Chinese Name:禄丰县腊玛古猿化石遗址
English Name: Site of Lufeng Ramapithecus Fossils, Chuxiong

Chuxiong Site of Lufeng Ramapithecus Fossils in Lufeng County travel guide introduces the main attractions, entrance tickets booking, The best time to visit, How to Get there, the highlights, facts, history, photos, weather, accommodation, visiting routes, travel tips, tour maps of Site of Lufeng Ramapithecus Fossils in Chuxiong.

The Laolongdong Ancient Human Habitation Site (老龙洞古人类居住遗址) is located in Tadian Town (塔甸镇), Eshan Yi Autonomous County (峨山彝族自治县), Yuxi City (玉溪市), Yunnan Province (云南省), about 300 meters north of Tadian Street (塔甸街) on a hillside. The cave faces north, with an entrance over 10 meters high, 20 meters wide, and about 10 meters deep. The site is situated in the southern part of the Central Yunnan Plateau (滇中高原), characterized by karst landforms and lush vegetation around the cave.

History and Culture

The Laolongdong Site (老龙洞遗址) is a cave dwelling from the transitional period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages, dating back about 12,000 years. In February 1991, archaeologists unearthed more than ten tools, such as hammering, scraping, and drilling implements, along with horn spades. They also found fossilized teeth from 13 rare animal species, including tapirs, Chinese rhinoceroses, black bears, elephants, sambar deer, macaques, muntjacs, and deer. Among them, tapirs and Chinese rhinoceroses disappeared over 10,000 years ago, confirming that Laolongdong was inhabited by humans around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. This discovery pushed Eshan County’s (峨山县) history back from over 2,000 years to more than 10,000 years and filled a gap in the Paleolithic history of southern Central Yunnan.

Local Customs

Eshan County (峨山县) is a Yi Autonomous County (彝族自治县) rich in Yi ethnic culture, offering strong ethnic customs. Visitors can experience traditional Yi customs, such as the Yi Flower Drum Dance (彝族花鼓舞).

Climate and Best Time to Visit

Eshan County (峨山县) features a subtropical semi-humid plateau monsoon climate with cool winters, and an average temperature between 13°C and 20.7°C. The best time to visit is from March to November when the weather is cool and suitable for outdoor activities.

Recommended Attractions and Visiting Times

• Laolongdong Site (老龙洞遗址): Visit the ancient human habitation site and learn about the lifestyle of early humans. Estimated visiting time: about 1 hour.
• Tadian Town (塔甸镇): Experience Yi culture and explore traditional architecture and folk activities. Estimated visiting time: about 2 hours.
• Surrounding Natural Landscapes: Admire karst landforms and lush vegetation, ideal for nature lovers. Estimated visiting time: about 1 hour.

Transportation

• Public Transportation: Take a bus from Eshan County (峨山县城) to Tadian Town (塔甸镇), then transfer to local transportation to reach the Laolongdong Site (老龙洞遗址).
• Self-Driving: Depart from Eshan County (峨山县城) and follow the signs to Tadian Town (塔甸镇), then proceed to the Laolongdong Site (老龙洞遗址). The total distance is about 51 kilometers.

Local Food

The region offers a variety of Yi ethnic delicacies, such as Yi-style roasted meat (彝族烤肉) and bamboo tube rice (竹筒饭).

Shopping

Visitors can purchase Yi ethnic handicrafts, embroidery, and other unique souvenirs around the site or in Eshan County (峨山县城).

Accommodation

Hotels and guesthouses are available in Eshan County (峨山县城), providing convenient access to surrounding attractions.

Travel Tips

• Opening Hours: 08:00–18:00
• Admission: Free
• Notes: Please protect the environment and respect the local culture and customs during your visit.

Itinerary Suggestions

• Day 1: Arrive in Eshan County (峨山县城), check into a hotel, and visit the Laolongdong Site (老龙洞遗址) to learn about ancient human lifestyles.
• Day 2: Explore Tadian Town (塔甸镇), experience Yi culture, and return to the county seat in the afternoon for rest.
• Day 3: Stroll around Eshan County (峨山县城), sample local delicacies, buy special souvenirs, and then return to your point of departure.

The Laolongdong Ancient Human Habitation Site (老龙洞古人类居住遗址) attracts numerous visitors with its rich historical and cultural heritage and unique ethnic customs. Whether exploring traces of early human life or experiencing local ethnic culture, you will feel the distinct charm of this land. We hope this guide helps you better plan your trip to Laolongdong and enjoy an unforgettable journey.

