Chinese Name: 曼佤新寨村
English Name: Manwa Xinzhai Village in Menghai County, XishuangBanna
ADD:云南省西双版纳勐海县西定乡曼佤村委会
Address: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Menghai County, Xiding Township, Manwa Village Committee
Overview:
Manwa Xinzhai Village, located in Menghai County within Xishuangbanna, is an intriguing ethnic village primarily inhabited by the Wa people. Nestled in a mountainous region, this village provides a unique glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and traditional lifestyle of the Wa ethnic group.
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For the most accurate and up-to-date information, consulting local travel agencies or guides in Xishuangbanna is recommended. Enjoy your exploration of Manwa Xinzhai Village and the vibrant culture of the Wa people!
Located in the stunning Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in southern Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Golf Club is a premier golf destination that offers a unique golfing experience surrounded by natural beauty. Known for its scenic landscapes, tropical climate, and lush greenery, this golf club provides a combination of challenging gameplay and a relaxing environment.
If you plant to trek from Feilai Temple to Yubeng Village, you have to go through Xidang Hot Spring. When pilgrims arrive at Xidang Hot Spring, they usually bathe here to wash away a dust.
Xidang Hot Spring is located in Xidang Village of Deqin County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. It is on the road from Feilai Temple to Yubeng Village.
►By plane: Fly directly to Shangri-la city (Zhongdian), and then take a local bus to Feilai Temple in Deqin County. Finally, you can take the bus, ride a house or trek to Xidang Hot Spring.
►By scheduled bus: There are regular bus routes to Feilai Temple from a number of nearby destinations: Kunming, Dali, Lijiang (albeit, via Shangri-la), and Shangri-la itself. Then you can take the bus, ride a house or trek to Xidang Hot Spring.
►By charter bus: One of the easiest ways to get to Xidang Hot Spring is to take a charter bus. A number of even easier ways to get to Xidang Hot Spring is to hire a minibus, a car, or a cross-country jeep – they are available everywhere.
Xidang Hot Spring is a holy soup given by the mountain god Kawakarpo. People who are about to enter the Yubeng to pilgrimage will usually bathe here to wash away a dust.
You can choose all the seasons to visit Xidang Hot Spring. But if you also plan to visit Meili Snow Mountain, the winter and spring periods between October and May is a good time. The best season is after the end of October, when you can view the main peak because of the nice weather, clean air and the high transparency there. However, in other seasons, to see the main peak you have to depend on your luck. You are more likely to have a chance to see the snow-covered mountain in the early morning when the sun has just come out.
There are several inns in Xidang Hot Spring with cheap price and simple condition.
2 Days Kawa Karpo Meili Snow Mountain Tour from Shangri-La
5 Days Shangrila Discovery with Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage
7 Days Shangrila Meili Snow Mountain and Yubeng Village Trekking Tour
10 Days Tiger Leaping Gorge Adventure and Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage Tour
11 Days Yunnan Classic Tour with Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage
12 Days Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Overland Tour with Biluo and Meili Snow Mountains
Yubeng Village in Deqin County, Shangrila
Yubeng is a secluded small Tibetan village tucked away at the foot of Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin county, the northwestern corner of Yunnan Province. It is only accessible by foot or horse/mule. But the trip, however arduous, is worth it. Yubeng is divided into an upper and a lower section. Both parts offer fabulous views of the Mei Li Snow Mountains. Lower Yubeng is smaller, quieter and closer to the lakes and waterfalls that you will likely visit during your stay.
Feilai Temple, the best place to watch goden peaks of Meili mountain at sunrise. So if you plan to watch sunrise, it’s absolutely a good idea to live at Feilai temple the night before. But actually it is unusual to see the goden peaks. The peaks of the mountains are often surrounded with clouds due to the high altitude they are. And this makes more interesting for Meili. There’s a kind of saying that, if any Japanese appears in this area then people can’t see the golden peaks that day. This is because Japanese are not welcomed by Tibetan people. Yes, they hate Japan and Japanese, just like people in northeast of China.
Lancang-Mekong River Grand Canyon
It is called the Lancang River after it reaches Changdu. The river runs south until it leaves China at the Nanla Bayout of Yunnan Province and therefrom changes its name from the Lancang River to the Mekong River. The river finally empties into the Pacific Ocean in the south of Ho Chi Minh City of Vietnam.
► Check with the hotel or guesthouse whether there is water for shower before checking in it for its lack of water in this area.
► The ultraviolet rays are strong and you may need to bring something anti-sunburn.
► Tibetans there is always very quiet and respectful. Believe it or not, at least we do as the Romans do or show the courtesy.
