English Name: Wangjiang Tower
Chinese Name: 望江楼 (Wàngjiāng Lóu)
Location: Yunlong County (云龙县, Yúnlóng Xiàn), Dali (大理, Dàlǐ), Yunnan Province (云南省, Yúnnán Shěng)
Cultural Heritage Level: Cultural Relic Protection Unit of Yunlong County
Notable Attraction: Feilong Bridge (飞龙桥, Fēilóng Qiáo)

Overview

Wangjiang Tower is located on the eastern bank of the Lancang River (澜沧江, Láncāng Jiāng) in the Miaowei Village Committee of Miaowei Township, Yunlong County, Dali. According to historical records, Wangjiang Tower was constructed by Li Yushu (李玉树, Lǐ Yùshù), a general under Du Wenxiu (杜文秀, Dù Wénxiù), a leader of the Hui people’s uprising during the Qing Dynasty, between the reigns of Emperor Xianfeng and Emperor Tongzhi. Built simultaneously with the Feilong Bridge in the second year of Tongzhi (1863), it serves as one of the main architectural features at the western end of the bridge, covering an area of 153.41 square meters.

Architectural Features

Wangjiang Tower is situated at the end of the main axis of the original Feilong Bridge, constructed in two levels. This traditional timber structure features a green tiled roof with a heavy eave design and stands approximately 12.1 meters tall from the foundation to the apex.

First Floor

• Dimensions: The first floor has three bays in width and three bays in depth.
• Entrances: Each side has a solid wooden door, which also serves as the entrance for crossing the original Feilong Bridge.
• Windows: There are circular windows on the east wall of the north and south rooms. The west wall features brick carvings resembling riverbanks, while the remaining walls are constructed of rammed earth.
• Staircase: A wooden staircase runs straight from east to west.
• Inscriptions: The interior walls are adorned with 13 stone inscriptions.

Second Floor

• Dimensions: The second floor also features three bays in width and depth.
• Windows: Four wooden partition windows open on all sides.
• Railings: Wooden railings are fitted at the stairway openings on the east and north sides.
• Decorations: The interior showcases a statue of Guanyin made of colored clay, displayed in the corridor near the west-facing window.

The roof beams support the floor panels, and both levels exhibit distinctive local construction techniques with intricately carved brackets. The roof features a series of ornamental brackets, reflecting local architectural characteristics.

Historical Significance

Wangjiang Tower is the only well-preserved main building remaining after the destruction of the Feilong Bridge. Its unique construction techniques and architectural style have several noteworthy characteristics:

1. Traditional Layout: It retains the traditional Bai ethnic architectural layout from the Qing Dynasty.
2. Distinctive Features: The roof, ridge, and decorative elements such as beast sculptures and floral carvings exhibit distinct Bai architectural and decorative artistry.
3. High Construction Level: The upper eaves utilize bracket construction, employing large timber materials with refined craftsmanship.
4. Artistic Value: The exquisite wooden and brick carvings present intricate patterns, showcasing fine craftsmanship.

The thirteen stone inscriptions preserved within the tower provide valuable evidence for studying the Du Wenxiu uprising, holding significant historical and research value. Additionally, the poem “Chijiangqiao Fu” (池江桥赋) inscribed at Wangjiang Tower represents a rare literary gem from Yunlong County.

Wangjiang Tower is located on a vital section of the ancient postal route in Yunlong County during the Ming Dynasty and has historically been a contested fortress. It symbolizes the historical transformations of the area, holding deep emotional and commemorative significance for the local people.

Protection Status

In 1987, Wangjiang Tower was designated as a Cultural Relic Protection Unit in Yunlong County.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Regular bus services operate from Dali to Yunlong County. Look for local buses heading towards Miaowei Township.
• By Taxi: Taxis are available in Dali and can take you directly to Wangjiang Tower in Yunlong County.
• By Car: Renting a car is an excellent option for those who prefer flexibility. The drive offers scenic views along the way.

Travel Tips

1. Dress Comfortably: Wear appropriate footwear for walking, as the area may require some exploration on foot.
2. Respect the Site: Be mindful of the historical significance and avoid touching the inscriptions or carvings.
3. Stay Hydrated: Bring water, especially during the warmer months, to stay refreshed while exploring.
4. Photography: Capture the architectural beauty and the scenic views around the Lancang River; the location offers excellent photo opportunities.
5. Timing Your Visit: Visiting during weekdays can help avoid crowds, allowing for a more peaceful experience.

Wangjiang Tower, along with the Feilong Bridge, provides visitors a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and architectural beauty of Yunnan Province, making it a must-see attraction in Dali.

Overview

Laojiangpo Cliff Inscriptions老江坡摩崖石刻, also known as Jihong Bridge Inscriptions (霁虹桥摩崖石刻), are located on a towering, steep stone wall on the west bank of the Jihong Bridge in Yongping County (永平县) of Dali (大理). This monumental rock face features inscriptions left by literati, officials, and elites during the Ming (明) and Qing (清) dynasties, who were inspired while traveling along the ancient Bonan Road (博南古道). The inscriptions, often large and bold, showcase a variety of calligraphic styles—clerical, cursive, and regular—and reflect the artistic and literary talents of their creators.

The inscriptions can be categorized into three main types:

1. Praises for the Jihong Bridge: Such as the “Jihong Bridge” from the Kangxi era (康熙) and “The First Bridge in Southwest” from the Chenghua era (成化).
2. Admiration for the ancient ferry: Like “The Key to the South” from the Kangxi era and “Vertical Cliff” from the Jiajing era (嘉靖).
3. Celebration of the intelligence of laborers, exemplified by the inscription “Accessible by Human Power,” where each character stands about 1.8 meters tall.

These inscriptions are a significant blend of historical value, calligraphy, literature, and stone carving art.

Historical Background

Located at the boundary between Baoshan (保山) and Yongping County, the Jihong Bridge (霁虹桥) spans the Lancang River (澜沧江) over a cliff. Before 1986, it was the oldest iron cable bridge in China. Historically, it served as an important crossing point on the ancient Silk Road, particularly the “Southwest Silk Road” which began in Xichang (西昌), traversed through Yunnan (云南), and continued into Myanmar and India.

The Jihong Bridge’s historical significance can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (汉朝) when it was known as the Lanzhin Ancient Ferry (兰津古渡). The bridge underwent various transformations: from a vine bridge in the Eastern Han Dynasty to a wooden bridge in the Yuan Dynasty (元朝), and finally to an iron cable bridge in the Ming Dynasty.

Major Inscriptions

Among the noteworthy poems and couplets inscribed here is Zhang Han’s (张含) poem “Lanjin Crossing” (兰津渡), which captures the essence of the region:

Lanjin Crossing 山形环抱哀牢国，
千崖万壑生松风。
石路真从汉诸葛，
铁柱或传唐鄂公。
桥通赤霄俯碧马，
江含紫烟浮白龙。
渔梁鹊架得有此，
绝顶咫尺樊桐宫。

Translation: The mountains embrace the country of Ailao,
A thousand cliffs and ravines give birth to the pine wind.
The stone path truly follows Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮) of Han,
The iron pillar might convey the legacy of Tang’s E Gong (鄂公).
The bridge reaches the azure sky overlooking the green horse,
The river contains purple smoke floating the white dragon.
The fishing bridge is supported by this,
At the peak, we are merely inches from the Palatial Pine.

