Overview

The Xinguang Neolithic Site (永平新光遗址) is located on both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County (永平县), Dali (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The newly constructed East-West Road (博南路) crosses over the site, which covers an area of 40,000 square meters and dates back to the Neolithic period.

This site can be divided into at least three phases, making it significant for studying the genealogy of Neolithic archaeological cultures in Yunnan. Situated in a border area of China, it plays a crucial role in researching the archaeological cultural landscape of ancient border regions, the relationship with Central Plain culture, cultural interactions with Southeast Asian countries, the issues of ancient cultural affiliations, and the origins of Yunnan’s Bronze culture. The site serves as invaluable material for these studies.

In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府).

Basic Information

• Chinese Name: 永平新光遗址
• Location: Both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County, Dali (大理州永平县城东部的新光街两侧)
• Period: Neolithic Period (新石器时代)
• Area: 40,000 m²
• Protection Level: Provincial-level cultural heritage site (第七批州级文物保护单位)
• Unearthed Artifacts: Includes jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, etc.
• Discovery Date: May 1993
• Approval Authority: People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府)

Historical Background

The Xinguang Neolithic Site was discovered in May 1993 when construction work for a bus station and traffic police building unearthed a large number of pottery shards and stone tools. Following an investigation by the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office and a reassessment by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, it was confirmed as a Neolithic site.

Archaeological excavations began on December 16, 1993, on a 1,000-square-meter area south of East Road. In March 1994, an excavation of 300 square meters was conducted on the north side of East-West Road. In May of the same year, a comprehensive survey of the entire site was performed to protect the underground relics. The two main distribution areas were identified: one behind the local police station covering 350 square meters, and another located east of the traffic police office and south of the bus station covering 700 square meters. Additional excavations continued through the 1990s.

Site Characteristics

The characteristics of the Xinguang Neolithic Site can be categorized into 19 layers and some independent archaeological features. Among these, ten layers belong to the Neolithic period, while the others date back to the Ming Dynasty (明代) and later. The Neolithic cultural layers can be over 2 meters thick in some areas, with the thinnest sections displaying only disrupted strata.

Artifacts

The site features remains typical of the Neolithic period, including ash pits, ditches, and house structures. Large quantities of charred rice and plant seeds were found at the bottom of the ditches. The houses were primarily built using stilt or semi-subterranean styles.

Artifacts unearthed include two main categories: stone tools and pottery. The stone tools are mostly polished axes, chisels, knives, sickles, and arrowheads, with a significant quantity of chisels and arrowheads. The pottery is quite complex, with primary types including jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, bowls, tanks, basins, cups, lids, and spoons, as well as some tripod vessels. The pottery was predominantly hand-made, mainly composed of sand-tempered clay, with colors ranging from gray to deep gray, brown, and increasingly more red pottery in later periods. The decorations on the pottery are intricate, featuring various patterns such as additive textures, incised designs, stamped motifs, and later appearances of scalloped edges, wavy patterns, circular designs, rhombic patterns, spiral motifs, zigzag lines, and net-like patterns. There is a clear evolutionary relationship in the forms and decorations of pottery from early to late periods, roughly classified into three phases representing different stages of cultural development.

Environmental Context

During the excavation, six bags of pollen samples were collected and analyzed by Yunnan Coal College (云南煤炭学院), revealing that the vegetation around the site consisted of sparse coniferous forests and grasslands, with a few broadleaf trees like oak, birch, hazel, willow, chestnut, and myrica scattered throughout. The area featured plains and hills, with some shallow lakes. The ancient climate was characterized by warm and humid subtropical conditions. This area is located at the edge of the Yinjing Basin (银江坝), with gentle terrain, and the Yinjing River flows slowly from the north to the south past the site, at an elevation of over 1,600 meters.

Cultural Significance

The choice of the Xinguang site by Neolithic humans for habitation reflects not only geographical convenience near water and flat land suitable for human activities but also the presence of fertile soil, vast forests, agriculture, animal husbandry, and primitive crafts. The presence of various stone tools for felling, clearing, plowing, and harvesting indicates a stable agricultural environment. Archaeobotanical studies of charred rice suggest that the crops grown were likely dryland varieties, complementing the development of livestock farming, evidenced by the discovery of cattle bones and numerous stone arrowheads and spears, highlighting the significance of hunting and gathering in the residents’ lives. The diverse pottery, textile, and architectural remains suggest substantial advancements in these industries by the late Neolithic period, with pottery production being particularly prominent.

The Xinguang site fills a historical gap in understanding the history of Yongping, pushing its known civilization back over a thousand years, thereby contributing to the recognition and prominence of Yongping.

Research Value

Radiocarbon dating conducted by Peking University (北京大学) indicates that the site dates back approximately 3,700 to 4,000 years, positioning it in the middle to late Neolithic period in Yunnan. It is the largest Neolithic site discovered in Yunnan Province as of 2019, with rich stratigraphic relationships and cultural connotations. The stone and pottery artifacts possess unique styles, particularly in pottery shape and decoration, not found elsewhere, reflecting the geographical diversity within the region between the Nu River (怒江), Lancang River (澜沧江), and Erhai Lake (洱海). Therefore, the cultural connotations represented by this site are considered a new archaeological culture, referred to by experts as the “Xinguang Type” (新光类型).

Protection Measures

On December 4, 1993, leaders and experts from the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office conducted an on-site inspection of the site, leading to a legal application for emergency excavation to the National Cultural Heritage Administration (国家文物局). In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was officially designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture.

How to Get There

To reach the Xinguang Neolithic Site from Dali (大理), you can take a local bus or taxi to Yongping County (永平县), which is approximately 38 kilometers away. The journey usually takes about an hour.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal seasons for visiting due to pleasant weather.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local practices and exhibit respect during your visit.
• Bring Supplies: If you plan to explore the area, consider packing a picnic to enjoy amidst the scenic surroundings.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to visit other cultural sites or natural parks in the vicinity to enhance your experience.

Basic Introduction for The Mosque

Chinese Name: 漾濞县新营盘清真寺
English Name: XinYingpan Mosqure in Yangbi County, Dali
Location: Xin Yingpan Mosque is situated within the old city of Shangjie, northwest of Yangbi County town.