Located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, in the southern part of Yunnan Province, Honghe Huquan Golf Club is one of the most scenic and well-regarded golf clubs in the region. With its stunning landscape and a focus on offering a top-tier golfing experience, it has become a popular destination for both local and international golfers.
The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 ended the bitter history of enslavement and oppression of the Yis and people of other nationalities in China. From 1952 to 1980, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, the Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture and the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan were established one after another. Autonomous counties for the Yi or for several minority groups including Yi were founded in Eshan, Lunan, Ninglang, Weishan, Jiangcheng, Nanjian, Xundian, Xinping and Yuanjiang of Yunnan, Weining of Guizhou and Longlin of Guangxi.
Transformation of the only existing slave society in the contemporary world over the past 30 years or more has been a matter of profound significance in the Yi people’s history. In response to the aspirations of the Yi slaves and other poor people, the people’s government, after consulting with Yis from the upper stratum who had close relations with the common people, decided to carry out democratic reforms in the Yi areas of Sichuan and in the Ninglang Autonomous County of Yunnan in 1956. The basic objective of the democratic reforms was to abolish slavery and let the laboring people enjoy personal freedom and political equality; to abrogate the land ownership of the slave owning class and introduce the land ownership of the laboring people to release the rural productive force and promote agricultural production so as to create conditions for the socialist transformation of agriculture and the movement of co-operation.
In accordance with the principle of peaceful consultation, the people’s government granted an appropriate political status and commensurate material benefits to those upper stratum people who actively assisted with democratic reforms. In this way, many slave owners were won over, while the few unlawful and intransigent slave owners were isolated. Thus, democratic reforms went on smoothly.
In the spring of 1958, democratic reforms concluded in the Yi areas in the Greater and Lesser Liangshan Mountains in Sichuan and Yunnan. The reforms destroyed slavery, abolished all privileges of the slave owners, confiscated or requisitioned land, cattle, farm tools, houses and grain from the slave owners, and distributed them among the slaves and other poor people. In the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and the Xichang Yi areas, 120,000 hectares of land were confiscated, and 280,00 head of cattle, 34,000 farm tools, houses composed of 880,000 rooms and 8,000 tons of grain were either requisitioned or purchased and given to the poor and needy along with 4,700,000 yuan paid as damages by unlawful slave owners. The reforms emancipated 690,000 slaves and other poor people, making them masters of the new society.
The people’s government also built houses and provided farm tools, grain, clothes, furniture and money for the slaves and other poor people and helped them build their own homes. In the Liangshan Mountains, the government set up homes for 1,400 old and feeble slaves who had lost the ability to work under slavery. Many former slaves got married and started their own families, and many families were reunited.
The emancipated slaves took the socialist road most firmly and shortly after the democratic reforms formed advanced cooperatives in agricultural production.
The democratic reforms inspired the emancipated slaves and poor peasants to reshape their land and expand agricultural production steadily. The Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan achieved a great success in increasing output of hemp, tobacco, cotton, peanut and other cash crops. The autonomous counties of Ninglang, Weishan and Eshan in the Honghe Yi Autonomous Prefecture built water conservancy projects, which have played a big role in farming.
There was no industry at all in the Yi areas in the pre-liberation days except for the Gejiu Tin Mine in Yunnan and a few blacksmiths, masons and carpenters taken from the Han areas to the Liangshan Mountains. Now people in the Liangshan, Chuxiong and Honghe autonomous prefectures have built farm machinery, fertilizer and cement factories, small hydroelectric stations and copper, iron and coal mines.
Lack of transportation facilities was one of the factors contributing to the seclusion of the Liangshan Mountains. Construction of roads started right after liberation. In 1952, the highway connecting Sichuan and western Yunnan was reconstructed and opened to traffic. At the same time, trunk highways linking the Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture with other parts of the country were constructed. The Yixi Highway was opened to traffic in 1957, linking up the Greater and Lesser Liangshan Mountains for the first time in history. A highway network extending in all directions within the prefecture had been formed by 1961. By the end of 1981, the total length of highways in the prefecture had increased from seven km. before 1949 to 7,368 km. While there were only 18 push carts in the whole area before 1949, the number of vehicles in 1981 reached 11,000, of which 5,000 were motor vehicles.
The local transportation department employed a total of 10,000 people. The Chengdu-Kunming Railway crosses six counties in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture over a distance of 337 km., with 45 stations on the line.
With the development of the local economy, people in the prefecture had built 1,480 hydroelectric stations with a total generating capacity of 97,000 kw. By 1981, providing electric power and lighting for 80 per cent of the area.
