Basic Information and Overview

Chinese Name: 砚山县茂地冲清真寺
English Name: Maodichong Mosque in Yanshan County, Wenshan
Keywords: Maodichong Mosque in Yanshan County, Maodichong Muslim Culture, Maodichomg Muslim architecture
Location: Located in Ameng Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province

Built in Qing Dynasty in Ancient China, Maodichong Mosque（茂地冲清真寺） is located in Ameng Town（阿猛镇）, Yanshan County（砚山县）, Yunnan Province.
It covers an area of 1465 square meters, with a worship hall area of 480 square meters.

The Hui ethnic group in Maodichong has a history of more than 400 years. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, they built a private quadrangle courtyard. In 1980 it was rebuilt by the crowd funding.

The new temple governs 91 families, 460 people, and all of them are hui nationality. There are seven imams, four Muslim charging in finance（学董）. The mosque which pilgrimage Haji（哈吉）Ma Wanming（马万明）collects two copies of the Koran.

Introduction

Maodichong Mosque is located in Ameng Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province. It was originally built during the Qing Dynasty and covers an area of 2.2 acres. The main prayer hall has a construction area of 480 square meters, with the entire mosque covering 1,000 square meters. The mosque houses two copies of the Quran.

Historical Background

The Hui community in Maodichong Village has a history of over 400 years. During the Qing Dynasty, a traditional-style mosque was first established. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, a temporary mosque was set up within a private courtyard. In 1980, with collective funding from the community, the mosque was rebuilt.

Structure and Facilities

The newly rebuilt mosque occupies an area of 2.2 acres, with the main prayer hall covering 480 square meters and the entire mosque area totaling 1,000 square meters.

Community and Cultural Significance

The mosque serves 91 households and 460 people, all belonging to the Hui ethnic group. It is home to seven religious leaders (Ahun), four scholars (Xuedong), and houses two copies of the Quran. The mosque is a place of pilgrimage for Hajj Ma Wanming.

Visitor Information

• Location: Ameng Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province, China
• Cultural Insight: Visit to learn about the rich history and cultural practices of the Hui community in Yanshan County.
• Travel Tips: Respect local customs and traditions when visiting the mosque. It is advisable to dress modestly and inquire about visiting hours.

Maodichong Mosque stands as a testament to the enduring religious and cultural heritage of the Hui people in Yanshan County, offering visitors a glimpse into the community’s faith and history.

Haba Snow Mountain stands by the Jinsha River, 120KM southeast of Shangri-La, with its main peak of 5,396m. The glacier on the Haba Snow Mountain is the southmost glacier in China. The highlight of this tour is to hike to the summit of Haba Snow Mountain, which takes 2.5~3 days at pace for ascent and descent and requires spending nights on the mountain. Futhermore, you will also enjoy the top attractions of Lijiang and Shangri-La.

Brief Itinerary

• Day 1: Lijiang Arrival
• Day 2: Lijiang
• Day 3: Lijiang-Baoshan Stone Town
• Day 4: Baoshan Stone Town-Daju Town
• Day 5: Daju Town-Bendiwan Village
• Day 6: Bendiwan Village-Haba Village
• Day 7: Haba Village-BC of Haba Snow Mountain
• Day 8: BC-Base Camp
• Day 9: Base Camp-Camp 2 – Haba Village
• Day 10: Haba Village-Shangri-La
• Day 11: Shangri-La
• Day 12: Departure from Shangri-La

Google Map

Detailed Itinerary

Day 1 Arrive in Lijiang

Sightseeing and Activities:Arrive in Lijiang
Accommodation:Lijiang 
Meals:None

Upon your arrival at Lijiang, your tour guide and driver will pick you up and then transfer to the hotel for rest.