This poem, along with others, serves to praise the bridge’s historical significance and its majestic presence.

1. “The First Bridge in Southwest” (西南第一桥)
   • Type: Carved in regular script
   • Dimensions: Height 0.75m, Width 0.55m
2. “Cangshui Feihong” (沧水飞虹)
   • Type: Cursive script
   • Dimensions: Height 0.56m, Width 0.53m
3. “Bili Wanren” (壁立万仞)
   • Type: Regular script
   • Dimensions: Height 0.75m, Width 0.60m
4. “Jihong Bridge” (霁虹桥)
   • Type: Cursive script
   • Dimensions: Height 1.10m, Length 3.25m
5. “Tian Nan Suo Yao” (天南锁钥)
   • Type: Regular script
   • Dimensions: Height 1.32m, Length 4.15m
6. “Tan Qing Bi Li” (潭清壁立)
   • Type: Regular script
   • Dimensions: Height 0.9m, Length 1.65m
7. “Yuchi Binghu” (玉尺冰壶)
   • Type: Regular script
   • Dimensions: Height 0.50m, Length 1.20m
8. “Xuan Ya Qi Du” (悬崖奇渡)
   • Type: Regular script
   • Dimensions: Height approximately 1.2m

More Inscriptions

诗刻“兰津渡”。阴刻，直书，由左至右，共15行，通体长1.95米，高0.70米，明嘉靖乙巳（1545年）九月保山知县孙术刻石。其诗如下：
山形环抱哀牢国，千崖万壑生松风。
石路真从汉诸葛，铁柱或传唐鄂公。
桥通赤霄俯碧马，红含紫烟浮白龙。
渔梁鹊架得有此，绝顶咫尺樊桐宫。
禺山外史张含题

诗刻“永昌刺史帅诸儒迎我澜沧桥亭，缅怀先哲，遂勖诸生”
节彼博南山，澜沧出其下。
远悌一沟悬，临流三峡泻。
中有霁虹桥，白日苍龙跨。
汉使渡旌旗，明时通教化。
铁柱插银波，斯人伊吕亚。
振铎我刚来，炎炎当仲夏。
夷道愧逢迎，驱聚不遑舍。
北望衮衣垂，绝城都弃拓。
为语青衿人，营营休日夜。
舟揖济洪川，讵但兹梁架。
秦和胡尧时书

“过兰津桥拜武侯祠”
江流石壁两争雄，想像当年佐汉功。
八阵风云凭掌上，三分天地自鉴中。
南荒香火产遗圮，两蜀丹青肖旧容。
堪笑薛能诗胆放，妄言只合卧为龙。
万历辛丑秋月楚人江盈科
丁未春澜沧江铁桥成记之此诗”
千寻铁锁付波臣，欲济无梁我怆神。
归物任随流水去，扪心有黍之类身。
生将白石驾鼋鼍，百炼钢丝笑谢他。
桥底乖龙应帖耳，倘教段手复如何。
望洋慷慨发长叹，此是西南要害关。
不见古人与来者，向谁堪表里河山。
永昌太守谢宇俊题石

诗刻“丁未仲夏”
重言政事属雷同，澹写沧江五霁虹。
几废几兴工浩大，丰绅丰官计将穷。
幸赍不假他人才，点石无忘太宇功。
物我变迁难预料，者番砥柱永沉江。
海州韩熙华书

“兰津桥”
铁作瓦梁跨至虹，日南重泽交华通。
丹崖百转悬天畔，银汉双津入斗宫。
寻冰东来神禹绩，渡泸西下武侯功。
午干今际君王照，拟颂皇阁赋未工。

Current Status

As of now, there are over 30 existing inscriptions, with 28 of them still recognizable despite some damage due to natural erosion or human activity. The site represents the largest collection of cliff inscriptions in Yunnan (云南) and serves as a precious cultural artifact that combines literature and calligraphy.

How to Get There

Transportation Options

1. By Car:
   • From Dali, take the road to Yongping County. The East route offers more scenic views and historical sites along the way.
2. Public Transport:
   • Buses operate between Dali and Yongping, with stops in various towns.
3. Walking:
   • For the adventurous, a hiking path leads from nearby villages down to the cliff inscriptions.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal seasons are spring and autumn when the weather is mild and the views are clear.
• Safety Precautions: Wear sturdy shoes and be cautious when navigating the rocky paths.
• Photography: Bring a good camera to capture the inscriptions and stunning landscape; early mornings offer the best light.
• Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enrich your understanding of the inscriptions and the history of the area.

Overview

The Ruins of Baiya City (白崖城遗址, Bái Yá Chéng Yízhǐ), also known as Caiyun City (彩云城, Cǎi Yún Chéng) or Wen’an Cave City (文案洞城, Wén’àn Dòng Chéng), is a historical site located in Midu County, Dali (大理, Dàlǐ). Commonly referred to as Hongyan Ancient City (红岩古城, Hóng Yán Gǔ Chéng), it was designated as a key cultural relic protection unit by the Revolutionary Committee of Midu County in 1979.

Historical Significance

• First-Level Cultural Relic Protection: In 1988, it was recognized as one of the first state-level cultural relics by the Dali Prefecture People’s Government. By 2004, it became part of Yunnan’s sixth batch of cultural relic protection units.
• Geographical Location: The site is located approximately 2 kilometers northwest of Hongyan Town, near the ancient village of Gucheng (古城村, Gǔ Chéng Cūn), on the northern side of the ancient road and at the southern tip of Dingxi Ridge (定西岭, Dìng Xī Lǐng). It is said to have been built by Longyouna (龙佑那, Lóng Yòu Nà) in the 3rd century AD and served as the gateway to the core area of the Nanzhao (南诏, Nán Zhāo) Kingdom, particularly around Erhai Lake (洱海, Ěrhǎi).

The Historical Evolution

1. Early History: Baiya City was crucial for the Nanzhao Kingdom in consolidating power, acting as a defensive stronghold against external threats, particularly during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝, Táng Cháo).
2. Key Events:
   • In 751 AD, the Tang general Xianyu Zhongtong (鲜于仲通, Xiān Yú Zhòng Tōng) attempted to invade Nanzhao but was repelled at Baiya City.
   • The city underwent renovations under the leadership of Geluofeng (阁罗凤, Gé Luó Fèng) to strengthen defenses against the Tang Dynasty.

Cultural Context

The historical records surrounding Baiya City are scarce and confusing, leading some experts to question the actual existence of the Baizi Kingdom (白子国, Bái Zǐ Guó). However, the prevailing view is that it was indeed a significant entity, known by various names in ancient texts, including Baiya Kingdom (白崖国, Bái Yá Guó), Kunmi Kingdom (昆弥国, Kūn Mí Guó), and Jianning Kingdom (建宁国, Jiàn Níng Guó).