Being extremely backward in education in the old days, the Yi people now have primary schools in all villages. The autonomous prefecture began setting up middle schools, secondary technical schools and schools for training ethnic teachers in the late 1950s. In 1981, there were 180 middle schools with 220 minority teachers and 12,000 students, 3,780 elementary schools with 3,700 minority teachers and 66,900 pupils. Children of emancipated slaves and poor peasants now have access to education. A new generation of Yi intellectuals with socialist consciousness is coming to the fore, and many Yi cadres hold leading positions at all levels of government in the prefecture.
In the past, there were no professional doctors, and the only way to avert and cure diseases was to pray. Now there are hospitals and clinics in all counties. Serious epidemic diseases such as smallpox, typhoid, leprosy, malaria, cholera have either been brought under control or wiped out by and large. A lot of traditional medical experience of the Yis has been collected, summed up and improved. The world famous Yunnan baiyao (a white medicinal powder with special efficacy for treating haemorrhage, wounds, bruises, etc.) is said to have been prepared according to a folk prescription handed down for generations by Yi people in Yunnan.
The colorful literature and art of the Yis are flourishing. The Yi people have created a great deal of historical and literary works written in the old Yi language and folk literary works handed down orally. The oral folk literary works, numerous and in a great variety, include poems, tales, fables, proverbs, riddles, etc. History of the Yis in the Southwest and Lebuteyi, two encyclopedic works written in the old Yi language and involving philosophy, history and religion have been translated into the Han (main Chinese) language. The epics Ashima, The Song of the Axi People and Meige are popular throughout Yunnan.
Since liberation, many Yi folk tales, epics and songs have been published after being collected and collated. Also published are some new works reflecting the present life of the Yi people, such as The Merry Jinsha River and Daji and His Father. Yi songs and dances are rich in ethnic color. The new folk song The Stars and the Moon Are Together expresses through beautiful melodies the happiness and warmth felt by the Yis in the great family of nationalities in China. The Happy Nuosu, another new song with cheerful and lively melodies, reflects the joyous and energetic life of the Yi people.
The Yi people have a glorious tradition of revolutionary struggle. In the recent 100 years or more the Yis waged powerful anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles as well as those against slave owners. Influenced by the Taiping Revolution (1851-1864), the struggles waged by the Yis and other nationalities against the Qing government lasted more than a decade.
In 1935, the Chinese Red Army pushed north to resist the Japanese invaders. The troops on the historic Long March passed through the Yi areas, leaving a good and deep impression on the Yis wherever they went. On their way through northwestern Guizhou and northeastern Yunnan, the Red Army cracked down on local tyrants, wicked gentry and corrupt officials, and opened their barns to relieve the starving Yis. The Red Army distributed confiscated grain, salt, ham, clothes and other such goods among the Yis and people of other ethnic groups, who in return gave enthusiastic assistance to it. Many young Yis joined the Army.
After crossing the Jinsha River, the Red Army pushed towards the Dadu River in two prongs from Yuexi and Mianning. Supported by the Army, the Yis and Hans in Mianning established the Worker-Peasant-Soldier Democratic Government of the county, formed revolutionary troops, abolished the “hostage system” imposed by the Kuomintang government, and set free several hundred Yi headmen and their relatives held as hostages. The Red Army strictly observed discipline, firmly implemented the Chinese Communist Party’s policy for minority groups, declared that it aimed to emancipate the minority groups, and proclaimed that all poor Yis and Hans were kith and kin. It called on the Yi people to unite with the Red Army and overthrow the warlords and fight for national equality.
Inspired by the Red Army’s policies, Yuedan the Junior, the chieftain of a Yi clan in Mianning County, entered into alliance with the Red Army General Liu Bocheng. Helped by the Yis and the chieftain, the Red Army troops passed through the Yi areas without a hitch and won the victory of capturing the Luding Bridge and forcing the Dadu River.
Hiking to Yubeng Village can be a challenging and rewarding experience, requiring careful preparation. The high-altitude terrain, rugged landscapes, and unpredictable weather conditions make it crucial to bring the right gear. Below is a detailed list of equipment you’ll need to ensure a safe and enjoyable trekking experience in Yubeng.
A hiking bag is essential for carrying your personal belongings, including clothes, food, water, and other important items. Choose a bag that is comfortable and offers sufficient capacity, ideally between 30-40 liters. A well-organized backpack with multiple compartments will help you keep things easily accessible.
Alpenstocks or trekking poles are extremely useful for stability and support while navigating the rough terrain, particularly when climbing steep slopes or descending. It’s recommended to carry two poles to help maintain balance and reduce strain on your knees and joints. They are especially beneficial for navigating uneven paths and rocky areas.
