Overview of the Festival
- Chinese Name: 傈僳族拖乡批节
- English Name: Tuoxiangpi Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority in Deqin and Weixi, Diqing
- Location: Deqin and Weixi, Diqing
The Deqen Xiaruo Lisu Ethnic Township, the Tuoding Lisu Ethnic Township, and some Lisu people in Weixi hold the Tuo Xiang Pi Festival, a collective worship of mountain gods, every year on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. The Tuo Xiang Pi Festival is one of the most ethnically distinctive traditional festivals. The entertainment activities during the festival mainly include bullfighting, sheep fighting, and horse racing competitions to select the ‘Bull King,’ ‘Sheep King,’ and ‘Fast Horse’ contestants. This festival is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of the Lisu people and showcases their connection to their natural environment and spiritual beliefs.
- Cultural Significance: The Tuoxiangpi Festival is primarily a collective worship event dedicated to mountain gods. It embodies the Lisu people’s reverence for nature and their traditional agricultural lifestyle, reflecting their hopes for a good harvest and protection from natural disasters.
- Timing: The festival takes place annually on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month, a time when the agricultural season is at a critical juncture. This timing allows the community to come together and seek blessings for the crops and livestock.
- Rituals and Ceremonies: Central to the Tuoxiangpi Festival are the rituals performed to honor mountain deities. Local shamans or spiritual leaders conduct these ceremonies, which may include offerings of food, incense, and prayers. These rituals not only seek divine favor but also reinforce communal bonds.
- Traditional Competitions: The festival is famous for its lively and exciting competitions. Among the most popular events are bullfighting, sheep fighting, and horse racing. These competitions serve as both entertainment and a means to display the skills and bravery of the participants.
- Bullfighting: A highlight where specially selected bulls compete against each other.
- Sheep Fighting: A culturally significant contest showcasing the strength and agility of specially trained sheep.
- Horse Racing: Riders compete on fast horses, with the title of ‘Fast Horse’ awarded to the winner.
- Community Participation: The festival fosters a spirit of unity and cooperation among community members. Families and neighbors gather to celebrate, exchange food, and participate in various activities. It is also an opportunity for the younger generation to learn about their cultural heritage and engage with elders.
- Culinary Traditions: Food plays an essential role in the festival. Families prepare traditional dishes that are shared among community members, enhancing the festive atmosphere and reinforcing social ties. Dishes often feature local ingredients and showcase the Lisu culinary heritage.
- Cultural Performances: Alongside competitions, the festival features traditional music and dance performances that highlight Lisu culture. Participants may wear traditional attire, adding color and vibrancy to the celebrations.
Local Activities of the Festival
1. Rituals and Ceremonial Offerings
- Worship of Mountain Gods: The festival begins with rituals conducted by local shamans. These rituals often involve offerings to mountain deities, including food, incense, and symbolic items to seek blessings for prosperity, health, and good harvests.
- Prayers and Songs: Traditional prayers and songs are performed to honor the deities and ancestors, creating a spiritual atmosphere that reinforces the community’s cultural identity.
2. Traditional Competitions
- Bullfighting: One of the main attractions, this contest features bulls that compete head-to-head. Enthusiastic spectators cheer for their favorite bulls, and the event is a display of strength and animal prowess.
- Sheep Fighting: This unique event showcases specially trained sheep as they compete against each other. It is both entertaining and a demonstration of breeding skills.
- Horse Racing: Riders race on horseback, vying for the title of “Fast Horse.” This competition emphasizes the importance of horses in Lisu culture, both as a mode of transport and as valuable livestock.
3. Cultural Performances
- Traditional Music and Dance: Throughout the festival, various performances of folk music and traditional dances take place. Local musicians often play traditional instruments, creating an atmosphere filled with lively rhythms.
- Costumed Performances: Participants may don colorful traditional attire, showcasing Lisu heritage and adding visual spectacle to the celebrations.
4. Culinary Activities
- Shared Feasting: Families prepare traditional Lisu dishes using local ingredients. Food plays a central role in the festivities, and community members often share meals, promoting fellowship and unity.
- Culinary Competitions: There may also be competitions to showcase the best dishes, where local chefs or home cooks present their culinary skills to the community.
5. Community Games and Entertainment
- Sports Activities: In addition to traditional competitions, the festival often features various games and sports, including tug-of-war, races, and other fun contests that engage all ages.