Archaeological Findings

• Site Layout: The archaeological investigations in 2017 by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology revealed that the ruins extend eastward from the southern side of the ancient village, confirming that the site dates back to the early Nanzhao period.
• Topography: The remnants of the city appear roughly in the shape of a gourd and cover an area of about 41,000 square meters, with a perimeter of approximately 1,070 meters.

Key Features

• Ancient Structures: The walls are notably well-preserved on the northern and western sides, while the eastern and southern walls have been mostly leveled.
• Water Bodies: Nearby, there are two ponds known as “Ancient City Upper Sea” (古城上海, Gǔ Chéng Shàng Hǎi) and “Ancient City Lower Sea” (古城下海, Gǔ Chéng Xià Hǎi), originally part of the city’s moat.

Baiya New City (白崖新城, Bái Yá Xīn Chéng)

Located south of the old city, Baiya New City was constructed during the reign of Geluofeng and exhibits a more level terrain compared to the ruins of the old city. The site measures approximately 104,500 square meters and features well-defined walls.

Important Sites Nearby

Nanzhao Iron Pillar Temple (南诏铁柱庙, Nán Zhāo Tiě Zhù Miào)

Located about ten kilometers from Baiya City, this temple is a significant cultural relic, designated as a key national cultural protection unit. The temple houses a prominent iron pillar erected during the Nanzhao period, symbolizing the kingdom’s power and political identity.

How to Get There

• By Car: The site is easily accessible by car, located about 60 kilometers from Dali City (大理市, Dàlǐ Shì). Follow local signs to Midu County and then to Hongyan Town.
• Public Transport: Local buses frequently run between Dali and Midu County, offering a budget-friendly option.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the spring and autumn months, when the weather is mild and conducive for exploration.
• Bring Essentials: Ensure to bring water, snacks, and sun protection, as the site may have limited facilities.
• Respect the Site: As a cultural heritage site, visitors are encouraged to respect the surroundings and follow local regulations.

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Summary of Attractions and Names

• Baiya City (白崖城, Bái Yá Chéng)
• Caiyun City (彩云城, Cǎi Yún Chéng)
• Wen’an Cave City (文案洞城, Wén’àn Dòng Chéng)
• Hongyan Ancient City (红岩古城, Hóng Yán Gǔ Chéng)
• Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏, Nán Zhāo)
• Erhai Lake (洱海, Ěrhǎi)
• Longyouna (龙佑那, Lóng Yòu Nà)
• Xianyu Zhongtong (鲜于仲通, Xiān Yú Zhòng Tōng)
• Geluofeng (阁罗凤, Gé Luó Fèng)
• Baizi Kingdom (白子国, Bái Zǐ Guó)
• Nanzhao Iron Pillar Temple (南诏铁柱庙, Nán Zhāo Tiě Zhù Miào)

This comprehensive overview provides insights into the historical, cultural, and archaeological significance of the Ruins of Baiya City and the surrounding areas.
Travel Blog about Ruins of Baiya City in Midu County of Dali
Discover the Ruins of Baiya City and Gunv Temple in Midu County of Dali

Overview

The Hall of Kasyapa Matanga, also known as the Copper Roof Hall (铜瓦殿) or the Chuan Deng Temple (传灯寺), is located at the foot of Jizushan (鸡足山) in Binchuan County (宾川县). It is the largest temple in Jizushan, historically known as Tianzhi (天咫). Due to its strategic location, it is said that “Kasyapa lights the way to the golden summit.” Revered as the ancestral temple of all temples in the mountains, it plays a significant role in the region’s Buddhist culture.

Jizushan is recognized as a prominent Buddhist site in South Asia and Southeast Asia, one of China’s top ten sacred mountains, and the location of Kasyapa Bodhisattva’s (迦叶菩萨) spiritual activities. It serves as a convergence point for Chinese Han and Tibetan Buddhism and is the birthplace of Zen Buddhism, earning it nicknames such as “The Most Beautiful Mountain in the World,” “The Buddhist Capital of Lingshan,” and “The First Buddha Mountain of Huaxia.”

Historical Significance

Over two thousand years ago, Kasyapa, the disciple of Shakyamuni Buddha, attained enlightenment at Jizushan, establishing its esteemed status in the Buddhist world. During the Yuan (元) and Ming (明) dynasties, the area flourished, developing into a complex of 71 monasteries centered around the Hall of Kasyapa. At its peak, it included 36 temples and 72 hermitages, housing thousands of monks and nuns.

The famous monk Xuanzang (玄奘) recorded in his book, “The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions” (大唐西域记), that Kasyapa foresaw his impending Nirvana and passed on the teachings to Ananda (阿南), carrying the Buddha’s robe to the misty Jizushan. He vowed to use his divine powers to preserve his body and passed on the robe to Maitreya (弥勒) when he would come to visit after 67 billion years.

This vow led to the creation of the Huashou Gate (华首门), a legendary entrance through which a monk is said to visit daily, embodying the spirit of Kasyapa.

Cultural Heritage

In 1889, Master Xuyun (虚云) prayed earnestly at Huashou Gate, and suddenly, three bell chimes echoed from the stone gate, resonating through the valley. He wrote:

“西来福地拥禅观，绝壁悬岩耸翠鬟。洞里天机千万劫，门前月色几重山。”
“In the blessed land from the West, the zen temple embraces the high cliffs and green peaks. Within the cave, the mysteries transcend countless ages; before the gate, the moonlight reveals many mountains.”

The surrounding fog and mist create an ethereal atmosphere, especially during autumn and winter when red leaves blanket the mountains. Jizushan is celebrated for its majestic, perilous, strange, beautiful, and tranquil features. The famous traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) praised it, saying, “All sights are gathered within,” while the renowned painter Xu Beihong (徐悲鸿) noted, “The Lingjiu Mountain is a desolate land, incomparable to the majestic Jizushan.”

Attractions

Copper Roof Hall (铜瓦殿)

To the left of the Copper Roof Hall, a large stone rises, resembling a monk’s robe with its blue and white veined patterns.

Huashou Gate (华首门)

Located 100 meters to the right of the Copper Roof Hall, Huashou Gate is known as “The First Gate in the World.” On either side stand two small white pagodas, each about 7 meters tall, known as the “Twin Towers of Drinking Light” (饮光双塔), built during the Ming dynasty (明) and well-preserved.

Pathways

The shortcut to the Copper Roof Hall leads down from Jinding Temple (金顶寺), descending through the Cliffs of Self-Sacrifice (舍身崖). This path offers a breathtaking view as one approaches the Copper Roof Hall.

Scenic Experience

Upon reaching the Copper Roof Hall, the view is stunning, with the roof of the hall made entirely of copper gleaming in the sunlight. The surrounding environment offers a picturesque backdrop for photos, giving the impression of sitting atop a copper roof.