Knee protection is essential for hiking long distances, particularly during steep descents. A kneecap can help relieve pressure and prevent injury. Wearing knee support is a good idea, especially if you plan to do longer treks and want to protect your knees from strain.
The high-altitude conditions, especially in areas like Ice Lake, can cause rapid heat loss. Wearing gloves helps prevent the dissipation of body heat and keeps your hands warm. In addition, gloves provide extra grip when handling trekking poles or rocky surfaces, reducing the risk of slippage.
Since most hostels in Yubeng may not have independent bathrooms, having a small flashlight is highly recommended for navigating the village or surrounding areas at night. Additionally, a flashlight is essential for early morning hikes, like those to the Sacred Waterfall, where you’ll be trekking before daybreak.
Gaiters are crucial for protecting your legs and feet from dirt, mud, and snow, especially when trekking to Ice Lake during the colder months (December to May). They help keep debris out of your shoes and protect against the cold, particularly in snowy or wet conditions. Pair them with hiking shoes for maximum protection.
The weather in Yubeng can vary drastically depending on the season. For winter hiking, bring a down coat or GER-TAX (traditional Tibetan coat), as temperatures can drop and the wind can be quite strong. In summer, wear quick-dry clothing that is loose and breathable for comfort in warmer conditions. If you’re hiking to the Sacred Waterfall, be sure to pack a raincoat and a set of clean clothes for after your trek.
The terrain in Yubeng is rugged, with rocky paths and steep inclines. Hiking shoes with good ankle support are essential for protecting your feet and preventing injuries. Hiking socks made from moisture-wicking material will help keep your feet dry and prevent blisters, ensuring a more comfortable trek.
Energy is crucial during long hikes, so pack snacks like beef jerky, chocolates, and dried fruits. These high-energy foods will help replenish your energy during breaks. Make sure to bring enough to keep you fueled for the day, especially if you’re trekking to more remote areas.
High-altitude locations like Yubeng are subject to stronger UV rays. To protect your skin, make sure to bring sunscreen (preferably with a high SPF), sunglasses to shield your eyes from UV exposure, and lip balm to prevent chapped lips. These items are essential to guard against sunburn in the harsh sunlight.
Since Yubeng is a remote village with limited access to medical facilities, it’s a good idea to bring a first aid kit and any personal medications you may need. Common medications might include pain relievers, anti-diarrhea medication, antibiotics for minor infections, and altitude sickness tablets. Always consult your doctor before your trip for any specific health precautions.
At high altitudes, the lower oxygen levels can lead to altitude sickness. It’s wise to bring two small oxygen tanks to use in case of shortness of breath or dizziness. These can provide immediate relief and help you acclimatize better to the high-altitude environment.
Preparing for a hike in Yubeng requires careful attention to the equipment you bring. The remote location and rugged terrain mean that you need to be well-equipped to ensure both your safety and comfort. From sturdy hiking shoes and trekking poles to appropriate clothing and medical supplies, make sure you have everything needed for an enjoyable and successful trekking experience. Always double-check your gear list and prepare for the diverse conditions that Yubeng has to offer, ensuring a memorable adventure in this breathtaking Tibetan village.