Day 2 Lijiang

Sightseeing and Activities:Lijiang Old Town,  Lion Hill, Wangu Tower, Mu Palace,Shuhe Old Town, Baisha Old Town, Baisha Murals, Yuhu Village, Former Resiedence of Josheph Rock
Accommodation:Lijiang 
Meals:Breakfast, Lunch

In the mnorning, you’ll start your memorable Lijiang tour from Lijiang Ancient Town (Dayan Ancient Town). Take a leisure walk up the Lion Hill and climb up the 33-meter-tall Wanggu Tower – the landmark building of Lijiang to enjoy a panoramic view of the whole old town and countryside scenery, as well as overlook the magnificent Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in the distance. Later, follow a trip to Ming-dynasty style Mufu Palace, the “Forbidden City” of Lijiang to know Tusi’s ruling history and appreciate Naxi people’s brilliant culture and fine arts. Then, drive to visit Shuhe Old Town. Nestled at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, 6 km northwest of Lijiang old town. Shuhe was once a staging post at ancient Tea & Horse Road. With an altitude of 2440 meters above sea level, it is a tranquil town with a population of about 3000 people. Along with its sister town Lijiang, it is also part of the UNESCO Heritage site. Shuhe is the earliest settlement of Naxi people in Lijiang when their ancestors first moved to this region.

After lunch, drive to visit Baisha Old Town, which is an enchanting traditional Naxi style old town. Visit the Baisha Mural about 600 years old, which is a part of the World Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO 1997.  Then, drive to Yuhu Village which is located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. When walking into this authentic Naxi Village, you’ll see unique stone houses, Naxi ladies dressing in traditional clothes, kids playing, a tranquil Yuhu Lake…Explore leisurely around the village and then get to the Former Residence of Joseph Rock, who was an Austrian-American Botanist came to Lijiang and stayed in Yuhu Village for 27 years and made huge research work on Naxi minority.

Afterwards, drive back to the hotel in the late afternoon. Service ends.

Day 3 Lijiang-Jade Dragon Snow Mountain-Baoshan Stone Town

Sightseeing and Activities:Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, Baoshan Stone Town
Accommodation:Baoshan Stone Town
Meals:Breakfast, Lunch

Pick you up at your hotel in Lijiang downtown. Drive to visit the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain.Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Yulong Mountain) is the southernmost glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. Consisting of 13 peaks, among which Shanzidou is the highest with an altitude of 5,600 meters (18,360 feet), the mountain stretches a length of 35 kilometers (22 miles) and a width of 20 kilometers (13 miles). Looking from Lijiang Old Town in the south which is 15 kilometers (nine miles) away, the snow-covered and fog-enlaced mountain resembles a jade dragon lying in the clouds, hence the name.

Then drive to Baoshan Stone Town . Visit local people and stay overnight in guesthouse. 

Day 5 Daju Town-Daju Ferry-Xincun Village-Hetaoyuan Village-Middle Tiger Leaping Gorge-Bendiwan Village

Sightseeing and Activities:Trekking
Accommodation:Halfway Guesthouse
Meals:Breakfast, Lunch

After breakfast in Daju Town, walk down to Jinsha River; take the boat to the other side of Yangtze River from the Daju New Ferry. Hike along the road from Xincun Village of the Lower Tiger Leaping Gorge to the Middle Part and visit the Walnut Grove Garden Village on the way. 

Arrive at the Middle Tiger Leaping Gorge at noon and enjoy the lunch in Tina’s Hostel. Continue the hiking tour up to the Haba Snow Mountain, visit the Bamboo Forest, the Flying Cliff, Guanyin Temple; Arrive at Bendiwan Village stay at Halfway Hostel. You also will enjoy a fantastic view of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and Tiger Leaping Gorge from Halfway Guesthouse.

Day 10 Haba Village-Baishuitai Terraces-Shangri-La

Sightseeing and Activities:Baishuitai Terraces, Dukezong Old Town
Accommodation:Shangri-La
Meals:Breakfast, Lunch

After breakfast, drive from Haba Village to visit Baishuitai Terraces. Baishuitai is located in Baidi Village, Sanba Township, southeast of Shangri-La City. It is 101 kilometers away from Shangri-La and 2,380 meters above sea level. It is the birthplace of the Dongba Religion of Naxi people. Looking in the distance, Baishuitai hidden in the green hills is really like terraced fields. Under the sunshine, it is like a frozen waterfall in a photograph. A foot on the white stone steps, there is a cool feeling that can not be spoken out.