Overview

Xin Yingpan Mosque, originally constructed in ancient times, suffered a devastating fire in April 1989, reducing much of its structure to ashes. However, through community effort and fundraising, reconstruction of the main hall began promptly in 1991 and was completed in 1992. The newly built main hall features a double-eaved hip-and-gable roof, spanning 22.6 meters in width and 17 meters in depth, with a lower floor height of 5.3 meters. Adorned with elaborate flying eaves, intricate carvings, and a grand architectural presence, it stands as a testament to resilience and craftsmanship.

Background Information

According to the “Complete Collection of Yunnan Cultural Relics,” the mosque’s original main hall faced east and was flanked by five side rooms on the right, adorned with flowers and fruit trees on the left, and featured a screen wall at the entrance. Within the courtyard, there were flower platforms and behind the main hall, a garden with pavilions, curved corridors, and ponds. The rebuilt main hall behind the roof has a width of 22.33 meters, a depth of 15.12 meters, and a height of 13.64 meters, featuring 14 lattice doors and two crescent-shaped windows adorned with painted, carved, and relief patterns.

Reconstruction and Historical Significance

“Reconstruction of Xin Yingpan Mosque in Shangjie, Yangbi” records the historical significance of the mosque, originally confiscated by the Qing government after the failure of the Du Wenxiu uprising. It was later rebuilt in response to community efforts to appease sentiments. The original three-story minaret on the east side of the main hall was dismantled in 1967. The reconstruction efforts in 1990 aimed to replicate the architectural style of the original structure, integrating elements from both the demolished structure and the ancient Xiajie Mosque.

 

Overview

The Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain (漾濞苍山崖画) is a remarkable archaeological site located on the eastern bank of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) and the western slope of Cangshan Mountain (点苍山). This site is affectionately known by locals as the “Place Where Immortals Play Chess” (仙人下棋处) due to its mystical aura. The cliff’s summit is shaped like a straw hat, leading to its nickname “Straw Hat Stone” (草帽石). The cliff painting is etched into a colossal rock that stands 8.2 meters high, with dimensions of 8.7 meters at the top and 18 meters at the base. Besides the upper right section, which is covered by corrosive lava, the artwork currently spans approximately seven square meters, measuring around 4 meters in height and 5.5 meters in width. The painting consists of three distinct layers, predominantly in ochre red, with yellow figures and handprints. Experts have confirmed that this is the first ancient cliff painting discovered in the Yangbi River basin, officially named “Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain” (漾濞苍山崖画). Numerous caves and stone chambers in the vicinity further enhance its archaeological significance. Standing before this mysterious rock evokes a feeling of traveling back to three thousand years ago.

Location and Significance

The cliff painting is located about three kilometers southeast of Jinniu Village (金牛村) in Cangshan West Town (苍山西镇), Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县), at an elevation of 2070 meters. The topography resembles a chair, with a gentle slope where the massive rock is situated. It possesses considerable artistic and collectible value, filling a significant void in the archaeological record of Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 漾濞苍山崖画
• Address: Cangshan West Town, Yangbi Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province (云南省漾濞彝族自治县苍山西镇)
• Altitude: 2070 m
• Significance: Fills the previous gap of no cliff paintings in Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Description of the Painting

The rock consists of granite and measures 19.9 meters in width and 8.25 meters in height. The cliff’s top features a relatively flat area, oriented at an angle of 59 degrees northeast. The base is a muddy flatland. The cliff painting measures 5.6 meters in length and 4 meters in width, covering a total area of 22.4 square meters. It is divided into five groups with earthy yellow and ochre red lines. Due to natural weathering and lava coverage, over 200 identifiable images can be discerned, including:

• Pastoral Scenes: Herding and gathering wild fruits.
• Hunting: Evidence of hunting activities, especially wild boar.
• Dance: Depictions of social gatherings and celebrations.
• Housing: Representations of stilt houses.

Experts across the nation believe this painting predates the Western Han Dynasty (西汉) and may represent the oldest form of prehistoric art in the region. It shares similarities with cliff paintings found in Guangxi and the Northwest while exhibiting notable differences from other artworks discovered in Yunnan. The concentrated and rich imagery makes it a rare cliff painting of considerable importance.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The discovery of this cliff painting fills a crucial gap in understanding ancient social history, ethnic history, and the development of art in the Dali region. It provides valuable insights into the life of early inhabitants, confirming that humans have lived on the western slopes of Cangshan for millennia. Additionally, it plays a vital role in expanding the cultural corridor of Cangshan and promoting tourism. This site is undoubtedly a priceless piece of ancient cultural heritage.

Additional Findings

The cliff painting is situated approximately five kilometers east of the confluence of three rivers: the Xiehe River (西洱河), Yangbi River, and Shunbi River (顺濞河). Discovered in 1994, it remains the only known ancient rock painting within Dali Prefecture. The artwork is etched on a prominent rock wall that faces south, characterized by:

• Height: 9 meters
• Width: 13 meters at the base
• Shape: Truncated rectangular, partially obscured by evergreen shrubs
• Structure: Comprises three distinct layers

Layer Details

1. First Layer:
   • Located on the upper right side, 5 meters above ground.
   • Condition: Severely damaged, with approximately 2 square meters of recognizable area.
   • Content: Faint images of several cows, with one cow clearly depicted.
2. Second Layer:
   • Contains over ten identifiable figures and handprints.
   • The figures are simply drawn, lacking clothing and facial features.
   • Handprint: A robust impression of a left hand, indicative of adult male size.
3. Third Layer:
   • Features a rich array of images, including various animals, handprints, and traditional dwellings.
   • The images include:
     • Domestic Animals: Cows, pigs, chickens, and dogs.
     • Structures: Stilt houses depicted with supporting columns.
     • Human Figures: A group of 21 dancers arranged in a coordinated manner, demonstrating social interaction.

How to Get There

To reach the Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain in Yangbi County:

1. From Dali City (大理市): Travel approximately 40 kilometers to Yangbi County.
2. Transportation Options:
   • By Car: Drive via local roads to Cangshan West Town, following signs to Jinniu Village.
   • By Public Transport: Take a bus from Dali to Yangbi County, then hire a local taxi to the site.