The Xunjian Sicheng Site (巡检司城遗址) is located in Sicheng Village (司城村), Dalongtan Township (大龙潭乡), Eshan Yi Autonomous County (峨山彝族自治县), Yuxi City (玉溪市), Yunnan Province (云南省), China. The ancient city was built on a strategic mountain ridge, with steep cliffs on both the north and south sides, making it accessible only through the east and west gates.

History and Culture

The site of Xunjian Sicheng (巡检司城遗址) was first constructed during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty and was abolished in the 59th year of the Qianlong era in the Qing Dynasty. The village was thus named Sicheng (司城). Due to natural disasters and human destruction, most of the original city has collapsed. The old city was 198 meters long from east to west and 93.7 meters wide from north to south. The walls were 5 meters high and 1 meter thick. The western city gate, Fuxian Gate (福仙门), still stands today, and a stone tablet inside the gate dates back to the second year of the Qianlong reign (1737).

Local Customs

Eshan County (峨山县) is an autonomous Yi ethnic county with a rich Yi culture and vibrant ethnic traditions. Visitors can experience traditional Yi customs such as the Yi Flower Drum Dance (彝族花鼓舞).

Weather and Best Time to Visit

Eshan County (峨山县) enjoys a subtropical semi-humid, cool-winter plateau monsoon climate with average temperatures ranging from 13°C to 20.7°C. The best time to visit is from March to November, when the weather is cool and pleasant for outdoor activities.

Recommended Attractions and Visiting Times

• Xunjian Sicheng Site (巡检司城遗址): Explore the ancient city ruins and learn about its historical transformations. Estimated visiting time: about 1 hour.
• Fuxian Gate (福仙门): The surviving west gate of the city, with three engraved Chinese characters above the entrance. Estimated visiting time: about 30 minutes.
• Sicheng Village (司城村): Experience Yi culture through local architecture and customs. Estimated visiting time: about 2 hours.

Transportation

• Public Transport: Take a bus from Eshan County (峨山县城) to Dalongtan Township (大龙潭乡), then transfer to local transportation to reach Sicheng Village (司城村).
• Self-Driving: Drive from Eshan County to Sicheng Village via signposted routes. The total distance is approximately 30 kilometers.

Food

The area offers a variety of Yi ethnic cuisine, including Yi-style barbecue (彝族烤肉) and bamboo rice (竹筒饭).

Shopping

Local Yi handicrafts and embroidery souvenirs can be purchased around the scenic area or in Eshan County town.

Accommodation

Hotels and guesthouses are available in Eshan County, offering convenient access to nearby attractions.

Visitor Information

• Opening Hours: 08:00–18:00
• Admission: Free
• Tips: Please protect the environment and respect local culture and customs during your visit.

Suggested Itinerary

• Day 1: Arrive in Eshan County (峨山县城), check into a hotel, visit the Xunjian Sicheng Site (巡检司城遗址), and learn about its historical evolution.
• Day 2: Explore Sicheng Village (司城村), experience Yi culture, and return to the county town for a rest in the afternoon.
• Day 3: Stroll around Eshan County, sample local cuisine, shop for ethnic souvenirs, and return to your departure point.

The Xunjian Sicheng Site (巡检司城遗址) captivates visitors with its rich historical legacy and unique folk customs. Whether you’re exploring the traces of an ancient city or immersing yourself in local culture, you’ll feel the unique charm of this land. We hope this guide helps you better plan your trip and enjoy a memorable journey to Xunjian Sicheng.

For Chinese version please go to:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_641d65320102wrdo.html

Taishan Academy (台山书院) is located in Yucun Village (渔村), Qianwei Town (前卫镇), Jiangchuan District (江川区), Yuxi City (玉溪市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It lies on the western shore of Xingyun Lake (星云湖), about 5 kilometers north of Jiangchuan’s city center. Nestled between mountains and water, this scenic spot is one of the most important historical and cultural attractions in Jiangchuan District.

History and Culture

Taishan Academy (台山书院) was originally established in the first year of the Shunzhi era (1644) during the Qing Dynasty and was then known as Taishan Temple (台山寺). It was renovated in the 33rd year of Kangxi’s reign (1694), with additional halls and side rooms added in the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896). The academy functioned both as a religious center and as an educational institution, cultivating many accomplished individuals.

Local Customs

Jiangchuan District (江川区) is home to several ethnic minorities, including the Yi (彝族) and Mongolian (蒙古族) peoples. Folk customs are vibrant here, and locals often hold traditional sacrificial ceremonies on special festivals to pray for favorable weather and good harvests.