Then, drive to Shangri-La. Enjoy the rest time of the day in Dukezong Old Town where you can see a big pray wheel about 10 meters high and the local house. In the evening, people will gather at here to dance Guochuang Tibetan dancing. During Yifeng, Tiaolu periods of the Tang Dynasty, Tubo government established a stockade village here, named “Dukezhong” meaning City of Moonlight, in addition, another stockaded village called “Likezhong” meaning City of Sunlight was built at the edge of opposite Naizi River. 

Recommended Hotels

Service Included:

• Admission fees for all of the sightseeing spots listed in the itinerary;
• Meals as listed in the itinerary;
• Hotels as listed in the itinerary;
• Private English-speaking tour guide;
• Private vehicle for transfers & sightseeing with skilled driver;
• Service charge & government taxes;
• Luggage transfers between airports and hotels.

Service Excluded:

• Any arrival and departure international airfares or train tickets;
• Chinese visa fees;
• Excess baggage charged by Airlines;
• Single room supplement;
• Tips to guides and drivers;
• Personal expenses and gratuities to service staff;
• Personal travel accident insurance;
• All optional programs.

All Haba Snow Mountain Climbing and Hiking Tours

4 Days Haba Snow Mountain Climbing Adventure with Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour
5 Days Haba Snow Mountain Climbing  (Camping at 4800M) with Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour
5 Days Haba Snow Mountain Flowers Hiking Tour with Black Lake and Yellow Lake
5 Days Haba Snow Mountain Circumambulation Hiking Tour  (Finishing in North Slope)
5 Days Haba Snow Mountain Circumambulation Hiking Tour  (Finishing in Qiaotou Town)
6 Days Haba Snow Mountain Summit Climbing Tour with Haba Circumambulation Trekking
7 Days Haba Snow Mountain Circumambulation Hiking and Climbing Tour
7 Days Haba Snow Mountain Climbing Tour and Tiger Leaping Gorge Trekking
9 Days Lijiang and Shangrila Adventure Tour with Haba Snow Mountain(5396M) Climbing
11 Days Yunnan Classic Tour with Haba Snow Mountain (5396M) Climbing Adventure
12 Days Lijiang and Shangri-La Adventure with Haba Snow Mountain Climbing and Baoshan Stone Town
13 Days Best Yunnan Flowers Trip to Snow Mountains between May and June

The Most Popular Hiking Tours of Tiger Leaping Gorge

1 Day Upper Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour (Lijiang Part)
1 Day The Upper Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour (Shangri-La Part)
1 Day Middle Tiger Leaping Gorge Trekking Group Tour (Finishing in Lijiang or Shangri-La)
1 Day Tiger Leaping Gorge Highlight Hiking Tour from Bendiwan Village to Tina’s Hostel
2 Days Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking Group Tour (Back to Lijiang from Hetaoyuan Village)
2 Days Tiger Leaping Gorge Trekking Tour with Daju Town and Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
3 Days The First Bend of Yangtze River Rafting and Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour
3 Days Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking Tour From Qiaotou Town to Haba Village
4 Days Haba Snow Mountain Climbing Adventure with Tiger Leaping Gorge Tour
5 Days Lijiang City Tour with Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking Adventure
6 Days Lijiang Hiking Tour around Tiger Leaping Gorge and Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
7 Days Lijiang and Shangri-La Paradise Tour with Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking Adventure
9 Days Kunming Dali Lijiang and Shangri-La Classic Tour with Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking Adventure

Chinese Name: 寻甸回族自治县柯渡镇
English Name:  Kedu Town of Xundian County in Kunming

Chinese Name: 禄劝县团街乡
English Name:  Tuanjie Town of Luquan County in Kunming

Chinese Name:丘北旧城回族村
English Name: Jiucheng Muslim Village in Qiubei County, Wenshan
Location: Located in Matoushan Village, Jinping Town, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
Chinese Name:河外村
English Name: Hewai Muslim Village in Qiubei County, Wenshan
Location:  Matoushan Village, Jinping Town, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
Keywords: Jiucheng Muslim Village, Hui nationality, Matoushan Village

Brief Introduction

The main Muslim villages in Qiubei County（丘北县） are Jiucheng Village（旧城村） and Hewai Village（河外村）. Jiucheng Natural Village（旧城自然村） belongs to Matoushan Village（马头山村民委）, Jinping Town（锦屏镇）, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It is located at the west of Jinping Town, seven kilometers from Jinping Town. Hewai Natural Village（河外自然村） also belongs to Matoushan Village, Jinping Town, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.