Overview

Yunlong Bridge (云龙桥) is located over the Yangbi River Canyon (漾濞江峡谷) in Yangbi County (漾濞县), Dali (大理). Locally known as the “Tie Chain Bridge” (铁链子桥) or “Suspension Bridge,” it is the only surviving ancient iron chain suspension bridge on the Bunan Ancient Road (博南古道) and is recognized as the oldest existing suspension bridge in China. Yunlong Bridge is situated approximately 40 kilometers northwest of Dali City (大理市), spanning the Yangbi River, a tributary of the Lancang River (澜沧江). It is located south of Yangbi Shangjie Town (漾濞上街镇). The bridge was built during the Ming Dynasty (明代) and has a history of over 500 years. It continues to connect both banks of the river with its old, rough iron chains. At the entrance of the bridge, there is a newly erected stone tablet that recounts the history of Yunlong Bridge.

A legend tells that one morning, a streak of colorful clouds appeared at the western corner of Yangbi Ancient Town (漾濞古镇), stretching across the river like a dragon crossing the waters. The locals believed it was a divine dragon revealing itself, indicating a new bridge site. Consequently, they built the iron chain bridge on that spot, which became a notable sight known as “Iron Lock Cloud Dragon” (铁锁云龙). After enduring over 500 years of weathering, Yunlong Bridge silently preserves the memories of travelers and merchants who once rested here along the ancient Bunan trading route, watching the clouds rise and fall.

Structure

Yunlong Bridge is oriented east to west and features eight long iron chains parallel on both banks, supporting the bridge deck. The total length of the bridge is 40 meters, with a width of 3.2 meters and a height of 12.7 meters. Pavilions are installed on the bridge piers. Historical evidence from the Dong family genealogy (董氏家谱), which was relocated from Xizhou (喜州) to Yunlong County, confirms that the bridge was constructed after the Ming Chenghua period, specifically during the Hongzhi period (公元1488～1505年).

Historical Development

Yunlong Bridge is documented in Yang Shen’s (杨慎) “Records of Yunnan Journey” (滇程记) and Xu Xiake’s (徐霞客) “Travel Notes.” According to the “Chronicles of Yongchang Prefecture” (永昌府志), the bridge underwent repairs in the 13th year of the Kangxi era (公元1674年) and the 3rd year of the Guangxu era (公元1870年) by Governor Nuomutu (诺穆图) and General Jiang Zonghan (蒋宗汉) from Tengchong (腾越).

On August 24, 1966, a devastating flood destroyed the eastern bridge pier. The bridge was restored from winter 1994 to spring 1996. Following its restoration, a continuous stream of merchants and horse caravans traversed through Yangbi, and Yunlong Bridge remains a vital passage on the Bunan Ancient Road, playing an irreplaceable role in the daily lives of local residents. Legend has it that every 30 to 50 years, the bridge requires major repairs.

In 1993, Yunlong Bridge was designated as a key provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Legend

A beautiful legend surrounds the Yunlong Ancient Bridge: it is said that people attempted to build multiple large bridges over the Yang River (漾江) for easier transportation, but all collapsed due to the swift river currents and mountain floods. Just when the locals were despairing of ever constructing a bridge, they saw a rainbow rise over Cangshan (苍山), resembling a giant dragon arching over the Yangbi River. A fairy crossed the river on the rainbow, inspiring the people to build the bridge where the rainbow touched down, leading to their success. Thus, the bridge was named “Yunlong Bridge” (云龙桥).

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County, which takes about 1-1.5 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Use local transport like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Yunlong Bridge.

By Car

If driving, renting a car in Dali is a viable option. The distance from Dali City to Yunlong Bridge is about 70 kilometers, approximately a 1.5-hour drive. Follow signs to Yangbi County and then to the bridge location.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture stunning views of the bridge against the backdrop of the canyon.
• Respect Local Customs: Acknowledge the cultural significance of the site.
• Comfortable Footwear: Prepare for walking and exploring the surrounding area.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other historical sites along the Bunan Ancient Road for a fuller experience.

Overview

Located along the banks of a river behind Cangshan Mountain (苍山), Stone Gate Pass features two towering cliffs resembling massive stone doors. The area is marked by cascading streams and waterfalls, creating a stunning natural landscape. Surrounded by steep cliffs, the gorge is deep, with rapid streams flowing through it. Stone Gate Pass is described as a divine creation, embodying the phrase, “一夫当关，万夫莫开” (One man guards the pass, ten thousand cannot open it).

Stone Gate Pass, also known as “Dali Cangshan Stone Gate Pass” (大理苍山石门关), is an essential part of the Cang’er Scenic Area (苍洱景区), which includes Cangshan National Geopark (苍山国家地质公园), a national nature reserve, and a national scenic area. It is located approximately 399 kilometers from Kunming (昆明), 24 kilometers from Dali (大理), and 8 kilometers from Yangbi County (漾濞县). The scenic area spans 28.2 square kilometers and was recognized as a provincial scenic area in 1993 and upgraded to a national AA-level tourist site in 2001.

Notable attractions include:

• Fog Locking Stone Gate (雾锁石门)
• Bell of Fortune (福国晚钟)
• Clear Valley (澄明虚谷)
• Orchid in the Cliff Gorge (崖涧幽兰)
• The Sunset on Cangshan (苍山夕照)

Geographical Features

Stone Gate Pass features a classic canyon landscape, originating from the Jinzhan River (金盏河) at the peak of Cangshan’s Yujufeng (玉局峰). The V-shaped gorge is approximately 1,200 meters long, with the Stone Gate (石门) section extending about 600 meters. The highest points reach elevations of 2,321.8 meters (金盔寺) on the northern cliff and 1,760 meters on the southern cliff.

The rocky formations consist of gneiss and marble, with the southern side known as Cuiping Mountain (翠屏山) and the northern side as Qingliang Mountain (清凉山). The vegetation is primarily composed of secondary Yunnan pine (云南松), oil cedar (滇油杉), and various subtropical broadleaf trees. Stone Gate Pass is recognized as one of the “Sixteen Scenic Views of Yangbi” (漾濞古十六景).

Historical Records

The famous Ming Dynasty traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) described his visit to Stone Gate Pass, noting its breathtaking views: “因矫首东望，忽云气迸坼，露出青芙蓉两片，插地…” (As I gazed east, the clouds suddenly parted to reveal the blue hibiscus, standing proudly).