Weather and Best Time to Visit

Jiangchuan District experiences a subtropical monsoon climate with distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year. Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons and the best times to visit Taishan Academy (台山书院).

Recommended Attractions and Duration

Main Structures of Taishan Academy (台山书院)
The complex includes a main hall, side halls, guest rooms, courtyards, and an ancient stage. The architectural style is simple and elegant.
Suggested duration: Approximately 1 hour.

Ancient Trees
Inside the courtyard stands an ancient luohan pine tree (罗汉松), known for its thick and twisted trunk—rare in southern Yunnan.
Suggested duration: Approximately 30 minutes.

Surrounding Natural Scenery
Seven small hills encircle the area, collectively known as “Clouds and Stars Encircling the Moon” (云星拱月). Large fragrant trees and red lotus trees grow inside and outside the buildings, serving as a habitat for egrets.
Suggested duration: Approximately 30 minutes.

Entrance Fee

Admission to Taishan Academy (台山书院) is free.

Transportation

By Car: Drive about 5 kilometers along the western shore of Xingyun Lake (星云湖) from the center of Jiangchuan District (江川区).

By Public Transport: Take a local bus from Jiangchuan city center to Qianwei Town (前卫镇), then walk to the academy.

Local Food

Jiangchuan specialties include Jiangchuan Bighead Carp (江川大头鱼) and Silver Fish (银鱼), available at local restaurants.

Shopping

Local handicrafts such as Yi embroidery (彝族刺绣) and silver jewelry (银饰) are great souvenirs.

Accommodation

City Hotels: Numerous mid-range hotels are available in Jiangchuan District (江川区).

Guesthouses: There are unique homestays around Taishan Academy (台山书院) where you can experience local life.

Travel Tips

Environmental Protection: Please do not litter and help protect the natural environment.

Cultural Respect: Maintain silence while visiting and respect local cultural and religious customs.

Suggested Itinerary

Day 1:
Morning – Arrive in Jiangchuan and visit the main structures of Taishan Academy (台山书院)
Afternoon – Explore the ancient trees and surrounding natural scenery

Day 2:
Morning – Enjoy local cuisine and shop for specialties in Jiangchuan
Afternoon – Return home

Taishan Academy (台山书院), with its rich historical and cultural background and picturesque natural surroundings, continues to attract numerous visitors. May your journey in Jiangchuan be memorable and enriched by the charm of this historical site.

Location

The Wenxingxiang Merchant House is located at No. 62-2 Qiyang Road, Hongta District, Yuxi City (玉溪市红塔区棋阳路62号附2号), Yunnan Province.

History & Culture

Built in 1934 by Guo Xingmin, a local cotton yarn merchant, the Wenxingxiang Merchant House represents the development of Yuxi’s textile industry. In 1947, scholars such as Luo Yong, Liu Wendian, and Qian Mu stayed here during their visit to Yuxi (玉溪). In 2013, it was listed as a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit (第七批全国重点文物保护单位) by the State Council.

Local Customs

Hongta District (红塔区) is home to diverse ethnic groups, hosting rich folk activities. Locals hold traditional rituals during festivals, praying for favorable weather and prosperity.

Weather & Best Time to Visit

Hongta District has a subtropical monsoon climate with mild temperatures year-round. The best seasons for travel are spring and autumn, offering pleasant weather and scenic beauty.

Recommended Attractions & Visit Duration

• Wenxingxiang Merchant House: Explore its traditional courtyard, hexagonal pavilion, and crescent-shaped pond. (Suggested time: 1 hour)
• Yuxi Kiln Site (玉溪窑址): Located ~5 km away, this Yuan to Ming Dynasty (元至明时期) ancient kiln holds significant historical value. (Suggested time: 1 hour)

Admission

The site is not currently open to the public; contact local authorities for visiting arrangements.

Transportation

• By car: ~2.7 km (10 min) from downtown Yuxi via Qiyang Road.
• Public transit: Take a bus to Qiyang Road Station and walk to the site.

Food

Local specialties include Yuxi rice noodles (玉溪米线), Yuxi roast duck (玉溪烤鸭), and flower pastry (鲜花饼).

Shopping

Purchase ethnic handicrafts like Yi embroidery (彝族刺绣) and silver jewelry (银饰).

Accommodation

• Hotels: Multiple options in downtown Yuxi.
• Homestays: Experience local life in nearby traditional guesthouses.

Travel Tips

• Environment: Avoid littering; protect the site.
• Cultural respect: Maintain quietness during visits.