The entrance features ancient trees that catch the eye. With over 85% forest coverage, the climate is mild, supporting diverse vegetation. Visitors can touch moss-covered trunks, breathe in the scent of blooming flowers, or even meditate alongside ancient stones, feeling a sense of tranquility in the air.

Travel Information

How to Get There

• Location: The Hall of Kasyapa Matanga is located in Binchuan County, Dali (大理宾川县鸡足山).
• By Car: From Dali City, take G214 to Binchuan County. Follow local signs to Jizushan. The journey takes approximately 1.5 hours.
• Public Transport: Buses from Dali to Binchuan are available. Once in Binchuan, local transport can take you to Jizushan.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Autumn and winter for beautiful foliage and cooler temperatures.
• Dress Comfortably: Wear sturdy shoes as you may encounter uneven terrain and steps.
• Photography: Capture the stunning views and spiritual ambiance. Early morning or late afternoon light is ideal.
• Respect Local Customs: As a sacred site, be mindful of the practices and beliefs of visitors and locals.

Overview of Taihe City Ruins (太和城遗址)

The Taihe City Ruins, located in Taihe Village (太和村) of Xiguan Town (下关镇), Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省), lie at the foot of the Buddha Peak (佛顶峰) of Cangshan (苍山) mountain range. It is situated 6 kilometers south of Xiguan and 7 kilometers north of the ancient city of Dali. This site serves as a crucial geographical point between Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海), acting as a vital passage from Longwei Pass (龙尾关) into Dali’s ancient city.

The name “Taihe” means “city built on the hillside” in the Yi language (夷语山坡之意).

The Taihe City Ruins is the first capital established after the founding of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国), a local kingdom of ethnic minorities during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). It is one of the best-preserved ancient city sites among the three capitals of Nanzhao. From 739 AD, when it was established as the capital, until its relocation to Yangjiumie City (羊苴咩城, the ancient city of Dali) in 779 AD, it served as the capital for 40 years. During this time, Nanzhao unified Yunnan for the first time in history, laying the geographical foundation for the Nanzhao, Dali, and later Yunnan Province during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties.

On March 4, 1961, the Taihe City Ruins were announced as one of the first national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

• Chinese Name: 太和城遗址
• Location: 大理市下关镇太和村 (Taihe Village, Xiguan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province)
• Ticket Price: Free
• Protection Level: First batch of national key cultural relics protection units
• Approval Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China
• Code: 157
• Era: Nanzhao (649 AD—902 AD)

Historical Development

During the Tang Dynasty, there were six chieftain states surrounding Erhai Lake, collectively known as the “Six Zhao” (六召). The Mengshe Zhao (蒙舍诏) state, originating from Weishan, unified the Six Zhao with the support of the Tang Dynasty and relocated its capital to Taihe City in 739 AD.

• 747 AD: Construction of Vajra City (金刚城) was added within Taihe City.
• 766 AD: The Nanzhao King Ge Luofeng established the Nanzhao Dehua Stele (南诏德化碑).
• 779 AD: The capital was moved to Yangjiumie City, ending Taihe City’s role as the capital.

Archaeological investigations were conducted in the ruins during various periods, including excavations in 1964, 1997, 2005, and 2016.

Site Characteristics

The Taihe City Ruins comprise three sections: the inner city, the imperial city, and the outer city. The inner city features a semi-circular moat city, while the imperial and outer cities are primarily constructed of stone. Vajra City is a small city located at the top of Taihe Mountain, built mainly with rammed earth. It is named after the “Diamond Sutra” (金刚经), which was granted to Nanzhao by the Tang Dynasty.

Cultural Relics

Numerous artifacts have been excavated from the Taihe City Ruins, including tiles (瓦片), glazed ceramic bricks (釉陶砖), and various other relics. Significant finds include:

• A large area of paving bricks measuring 14 meters long and 1.6 meters wide.
• Stone bases for pillars and remnants of architectural foundations.
• Artifacts from the Bronze Age, including bronze ceremonial objects.

The Nanzhao Dehua Stele, which stands at 3.02 meters tall, documents the early establishment of the Nanzhao regime and its relations with the Tang Dynasty.

Research Value

The Taihe City Ruins play a significant role in understanding the history and culture of the Nanzhao Kingdom. The site offers valuable archaeological materials for studying social systems and ethnic relations in Yunnan during the Nanzhao period.

Protection Measures

Since its designation as a key cultural relic, protection and management measures have been taken, including comprehensive archaeological plans initiated in 2014 and the establishment of a dedicated archaeological work station in 2023.

Historical Culture

The Nanzhao Kingdom was a local state in southwestern China during the Tang Dynasty. Its establishment and expansion included the spread of Buddhism, which became the dominant religion during its rule. The conflicts known as the “Tianbao Wars” (天宝战争) were significant historical events that solidified Nanzhao’s power in Yunnan.

Travel Information

Location

The Taihe City Ruins are located 7 kilometers south of Dali City in Taihe Village, at the foot of Cangshan Mountain, making it an accessible destination for visitors.

How to Get There

• From Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, take Liuhexiang, Cangshan Road, Renmin North Road, and National Road 214 to reach the Taihe City Ruins.

Travel Tips

• Visit early in the day to avoid crowds and enjoy the site at a leisurely pace.
• Bring water and snacks, as there may be limited facilities nearby.
• Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the historical significance of the ruins.
• Wear comfortable shoes for walking and exploring the extensive site.

Location: 大理市下关镇太和村西的鹤顶峰麓

The Tomb of Duan Gong (段功墓) was designated as one of the first batch of municipal key cultural relic protection units in 1985. It is located at the foot of Yingle Peak (应乐峰) in the Cangshan Mountains (苍山), approximately 350 meters west of the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺三塔) and aligned with the Qianxun Pagoda (千寻塔).

Historical Background

The Tomb of Duan Gong dates back to the Yuan Dynasty (元代). The tomb’s owner, Duan Gong (段功), was a descendant of the Duan family, the kings of the Dali Kingdom (大理国), and the ninth governor of Dali Road during the Yuan Dynasty. In the twelfth year of the Zhizheng era (至正), which corresponds to 1352 AD, the peasant uprising leader Ming Yuzhen (明玉珍) and his brother Ming Er (明二) led an army of 30,000 to capture Zhongqing Road (中庆路, now Kunming). The Liang King (梁王) appointed Duan Gong as the Prime Minister (平掌政事, chancellor) in gratitude for his assistance in rescuing him and married his daughter, Princess Age (阿盖公主), to Duan Gong. As Duan Gong’s power grew, the Liang King feared he would threaten his rule in Yunnan and conspired to have him killed. After Duan Gong was murdered in the twenty-seventh year of the Zhizheng era (1367), he was buried near the Three Pagodas. Following his death, Princess Age took her own life in grief, and their son, Duan Bao (段宝), succeeded as the tenth governor of Dali in the first year of the Hongwu era (洪武元年, 1368).

The tomb faces east, originally a circular earthen mound with a diameter of about 8 meters and a height of 2 meters, topped by a stone stela that has since been destroyed, leaving only the mound.