- Craft Exhibitions: Local artisans may showcase their crafts, including traditional weaving, embroidery, and other hand-made goods, allowing visitors to appreciate and purchase Lisu handicrafts.
6. Social Gatherings
- Storytelling and Sharing: Elders often share stories, myths, and legends of the Lisu people, imparting cultural knowledge to younger generations. This oral tradition is vital for preserving the community’s history and values.
- Community Bonding: The festival is a time for families and neighbors to come together, strengthening social ties and reinforcing a sense of belonging.
Chinese Name:维西县傈僳族阿尺木刮歌舞
English Name: Achi Mugua Dance of Lisu Ethnic Minority in Weixi County, Diqing
Achi Mugua Dance of Lisu Ethnic Minority in Weixi County, DiqingLi Biqing (center) is dancing Achimugua with other villagers to welcome visiting reporters. Photo: Chunmei
Holding a wine pot, Li Biqing performed Achimugua with other villagers from Tongle village for visiting reporters on June 16, one of the grandest ceremonies Lisu people hold for guests.
Born in 1968, Li is now one of the best, but few, performers of Achimugua in China, a traditional dance created by the Lisu minority group from south China’s Yunnan province thousands of years ago. Yet, not all Chinese people have heard about the name of Li, neither have they seen this traditional Chinese art which is being protected by the Chinese government.
Achimugua (阿尺目刮) is the transliteration of the dance’s Lisu name in which “achi” means “goat” and “mugua” means “song” or “melody”, which is why Achimugua is also called “Goat Dance.”
While Achimugua is most popular in Kangpu, Badi, and Yezhi towns in Weixi county, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, the only below-provincial level Tibetan autonomous region in south China’s Yunnan province, so far there is no written record of when this performance came into being.
The current stories about Achimugua are mostly inherited from older generations of Lisu minority group whose ancestors used to live in the mountains as hunters and nomads. Being isolated from the outside world, the ancient Lisu people established close relations with the goat they were raising, which made them very acquainted with the voice, movement and habit of the goats. To better communicate with the goats, the Lisu people began to imitate their goats’ sounds and body movement, through which Lisu people gradually created a kind of performance which imitated the movement of a goat. As the goat played an important role in ancient Lisu people’s life, it was also regarded as the totem by the Lisu people.
Lisu people from Tongle village are performing Achimugua at Tongle Lisu village. Photo: Chunmei
Besides important guests, Achimugua is also performed during wedding ceremonies, important festivals and other significant events of the Lisu people.
Tall, dark-skinned, and strong, Li talked to reporters in a sonorous voice accompanied by apt body movement, which is likely shaped by the way Achimugua is performed.
Without any instrumental accompaniment (except flutes occasionally), Achimugua performers sing from the beginning to the end while they stamp their feet in accordance with the rhythm of the song. The performers basically consist of two teams – a female team and a male team, with each team led by one person. When the leader of a team leads the performance, the other members walk behind him clockwise in a circle.
The transition of the lead team from the male to female team, or from the female to the male team, comes as a chorus with linking words begins to be sung by the lead team, and after another two circles of dance with performers stamping their feet in accordance with the original rhythm, the other team begins to lead the performance.
This process can be repeated many times as performers quicken the stamping of their feet. Although Achimugua now has over 10 different variations, the very spirit of this traditional art of Lisu people remains throughout history – imitating the sound and movement of a goat and inspiring audiences’ fascination of mountain, river, meadow and other elements of nature.
The view of Tongle village seen from a mountain on the west bank of Lantsang River. Photo: Chunmei
Coming from Tongle village of Yezhi town, one of the three towns which are now preserving the Achimugua dance, Li is obliged to teach young people in Tongle and other villages how to dance Achimugua as he is one of the best performers of Achimugua in the village which has over 600 Lisu people. Although Li said over 90% of the people in the village can dance Achimugua, he still thinks he has a duty to pass this traditional art to the younger generation as more and more young men today are leaving the village and working in big cities all year long to make money.
According to Li, there are now around 40 professional performers of Achimugua in the village and each week he has one class at a local primary school to teach the dance.
In May 2006, Achimugua was listed as a national intangible heritage by the State Council, a move by the Chinese central government to protect, rescue, inherit and develop endangered intangible heritage in a scientific way.
Founded in the Tang Dynasty in 794, Tongle village is located in the Yunling river valley of Hengduan Mountains on the east bank of the Lantsang River. Its remote location makes it harder to popularize the art of Achimugua to outside world.