Jiucheng Natural Village is a village which is formed in a natural environment after a long time. In general, people living here have only one surname and is the descendant with the same kinship of the same ancestor. Some places in China are used to forming “Zhuang（庄）” or “Tun（屯）” which are the most basic parts of the village. An administrative village is usually composed of a large natural village or several natural villages.

About Hui Nationality

The Hui nationality is the abbreviation of “Hui Hui nationality”. The 13th century, a large number of Muslim migrated from central Asia into China living together with the local Han, Uygur, Mongolian and other nationalities. In the process, Hui Hui people gradually became Hui nationality through intermarriage and other factors in the long history. The Hui festival is Lesser Bairam（开斋节）, also known as Id-al-fitr （肉孜节）.

Anyone who enters a Hui village tends to see the distinctive Islamic features of the mosque. Local Hui ethnic groups tend to live in mosques and Hui Villages. It is obvious that mosques are an integral part of the life of Hui society.

The mosque is a holy place where Muslims congregate to praise Allah and Prophet Muhammad（穆圣）. It’s also an occasion to pass on Muslim culture. When it’s time for the Lesser Bairam party, visitors will feel the sacred solemn touching their heart. The main folk festivals of Hui nationality include: Lesser Bairam（开斋节）, Corban Festival（古尔邦节）, Mawlid an-Nabi （圣纪节）, etc.

The current site of Yunnan University (云南大学) was originally the Gongyuan (贡院) of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, serving as the examination hall for the provincial imperial examinations (乡试). The Gongyuan hosted these examinations every three years, with examination rooms arranged on either side of the Zhi Gong Tang (至公堂), organized in neat rows and numbered using the “Thousand Character Classic” (千字文). The entrance was equipped with a gate for locking purposes. The eastern examination area had 900 rooms, of which 40 remain today, designed as two-story brick-and-wood structures, featuring corridors both inside and out. It has always been the cultural and educational center of Yunnan.

Chinese Name: 云南贡院旧址
Geographical Location: Yuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市五华区)
Dynasty: Ming (明) – Republic of China (民国)
Type: Ancient Architecture and Historical Memorial

Main Attractions

• Hui Ze Yuan (会泽院)
• Feng Jie Pavilion (风节亭)
• Ying Qiu Yuan (映秋院)

Introduction

The Gongyuan was the examination hall for the provincial imperial examinations (乡试) in ancient China. The Yunnan Gongyuan is situated within the current Yunnan University campus, including the Zhi Gong Tang, Donghao Building (东号舍), Hui Ze Yuan, Ying Qiu Yuan, Bell Tower (钟楼), and other buildings. Among these, only the Zhi Gong Tang and Donghao Building are original structures from the Gongyuan; the others were built during the Republic of China era. In the early Ming Dynasty, candidates from Yunnan had to travel to the far-off Ying Tian Fu (应天府, now Nanjing) to take the provincial examinations. In the ninth year of the Yongle era (公元1411年), the court ordered Yunnan to hold its own examinations and began constructing the Gongyuan. The earliest Gongyuan was built east of the Yunnan Provincial Administration, around the current Changchun Road and Weiyuan Street. Due to overcrowding, it could not meet the cultural development needs of Yunnan, so in the twelfth year of the Hongzhi era (公元1499年), a new Yunnan Gongyuan was built at the current location of Yunnan University’s East Lu Garden. This site is described as “supported by city walls, facing the emerald lake, perched high for a commanding view, like a crouching tiger,” a rare and auspicious place. It is one of the remaining physical representations of over 1,300 years of imperial examinations.