In 1942, Mr. Guo Moruo (郭沫若) wrote the play “Peacock’s Heart” (孔雀胆) based on extensive materials provided by Yang Yaning (杨亚宁), a reporter from Yunnan Daily (云南日报) who was from Jianchuan in Dali (大理剑川, 白族). This play later inspired adaptations in various theatrical forms, including Peking Opera (京剧), Huadeng Opera (花灯), Dian Drama (滇剧), ballet, and Bai Opera (白剧), increasing awareness of Duan Gong’s historical significance. The tomb offers valuable insights into the history of Yunnan during the Yuan Dynasty, and its protective scope has been incorporated into the Chongsheng Temple and the Three Pagodas complex.

Location and Attractions

The Tomb of Duan Gong is situated within the cultural tourism area of the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺三塔), about 2 kilometers northwest of Dali Ancient City (大理古城) in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州). This site is part of the renowned Three Pagodas, which are iconic landmarks in the Dali area and a significant cultural heritage of Yunnan, attracting numerous visitors.

While the Tomb of Duan Gong may not be as prominent as the Three Pagodas, it is a historical site worth visiting. The tomb retains its ancient style and aura of history, allowing visitors to appreciate the cultural heritage and the natural beauty surrounding it. Nestled at the base of Yingle Peak, the environment is serene, offering stunning views of the Cangshan Mountains and opportunities for relaxation and leisure.

In summary, the Tomb of Duan Gong is a culturally rich destination that, while less conspicuous than the Three Pagodas, provides visitors with a sense of historical depth and cultural continuity. Guests can enjoy the tranquility of the area while soaking in the surrounding beauty.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Duan Gong, you can take a taxi or a private vehicle from Dali Ancient City, which is approximately a 10-minute drive. Public buses also operate in the area, providing convenient access to the cultural tourism district.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer mild weather and stunning scenery, making them the best times for a visit.
• What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes, a camera for photography, and water to stay hydrated during your visit.
• Cultural Respect: Be respectful when visiting historical sites; follow any posted guidelines and maintain a quiet demeanor to preserve the solemnity of the location.
• Local Cuisine: Consider trying local Bai cuisine (白族) in Dali, as the region is known for its delicious food options.

Overview

The Baiyang Village Site (白羊村遗址) is located 500 meters west of Baiyang Village in Jinniu Town, Binchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州宾川县金牛镇白羊村), Yunnan Province (云南省). This archaeological site, dating back approximately 4,500 years, is situated on a terrace next to a tributary of the Jinsha River (金沙江). It covers an area of about 3,000 square meters and has been excavated twice: first between 1973 and 1974 and again from 2013 to 2014. The site holds significant archaeological value, contributing to the understanding of ancient burial customs, the evolution of civilization in the upper Yangtze River region, and the origins of agriculture in Yunnan, particularly rice cultivation.

Historical Background

• Discovery: The site was discovered in the spring of 1972 by villagers during land cultivation.
• Excavations:
  • From November 1973 to January 1974, the Yunnan Provincial Museum’s archaeological team excavated nine exploratory trenches, revealing numerous artifacts and remains.
  • A second excavation was conducted in October 2013, led by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, involving experts from Peking University (北京大学), Wuhan University (武汉大学), and Jilin University (吉林大学).

Site Characteristics

The Baiyang Village Site is characterized by:

• Cultural Deposits: The site has a thick cultural layer with deposits reaching up to 4.35 meters. The stratigraphy indicates two main periods of Neolithic culture.
• Structures: The site features well-preserved remains of housing, hearths, storage pits, and graves.
• Artifacts: Over 516 artifacts have been unearthed, including stone tools, pottery, and animal bones, which provide insights into the life and culture of the ancient inhabitants.

Key Findings

• Housing Remains: Eleven complete house foundations were found, indicating a rectangular layout with an average size of approximately 12.5 square meters. The houses were primarily wooden structures.
• Fire Pits: Seven fire pits, primarily circular in shape, were discovered, containing charcoal and ash.
• Storage Pits: A total of 48 storage pits were identified, with a variety of shapes and containing food remains.
• Burials: A total of 34 graves were excavated, revealing various burial styles, including pit graves and urn burials.

Artifacts

The artifacts found at the site include:

• Stone Tools: Mainly polished tools such as axes, chisels, and knives.
• Pottery: Over 20,000 pottery shards, primarily sandy pottery, reflecting the technological advancements of the time.
• Bone Tools: Bone implements, including needles and ornaments, indicating skilled craftsmanship.

Cultural Significance

The artifacts from Baiyang Village provide significant insights into the agricultural practices, cultural developments, and social structures of the region over 3,800 years ago. This site is vital for understanding the transition from matriarchal to patriarchal societies in the upper Yangtze River basin.

Protection Status

• Local Protection: In February 1989, the Baiyang Village Site was designated as a county-level cultural protection unit.
• Provincial Protection: In November 1998, it was listed as a key provincial cultural site.
• National Protection: On May 25, 2006, the site was recognized as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Travel Information

Location

The Baiyang Village Site is located 500 meters west of Baiyang Village, Jinniu Town, Binchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province.

How to Get There

• By Car: From Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, take Airport Road (机场路) to the Dayong Expressway (大永高速), then follow Bai Tower Road (白塔路), Jinye Road (金叶路), and Taihe Road (太和路) to reach the site. The total distance is approximately 56 kilometers.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and clear visibility.
• Nearby Attractions: Explore other archaeological sites and cultural landmarks in the Dali region.
• Local Culture: Engage with the Bai ethnic culture (白族), which has a rich history and vibrant traditions.

This site not only offers a glimpse into the Neolithic era but also highlights the profound history and evolution of agriculture in Yunnan, making it a must-visit for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.

The Ancestral Hall of the Yang Family (杨氏宗祠, Yángshì Zōngcí) is a historical and cultural treasure located in Pangu Village (盘谷村, Pángǔ Cūn), Pingchuan Town (平川镇, Píngchuān Zhèn), approximately 50 kilometers northeast of Binchuan County (宾川县, Bīngchuān), Dali (大理, Dàlǐ). Nestled between the majestic Baibao Mountain (百宝山, Bǎibǎo Shān) and the Binchuan Plain (宾川坝, Bīngchuān Bà), this ancestral hall is a significant site for both cultural heritage and architectural beauty.

Overview

• Name: Ancestral Hall of the Yang Family (杨氏宗祠, Yángshì Zōngcí)
• Location: Pangu Village, Pingchuan Town, Binchuan County, Dali
• Area: 1380 m²
• Cultural Heritage: Provincial-level cultural relic in Yunnan

Architectural Structure

The Ancestral Hall of the Yang Family features a traditional courtyard design typical of Chinese ancestral halls, constructed using earth and wood materials. The hall covers a total area of 1380 square meters, with a building area of approximately 837 square meters. The layout consists of two main courtyards:

Front Yard

• Components: Includes a decorative screen wall (照壁, zhàobì), the main entrance (宗祠大门, zōngcí dàmén), a kitchen (厨房, chúfáng), and a utility room (杂物房, záwù fáng).