Itinerary Suggestion

• Day 1: Morning—Visit Wenxingxiang Merchant House; afternoon—Explore Yuxi Kiln Site.
• Day 2: Morning—Taste local food & shop for souvenirs; afternoon—Depart.

With its profound history and unique architecture, the Wenxingxiang Merchant House offers an unforgettable cultural journey. May your visit to Yuxi (玉溪) be filled with memorable experiences!

Location

The Take Cliff Paintings are located at the southern foot of Zhaying Peak, northeast of Take Village (它克村), Qinglongchang Town (青龙厂镇), Yuanjiang County (元江县), Yuxi City (玉溪市), Yunnan Province. The site is approximately 50 kilometers from Yuanjiang county seat.

History & Culture

Discovered in 1985, these ochre-red cliff paintings date back approximately 3,000 years to the late primitive society period. The 19.5-meter-long and 3-meter-high artwork features 92 distinct images depicting ancient human worship of the sun, stars, celestial bodies, nature, and maternal ancestors.

About 200 meters above the paintings lies Yinbin Cave (阴宾洞), a spacious, dry, and well-ventilated limestone cave believed to have been inhabited by the painters. In December 1987, the site was designated as a Provincial Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit (云南省重点文物保护单位) by Yunnan Province.

Local Customs

Yuanjiang County (元江县) is home to diverse ethnic groups including Hani (哈尼族), Yi (彝族), and Dai (傣族) peoples, who maintain rich traditional customs and seasonal rituals for agricultural blessings.

Weather & Best Time to Visit

The county’s low-latitude plateau monsoon climate creates significant variations between mountainous and basin areas. Spring and autumn offer the most comfortable temperatures and optimal viewing conditions.

Recommended Attractions & Visit Duration

• Take Cliff Paintings (它克崖画): Explore this prehistoric art gallery revealing ancient beliefs. (Suggested: 1 hour)
• Yinbin Cave (阴宾洞): Visit the suspected dwelling place of the painters. (Suggested: 30 minutes)

Admission

Free entry.

Transportation

• By car: ~50 km (1 hour) from Yuanjiang county seat toward Qinglongchang Town.
• Public transit: Take a bus to Qinglongchang Town, then transfer to local transport to the site.

Food

Sample local specialties like wild mushrooms and ethnic minority cuisine.

Shopping

Browse ethnic handicrafts including Yi embroidery (彝族刺绣) and silver ornaments.

Accommodation

• Hotels: Various options in Yuanjiang county seat.
• Homestays: Experience ethnic culture at Take Village guesthouses.

Travel Tips

• Environment: Preserve the fragile site by avoiding littering.
• Cultural respect: Maintain quiet observation of these sacred artworks.

Itinerary Suggestion

• Day 1: Morning—Study the cliff paintings; afternoon—Explore Yinbin Cave.
• Day 2: Morning—Taste local delicacies; afternoon—Return.

The Take Cliff Paintings offer a rare window into humanity’s earliest artistic expressions. May your visit to Yuanjiang (元江) deepen your appreciation for Yunnan’s ancient cultural heritage!

For Chinese version please go to:
http://ylxf.yn.gov.cn/Html/News/2014/5/12/31646.html

Chinese Name: 绥江县马湖府遗址
English Name: The Relics of Mahufu in Suijiang County, Zhaotong

Location and Historical Background

The Relics of Mahufu are located in Nanan Village, Nanan Town, Suijiang County, on the second terrace south of the Jinsha River in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province. Established in the 13th year of the Zhiyuan era (1276) during the Yuan Dynasty, Mahufu is recognized as the earliest known Tusi (native chieftain) manor in Yunnan. In 1994, the Suijiang County People’s Government declared it a cultural relic protection site. Situated within the inundation zone of the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, a survey and archaeological excavation of Mahufu was conducted between March and May 2012 to preserve its valuable historical and cultural heritage.

Archaeological Excavation

The archaeological work started with a field survey and interviews within an area of approximately 25,000 square meters. This was followed by a comprehensive trench exploration using the probing trench method, focusing on key areas where relics were found. A total of 41 trenches were excavated, covering a length of 740 meters, with an expanded excavation area of around 5,000 square meters.