Local Cuisine

The Bai (白族) people have a distinct culinary style characterized by flavors of sour, spicy, sweet, and a hint of numbness. Influenced by Han cuisine and Buddhist vegetarian practices, popular dishes include:

• Stir-fried Fish (炒锅鱼)
• Dali Rice Cakes (大理饵块)
• Braised Meat in Willow Baskets (柳条蒸肉)

The Bai people also practice a unique tea ceremony known as “Three Courses of Tea” (三道茶), which features a progression of flavors: bitter, sweet, and lingering. Renowned restaurants in Dali’s ancient city are concentrated along Huguo Road (护国路), offering both local and international cuisine.

Accommodation

Dali Yaxing Hotel (大理亚星大饭店)

Constructed to international five-star standards, this hotel features a smoke-free floor and dedicated rooms for female guests. Located close to Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海), it is just a ten-minute walk from the ancient city of Dali. The hotel boasts ethnic decor, 310 guest rooms, and a restaurant that can accommodate 600 diners.

How to Get There

From Dali (下关) to Yangbi (漾濞), the distance is approximately 38 kilometers. Take a minibus from the Xiguan West Bus Station (下关西站) for a fare of about 10 RMB.

Travel Tips

• The scenic area is open year-round, Monday to Friday, from 08:00 to 18:30.
• Be sure to explore nearby attractions like Gantong Temple (感通寺) and Qingbi Creek (清碧溪) along the specially designated tourism route.
• Don’t miss out on local walnut products when visiting Yangbi, famous for their large size and rich flavor.

Overview

Yongan Ancient Bridge (永安古桥) is a historic stone arch bridge located near Wawu Village (瓦午村) in Leqiu Township (乐秋乡), Nanjian County (南涧县). Built during the late Ming Dynasty (明末) to early Qing Dynasty (清初), this bridge is renowned for its architectural significance and historical value.

Structure and Dimensions

The bridge spans approximately 15 meters in length, stands 5 meters high, and is 2.5 meters wide. Its surface is bordered by stone railings that rise 0.5 meters on either side. Nearby, there is a square tower, and at both ends of the bridge, there are small temples. The southern temple remains well-preserved, featuring an elegant and quaint design.

Yongan Bridge consists of stone piers and a brick arch, measuring 27.8 meters long, 5 meters high, and 2.5 meters wide, with a span of 9.27 meters. The bricks and stones used for construction were locally sourced. Ancient builders used glutinous rice mortar to bond the bricks, which has allowed the bridge to withstand hundreds of years of weathering while remaining intact over the vast Leqiu River (乐秋河).

Historical Significance

According to legend, the bridge was originally a simple footbridge. It was later transformed into a permanent structure by a high-ranking official during the Ming Dynasty who traveled through the area. Recognizing the strategic importance of the location, he commissioned the construction of a lasting bridge and named it “Yongan,” symbolizing the hope for lasting peace and safety in the region.

In 1987, Yongan Bridge was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Nanjian County.

Current Context

Currently, a large reservoir is under construction on the Leqiu River, which will soon require the relocation of Yongan Bridge. In the near future, this area is expected to be submerged under water.

Cultural Context

Local folklore suggests that this area was once part of the ancient “Shu Yi Fang” (走夷方) postal route in Nanjian. The serene surroundings of Yongan Ancient Bridge, embraced by green mountains and flowing streams, continue to captivate visitors, making it a significant attraction within Nanjian County.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County, which takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use local transportation options like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Wawu Village, where the bridge is located.

By Car

For those who prefer driving, renting a car in Dali is an option. The distance from Dali City to Yongan Ancient Bridge is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1-1.5 hours. Follow signs to Nanjian County and then to Wawu Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn provide the most pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture the bridge’s historical beauty, particularly during golden hour.
• Local Customs: Respect the local traditions and the historical significance of the site.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Be prepared for some walking, especially if exploring the surrounding areas.
• Local Cuisine: Enjoy local dishes in nearby villages, adding to your cultural experience.

Overview

The Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge (平坡石拱桥) is located at K3200+481 along the Dian-Burma Road (滇缅公路, 昆畹线). This bridge spans a narrow and turbulent stretch of river and marks the starting point where the old route of the Dian-Burma Road (320国道) transitions into the new Kunming-Xin Road (昆新线). Completed in 1973 by the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Corps (云南省公路工程总队), the bridge is a single-span stone arch structure, measuring 95.2 meters in length, 7 meters in width, and 25.5 meters in height, with a clear span of 50 meters.

Historical Reconstruction

On April 4, 1980, the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Office No. 2 (云南省公路工程二处) undertook reconstruction of the Kunming-Wantian Road (昆畹公路) segment from Yangpingpo (漾平坡) to Yongping Meihuapu (永平梅花铺). This project spanned 14 years, resulting in a total length of 75.94 kilometers, including 2.46 kilometers of additional lines. Following the realignment of the road, the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge was reinforced, and in 2009, a new route was established 17.71 kilometers from the bridge.

Due to the increased traffic load following the realignment, the bridge operated under excessive load for ten years. By 1982, cracks began to appear at the vertical joints of the abutments, which progressively widened. In 1990, a new bridge was constructed downstream at K3200+410, designated as Bridge No. 1450. This new structure is a T-beam, single-column gravity-type bridge with an asphalt concrete deck. The new Pingpo Highway Bridge measures 98 meters long, 9.6 meters wide, and 7.5 meters for the roadway, with a clear height of 12.1 meters. It was designed for a load classification of Level 11, accommodating vehicles up to a weight of 100 tons.

Historical Background of Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge

To understand the history of the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge, it is essential to consider its predecessor, the Pingpo Vine Bridge (平坡藤桥), which exemplified the transformation of the rugged terrain into a passageway. The lower reaches of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) feature steep cliffs and deep valleys, with turbulent waters roaring through narrow gorges.

Historically, while several ancient postal roads wound their way through the area to Weishan (巍山) and Yongping, there were no bridges connecting the two banks of the Yangbi River. As a result, trade and local villagers relied primarily on bamboo rafts for crossing the river. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era, three vine bridges were constructed between Pingpo and Wanchang over the Yangbi River, with the Pingpo Vine Bridge being the most significant.