民居特色
历史与文化的缩影和见证。以“青春棚”、炕床、底楼式四合院为其主要特征的他留民居,无论是古住宅还是现代民房,无不活生生地映现着传承着他留文化的内涵。
底楼式四合院
据考证,在明嘉靖至万历年间,他留人便有了自己的民居风格。原密布于古城内,可谓是鳞次栉比,院落起伏,只可惜毁于清末兵燹。现仅剩十余处零散古宅,其中建于同治年间的兰氏祖屋是其代表,由于保护完好,风貌犹存,清晰可见当年的生活情景。 “苍山佩古泉,底楼飞四合”是他留古民居的主要特征。他留先民生活的阳茂红山(他留山)一带,森林茂密,土层深厚,地下水资源丰富,处处涌泉如流。古城外的庙林古泉,至今银龙般奔腾不息,古城内数十口尚存的古井也是证明,先民们紧依苍山绿林,傍泉筑宅,与自然融为一体。这个传统延续至今,他留人建房必先卜地择泉。
外观看古民居,青瓦白墙捎带斗拱飞檐,由四贴柱三间开楼房,方方合围,呈布局谨严的四合院,完全为汉氏土木结构建筑,与汉族民居无异。结构上却显得低矮小巧别致,特别是楼很低,人不能直立行走。相传是朝廷有规定,他留民居高不得超过一丈四尺九。这样,就呈现出一派底楼宽室、扑地相连的景象。艺术上雕梁画栋富于彩绘朱刻,特别是堂屋门窗、装饰可与大理白族门窗相媲美。“转罗”建筑,浮雕清湛,绘画优美。图案多为龙凤狮虎、日月星云、花鸟鱼虫等,栩栩如生。
炕床
他留古宅,正房稍高,中间为堂屋,左面一间是炕房。炕房大半被一张“轴嘎”即炕床占据。炕床高约80厘米,用粗实的圆木搭成,床面先铺一层篾笆,再铺上草席和羊毛毡。床中砌一火塘,老人小孩和“大老爷们”围着火塘,盘腿打坐,高高在上,边搅油茶边烤他留粑粑,边谈笑边吃喝。儿媳和姑娘们身着传统的麻布短裙,在炕床旁忙出忙进,烧饭弄菜,侍候家人和客人。炕床下堆放一些杂物。炕床外放置厨柜、木桶诸般炊具。炕床墙上挖有一小土洞,这是他留人祭祀土著远祖的神龛,用三个木碗、三枝干梨树枝、两张野铁壳供奉着祖先,竟日香烟缭绕。 炕床还是长者的寝息之所,夜间铺开被褥,老人们守着通宵不息的火塘,怡养天年。他留人的炕床与北方居民的炕床截然不同,在南方各民族中可谓是绝无仅有,因此显得独特。
青春棚
偏房中远离父母房而又靠近大门的一间是“夜各阳”。“夜各阳”他留语意为“草棚”,一般称作“青春棚”或是“姑娘棚”。它是他留人为成年女子接待男友谈情说爱而特设的一间小房屋,一作寝室,二是爱屋。家中有几位大姑娘就有几间青春棚。青春棚可以世代相传,姑奶奶当年用过的,孙女继续用。它是全家装饰最华美的房屋,建房时就会在外墙特意留下一个小洞,专供小伙子们来捅,便于小伙子与屋内的奶娘联络“暗号”,以知虚实进退。
Meilishui Village is a small village backed by Meili Snow Mountain. Most tourists visit Meilishui Village when they visit Meili Snow Mountain.
Meilishui Village is located in Deqin County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. It is backed by Meili Snow Mountain and faces the Lancang River.
First, you should get to Feilai Temple, then hiking to the Miancimu Peak.
►By plane: Fly directly to Shangri-la city (Zhongdian), and then take a local bus to Feilai Temple in Deqin County.
►By scheduled bus: There are regular bus routes to Feilai Temple from a number of nearby destinations: Kunming, Dali, Lijiang (albeit, via Shangri-la), and Shangri-la itself.
►By charter bus: One of the easiest ways to get to Feilai Temple is to take a charter bus. A number of even easier ways to get to Feilai Temple is to hire a minibus, a car, or a cross-country jeep – they are available everywhere.
You can see special Tibetan residences, and enjoy the beautiful sceneries of Meili Snow Mountain and splendid Lancang River.
The ideal seasons to visit Meilishui Village are in the winter and spring periods between October and May. At that time, you can enjoy beautiful snow scene in Meili Snow Mountain. The best season is after the end of October, when you can view the main peak because of the nice weather, clean air and the high transparency there.
There are several inns in Meilishui Village with cheap price and simple condition.
2 Days Kawa Karpo Meili Snow Mountain Tour from Shangri-La
5 Days Shangrila Discovery with Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage
7 Days Shangrila Meili Snow Mountain and Yubeng Village Trekking Tour
10 Days Tiger Leaping Gorge Adventure and Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage Tour
11 Days Yunnan Classic Tour with Meili Snow Mountain Pilgrimage
12 Days Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Overland Tour with Biluo and Meili Snow Mountains
Feilai temple, the best place to watch goden peaks of Meili mountain at sunrise. So if u plan to watch sunrise, it’s absolutely a good idea to live at Feilai temple the night before. But actually it is unusual to see the goden peaks. The peaks of the mountains are often surrounded with clouds due to the high altitude they are. And this makes more interestings for Meili. There’s a kind of saying that, if any Japanese appears in this area then people can’t see the golden peaks that day. This is because Japanese are not welcomed by Tibetan people. Yes, they hate Japan and Japanese, just like people in notheast of China.
Lancang-Mekong River Grand Canyon
It is called the Lancang River after it reaches Changdu. The river runs south until it leaves China at the Nanla Bayout of Yunnan Province and therefrom changes its name from the Lancang River to the Mekong River. The river finally empties into the Pacific Ocean in the south of Ho Chi Minh City of Vietnam.