Back Yard

• Components: Comprises a hallway (过厅, guò tīng), east and west wings (东西厢房, dōngxī xiāngfáng), and the main hall (祠堂, cítáng).

The architectural style reflects local Bai characteristics, with the east and west wings containing seven two-story rooms, featuring a total width of 36.8 meters and a depth of 4.1 meters. The second floor employs square beams for structural support and is paved with blue bricks, a pioneering approach in the Dali region that offers moisture resistance and fire protection.

The prominent screen wall measures 22 meters in length and 12 meters in height, adorned with three large round openings shaped like the character “品” (pǐn), which is a unique feature. The layout and craftsmanship of the structure exhibit elegance and practicality, with local green stone paving the ground and an efficient drainage system ensuring dryness during rain.

The courtyard also hosts two centennial trees: an iron tree (铁树, tiě shù) and a fragrant osmanthus (丹桂, dān guì), which serve as historical markers of the hall’s heritage.

Historical Value

The Yang Family Ancestral Hall is renowned for preserving inscriptions by notable figures from the Republic of China period, including:

• Political Figures:
  • Lin Sen (林森, Lín Sēn)
  • Chiang Kai-shek (蒋中正, Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng)
  • Yu Youren (于右任, Yú Yòurèn)
  • Tan Yankai (潭延闿, Tán Yánkāi)
  • Hu Hanmin (胡汉民, Hú Hànmín)
  • Zheng Xiaoxu (郑孝胥, Zhèng Xiàoxū)
  • Zhu Peide (朱培德, Zhū Péidé)
  • Gu Zhenglun (谷正伦, Gǔ Zhènglún)
  • Ren Kezheng (任可澄, Rèn Kězhèng)
• Scholars and Calligraphers:
  • Cai Yuanpei (蔡元培, Cài Yuánpéi)
  • Zhang Taiyan (章太炎, Zhāng Tàiyán)
  • Zhou Zhongyue (周钟岳, Zhōu Zhōngyuè)
  • Li Genyuan (李根源, Lǐ Gēnyuán)
  • Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷, Yuán Jiāgǔ)
• Calligraphers:
  • Tan Zekai (谭泽闿, Tán Zékǎi)
  • Chen Rongchang (陈荣昌, Chén Róngchāng)
  • Wu Shaolin (吴绍璘, Wú Shàolín)

These inscriptions, totaling over 80 poems, plaques, couplets, prefaces, and epitaphs, encompass various scripts, including Seal Script (隶书, lìshū), Regular Script (楷书, kǎishū), and Running Script (行书, xíngshū). They also represent multiple ethnic languages, such as Han (汉, Hàn), Manchu (满, Mǎn), Mongolian (蒙, Méng), Hui (回, Huí), and Tibetan (藏, Zàng).

Despite numerous political upheavals, these artifacts have been preserved, leading to the Yang Family Ancestral Hall being recognized as the site with the largest collection of well-preserved inscriptions from notable figures of the Republic of China in Yunnan. In December 2003, it was designated a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government.

Established by Yang Ruxuan (杨如轩, Yáng Rúxuān), a major general in the Republic of China, the hall stands as a testament to the lives and achievements of many elites from the era. It was constructed as part of a series of projects to honor Yang Ruxuan’s mother on her 100th birthday. Establishing such a memorial required approval from the central government, which allowed the centenarian archway to honor her longevity and Yang Ruxuan’s military accomplishments.

Features of the Ancestral Hall

• Hundred-Year Pavilion (百岁亭, Bǎisuì Tíng): Located in front of the main hall, this octagonal pavilion features a pointed roof supported by eight stone pillars. It is about 4 meters tall and showcases exquisite lion carvings on the base. The central pillar bears an inscription by Yuan Jiagu commemorating the pavilion, along with additional inscriptions from various notable figures.
• Inscriptions: Central to the hall is a plaque inscribed with “神州人瑞” (Shénzhōu Rénruì) by Cai Yuanpei and “福寿明昭” (Fúshòu Míngzhāo) by Zhang Taiyan. To the west stands a memorial stone inscribed by Yu Youren, while the east side features a song dedicated to Yang’s mother by the renowned calligrapher Chen Rongchang.

How to Get There

By Car

From Dali, take the G320 National Highway northeast toward Binchuan County. Follow the signs to Pingchuan Town and Pangu Village. The journey takes about an hour, and there is parking available near the hall.

By Public Transport

Buses from Dali to Binchuan County run regularly. From Binchuan, you can take a local taxi or rideshare service to Pangu Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) offer mild weather and beautiful scenery.
• Local Cuisine: Explore local Bai cuisine at nearby restaurants. Try traditional dishes such as “crossing-the-bridge noodles” (过桥米线, guòqiáo mǐxiàn) and grilled fish.
• Photography: The intricate architecture and surrounding nature provide ample opportunities for stunning photography, so be sure to bring a camera.
• Respect Cultural Heritage: As a site of cultural significance, please respect the artifacts and maintain silence while exploring the hall.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and significance of the Ancestral Hall and its features.

Overview

The Longyushan Mountain Ancient Town Relics (垅圩图城遗址, Lǒngwēitú Chéng Yízhǐ) are located in Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (巍山彝族回族自治县, Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州, Dàlǐ Bái Zìzhìzhōu), at the summit of Longweitu Mountain (垅圩图山, Lǒngwēitú Shān) west of Tuanshan Village (团山村, Tuánshān Cūn). Established in the first year of Yonghui during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (唐高宗, Táng Gāozōng) in 650 AD by the Nanzhao Kingdom’s founder, Xilunluo (细奴逻, Xìnúlùo), this site is recognized as the first capital city of the Nanzhao Kingdom.

The site covers an area of approximately 48,500 square meters. The city walls are constructed along the edge of the flat mountain summit in an inverted U shape, with various functional areas designated within the site: the Torch Mountain area serves as a viewpoint, the flat land area functions as the city site, and the Quarry Ridge serves as a temple area. Numerous construction materials, including tiles, stone bases, and lotus column bases, have been unearthed here, alongside statues of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, heavenly kings, and arhat heads. The stone carvings found at this site exhibit distinct characteristics of Tang Dynasty (唐代, Tángdài) artistic style, providing significant physical evidence for studying the history of Nanzhao and its relationship with Buddhism.

On May 25, 2006, the Longyushan Mountain Ancient Town Relics were designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 垅圩图城遗址 (Lǒngwēitú Chéng Yízhǐ)
• Location: Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (巍山彝族回族自治县, Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州, Dàlǐ Bái Zìzhìzhōu), at the summit of Longweitu Mountain (垅圩图山, Lǒngwēitú Shān) west of Tuanshan Village (团山村, Tuánshān Cūn)
• Historical Period: Tang Dynasty (唐, Táng)
• Area: Approximately 48,500 m²
• Protection Level: National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit (第六批全国重点文物保护单位, Dìliù pī Quánguó Zhòngdiǎn Wénwù Bǎohù Dānwèi)
• Approval Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院, Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guówùyuàn)
• ID Number: 6-0187-1-187

Historical Background

According to historical records from the Yuan (元, Yuán) to the Qing (清, Qīng) dynasties and various local chronicles of Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), after establishing the Dali Kingdom (大蒙国, Dà Méngguó), Xilunluo built a city on Longweitu Mountain in the first year of Yonghui (永徽, Yǒnghuī) during the Tang Dynasty. This site represents the first capital of the Nanzhao Kingdom.