Located at the confluence of the Xie River (西洱河) and the Yangbi River, the Pingpo Vine Bridge was situated 200 meters east of Pingpo Street (平坡街), serving as a critical crossing for the southern region leading into Lower Yangbi. The exact date of construction remains unclear, but early in the 1980s, a stone tablet inscribed with “The Everlasting Bridge” was discovered in Pingpo Stone Village (平坡石坪村). The inscription notes:

“若平坡街场，东接龙关孔道，西通石地坪一带山寨，居民行客，往必由之路。而漾濞大江径流其中，水流湍急，地势险阻，舟不能行，桥梁不能架，昔人藤为桥，每岁一换。”

This translates to: “At Pingpo Street, east connects to Longguan Pass, west leads to the mountainous areas of Shidi Ping. The river flows rapidly, the terrain is dangerous, boats cannot pass, and bridges cannot be built. In the past, vines served as bridges, replaced annually.”

The tablet also mentions that local philanthropists, including Yang Chengtian (杨丞天), Lu Shichang (卢士昌), and Su Yongfang (苏永芳), contributed funds to purchase two acres of land to generate income for bridge maintenance. Unfortunately, the date inscribed on the tablet is damaged, preventing us from determining when it was erected.

Despite its historical importance in facilitating river crossings, the Pingpo Vine Bridge suffered tragedies. According to records from the Dali Autonomous Prefecture Traffic Chronicle (《大理自治州交通志》), there were several incidents of bridge collapses, including a tragic event over 100 years ago. In July 1922, as people rushed to cross the bridge, over 40 individuals were on it at once, and the bridge collapsed under the excessive weight, resulting in 18 to 19 fatalities and multiple injuries—one of the most catastrophic bridge incidents in history.

Current Status

After the construction of the new Pingpo Highway Bridge, the old Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge has endured decades of weathering, witnessing dramatic changes in transportation in western Yunnan. Although it has remained largely unused for 15 years, it stands as an important cultural landmark, allowing locals to reflect on their rich history and providing travelers on National Highway 320 (320国道) with an opportunity to appreciate its significance.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The journey takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: After arriving, take a taxi or motorcycle taxi directly to the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge.

By Car

You can also rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge is approximately 80 kilometers, taking around 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for a straightforward route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Local Attractions: Explore the scenic area surrounding the bridge, including nearby temples, local markets, and natural landscapes.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs when visiting historical sites, and dress modestly when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking near the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you have enough water and wear comfortable footwear if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the picturesque views and rich cultural heritage surrounding the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for optimal lighting.

Overview

The Shunbi Bridge (顺濞桥) is located in the middle reaches of the Shunbi River (顺濞河) beneath Dashaizi Mountain (大哨子山) in Taiping Township (太平乡). This bridge is historically significant and serves as a critical crossing on the Bonan Ancient Road (博南古道). The river serves as a natural boundary, with Yongping (永平) to the west and Yangbi (漾濞) to the east.

The bridge, originally named Shengbei Bridge (胜备桥) and also referred to as Qinglian Bridge (清涟桥), features in the Yongchang Prefecture Gazetteer (《永昌府志》) with a description stating, “located in the northeast of Yongping County, it is a thoroughfare for Yongshun (永顺), Longling (龙陵), and Tengyue (腾越).”

Historical Significance

The bridge measures 44 meters in length and 3 meters in width, with abutments on both sides measuring 7 meters long, 4.5 meters wide, and 4.5 meters high. Notable features include octagonal guard walls constructed at the base of the abutments, which provide both protection and aesthetic value. A pavilion, 7 meters long and 3 meters wide, is built atop the abutments, offering a resting spot with scenic views.

Beneath the bridge, eight iron chains are aligned in parallel, with additional chains suspended on either side, creating a robust structure designed to withstand natural forces. Historically, the bridge faced destruction by fire in March 1826 during the Daoguang Emperor’s reign (道光六年) but was reconstructed with funding from local officials. After the establishment of the Dian-Burma Highway (滇缅公路), a new road bridge was constructed 10 meters downstream, leading to the Shunbi Bridge no longer being used.

Taiping Township (太平乡)

Taiping Township is located in the central part of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), particularly in the southwest of Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县). It is bordered to the east by Shunbi Township (顺濞乡), with the Shunbi River separating it from Longtan Township (龙潭乡) to the south. To the west, it is separated from Yongping County’s Beidou Township (北斗乡) and Longjie Town (龙街镇) by the river, while Cangshan Xizhen (苍山西镇) and Fuheng Township (富恒乡) lie to the north.

Cultural and Natural Features

Taiping is one of the nine stopping points on the Bonan Ancient Road, and National Highway 320 (320国道) traverses its territory. The township government is located 60 kilometers from the state capital of Xiaguan (下关) and 24 kilometers from the county seat.

Taiping Township is often referred to as a “green treasure land” due to its rich biodiversity, including:

• Flora: The area is home to abundant mountain camellias (山茶花), azaleas (杜娟), and rare orchids (名贵兰花), which bloom seasonally, attracting visitors and nature enthusiasts.
• Geography: Surrounded by scenic mountains and rivers, the area provides opportunities for hiking, photography, and exploring local flora and fauna.

In addition to the natural beauty, Taiping is rich in cultural heritage, featuring various temples and local festivals. It is a perfect destination for those seeking leisure and relaxation amidst nature.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The bus ride typically takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Once you arrive, hire a local taxi or take a motorcycle taxi to Taiping Township, where the Shunbi Bridge is located.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, you can rent a car in Dali. The journey from Dali City to Taiping Township is approximately 80 kilometers and takes about 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for the most direct route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal times to visit are in spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) when the weather is mild and flowers are in bloom.
• Local Attractions: In addition to the Shunbi Bridge, explore nearby temples, local markets, and scenic viewpoints. The natural beauty of the area makes it ideal for photography.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs, especially when visiting temples. Dress modestly and remove shoes when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking on the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you stay hydrated and wear comfortable shoes if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and cultural sites around the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for the best light.