The Gongyuan, Zhi Gong Tang, Lun Cai Tang (now Ze Qing Tang), Hao She, Hui Ze Yuan, Ying Qiu Yuan, and related inscriptions are important empirical evidence for studying the imperial examination system in Yunnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as modern higher education in Yunnan. In 1987, it was listed as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit.

Layout

The layout of the Gongyuan is rigorous, with the central hall, Zhi Gong Tang, being the place that determined the fate of the candidates. This building features a two-slope single-eaved hard mountain-style architecture, with doors on the north and south sides. The southern entrance is lined with windows, while the central section has decorative carved wooden doors adorned with gold powder. Above the main entrance hangs a horizontal plaque inscribed with “Zhi Gong Tang,” written by the Ming Dynasty scholar Yan Menghang (严孟衡). On either side of the entrance, there are couplets; the inner couplet is an old line from the Qing Dynasty, “Establishing governance waits for talented individuals, be cautious in your responsibilities, knowing people brings wisdom; sharing high positions with the virtuous, encouraging many scholars, observing the light of the nation.” The outer couplet, composed by the top scholar Na Wenfeng (那文风原) in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (公元1794年), reads: “The literary tide opens to heaven, winds of tigers and dragons meet; the worthy await behind the blue chicken and golden horse shines.” On the outer eastern wall is embedded a stele from the third year of Kangxi (公元1664年), written by the Governor of Yunnan Bian San (卞三), which is the “Record of the Reconstruction of the Gongyuan.” The entire structure is solemn and elegant, with Hui Ze Yuan positioned both in front and behind, creating a harmonious interplay. It was refurbished in 1983.

Behind Zhi Gong Tang was Heng Jian Tang (衡鉴堂), which was demolished during the construction of the library. This hall was where the examination papers were evaluated, followed by rooms for supervisors, examiners, and four additional rooms designated for paper distribution, collection, and registration during the examinations. In front stood Ming Yuan Lou (明远楼), which was also demolished during the construction of Hui Ze Yuan. On either side of the building were the examination areas where candidates stayed and took the exams. There were tall towers at each corner, and further south lay the “Ke Jia Ying Cai” Archway (科甲英才坊), which was destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The entrance featured a flagpole, with an archway on each side; the left one was “Teng Jiao” (腾蛟), inscribed with “Seeking Talent for the Nation,” while the right one was “Qi Feng” (起凤), inscribed with “Studying for the Scholars.” These archways were demolished during the Cultural Revolution. The Gongyuan has undergone several renovations but has maintained this layout while expanding.

Historical Changes

In 1999, renovations occurred, adding 775 rooms in the western examination area in front of the bell tower. Each examination room was designed to eight feet in size, with five feet for the students and three feet for the street. The interior was originally mud, which became muddy during rain, so it was later paved with clam shells. In the sixth year of Daoguang (公元1821年), the examination rooms were rebuilt with brick flooring. During the third year of Kangxi (公元1664年), there were more than 2,800 rooms, which increased to 4,865 rooms by the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (公元1708年) and further expanded in the sixth year of Jiaqing (公元1801年) with the addition of the western examination rooms near the Physics Building (物理馆). The provincial examinations began on the ninth day of the eighth month, with three sessions lasting three days each, with candidates entering the examination rooms on the eighth day. Each candidate received a room, and a cannon signaled the closing of the dragon gate and entrance, which only opened when papers were submitted, with a gong used for timekeeping. In addition to the Yunnan candidates, those from Guizhou also participated in examinations at the Gongyuan. As the feudal system declined, the Yunnan Gongyuan gradually fell into disuse. During the Xianfeng era (公元1851—1861年), the Gongyuan was temporarily occupied by military troops. In the second year of Tongzhi (公元1863年), during the Lantern Festival incident, the army led by Ma Rong occupied the provincial capital, taking over the north gate tower and Gongyuan. The imperial examinations were abolished in the late Qing Dynasty, giving way to modern education, and the last two provincial examinations were held at the Gongyuan in the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu (公元1903年). In the first year of the Xuantong era (公元1909年), the Intermediate Agricultural School (中等农业学堂) was moved to the Gongyuan, marking the end of the history of Yunnan Gongyuan.