Findings

The excavation unearthed various relics, including roads, buildings, and stone retaining walls:

• Roads: Four ancient roads were identified. One is known as the “Old Official Road,” a section of the ancient major road along the right bank of the Jinsha River. Three additional roads run north-south, leading to the riverbank wharf. However, all four roads were found to be incomplete and discontinuous.
• Buildings: Most of the existing structures are modern brick and concrete, but there are a few examples of rammed earth, stone-wood, and brick-wood constructions. Some of these are believed to date back to the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Notable buildings on the first terrace include the “Lu Family Ancestral Hall” and the “Lu Family Residence,” both Qing-era structures built with stone and wood.
• Stone Retaining Walls: Numerous retaining walls were discovered, primarily constructed from irregularly stacked stones. Two sections of more substantial retaining walls, each about 3 meters high, were built entirely from regular stone blocks and are believed to date back to the Yuan and Ming periods.

Artifacts

The majority of unearthed artifacts consist of Ming Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain fragments. Other items include small numbers of copper hairpins, copper ear scoops, iron arrowheads, and coins from the Ming and Qing dynasties, indicating a flourishing period during those times. A notable find is a square-shaped copper seal, although its inscription is difficult to decipher. Scattered artifacts on the surface include elongated stones, stone carvings, and perforated stone mortars.

Significance of Mahufu

Mahufu was one of the Tusi manors during the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan. Previously, knowledge about Tusi manors was limited. The archaeological findings at Mahufu provide valuable insights into the layout and characteristics of ancient Tusi manors, offering crucial information for studying the history of these manors in Yunnan.

Conclusion

The Relics of Mahufu in Suijiang County serve as a significant site for understanding the cultural and historical landscape of Yunnan during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The site not only offers glimpses into the region’s ancient architectural styles and living conditions but also holds artifacts that reflect the area’s historical prosperity. The findings from Mahufu have great value for researchers studying the history and culture of the Tusi system in Yunnan and southwestern China.

Chinese Name: 僰人悬棺
English Name: Bo People Hanging Coffin in Sichuan and Yunnan

Overview:

The Bo People Hanging Coffin Burial, also known as the Gongxian Hanging Coffin and commonly referred to as “Hanging Rock Coffins,” is located in Matangba and Suma Bay in Gongxian County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province. These ancient cliffside burial sites date from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty and are characterized by placing the coffins on sheer cliff faces.

The Bo People Hanging Coffins are divided into two parts: the Matangba Hanging Coffins and the Suma Bay Hanging Coffins. There are a total of 265 hanging coffins, typically positioned 10 to 30 meters above the ground, with some reaching up to approximately 110 meters. The coffins are generally larger at the head end and smaller at the tail, most of which are carved from camphor wood, though some have deteriorated. The site is the most concentrated and well-preserved hanging coffin site in China, providing valuable physical evidence for studying Bo people’s funeral customs.

On January 13, 1988, the Bo People Hanging Coffin Burial was officially designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Historical Development:

• Song Dynasty: The Bo People Hanging Coffin Burial began to gain prominence.
• Ming Dynasty (1573): After the Bo-Han War, the Bo people were eradicated, leading to the cessation of the hanging coffin burial practices.
• July 1974: The Bo People Hanging Coffins were formally cleaned and excavated for the first time.
• December 1984 to January 1985: Further cleaning and excavation of the site took place.

Architectural Layout:

The Bo People Hanging Coffins are categorized into Matangba Hanging Coffins and Suma Bay Hanging Coffins. There are 265 coffins in total, with heights ranging from 10 to 30 meters, and some reaching around 110 meters. The placement methods include:

1. Wooden Stake Method: Holes are drilled into the cliff to insert wooden stakes, on which the coffins are placed.
2. Niche Method: Horizontal or vertical niches are carved into the rock face to embed the coffins.
3. Natural Caves Method: Coffins are placed in natural caves.

The coffins are typically wider at the head end and narrower at the tail, with most made from camphor wood, although some are deteriorated.

Cultural Relics:

• Matangba Hanging Coffins: Distributed across steep cliffs of 21 mountains, with 223 coffins currently preserved. There are also numerous stake holes resembling honeycombs. Over 200 rock paintings, created with red or white mineral pigments, adorn the area, many on stake holes or coffins, though some have been damaged.
• Suma Bay Hanging Coffins: Found along a 600-meter-long, 20 to 100-meter-high rock face, with 42 coffins currently preserved. Seven coffins are placed in natural caves or on rock pedestals, while thirty-five are supported by wooden stakes.