Yubeng Village in Deqin County, Shangrila
Yubeng is a secluded small Tibetan village tucked away at the foot of Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin county, the northwestern corner of Yunnan Province. It is only accessible by foot or horse/mule. But the trip, however arduous, is worth it. Yubeng is divided into an upper and a lower section. Both parts offer fabulous views of the Mei Li Snow Mountains. Lower Yubeng is smaller, quieter and closer to the lakes and waterfalls that you will likely visit during your stay.
► Check with the hotel or guesthouse whether there is water for shower before checking in it for its lack of water in this area.
► The ultraviolet rays are strong and you may need to bring something anti-sunburn.
► Please keep in mind that in the mountains, do not yell or shout, that would offend the God of the Mountains. Tibetans there is always very quiet and respectful. Believe it or not, at least we do as the Romans do or show the courtesy.
Mongol was initially the name of a tribe roaming along the Erguna River. Moving to the grasslands of western Mongolia in the 7th century, the Mongols settled in the upper reaches of the Onon, Kerulen and Tula rivers and areas east of the Kentey Mountains in the 12th century. Later, their offshoots grew into many tribal groups, such as Qiyan, Zadalan and Taichiwu. The Mongolian grasslands and the forests around Lake Baikal were also home to many other tribes such as Tartar, Wongjiqa, Mierqi, Woyela, Kelie, Naiman and Wanggu, which varied in size and economic and cultural development.
Early in the 13th century, Temujin of the Mongol tribe unified all these tribes to form a new national community called Mongol. In 1206, he had a clan conference held on the bank of the Onon River, at which he was elected the Great Khan of all Mongols with the title of Genghis Khan. This was followed by the founding of a centralized feudal khanate under aristocratic rule, which promoted the development of Mongolian society. Military conquests ensued on a large scale soon after Temujin’s accession to the throne. In 1211 and 1215, he launched massive attacks against the State of Kin (1115-1234) and captured Zhongdu (present-day Beijing). In 1219 he began his first Western expedition, extending his jurisdiction as far as Central Asia and southern Russia. He died in 1227.
In 1260, Kublai Khan (1215-1294) became the Great Khan and moved his capital from Helin north of the Gobi Desert to Yanjing, which was later renamed Dadu (Great Capital). In 1272 he founded the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), and in 1279 he subdued the Southern Song (1127-1279), bringing the whole of China under his centralized rule.
The subsequent Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) placed the areas where Mongols lived under the administration of more than 20 garrison posts commanded by Mongolian manorial lords. In the early 15th century the Wala (Woyela) and Tartar Mongols living west and north of the Gobi Desert pledged their allegiance to the Ming empire.
In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) more Mongol feudal lords dispatched emissaries to Beijing and presented tributes to the Qing court. Later, some Jungar feudal lords of the Elutes, incited by Tsarist Russia, staged rebellions against the central government. They were put down by the Qing court through repeated punitive expeditions and the Mongolian areas were reunified under the central authorities.
To tighten its control over the various Mongol tribes, the Qing government instituted in Mongolia a system of leagues and banners on the basis of the Manchu Eight-Banner Institution.
The Mongolians have a fine cultural tradition, and they have made indelible contributions to China in culture and science. They created their script in the 13th century and later produced many outstanding historical and literary works, including the Inside History of Mongolia of the Mid-13th Century and the History of the Song Dynasty, History of the Liao Dynasty and History of the Kin Dynasty edited by Tuo Tuo, a Mongolian historian during the Yuan Dynasty. The reign also enjoyed a galaxy of Mongolian calligraphers and authors like Quji Wosier who was credited with many works and translations done in the Han and Tibetan languages. Da Yuan Yi Tong Zhi (China’s Unification under the Great Yuan Dynasty) was a famous work of geographical studies compiled under the auspices of the Yuan court. Mongolian architecture in the construction of cities and especially of palaces at that time was also unique.
Further advances in culture were made by Mongolians in the Ming Dynasty. Apart from such great literary and historical works as the Golden History of Mongolia, An Outline of the Golden History of Mongolia and Stories of Heir Apparent Wubashehong, Mongolian scholars produced many grammar books and dictionaries, as well as translations of the Inside History of Mongolia and the Buddhist Scripture Kanjur done into Chinese. These works enriched Mongolian culture and promoted cultural exchanges between the Mongolian, Han and Tibetan people.