Li was happy to see the reporters who visited the village on June 16, because it was an opportunity to bring Achimugua to other parts of the world.
“Very few people of my age in the village like to dance Achimugua because it is sometimes too tiring, and more and more young people are living outside to work. I really hope the story of Achimugua can be told to more and more people from outside China,” he said.
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Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
Chinese Name:傈僳族复活节
English Name: Easter Day of Lisu Ethnic Minority
http://www.gospeltimes.cn/index.php/portal/article/index/id/40586
Chinese Name:傈僳族感恩节
English Name: Thanksgiving Day of Lisu Ethnic Minority
http://www.gospeltimes.cn/index.php/portal/article/index/id/36744
Overview
- Chinese Name:傈僳族收获节
- English Name: Shouhuo (Harvest) Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
The Lisu Ethnic Group’s Harvest Festival is generally held in the ninth and tenth months of the lunar calendar each year. The highlight of the Harvest Festival is that every family brews wine and tastes the new product. Some families even go directly to the fields to harvest while cooking wine, accompanied by singing and dancing, often continuing all night until dawn, enjoying themselves until the very end.
Significance and Origin
The Shouhuo Festival holds deep agricultural significance, marking the time when crops are harvested and the fruits of labor are celebrated. It is a time for gratitude, allowing the Lisu people to express their appreciation for a bountiful harvest and to honor the deities and ancestors for their blessings. This festival reinforces community bonds and showcases the Lisu culture and traditions.
Key Activities and Celebrations
- Brewing and Tasting Wine: One of the most prominent activities during the festival is the brewing of traditional wine. Every family participates in this custom, creating their own batch of wine. The tasting of this new wine is a joyful occasion, emphasizing community spirit.
- Harvesting and Cooking: In some families, the celebration begins directly in the fields, where people harvest crops and simultaneously cook wine. This practice highlights the connection between labor and celebration, embodying the essence of the festival.
- Singing and Dancing: Music and dance are integral to the Shouhuo Festival. Local folk songs and traditional dances are performed, creating a lively atmosphere. Celebrations often continue late into the night, with participants singing and dancing until dawn.
- Feasting: Traditional Lisu dishes are prepared and shared among family members and friends during the festival. This communal feasting fosters a sense of unity and joy, as people gather to enjoy the fruits of their labor.
- Cultural Performances: In many communities, cultural performances are organized, showcasing Lisu folklore, stories, and traditional customs. This serves not only as entertainment but also as a means of preserving and passing down cultural heritage.
- Community Bonding: The Shouhuo Festival is also a time for socializing and strengthening community ties. People from nearby villages may come together to celebrate, reinforcing relationships and fostering a sense of belonging.
Conclusion
The Shouhuo Harvest Festival is a vibrant and culturally rich event for the Lisu ethnic minority, embodying themes of gratitude, community, and celebration. Through rituals, music, dance, and shared meals, the festival not only marks the end of the harvest season but also serves to affirm cultural identity and enhance social cohesion among the Lisu people. It is a time of joy and reflection that continues to be an essential aspect of the Lisu way of life.
Brief Introduction
Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).
Legend
In the Ming Dynasty, when the people who is not in the same clan of feudal China invaded the frontier in Yunnan, The King dispatched Wang Ji(王骥), the Ministry of War in feudal China, to take troops to resist the enemy. Wang Ji fought in unity with the local Lisu ethnic groups and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was murdered by a traitor. In order to commemorate Wang Ji’s great achievements and pray sacrifices to the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely to defend the frontier, Lisu ethnic groups held the activities of Going up to Daoshan and Going down to Sea of Fire(上刀山,下火海), and designated the fifteenth day of the first lunar month of each year as Daogan Festival.
Meaning
Going up to Daoshan and Going down to the Sea of Fire is the main custom performance activity of Daogan Festival, which reproduces the life experience of people who live in mountain crossing mountains, as well as the arduous spirit and skills of climbing mountain.
Performing
Use pine tree as tool pole, iron knife as tool ladder, wrinkle paper as flower, and bamboo as flower stick.When Going up to Daoshan and Going down to the sea of fire, we play with cowhide drums(鼓), gongs(锣), hairpins(钗), suonas(唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and sacrificial ceremonies from flower-lighting(点花), knife-pointing(点刀), knife-playing(耍刀), knife-piercing(扎刀), flower-greeting(迎花), altar-setting(设坛), knife pole(祭刀杆), vertical pole(竖杆), dragon-sacrificing(祭龙), knife-mounting(上刀) and knife-disassembling(拆刀) to the sea of fire. Knife pole is commonly known as gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar, mother pillar, respectively, representing the deceased and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives, representing 365 days a year, are tied on both sides of the knife ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper.