Historical and Cultural Significance:

The Bo people were an ancient ethnic group residing in southwest China during the pre-Qin period. The term “Bo” was used to refer to this group, also known as “Shandu Zhang” or “Duzhang Man.” During the Zhou Dynasty, the Bo people participated in military campaigns against the Shang Dynasty. Later, they established the Bo State in Yibin City, Sichuan Province. By the Song Dynasty, they had developed into an independent Bo Kingdom. In 1115 AD, under the leadership of their leader Bu Lou, the Bo people rebelled against the Song Dynasty but were defeated. In 1573, the Bo people attempted another rebellion in Xingwen and Gongxian, known as the Bo-Han War, but were eradicated by the Ming Dynasty’s Liu Xian and Liu Ting, and subsequently disappeared.

Value of the Cultural Relics:

The Bo People Hanging Coffin Burial is the most concentrated and well-preserved site of hanging coffins in China. It provides significant physical evidence for studying the funeral customs of the Bo people.

Preservation:

• 1956: The Bo People Hanging Coffins were designated as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Sichuan Provincial People’s Government.
• January 13, 1988: The Bo People Hanging Coffin Burial was officially listed as a third batch National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Yunnan Bo People Hanging Coffins

Chinese Name: 云南僰人悬棺
English Name: Yunnan Bo People Hanging Coffins

Overview:

In Yunnan, hanging coffins are primarily found in the northeastern region, along the Jinsha River basin in areas such as Yongshan, Yanjin, and Weixin. Historical records indicate that hanging coffins were once present in Zhaotong and Zhenxiong, but they are now difficult to locate. Notable sites include:

• Yongshan County: Huanghua Township Qiaowan, and Shunjiang E-she Cliff Caves.
• Yanjin County: Dousha Town Shimen Village, Xinglong Township Haozhi Village, and Lingguanyan.
• Weixin County: Changan Township Washi Village, and Longma Old Cave in Jiuqiao Town.

Historical Background:

The practice of hanging coffins in Yunnan dates back to ancient times and was described in historical texts. The “Yunnan Zhi Lue” by Li Jing from the Yuan Dynasty mentions that local customs involved placing coffins on high cliffs as a form of burial, believing that the higher the coffin, the more auspicious it was.

Key Sites:

1. Dousha Guan Hanging Coffins:
   • Location: Southern cliff of Guan River, Dousha Township, Shimen Village.
   • Details: Situated in a natural rectangular cavity 480 meters above sea level. Originally, there were around 40 coffins, but only about 11 remain. The site is noted for its dramatic cliffside setting and is sometimes referred to as a “Hanging Coffin Museum.”
2. Washi Hanging Coffins:
   • Location: Changan Township, Weixin County.
   • Details: Similar in style to the coffins in Gongxian County, Sichuan. Currently, there are 3 original coffins and 4 replicas. The coffins are mounted on a cliff several hundred meters high.
3. Longma Old Cave:
   • Location: Jiuqiao Town, Weixin County.
   • Details: Comprises 8 caves on a cliff. Excavations revealed wooden coffins and human bones. The site offers significant insights into ancient burial practices.
4. Zhenxiong and Dawanxiang:
   • Details: There are reported remains of hanging coffins in Dawanxiang’s Zhuang’er Tea Village, although their exact locations are elusive.

Significance:

These sites offer critical insights into the ancient burial customs of the Bo people, reflecting their unique practices and beliefs. The hanging coffins are notable for their difficult-to-reach locations and the enigmatic methods used to place them, contributing to their mystique. They are considered valuable cultural relics and are protected as key historical sites.

Chinese Name: 盐津县豆沙关风景名胜区
English Name: Doushaguan Pass in Yanjin County, Zhaotong

Overview

Doushaguan Pass, located 20 kilometers from Yanjin County in Yunnan, is a scenic area designated as a provincial-level tourist attraction. It spans approximately 70 square kilometers and includes notable sites such as Doushaguan, Sangushui, Lianhua Cave, and Dali Mountain. The area features a variety of landscapes and historical sites, reflecting its significance as a major gateway in the historical southwest Silk Road.

Main Attractions

1. Doushaguan Pass: Known for its rugged ancient trail, Doushaguan is a historic pass that served as a crucial point on the route from Sichuan to Yunnan, and further to Myanmar and India. The remnants of the “Five-Foot Path,” built during the Qin Dynasty, are preserved here, with notable features including uneven stone steps and numerous hoofprints.
2. Old Dali Mountain Scenery: Renowned for its striking landscapes, Dali Mountain offers breathtaking views and is a significant feature of the region’s natural beauty.
3. Round Hill and Ruyi Peak: Famous for their picturesque formations, these features add to the area’s unique charm.
4. Natural Maze: A captivating natural labyrinth that adds an element of intrigue to the visit.
5. Rare Flowers and Ancient Trees: The area is home to numerous valuable flower species and towering ancient trees.
6. Sangushui Waterfall: A picturesque waterfall that enhances the scenic allure of the region.
7. Cultural Relics: The area boasts rich cultural heritage with significant historical artifacts and inscriptions, including the famous Tang Dynasty stele by Yuan Zi, which dates back to 794 AD.