The development of Mongolian culture in the subsequent Qing Dynasty was represented by a greater number of dictionaries and reference books like the Principles of Mongolian, A Collection of Mongolian Words and Phrases, Exegesis of Mongolian Words, Mongolian-Tuote Dictionary, Mongolian-Tibetan Dictionary, Manchurian-Mongolian-Han-Tibetan Dictionary, Manchurian-Mongolian-Han-Tibetan-Uygur Dictionary, Manchurian-Mongolian-Han Tibetan-Uygur-Tuote Dictionary and A Concise Dictionary of Manchurian, Mongolian and Han. Noted literary and historical works included The Origin and Growth of Mongolia, Peace and Prosperity Under the Great Yuan Dynasty, Random Notes from the West Studio, Miscellanies from Fengcheng, A Guide to a Means of Life, A One-storied House, and Weeping Scarlet Pavilion. Mongolian scholars also translated such Chinese classics as A Dream of Red Mansions, Outlaws of the Marsh, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Pilgrimage of the West.
The Stories of Shageder, also produced in this period, has been regarded as the most outstanding work in the treasure-house of Mongolian literature. Other great works of folk literature include the Story of Gessar Khan of the 11th century, the Life Story of Jianggar, an epic of the 15th century.
Mongolians owed their achievements in medical science, astronomy and calendar to the influence of the Hans and Tibetans. Mongolian medicine has been best known for its Lamaist therapy, which is most effective for traumatic surgery and the setting of fractured bones. To further develop their medical science, the Mongolians have translated into Mongolian many Han and Tibetan medical works, which include Mongolian-Tibetan Medicine, A Compendium of Medical Science, The of Secret of Pulse Taking, Basic Theories on Medical Science in Four Volumes, Pharmaceutics and Five Canons of Pharmacology. Outstanding contributions have also been made by the Mongolians in the veterinary science. In the field of mathematics and calendar, credit should be given to the Mongolian astronomist and mathematician Ming Antu. During the decades of his service in the Imperial Observatory, he participated in compiling and editing the Origin and Development of Calendar, Sequel to a Study of Universal Phenomena and A Study of the Armillary Sphere. His work Quick Method for Determining Segment Areas and Evaluation of the Ratio of the Circumference of a Circle to Its Diameter (completed by his son and students) is also a contribution to China’s development in mathematics. He also made a name for himself in cartography. It was due to his geographical surveys in Xinjiang that the Complete Atlas of the Empire, the first atlas of China drawn with scientific methods, was finished.
The Yi language belongs to the Tibetan-Myanmese Language Group of the Chinese-Tibetan Language Family, and the Yis speak six dialects. Many Yis in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi know the Han (standard Chinese or Mandarin) language. The Yis used to have a syllabic script called the old Yi language, which was formed in the 13th century. It is estimated that the extant old Yi script has about 10,000 words, of which 1,000 are words of everyday use. A number of works of history, literature and medicine as well as genealogies of the ruling families written in the old Yi script are still seen in most Yi areas. Many stone tablets and steles carved in the old Yi script remain intact. Since the old Yi language is not consistent in word form and pronunciation, it was reformed after liberation for use in books and newspapers.
Historical records written in the Han and the old Yi languages show that the ancestors of the Yi, Bai, Naxi, Lahu and Lisu ethnic groups were closely related with ancient Di and Qiang people in west China. In the period between the 2nd century B.C. and the early Christian era, the activities of the ancient Yis centered around the areas of Dianchi in Yunnan and Qiongdou in Sichuan. After the 3rd century, the ancient Yis extended their activities from the Anning River valley, the Jinsha River, the Dianchi Lake and the Ailao Mountains to northeastern Yunnan, southern Yunnan, northwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi.
In the Eastern Han (25-220), Wei (220-265) and Jin (265-420) dynasties, inhabitants in these areas came to be known as “Yi,” the character for which meant “barbarian.” After the Jin Dynasty, the Yis of the clan named Cuan became rulers of the Dianchi area, northeastern Yunnan and the Honghe (Red) River area. Later those places were called “Cuan areas” which fell into the east and west parts. The inhabitants there belonged to tribes speaking the Yi language.
In the Tang and Song dynasties, the Yis living in “East Cuan” were called “Wumans.” In different historical periods, “Cuan” changed from the surname of a clan to the name of a place, and further to the name of a tribe. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, “Cuan” was often used to refer to the Yis. After the Yuan Dynasty, part of “Cuan” acquired the name “Luoluo” (Ngolok), which probably originated from “Luluman,” one of the seven “Wuman” tribes in the Tang Dynasty. From that time on, most Yis called themselves “Luoluo,” although many different appellations existed. This name lasted from the Ming and Qing dynasties till liberation.