Overview

The Stone Arrow (石箭) is located approximately 60 kilometers west of Nanjian County (南涧县). According to the Kangxi-era Menghua Prefecture Gazetteer (《蒙化府志》), it is said, “Zhuge Liang marked this town,” with a square tower nearby referred to as the Arrow Tube (箭筒). The Stone Arrow stands 1.5 meters tall and is inscribed with the words “This divine object penetrates the earth” (此神物穿地穴). This site is one of the remarkable ancient relics in Nanjian, possessing significant archaeological value.

Gonglang Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (公郎石箭和鬼魔石)

The Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (鬼魔石) are surrounded by many legends in the Gonglang area.

Legend of the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone

Long ago, the area around the Stone Arrow was shrouded in poisonous smoke and calamity, with monstrous creatures causing havoc and endangering the people. Upon learning of this, the Yellow Emperor (黄帝) informed Hou Yi (后羿), who then used his divine power to shoot three arrows towards the southwest using the remaining arrows from his conquest against the sun.

• One arrow landed at the head of the Xier River (西洱河) and the tail of Erhai Lake (洱海), forming what is now known as the Natural Bridge (天生桥).
• The second arrow fell into Gonglang Cizai (公郎槽子), now the location of the Stone Arrow.
• The third arrow landed in the mountains of Gonglang Mafang Village (公郎马房村), known locally as the Ghost Stone.

It is said that after the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone landed, they subdued the demons, and the calamity dragon returned to its domain to manage the water flow. Creatures such as the Great Black Dragon (黑龙), Nezha River Dragon (哪吒河龙), and Longfang River Dragon (龙房河龙) were responsible for water distribution and would gather at the Stone Arrow to pay their respects.

Dialogue Between the Stones

One night, the Stone Arrow said to the Ghost Stone, “I have subdued the evil here and accomplished great deeds for the world. I want to use my ability to grow tall and pierce the heavens to receive my reward, but I fear the heavenly family will send golden boys and jade maidens to take me back to the Arrow Tube.” The Ghost Stone replied, “I have no other ability besides assisting you in this task; I merely detest dog urine and blood. Upon encountering them, I lose my spirit and cannot shine.”

These words were overheard by the demons, who covered themselves in dog urine and blood, planning to throw the Ghost Stone into the Lancang River (澜沧江). As they carried the Ghost Stone from the mountaintop to the foothills, a rooster crowed, heralding dawn, and they were forced to leave the Ghost Stone halfway down the mountain.

The Stone Arrow gradually grew taller, and the water level began to rise. Fearing flooding and that the Stone Arrow would pierce the heavens and cause a leak, the people invited Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮) to build an arrow tube filled with boys and girls and ritual implements on a hill several dozen zhang away from the Stone Arrow. This structure is known as Shizhenzi (石镇子). The top part of the Stone Arrow, which continued to grow, was shaped into a crescent, with the inscription “The symbol to pierce hell” (七刹穿地狱之符) carved at the base to subdue it.

Beliefs Today

Today, people still believe that the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone are treasures with spiritual significance. Locals hope for safety, health, and good fortune from these stones, naming their children with names such as Shun Shi (石顺), Zhu Shi (石柱), and De Shi (石德).

How to Get There

To reach the Stone Arrow in Nanjian County, you can take a bus from Dali City (大理市) to Nanjian County. From there, hire a local taxi or use a motorcycle taxi to get to the Stone Arrow site.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, offering pleasant weather for outdoor exploration.
• Local Culture: Respect local customs and traditions when visiting sacred sites.
• Safety Precautions: Wear sturdy shoes for hiking, as the area may have rugged terrain.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the unique scenery and relics of the area.

Overview

Heqing Confucius Temple (鹤庆文庙), located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School (鹤庆一中) in the southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), was established in the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271). The original site of the temple was Yuanhua Temple (元化寺), which was relocated to its current site in the 29th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1396). The entire area covers more than 30,000 square meters.

Heqing Confucius Temple preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty (明代). The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), also known as Dacheng Hall (大成殿), features a two-story, double-eaved hip roof with flying eaves and dougong brackets. Arranged along the central axis from south to north are the screen wall (照壁), the pond (泮池), the Dacheng Gate (大成门), and the Xianshi Hall. The Xianshi Hall is centered, with various structures including the Dan Platform (丹墀台), Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate (棂星门), pond, Li Gate (礼门), Yi Gate (义门), large screen wall (大照壁) in front, and Qisheng Palace (启圣宫), Minglun Hall (明伦堂), and Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁) behind. The east and west sides contain the East and West Wings (东庑, 西庑), famous officials shrine (名宦祠), local sages shrine (乡贤祠), Xingxian Fang (兴贤坊), Zhengyi Study (正谊斋), Mingdao Study (明道斋), professors’ office (教授室), guidance room (训导室), lecture hall (讲堂), and dining hall (馔堂), all arranged symmetrically. There are also a lotus pond (莲池), stone hill (石山), and a Celery Picking Pavilion (采芹亭) within the temple grounds.

Heqing Confucius Temple holds historical, artistic, and scientific significance and is important for studying the architectural features and styles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (明清时期).

In December 1987, Heqing Confucius Temple was announced as a key provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government (云南省人民政府).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 鹤庆文庙 (Heqing Confucius Temple)
• Location: Heqing No. 1 Middle School, southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Area: 30,000 m²
• Cultural Heritage Level: Third batch of provincial-level key cultural relic protection units in Yunnan
• Dynasty: Ming Dynasty