Historical Significance

• Ancient Pathways: Doushaguan, historically known as Shimen Pass, was a critical defensive point in ancient times. It represents the first major barrier for travelers moving from Sichuan into Yunnan.
• Historical Inscriptions: The Tang Dynasty stele by Yuan Zi, a notable calligrapher, marks the historical significance of the area and provides valuable insights into the history of the Tang Dynasty and the Nanzhao Kingdom.
• Archaeological Significance: The Five-Foot Path remains one of the best-preserved ancient roads with a large number of hoofprints, reflecting its historical importance as a major trade route.

Festivals and Events

• Yanjin County Culinary Competition: The second annual “Yanjin Master Chef” cooking skills competition was held during the May Day holiday. The event, which includes cultural experiences, scenic tours, and local cuisine, highlights the region’s rich history and cultural traditions.
• Cultural Tourism Development: Doushaguan Pass, with its designation as a provincial-level scenic spot and cultural heritage site, continues to attract visitors. The site has evolved into a popular destination for cultural experiences, outdoor adventures, and leisure activities.

Visitor Experience

Doushaguan Pass offers a rich blend of historical significance, natural beauty, and cultural heritage. Visitors can explore the ancient pathways, enjoy the diverse landscapes, and immerse themselves in the local traditions and cuisine. The area stands as a testament to the historical and cultural tapestry of the southwest Silk Road.

Chinese Name: 昭通巧家县小东门新石器晚期墓葬
English Name: Xiaodongmen Neolithic Tombs in Qiaojia County, Zhaotong

Location: The Xiaodongmen Neolithic Tombs are situated in the center of Qiaojia County, near the Xiaodongmen area. Historically, this site housed government offices during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era. Since 1950, it has been part of the county committee and county government grounds. Due to the construction of buildings on the site, the tombs have not been systematically investigated, leaving the exact area of the tombs unknown.

Discoveries and Excavations:

• 1984 Excavation: During the construction of a building by the County Science and Technology Commission, six tombs were discovered. Three artifacts were collected, including gray pottery with sand inclusions. The pottery features flat-bottomed, round-bellied jars with leaf vein patterns on the bottom and parallel scratches on the shoulders and rim.
• 1990 Excavation: While constructing staff dormitories, slate tombs were found. The Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee was notified, leading to a rescue excavation by the Zhaotong Cultural Relics Management Office and the County Cultural Relics Management Office. This excavation lasted 27 days and covered an area of 400 square meters. A total of 19 tombs were cleared, revealing over 50 items, including pottery, stone tools, bone tools, and shell artifacts. The stone coffins, made of natural stone blocks, consistently oriented the deceased’s heads to the south. The artifacts have been cleaned and cataloged, awaiting further identification. The slate tombs are preliminarily dated to the late Neolithic period.

Significance: The Xiaodongmen Neolithic Tombs provide valuable insights into Neolithic burial practices and artifacts in the region, though further research and excavation are needed to fully understand the site.

Chinese Name: 昭通昭阳区孟孝琚碑
English Name: Mengxiaoju Tablet in Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong

The “Mengxiaoju Tablet” (孟孝琚碑) is an ancient Han Dynasty inscription, also known as the “Mengxian Fragment” or “Meng Guangzong Tablet.” It is a piece of clerical script (隶书) with no known author and is currently located in the Wenxuan Community of Zhaotong, Yunnan.

Description

The tablet measures 133 cm in height, 96 cm in width, and approximately 24 cm in thickness. It features dragon and tiger motifs on the sides, with turtle and snake patterns at the base. The inscription consists of 15 lines of text. Notably, the 5th line contains 3 characters, the 13th line is blank, the 14th line has 16 characters, and the 15th line has 10 characters. The remaining lines each have 21 characters, totaling 260 surviving characters. The inscription details the life and achievements of Mengxiaoju, the son of a magistrate from the Han Dynasty’s Wuyang.