The name Longyushan (龙于山, Lóngyú Shān) first appeared in the “Illustrated Chronicle of Nanzhao” (南诏图传, Nánzhào Túzhuàn) during the late Nanzhao period. In the “Yunnan Gazetteer” (云南志略, Yúnnán Zhìlüè) by Li Jing (李京, Lǐ Jīng) in the Yuan dynasty, it is referred to as “Longyutu” (龙于图, Lóngyú Tú), indicating that Xilunluo used it as the capital due to the mountain’s name. Historical records suggest that the city was fortified with walls; however, by the last century, no traces remained above ground.

Archaeological excavations began in 1956, and significant findings were made in subsequent years, confirming that the site was indeed the early capital of Nanzhao, consistent with historical accounts.

Site Features

The Longyushan Mountain site is situated in the southern half of an area known locally as Dapingdi (大平地, Dàpíngdì). Investigations revealed walls on the east, north, and west sides but no southern wall. The walls on the east and west are constructed at the junction of steep slopes and flat summits, while the northern wall is located where the flat area meets the gentle slope outside the city. The walls follow an irregular inverted U shape and span about 48,500 square meters.

Cultural Relics

• Type of Relics: The main relics at Longyushan Mountain include architectural remains and traces of white sand paving.
• City Walls: The north wall measures approximately 85 meters, the east wall about 380 meters, and the west wall approximately 460 meters, totaling around 925 meters. The west wall is constructed from weathered sandstone and earth, while the northeastern walls primarily use crushed white sand.
• Architectural Remains: Numerous remains have been found, including large deposits of rubble below the surface. Significant architectural remains were discovered in the Torch Mountain area, with a pillar hole measuring 1 meter in diameter, indicating the site’s grandeur. The entire ground of the city site is uniformly paved with white sand.
• Statues: Over 180 statues, including Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, heavenly kings, and arhat heads, were excavated, with 7 complete pieces and 42 relatively intact statues.

Cultural Significance

The statues unearthed from the site exhibit distinct Tang Dynasty artistic features, providing important material evidence for studying Nanzhao’s history and its connections to Buddhism.

Protection Measures

On May 25, 2006, the site was officially listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Travel Information

• Location: Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (巍山彝族回族自治县, Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州, Dàlǐ Bái Zìzhìzhōu), at the summit of Longweitu Mountain (垅圩图山, Lǒngwēitú Shān) west of Tuanshan Village (团山村, Tuánshān Cūn).
• Transportation: The Longyushan Mountain Ancient Town Relics are approximately 50 kilometers from the People’s Government of Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County, accessible by car in about two hours.

How to Get There

• By Car: The most convenient way to reach the site is by driving. From Dali, head towards Weishan County and follow local signs to the Longyushan Mountain Ancient Town Relics.
• Public Transport: Check local bus services that may offer routes to Weishan County, though direct access to the site may be limited.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Consider visiting during spring or autumn for pleasant weather.
• Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enrich your understanding of the site’s historical context and significance.
• Bring Water and Snacks: Facilities near the site may be limited, so it’s wise to bring your refreshments.
• Respect the Site: As a cultural relic, please adhere to guidelines and maintain the site’s integrity during your visit.

The Haimenkou Neolithic Site (海门口遗址, Haimenkou Yizhi) is located in Jianchuan County (剑川县, Jianchuan), northwest of Dian Nan Town (甸南镇, Dian Nan Zhen) in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州, Dali Baizu Zizhizhou), Yunnan Province (云南省, Yunnan Sheng). This site is recognized as the largest “stilt-style” waterfront settlement site discovered in China, dating from the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, marking it as one of the earliest Bronze Age sites on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

The total area of the site is approximately 238,000 square meters, with the eastern river area covering about 93,000 square meters and the western area about 145,000 square meters. Artifacts recovered include pottery, stone tools, bone tools, ivory, wood, bronze, iron, animal bones, and agricultural remains. Structures such as houses, wooden posts, beams, stone blocks, human bone pits, column holes, and graves have also been uncovered. The cultural layers are well-defined, showing a rich continuity that forms a solid foundation for understanding the prehistoric culture of the western Yunnan region.

On March 5, 2013, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China designated the Haimenkou site as a key cultural heritage site.

Historical Development

The site was first discovered in 1957 when the Jianchuan County government excavated and widened the Jian Lake (剑湖, Jian Hu) river outlet, revealing numerous ancient wooden piles and artifacts. In the same year, the Yunnan Provincial Museum conducted initial excavations.

Subsequent excavations occurred in:

• 1978: A second excavation by the Yunnan Provincial Museum aimed at understanding the site’s distribution and cultural significance.
• 2008: A third excavation, authorized by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, involved the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
• 2016-2017: A fourth excavation was conducted in collaboration with Sichuan University.
• 2017: A fifth excavation took place, uncovering 27 graves, among other artifacts.
• 2018: A sixth excavation further expanded the understanding of the site.

Features of the Site

The three primary excavations from 1957, 1978, and 2008 revealed a site area of 50,000 square meters, with a dense distribution of wooden posts covering 20,000 square meters. The cultural stratigraphy consists of ten layers, allowing for the establishment of a chronological framework for the archaeological culture surrounding Jian Lake.

Fourth Excavation

During the fourth excavation, the cultural layers measured less than 2.5 meters in thickness. Artifacts included fire pits, house foundations, and graves. Notably, the findings suggest that the site contains remnants from the Nanzhao Kingdom period.

Fifth Excavation

The fifth excavation revealed 27 graves, 8 houses, and numerous other structures, with unique burial practices observed, such as the arrangement of skulls in specific patterns.

Sixth Excavation

This excavation confirmed the site’s total area of approximately 238,000 square meters, further dividing the cultural layers into modern and historical classifications. The results highlighted the site’s significance in understanding the Bronze Age and Neolithic cultural transitions.

Archaeological Finds

Over the various excavations, approximately 3,000 artifacts have been recovered, including pottery, stone tools, and various metal implements. Notably, the site has yielded evidence of early agriculture, including grains such as rice and barley, providing insight into agricultural practices since at least 1600 BCE.

Research Contributions

Recent studies have analyzed the metalwork from the site, revealing advanced techniques and alloy compositions indicative of a mature Bronze Age culture. Collaborations with academic institutions have resulted in significant publications highlighting the site’s role in the development of agriculture in Yunnan.