Ancient Yis experienced a long primitive society in the Stone Age. Legends and records written in the old Yi script show that the Yis went through a matriarchal age in ancient times. Annals of the Yis in the Southwest records that the Yi people in ancient times “only knew mothers and not fathers,” and that “women ruled for six generations in a row.” Patriarchy came into being at least 2,000 years ago.
Roughly in the 2nd and 3rd centuries B.C., the Yis living around the Dianchi Lake in Yunnan entered class society. In the early Han Dynasty, prefectures were set up in this area, and the chief of the Yi people was granted the title “King of Dian” with a seal. Around the 8th century, a slave state named “Nanzhao” was established in the northern Ailao Mountain and the Erhai areas, with the Yis as the main body and the Bai and Naxi nationalities included. The head of the state was granted the title “King of Yunnan.” In the same period, “Luodian” and other groups of slave owners and regimes appeared in the Yi areas in Guizhou. In 937, the state of “Dali” superseded “Nanzhao,” when it collapsed under the blows of slave and peasant uprisings. From then on, the slave system of the Yis in Yunnan gradually disintegrated.
After the 13th century, “Dali” and “Luodian” were conquered one after the other by the Yuan Dynasty, which set up regional, prefectural and county governments and military and civil administrations in the Yi areas in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, appointing hereditary headmen to rule the local inhabitants. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the feudal economy of the Yi landlords in Yunnan had developed rapidly, but remnants of the manorial economy and slavery still existed to varying extents in the secluded areas. The Ming Dynasty used both administrative officials from elsewhere and local hereditary headmen, and some of the governments consisted of both types of administrators, expanding the influence of the feudal landlord economy. The large number of Han immigrants also promoted economic growth in the Li areas. The Qing Dynasty abolished the system of appointing hereditary headmen and confirmed the appointment of administrative officials. This enhanced its direct rule over the Yi areas, hastened the disintegration of the manorial economy and firmly established the feudal landlord economy.
Yubeng Village, located in the picturesque Meili Snow Mountain range, experiences varied weather conditions throughout the year. Understanding the best time to visit and how to prepare for each season will help make your journey more enjoyable.
By following these seasonal tips and preparations, you can make the most of your adventure in Yubeng Village, no matter when you visit!
Chinese Name: 曼佤新寨村 English Name: Manwa Xinzhai Village in Menghai County, XishuangBanna ADD:云南省西双版纳勐海县西定乡曼佤村委会 Address: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Menghai County, Xiding Township, Manwa Village Committee Overview: Manwa Xinzhai Villa ...
Located in the stunning Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in southern Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Golf Club is a premier golf destination that offers a unique golfing experience surrounded by...
Why is Xidang Hot Spring So Special? If you plant to trek from Feilai Temple to Yubeng Village, you have to go through Xidang Hot Spring. When pilgrims arrive...
Located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, in the southern part of Yunnan Province, Honghe Huquan Golf Club is one of the most scenic and well-regarded golf clubs...
The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 ended the bitter history of enslavement and oppression of the Yis and people of other nationalities in China. From...
The Yi people have a glorious tradition of revolutionary struggle. In the recent 100 years or more the Yis waged powerful anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles as well as those...
Hiking to Yubeng Village can be a challenging and rewarding experience, requiring careful preparation. The high-altitude terrain, rugged landscapes, and unpredictable weather conditions make it crucial to bring the...
民居特色 历史与文化的缩影和见证。以“青春棚”、炕床、底楼式四合院为其主要特征的他留民居,无论是古住宅还是现代民房,无不活生生地映现着传承着他留文化的内涵。 底楼式四合院 据考证,在明嘉靖至万历年间,他留人便有了自己的民居风格。原密布于古城内,可谓是鳞次栉比,院落起伏,只可惜毁于清末兵燹。现仅剩十余处零散古宅,其中建于同治年间的兰氏祖屋是其代表,由于保护完好,风貌犹存,清晰可见当年的生活情景。 “苍山佩古泉,底楼飞四合”是他留古民居的主要特征。他留先民生活的阳茂红山(他留山) ...
Why is Meilishui Village So Special? Meilishui Village is a small village backed by Meili Snow Mountain. Most tourists visit Meilishui Village when they visit Meili Snow Mountain. Where is...
Mongol was initially the name of a tribe roaming along the Erguna River. Moving to the grasslands of western Mongolia in the 7th century, the Mongols settled in the...
The Yi language belongs to the Tibetan-Myanmese Language Group of the Chinese-Tibetan Language Family, and the Yis speak six dialects. Many Yis in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi know the...
Yubeng Village, located in the picturesque Meili Snow Mountain range, experiences varied weather conditions throughout the year. Understanding the best time to visit and how to prepare for each...
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