Inscription Content

Translation:

On the day of Bing Shen in the Lunar Month of Lin Mao, Meng Guangzong, the grandson of the Wuyang Magistrate, passed away. …Thus. Guangzong lost his mother at the age of four and entered officialdom at twelve. He studied the “Han Poems” and was well-versed in two volumes of the “Classic of Filial Piety,” with a broad understanding of… He changed his name to Xian, styled as Xiaoxiu, lamenting his simple and benevolent nature, seeking to marry He Yanzhen’s daughter from Shu County, but died unmarried… In the tenth month of Gui Mao, he was buried west of the tomb, and on the 11th month of Yi Mao, he was peacefully laid to rest. Cherishing the memory, he thought… His epitaph reads: …The seasons are not harmonious, and harmful airs proliferate. Alas, what wrong has fate done, to meet such illness. In the middle of the night, he suddenly passed away… Alone, he suddenly went on a distant journey. He is about to enter the dark realm and return to the Lightning Hill. The cool wind penetrates, and the cold water flows north… Ah, how painful for the benevolent, whose virtue is abundant. Confucius, the great sage, adhered to the way but was troubled in the world… Deep waters also faced such calamities. Maintaining goodness without success has been common since ancient times. Not only Xiaoxiu, but many have faced numerous calamities. … Regretfully, the will was not fulfilled, the name is preserved. Despite his death, his beauty and reputation continue. May his pure intentions be praised, and his kindness extend to future generations. May the seasonal sacrifices and offerings continue. May his legacy remain for ten thousand years, and his achievements inspire later generations. … Missing offspring, Yan Lu wept for Kong Ni Yu. Dantai angrily threw himself into the river, as the world shows no sympathy…

Epigraph by Xie Chongji:

The tablet was excavated near Baidi Well in Zhaotong County in the 27th year of Guangxu (1901). It was moved to the Wenxuan Community of Zhaotong City and later placed in the local experimental middle school. Afterward, it was moved to the experimental primary school, and currently, it is located in the Wenxuan Community. In 1965, the Yunnan Provincial People’s Committee designated it as a first-class provincial cultural relic protection unit. On May 25, 2006, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China listed it as a sixth batch of national key cultural relic protection units (No. IV-51).

Historical Background

According to the inscription, Mengxiaoju, having studied the “Han Poems” and mastered the “Classic of Filial Piety,” changed his name to Xian and was styled Xiaoxiu. He was betrothed to the daughter of He Yanzhen from Shu County but died before marriage. The inscription was carved by a subordinate official to commemorate Mengxiaoju and console his family. Based on the tablet’s form, text style, and script, it is dated to the Han Dynasty. The year of death, indicated as “Bing Shen” in the lunar calendar, aligns with several possible years in the Han Dynasty. Scholars have debated the precise date, with most leaning towards the Han Dynasty’s Huan Emperor period (156 AD) or the subsequent year.

Artistic Appreciation

Style:

The “Mengxiaoju Tablet” represents a transitional period in script evolution, featuring a mix of seal script, clerical script, cursive script, and even early regular script. For example, the character “卯” in line four shows traits of seal script transitioning to clerical script, and the character “风” demonstrates unique forms rare in Han Dynasty inscriptions. Overall, the inscription’s text varies in size and form, but the overall composition and spacing are harmonious.

Reviews:

• Hu Guozhen (Qing Dynasty): The calligraphy is robust and the text refined, showing ancient style and grandeur. (From “New Compilation of Yunnan General Records – Volume 81 – Stone Inscriptions”)
• Zhao Fan (Modern Calligrapher): The tablet is the most ancient among Yunnan inscriptions, predating the Two Qian tablets. Its style is definitive of the Han Dynasty, with few comparable pieces. (From “Han Mengxiaoju Tablet Inscription”)
• Huang Ying (Qing Dynasty Official): The tablet exhibits a balanced and vigorous style, transitioning between seal and clerical scripts. Its late appearance makes it a leading example of Han inscriptions. (From “Han Mengxiaoju Tablet Inscription”)
• Wang Renjun (Qing Dynasty Historian): The text is elegant and based on ancient models, and despite some damage, it is confirmed to be from the Western Han period. (From “Han Mengxiaoju Tablet Inscription”)
• Yuan Jiagu (Modern Calligrapher): Among Yunnan’s ancient stones, the Mengxiaoju Tablet stands out, with its complete inscription offering rare insight into Han calligraphy and its evolution. (From “Han Mengxiaoju Tablet Inscription”)

How to Get There

The Mengxiaoju Tablet is located in the Wenxuan Community, Zhaotong, Yunnan. To visit, you can travel to Zhaotong City by plane or train, and from there, take a local taxi or public transportation to the Wenxuan Community. If you’re coming from the Zhaotong railway station or airport, you can use local transport services or arrange a car rental for a more convenient journey to the tablet’s location.

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