After the knife pole is tied up, Xiangtong /香通(sorcerer) recites words in his mouth and performs knife dance in drum music. After the knife dance, in the sound of Suona and gongs and drums, the knife-bearer grasps the knife edge with both hands, treads barefoot on the knife edge and climbs up. When he reaches the top through three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the sky lock(天锁), takes out the grains and flowers and spreads them to the boiling crowd, and puts the red silk ribbon ,which is on the colored door, on his body, he sang the old prayer song, then,he came down from the knife pole in turn. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licked the burning plough with the tip of his tongue, and bit the burning iron chain with his teeth, which showed the Lisu ethnic national spirit and superb performance skills.
Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
Basic Introduction of the Festival
Chinese Name:傈僳族火把节
English Name:Torch Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
Every ethnic group has its own traditional festivals with unique characteristics. The Torch Festival is an ancient and important traditional festival of the Lisu ethnic group, rich in folk culture. On this day, local people gather together to celebrate by worshipping and lighting torches, and performing torch dances, all to wish for an abundant harvest and prosperous livestock.
The Torch Festival is a traditional festival of the Dehong Lisu people, celebrated on the 24th and 25th days of the sixth month of the lunar calendar each year. Celebrating the Torch Festival with the Lisu people is filled with special charm; on this day, the village is lively and bustling. People dress in festive attire, families reunite, pigs are slaughtered, sheep are butchered, and everyone engages in lively conversation while enjoying water liquor, singing and dancing, with everyone discussing unity and each household offering blessings to one another.
On this day, as the birds return to their nests and the sun sets behind the mountains, people light their torches, moving from house to house and from yard to yard, chasing away pests. The torches are waved side to side and danced up and down. Elders recite as they move the torches: ‘Burn the fleas, burn the mice, burn the demons, burn away all harmful insects!…’ Then the elders take their torches to the fruit trees, chanting: ‘Bloom! Bear fruit! Let the people harvest!’ Everyone echoes, ‘Bloom! Bear fruit! Let flowers and fruits cover the mountains, let grain fill the granaries!’
As night falls and the fire pits are brightly lit, people joyfully dance the lusheng (bamboo pipe) dance and the sanxian (three-stringed lute) dance. Holding hands warmly, they participate in jumping games and sing the folk narrative long poem called “Torch Festival Tune.” This tune is also known as the ‘Half-Year Production Tune,’ summarizing the production experiences of the past half year. By this time, crops such as buckwheat and potatoes have ripened and been harvested. People sing to celebrate the harvest, dancing joyfully, often until dawn.
Local Activities
1. Gathering and Preparations
- Family Reunions: The festival is a time when families come together, reinforcing familial bonds. People dress in traditional attire to celebrate.
- Feasting: Families prepare festive meals, which may include special dishes featuring locally sourced ingredients. Pork, lamb, and other meats are often prepared for communal feasts.
2. Worship and Rituals
- Torch Lighting Ceremonies: The festival begins with the lighting of torches, symbolizing the warding off of pests and evil spirits. This is typically done in the evening as the sun sets.
- Offering Prayers: Elders and community leaders may lead prayers to deities and ancestors, asking for blessings for a fruitful harvest and prosperity in the coming year.
3. Dancing and Singing
- Torch Dance: One of the highlights of the festival is the torch dance. Participants often swing and wave torches while dancing, creating a mesmerizing spectacle.
- Traditional Songs: People sing folk songs, including the well-known “Torch Festival Tune,” which summarizes agricultural experiences and aspirations for the upcoming harvest.
4. Games and Competitions
- Cultural Games: Various games and contests, such as tug-of-war, jumping games, and other traditional sports, are organized. These activities promote camaraderie and friendly competition among participants.
- Lusheng Festival: In some areas, performances featuring the lusheng (a traditional bamboo musical instrument) take place, allowing the youth to showcase their musical talents.
5. Torch Processions
- Torch Parade: Communities may organize procession events where people carry torches through the village, symbolically driving away misfortune and celebrating unity.
- Waving Torches: As part of the procession, participants may wave their torches in rhythmic movements, exhibiting coordinated dances.
