上洞) and Xiyi Village (西邑村) was selected for the list of Kunming’s Beautiful Rivers and Lakes of the Year. This recognition highlights the ongoing efforts to preserve and enhance the ecological and scenic value of the river for future generations.

Points of Interest

• Anning City (安宁): A key city along Tanglangchuan, known for its hot springs and scenic views.
• Fumin County (富民): Another location where the river broadens and flows more gently.
• Luquan County (禄劝): The river’s course becomes more rapid, carving deep valleys.
• Puduhua River (普渡河): The name of the river downstream from Fumin.
• Caoxi Temple (曹溪寺): A historic temple visited by poets and scholars.
• Yang Sheng’an (杨升庵): Ming Dynasty scholar who praised the hot springs of Tanglangchuan.
• Heshandong (河上洞): Scenic area listed in 2021.
• Xiyi Village (西邑村): Another scenic area recognized in 2021.

Visitor Information

Tanglangchuan is open year-round, and there is no entrance fee. Visitors can explore the river’s natural beauty, engage in rock climbing, and admire the scenic canyon views. The area is rich in cultural history and natural landscapes, making it a perfect destination for both adventure seekers and those looking to relax in its hot springs.

Whether you’re sailing the calm waters, exploring the historical sites, or enjoying the rapeseed fields in bloom, Tanglangchuan offers a unique blend of nature, culture, and tranquility.

Overview of Daguan River

Daguan River is located on the western side of Kunming’s main urban area. It begins on the southern side of Daguan Road (大观路) in the east and extends to Jinhuapu (近华浦) in the west, flowing from the northeast to the southwest into the Caohai (草海), a part of Lake Dianchi (滇池). The river is 2,800 meters long, 20 meters wide, and has an average depth of 2 meters. Historically, during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was a natural watercourse that flowed into the Caohai.

The Caohai (草海)

In the Ming Dynasty, the Caohai was known as the “West Lake” (西湖) or alternatively as Caohai Lake (草海子) and Green Grass Lake (青草湖). The Yunnan Tongzhi (《云南通志》) from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty records: “The West Lake is located west of the prefecture, surrounded by water reeds, with a circumference of four li. It is the upper stream of Dianchi Lake, where people often sail boats. The locals call it Caohai Lake.” It also mentions a place called “Water Cloud Village” (水云乡), where the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Ying (沐英), built a villa called “West Garden” (西园) during the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty.

Sailing from the Xiaoxi Gate (小西门) of Kunming to Jinhuapu, across the Caohai, to enjoy the “Moonlight on Dianchi” (滇池夜月) has been a popular activity for centuries.

Xu Xiake’s Description of the Caohai

In 1638, during the Ming Dynasty, the famous geographer and explorer Xu Xiake (徐霞客) recorded his journey in the Travel Notes of Mount Taihua (《游太华山记》). He wrote, “Two li southwest of the provincial capital, we boarded a boat. Both sides of the river are flat fields, and after ten li, the fields end, and reeds fill the marshland. We sail through the deep green waters without realizing that this is the vast flow of Dianchi Lake. This is the Caohai. The water passage through the reeds is narrow, and in the distance, the Western Hills (西山) rise up against the sky, where the Arhat Temple (罗汉寺) is located.”

At that time, the river was not yet called Daguan River (大观河), and the Daguan Tower (大观楼) had not been built. Xu Xiake’s route from Kunming to the Caohai followed what is now the Daguan River.

Development during the Qing Dynasty

In the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui (吴三桂), the Prince of Pingxi, dredged the river to transport grain from places such as Jincheng (晋城), Kunyang (昆阳), and Chenggong (呈贡) into the city. This river was then known as the “Grain Transport River” (运粮河).

According to Shu Zao’s (舒藻) Record of the Construction of Daguan Tower (《创建大观楼碑记》): “During the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui, the Prince of Pingxi, dredged a river from Jinhuapu towards Huicheng (会城), a distance of about ten li, called the Grain Transport River. He also built a granary port called Zhuangtang (篆塘) outside the Xiaoxi Gate, where grain ships from Dianchi Lake would transport rice to the warehouses, making it very convenient.”

Zhuangtang became a key grain port, where merchants and travelers would converge. The Granary Wharf (粮港码头) in Zhuangtang was vital for both grain and fish trade, as it also served as a hub for fishermen from the Caohai.

The Construction of Daguan Tower

In 1690, under the administration of the Yunnan Provincial Governor Wang Jiwen (王继文) and Minister Shi Wencheng (石文晟), Daguan Tower was constructed at Jinhuapu. With its completion, the Grain Transport River began to be referred to as Daguan River. This river became both a route for grain transportation and a scenic waterway, offering boat rides to the Daguan Tower for panoramic views of the lake and surrounding mountains.

The Decline of the Old Zhuangtang Port

In the Republic of China era, a new arched bridge was built over the Zhuangtang River (篆塘河), known as the “New Bridge” (新桥), or Zhuangtang Bridge (篆塘桥). As the water level of Dianchi Lake gradually dropped, the old Zhuangtang port was filled in and developed into residential areas. However, in 1917, a new Zhuangtang Port was opened on the western side of the old one, and this new port, now Zhuangtang Park (篆塘公园), remained a key part of Kunming’s river infrastructure.

Modern Development and Restoration Efforts

In 1957, as the water levels of Dianchi continued to fall, a new Zhuangtang Port was built further west. This port covered an area of 31,300 square meters, with space for 40-ton ships to dock. It became an essential part of Kunming’s transport network, serving as a modern shipping hub.

Over the years, Daguan River and Zhuangtang underwent several restoration and dredging efforts. In 1973, a large-scale restoration project cleaned the river and Zhuangtang, and the Zhuangtang Wharf was repurposed. In 1987, Zhuangtang Park opened to the public, providing a green urban space with tea houses, bridges, and gardens, making it a peaceful retreat amidst the bustling city.

Zhuangtang Park (篆塘公园)

Zhuangtang Park, located at the intersection of Daguan Road (大观路) and Xichang Road (西昌路), is a small green oasis in the city. The park features a variety of scenic elements, including a pond with a winding bridge and platforms for viewing the water. The park is designed in a blend of Chinese and Western styles, with small pavilions, flower beds, and tea rooms hidden among the greenery.

The park underwent a significant renovation in 2002, expanding the green space and adding new plants, such as bougainvillea, osmanthus, and camphor trees. The landscaping of the park now covers 70% of the area, with flowerbeds, lawns, and carefully curated trees, including gingko, cypress, and magnolia.

Zhuangtang Legal and Cultural Park (篆塘法制、廉政文化园)

In 2009, Zhuangtang Park was transformed into Zhuangtang Legal and Cultural Park, themed around the concepts of “rule of law, integrity, peace, and harmony.” The park now includes more than 40 informational boards on topics such as law, corruption prevention, and public safety, making it not only a scenic destination but also an educational hub for the local community.

Legacy of Daguan River and Zhuangtang

The Daguan River and Zhuangtang are deeply intertwined with the history of Kunming. They tell the story of Dianchi Lake’s development, the rise and fall of Caohai fisheries, and the transformation of Kunming into a modern city. The Daguan River, once a vital artery for grain and fish, is now a scenic and cultural treasure. Efforts to preserve its history and culture continue to shape the identity of Kunming as a historic and cultural city.