Historical Evolution

• In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), Heqing established a temple school, but its location was not at the current site. The current site was originally Yuanhua Temple (元化寺).
• In the 15th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1382), the temple was destroyed by war.
• In the 29th year of the Hongwu era (1396), the local magistrate Gao Zhong relocated the temple to its current site.
• In the 12th year of the Zhengtong era (1447), Governor Lin Qiuji expanded the temple.
• In the second year of the Zhengde era (1507), Governor Liu Jue oversaw the construction of the Zunjing Pavilion.
• In May of the 10th year of the Zhengde era (1515), the Zunjing Pavilion collapsed due to an earthquake.
• In the 11th year of the Zhengde era (1516), Deputy Envoy Zhu Gun converted Yuanhua Temple into a temple school, and Governor Wu Tang carried out repairs.
• In the second year of the Longqing era (1568), Governor Zhou Ji relocated the temple entrance to the south, excavated the pond, and added decorations.
• During the Wanli era (1572–1620), officials such as Jiang Xin, Governor Sang Jingchu, Governor Chen Daoyuan, and Qi Rudong conducted multiple repairs on the temple.
• In the Tiangui era (1621–1627), Censor Cai Kan, Supervisor Shao Mingshi, and Governor Chen Kaitai rebuilt the temple, which gradually fell into disrepair afterward.
• In the winter of the fourth year of the Chongzhen era (1631), the temple was affected by a disaster.
• In the fifth year of the Chongzhen era (1632), Lijiang local magistrate Mu Zeng provided support for the rebuilding of the temple.
• In the third year of the Kangxi era (1664), Acting Vice Magistrate Wang Zongzhou repaired the temple.
• In the 22nd year of the Kangxi era (1683), the temple was ordered to be rebuilt.
• In the 23rd year of the Kangxi era (1684), Governor Li Zuoyi and Educator Ma Zhihua further repaired the temple.
• In the 25th year of the Kangxi era (1686), Professor Xie Yan and Educator Dong Bening repaired Wenchang and Kuixing Pavilions.
• In the 28th year of the Kangxi era (1689), Governor Lu Congyi established Le Wusheng and held sacrifices, along with maintenance of the temple.
• In the 40th year of the Kangxi era (1701), Governor Ai Rulin, Vice Magistrate Tong Zhen, and Professor Xiong Zhaoyi relocated the Chongsheng Shrine to the back of the main hall and rebuilt Minglun Hall behind the shrine.
• In the 45th year of the Qianlong era (1780), the prefecture conducted repairs on the main hall and two wings.
• In the 11th year of the Daoguang era (1831), Prefect Shao Baochuo led local gentry Zhou Tianxiang and Zhao Yudan in continued repairs; however, he left office before completion, and Huang Jizhong completed the work.
• During the Guangxu era, the temple underwent further repairs.
• After 1949, the temple suffered damage during land reform, the Cultural Revolution, and the “2·3” earthquake.
• In December 1951, the Lingxing Gate (灵星门) collapsed due to an earthquake and was converted into a basketball court for Heqing No. 1 Middle School. Since then, the temple has been used by the school.
• During the Cultural Revolution, the commercial sector built a state-run hotel in the temple, dividing it into northern and southern sections.
• After 1986, the government conducted several repairs on Heqing Confucius Temple, restoring its original appearance.
• Since 1997, the Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and Heqing County governments have invested nearly 10 million yuan to complete repairs on Dacheng Hall, Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate, screen wall, pond, and more, adding Taihe Yuqi Fang and a statue of Confucius.

Architectural Layout

Heqing Confucius Temple covers an area of over 30,000 square meters and preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty. The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), has an area of 2,400 square meters. The central area of the main hall features a cloud-dragon stone carving embedded in the center of the imperial platform. Additionally, there are four wooden carvings of coiled dragons supported between the first and second floors of the hall, appearing to dance and play with pearls. Inside the hall, there are four columns that can be embraced by two people; these tall and sturdy columns are made of high-quality materials, with two of them said to be made of fragrant nanmu wood. A pair of couplets inscribed by Emperor Qianlong (乾隆) (replicas) hangs on the central column: “气备四时，与天地日月鬼神合其德；教垂万世，继尧舜禹汤文武作之师” (The spirit encompasses all seasons, harmonizing with heaven, earth, sun, moon, and spirits; education transcends generations, following Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, and Wenwu as teachers).

Cultural Relics

Stone Tablets

There are three existing stone inscriptions within Heqing Confucius Temple:

1. “Zunjing Pavilion Tablet” (《尊经阁碑记》) established in the second year of the Zhengde era (1507).
2. “Rebuilding Heqing Academy Tablet” (《重修鹤庆府学庙碑记》) established in the 29th year of the Qianlong era (1764).
3. “Newly Built Yuping Academy Tablet” (《新修玉屏书院碑记》) established in the 19th year of the Guangxu era (1893), written by Yang Jinkai, calligraphed by Zhao Heling, and engraved by Yang Zhaoqing.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Name Origin

The Confucius Temple is a shrine dedicated to commemorating and worshipping Confucius (孔子), a Chinese thinker, politician, and educator. Throughout different historical periods and regions, it has been known by various names, such as Confucius Temple (夫子庙), Temple of the Most Sacred (至圣庙), and Dacheng Temple (大成殿), all signifying its central theme of revering Confucius and promoting Confucianism.

Role in Education

Heqing Confucius Temple serves as an essential educational and cultural venue, where local scholars gather to hold examinations, lectures, and academic discussions. It played a significant role in the dissemination of Confucian culture and the education of local youths, contributing to the moral and cultural development of the area.

Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Heqing Confucius Temple is a critical site for preserving and studying the architectural, historical, and cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The temple attracts scholars, researchers, and tourists, providing a window into the rich cultural history of Yunnan Province.

Contemporary Usage

Today, Heqing Confucius Temple is used not only for educational purposes but also as a venue for cultural events, festivals, and ceremonies celebrating Confucian teachings, promoting traditional Chinese culture, and fostering community ties.

Visiting Heqing Confucius Temple

Visitors to Heqing Confucius Temple can explore its beautiful architecture, enjoy the tranquil atmosphere of the temple grounds, and participate in cultural activities. The temple is also an excellent spot for photography, with its historical structures and serene landscapes providing a picturesque backdrop.

Additional Information

• Access: Visitors can reach Heqing County by public transportation from Dali City. The temple is located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School and is open to the public.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, as the weather is pleasant for outdoor exploration.

Heqing Confucius Temple is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Yunnan Province, reflecting the influence of Confucianism in Chinese society. Its architectural beauty, historical significance, and educational role make it a noteworthy destination for anyone interested in Chinese culture and history.

Location

The Hutoushan Mountain Ancient Building Complex (虎头山古建筑群) is located in the southern part of Shimen Town (石门镇), Yunlong County (云龙县). This complex primarily features Taoist (道教) architecture, harmoniously integrating natural and cultural landscapes. It attracts numerous visitors during festivals and is recognized as an important scenic tourist area. In 1987, it was designated a cultural heritage site in Yunlong County.