Cultural Significance

1. The Haimenkou site is the largest discovered “stilt-style” settlement, offering a rare glimpse into prehistoric settlement types in China.
2. Its well-preserved cultural layers span from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, filling gaps in the prehistoric cultural timeline of southwest China.
3. The diversity of artifacts reflects the complexity of prehistoric cultures, contributing to broader studies of cultural exchanges in the region.

How to Get There

To reach the Haimenkou Neolithic Site:

• By Air: Fly into Dali Airport (大理机场, Dali Jichang), then take a taxi or public transport to Jianchuan County.
• By Bus: Regular buses operate from Dali to Jianchuan; the site is a short taxi ride from the bus station.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and Autumn (September to November) for pleasant weather.
• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide for a more in-depth understanding of the site and its history.
• Facilities: Bring water and snacks, as facilities near the site may be limited.

Fengyi Confucius Temple (凤仪文庙), also known as Zhao Prefecture Confucius Temple (赵州文庙), is located in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省), specifically at the West Street (西街) in Fengyi Town (凤仪镇). It was first established in the 18th year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1385) and was rebuilt in the 12th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1886). Today, it serves as the Fengyi Cultural Center (凤仪文化站).

Historical Overview

Fengyi Confucius Temple originally had an east-west layout, facing West Street to the east and backed by the Zhao Prefecture city wall to the west. The original layout included the following features from east to west: the Great Screen Wall (大照壁), the Pan Pool (泮池), the Lingxing Gate (棂星门), the Great Success Gate (大成门), the Great Success Hall (大成殿), the Sutra Repository (藏经楼), and the rear palace (后宫). Currently, only the Great Success Gate, Great Success Hall, two side wings, and the Sutra Repository remain, with the rest having been destroyed or dismantled. Fengyi Confucius Temple is noted for its well-preserved structure, high architectural quality, and significant historical and scientific value. In December 2003, it was designated as a key provincial cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial Government.

Architectural Layout

Originally, the temple’s layout was oriented east-west, with the eastern entrance facing West Street. The structure included several important buildings, including:

• Great Screen Wall (大照壁)
• Pan Pool (泮池)
• Lingxing Gate (棂星门)
• Great Success Gate (大成门)
• Great Success Hall (大成殿)
• Sutra Repository (藏经楼)
• Rear Palace (后宫)

The existing structures include the Great Success Gate, Great Success Hall, two side wings, and the Sutra Repository.

Major Buildings

• Great Success Gate (大成门): A three-bay entrance with a single eave hanging gable roof, reconstructed in 1986.
• Great Success Hall (大成殿): A five-bay hall with a single eave hip roof, measuring 23 meters wide, 18.5 meters deep, and approximately 13 meters high, featuring two entrances.
• Sutra Repository (藏经阁): A three-bay building in a lofted style.

Cultural Relics

The temple houses two ancient steles, including:

• A “Reconstruction of the City Record” from the third year of the Hongzhi period (1490) by Governor Zhang Yanshou (张延寿).
• A “Memorial Stele of the Ding Building for Wenchang” from the fourth year of the Kangxi period (1665).

Historical and Cultural Significance

Fengyi is today known as Dali Town (大理一镇). Historically, it was eligible to establish a Confucius Temple, as it served as the seat of Zhao Prefecture, which governed both Fengyi Town and Midu County (弥渡县), thus holding a higher status than regular counties.

Heritage Protection

Fengyi Confucius Temple has been recognized as a cultural heritage site on several occasions:

• September 1985: Designated as a key municipal cultural heritage site by Dali City Government.
• December 1987: Designated as a key state-level cultural heritage site by Dali Prefecture Government.
• December 2003: Recognized as a key provincial cultural heritage site by Yunnan Provincial Government.

The protection area includes boundaries defined by the Great Screen Wall (currently the Lingxing Gate), the southern eaves of the south wing, and the main road to the west.

Travel Information

Location

Fengyi Confucius Temple is situated at West Street (西街) in Fengyi Town (凤仪镇), Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省).

How to Get There

The temple is approximately 16 kilometers from the Dali City Government. Driving takes about 30 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays to avoid crowds.
• Explore nearby attractions to enrich your cultural experience.
• Consider learning about the local customs and history for a more immersive visit.

Overview

The Shundang Cremation Tombs (顺荡火葬墓群) are a significant historical site located in Shundang Village (顺荡村), Baishi Town (白石镇), Yunlong County (云龙县), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). Recognized as a key cultural relic, these tombs date back to the Ming Dynasty (明代) and were officially listed as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on March 5, 2013.

Location and Size

• Geographical Location: Shundang Village, Baishi Town, Yunlong County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China.
• Historical Period: Ming Dynasty.
• Protection Level: National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit.
• Area: Approximately 15,000 square meters.

Historical Background

The earliest inscriptions found at the Shundang Cremation Tombs date back to the sixth year of the Yongle reign (永乐六年, 1408 AD) and the latest to the first year of the Wanli reign (万历元年, 1573 AD). In 1974, cremation urns were discovered during construction activities at Shundang Primary School. The tombs are an important site for the study of ancient customs and ethnic cultures.

Structure and Features

The tombs are oriented from west to east and arranged in a step-like fashion. There are approximately 1,000 cremation tombs and 85 Sanskrit inscriptions, alongside 7 Sanskrit steles. Each burial site typically consists of two chambers, with the main chamber containing the cremation urn and the side chamber for accompanying vessels. The urns are mostly grayish-white ceramic, standing about 30-40 cm tall and often contain burial items such as jade rings and copper swords.

Inscriptions and Artifacts

The inscriptions include numerous Sanskrit carvings, which are crucial for the study of ancient Chinese culture and language. The largest stele measures 1.03 meters in height and 38 centimeters in width. The base of the stele often features intricate designs of mythical creatures, lotus flowers, and other symbols of Buddhism.

Cultural Significance

The Shundang Cremation Tombs are notable for:

1. Chronological Documentation: The tombs provide a clear chronological record through inscriptions that span various reigns of the Ming Dynasty.
2. Sanskrit Inscriptions: They contain a wealth of Sanskrit inscriptions, making them vital for the study of the history of Sanskrit in China.
3. Artistic Value: The tombs are renowned for their artistic craftsmanship, showcasing diverse styles and intricate designs.
4. Ethnic Culture: The inscriptions offer insight into local ethnic cultures, enriching the understanding of historical social practices.

Preservation Efforts

• 1987: Designated as a county-level cultural relic protection unit by Yunlong County People’s Government.
• 1988: Listed as a key provincial cultural relic by Dali Prefecture Government.
• 2003: Recognized as a key provincial cultural relic by Yunnan Provincial Government.
• 2013: Added to the national list of key cultural relic protection units.

How to Get There

To reach the Shundang Cremation Tombs, you can drive from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture via the Hanyi Expressway (杭瑞高速), then take the Dayangyun Expressway (大漾云高速) and G215 highway to Shundang Village. The total distance is approximately 200 kilometers.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploration.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the historical context and significance of the tombs.
• Cultural Respect: When visiting, be respectful of the site as it holds significant cultural and historical importance.