6. Community Bonding
- Blessing Exchange: Households exchange blessings with one another, emphasizing themes of unity and goodwill.
- Storytelling: Elders share folk tales and stories about the origins of the village or cultural legends, educating younger generations about their heritage.
7. Harvest Celebration
- Celebrating the Bounty: The festival marks the successful conclusion of the harvest season. People celebrate by showcasing their haul of crops, such as buckwheat or potatoes, often sharing their yield with the community.
Chinese Name:傈僳族春浴节/澡堂会
English Name: Spring Bathing Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority, Nujiang
Date: the three days from the second to the fourth day of the first month of the lunar calendar
Every year from the second to the fourth day of the first lunar month, the Lisu people, who live scattered throughout the Nujiang region, gather at the natural hot springs of Shiliu Tang in Luxi to hold the annual Bathing Festival. This festival is the most well-known folk custom in the Nujiang Canyon, often referred to as the “Bathing Festival.”
The people who come to bathe place a high value on civility and courtesy, showing mutual respect between men and women. They use the sacred spring water to wash away the impurities of the past year and welcome in good fortune. In addition to bathing in the hot springs, various performances are held, including walking on hot coals and fire shows, crossbow shooting, and swing competitions. There are also song contests that last all night, continuing for three days of singing.
1. Religious Background and Cultural Integration
2. Celebration Timing and Duration
3. Rituals and Activities
(1) Religious Ceremonies
(2) Traditional Practices
4. Social Functions and Cultural Significance
5. Symbolic Symbols and Decorations
6. Commercialization Level
Conclusion: Cultural Adaptation and Innovation
Chinese Name:傈僳族阔时节/拉歌节
English Name: Kuoshi Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
Kuoshi is a transliteration of Lisu language, which means New Year. For the Lisu, the festival is equivalent to Spring Festival celebrated by China’s majority group. The date for the festival is not fixed. It usually falls between the last ten-day period of December and January of the next year. The most important activities are usually held in Sudian, the only Lisu autonomous township in Dehong.
On this important occasion, the joyful residents in traditional ethnic costumes flood to the riverbank, where the celebration is to be held. The Lisu women dress in intricate costume made of cloth of different colors and put on various accessories such as the headwear, neckband and sea-shell belt for the waist. The Lisu male’s apparel is much simpler, composed of a “magpie garment ”and a pair of pants.
Lisu maids dressed up for the carnival
Lisu men singing and dancing
In the morning, the breathtaking “Climbing Ladder of Knives” kicks off the celebration. The well-trained barefoot Lisu man climb up a 20-meter-high ladder made of 36 sharpened knives whose blades are turned upward. Those who climb the ladder are called “Nipa”, which means wizard. At the top of the ladder, Nipas perform some extremely difficult acrobatic feats to expel devil. Their heroic move definitely wins warm applause from the audience.
Lisu “warriors” climbing ladder of knives
In the afternoon, the organizers throw a series of competitions and ceremonies for festival-goers, including bamboo-pole climbing, horse-riding, crossbow shooting. People from different age groups enthusiastically participate in the competitions, displaying their unique skills to the crowd.
In the evening, various exciting activities await the revelers. The residents gather around the fire, enjoying homemade rice wine, performing their folk songs and dances. The celebration reaches the climax as the magnificent “Jumping into the Sea of Flames” is staged. Surrounded by the noise of firecrackers, music and drums, seven or eight skillful barefoot Lisu men step into a pile of burning charcoal. Without the least timidity, they jump about in the fire and take the iron chains which have been burnt to red with their hands. After the performance, they join the crowds. The merrymakers sing, dance and drink to their hearts’ content far into the night.
Barefoot Lisu men jumping into fire
Kuoshi Festival is an ethnic carnival when the Lisu people immersed themselves in joyful celebration. The luxuriant activities showcase the colorful lifestyle, bravery and enthusiasm of the Lisu ethnic.
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Chinese Name:维西县傈僳族阿尺木刮歌舞 English Name: Achi Mugua Dance of Lisu Ethnic Minority in Weixi County, Diqing Li Biqing (center) is dancing Achimugua with other villagers to welcome visiting reporters. Photo:...
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Chinese Name:傈僳族感恩节 English Name: Thanksgiving Day of Lisu Ethnic Minority http://www.gospeltimes.cn/index.php/portal/article/index/id/36744...
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Brief Introduction Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were...
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