Scenic Features

Hutoushan Mountain (虎头山), rising majestically with its steep cliffs, offers breathtaking views. It hosts various temples, including Laojun Temple (老君殿), Hutou Temple (虎头寺), Wangmu Temple (王母寺), and Zhangxian Shrine (张仙祠), alongside numerous caves, stone observations, and carvings. It is considered the second significant Taoist mountain in the Dali region. Recently, new constructions like Longchi (龙池), Huquan (虎泉), and various pavilions have transformed Hutoushan into a recreational destination, with interconnected pathways and picturesque water features.

The mountain’s name derives from a prominent rock formation at its peak that resembles a tiger’s head. According to the “Inscription of Hutou Mountain” (《虎山碑记》), the temple complex began with a mountain deity temple, with further constructions during the Daoguang era (道光) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), including Laojun Temple and Caishen Temple (财神殿). The complex has faced destruction and restoration over the years, with significant renovations completed by the Guangxu era (光绪) in 1906.

Architectural Highlights

Hutoushan is adorned with ancient architectural wonders, mainly Taoist temples, including:

• Zhangxian Shrine (张仙祠): Comprising a front hall and a main hall, featuring a statue of Zhang Sanfeng (张三丰).
• Caishen Hall (财神殿) and Maitreya Hall (弥勒殿): Both built above Zhangxian Shrine, dedicated to the God of Wealth and Maitreya Buddha.
• Sangu Palace (三宫殿) and Guanyin Hall (观音殿): Located above Caishen Hall and Maitreya Hall, featuring poetry inscribed by Yang Mingyang (杨名扬) from the Qing Dynasty on the walls.

Hutou Temple, also known as Sanqing Hall (三清殿), is situated above the Sangu Palace and consists of two courtyards. The area features winding stone corridors, bridges, and inscriptions on rock walls, creating a cleverly laid-out architectural ensemble.

Cultural Significance

The area surrounding Hutoushan has long been celebrated as a scenic spot. As noted in the “Inscription of Hutou Mountain”:

“层峦耸翠，高临碧汉之间；飞阁流丹，杰出青云之表。” “Layers of green peaks rise high above the blue rivers; flying pavilions of red glimmer, standing out against the azure sky.”

In recent years, the mountain has been enhanced with new pavilions and stone steps that create a harmonious relationship between the landscape and the structures, showcasing an intricate cultural depth with couplets displayed at stone arches and pavilions.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Take a bus from Xingsheng Passenger Station (兴盛客运站) in Xiaguan to Yunlong County. The earliest bus departs at 7:30 AM, with services every 40 minutes, costing 35 yuan. The journey takes approximately 3 hours, with the last bus at 4:40 PM. After reaching Yunlong, you can take a minivan to Hutoushan.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most comfortable weather for exploring the area.
• Preparation: Wear comfortable walking shoes to navigate the mountain trails and steps.
• Respect Local Culture: Be mindful of the cultural and religious significance of the sites.
• Photography: Capture the stunning views and intricate architecture, but be respectful of the sacred areas.

Overview

Qingyun Bridge (青云桥), located in Yunlong County (云龙县), spans the Bi River (沘江) on the southern side of the county seat. After suffering damage from water for nine months, it was fully restored by the end of May 2013. This restoration coincided with the designation of the ancient Bi River bridge group as a national cultural heritage site.

The bridge was originally built in the fourth year of the Daoguang era (道光) during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1824, funded by Yang Mingyang (杨名扬), who previously served as the Governor of Shaanxi (陕西). The site was chosen for its natural rock formation on the eastern bank, which serves as a sturdy support, and features a wooden pavilion that offers shelter to pedestrians. On the western bank, two small platforms were carved into the stone wall, supporting the bridge’s structure.

Bridge Structure

Qingyun Bridge is a chain suspension bridge with the following specifications:

• Length: 36 meters
• Width: 2.18 meters

The bridge’s surface is constructed of wooden planks supported by five iron chains, with additional chains serving as handrails on either side. The iron chains are anchored to stone pillars at the bridge’s entrance.

Historical Context

In early September 2012, heavy rainfall caused the bridge’s wooden materials to absorb too much water, leading to the breakage of the iron chains and the bridge’s collapse into the river. In response, the county government promptly allocated 200,000 yuan for its repair and contracted the Shimen Construction Team (石门建筑工程队) to restore it to its original appearance. After two months of diligent work, Qingyun Bridge was reopened.

Originally a county-level cultural heritage site, Qingyun Bridge was officially recognized as part of the national heritage group of ancient bridges on May 6, 2013, becoming a “National Cultural Relic” (国保).

Significance and Inscriptions

The bridge features pavilions at both ends, with an inscription reading “Shimen Pass” (石门关) displayed prominently. Inside the southern wall, there is an inscription by Yang Mingyang commemorating the new bridge. Additionally, the western rock wall features the characters “Gun Xue” (衮雪) in clerical script, a quote from Cao Cao (曹操), originally inscribed on a cliff in Hanzhong, Shaanxi.

Qingyun Bridge is an important historical bridge in Yunlong County and is well-preserved. It was designated a cultural heritage site in 1987.

Location and Features

• Location: About 1 kilometer west of Shimen Town (石门镇), Yunlong County (云龙县)
• Established: 1824 (清道光四年)

Key Details

• Length: 36 meters
• Width: 2.18 meters
• Type: Chain suspension bridge

Cultural Reference

The area surrounding Qingyun Bridge is steeped in historical significance. It is located near the examination halls (贡院), signifying the meaning “ascending to the skies” (青云直上). As described in “Han Du Miscellaneous Poems” (《杭都杂咏》):

“旧有陈云杓刻石，林云楼装池。” “沈茂才笔，许虚白笺诸市，每值科场赶者皆聚于此。”

How to Get There

• By Car: Drive from Dali City (大理市) to Yunlong County. The journey takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
• By Bus: Regular buses operate between Dali and Yunlong County, making it accessible for travelers.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of the local culture and heritage during your visit.
• Photography: The bridge and its surroundings provide excellent opportunities for photography; ensure you have the proper permissions for any commercial use.
• Safety: Check weather conditions before visiting, especially during the rainy season, as it may affect access to the area.