Three significant events in the history of the Gongyuan are worth mentioning.

1. At the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Gongyuan briefly became the center of resistance against the Qing Dynasty in Southwest China. In the tenth year of the Southern Ming Dynasty (公元1656年), the Yongli Emperor arrived in Kunming, using the Gongyuan as his temporary imperial palace to organize the resistance against the Qing, relocating to the Tai Wang Fu established by Sun Kewang on Wuhua Mountain the following August.
2. In the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing era (公元1819年), Lin Zexu was appointed as the chief examiner for the Yunnan provincial examination. After the examinations, he compiled 14 elegant pieces from the examination papers and wrote the “Preface to the Records of the Yunnan Provincial Examination” and “Interim Examination Papers for Yunnan,” reflecting his concern for education in Yunnan.
3. On July 15, 1946, at a report meeting on the martyrdom of Mr. Li Gongpu, held in Zhi Gong Tang, Mr. Wen Yiduo stood up angrily and denounced the atrocities of the Kuomintang.

Main Buildings

Hui Ze Yuan

Directly in front of Zhi Gong Tang is Hui Ze Yuan (会泽院), established when Donglu University (now Yunnan University) was founded by Yunnan Provincial Governor Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) in the eleventh year of the Republic (公元1922年), completed in the thirteenth year (公元1924年). Hui Ze Yuan is shaped like an “H,” originally comprising two floors and a basement, with doors on all sides on the first floor. The walls of the entire courtyard are surrounded by stone strips, giving it a unique character. The roof features an open terrace for expansive views; later, the eastern terrace became a flower garden, while the western terrace was developed into an office area, with the foundation still visible today.

Ying Qiu Yuan

Ying Qiu Yuan (映秋院), located at the back of the Zhi Gong Tang, was built in the early years of the Republic of China (公元1912—1949年) and has undergone various renovations. The yard features a dense cover of trees, offering a unique tranquility. The walls are thick, and the entire courtyard is low, resulting in an overall sense of warmth, making it an excellent place for introspection and study.

Ming Yu Lou

Ming Yu Lou (明育楼), which is located on the side of Hui Ze Yuan, was built in the first year of the Republic (公元1912年), with a rectangular building resembling a pagoda. The upper floor features an open balcony, while the lower floor serves as a storage area. The building has a concrete foundation and brick walls, allowing the roof to be constructed with thick wooden beams to accommodate large crowds during lectures. Today, the building continues to serve educational purposes.

Bell Tower

The Bell Tower (钟楼) stands to the right of Zhi Gong Tang, a three-story building housing a bell made from a special alloy of brass. It is used for significant ceremonies, often tolling to mark the passing of important events and public gatherings, reflecting the historical significance of the Gongyuan.

Visiting Information

• Visiting Hours: Open to the public. Specific opening hours may vary, so check in advance.
• Location: The Gongyuan is situated within the campus of Yunnan University, easily accessible from central Kunming.
• Transportation: Public transportation options are available, including buses and taxis, making it convenient to reach the site.

The Yunnan Gongyuan is not only a historical site but also a cultural hub, reflecting the educational traditions of the region. Visitors can explore the architecture and gardens while appreciating the rich history that shaped Yunnan’s academic landscape.

Overview

The former residence of Xiong Qinglai (熊庆来) and Li Guangtian (李广田), both presidents of Yunnan University, is located in East Lu Garden at Yunnan University. The residence features traditional Chinese architectural style, spans two stories, and covers an area of 200 square meters. Its red corridors, window frames, and yellow exterior walls complement the surrounding greenery, giving the building a charming and timeless appearance.

In April 2006, it was recognized as one of the “Eight Most Beautiful Former Residences of Masters in Chinese Universities” by National Human Geography magazine. Designated as a cultural relic protection unit by Yunnan Province, the residence is significant for its historical importance and the influential figures associated with it.

Historical Significance

• Construction and Purpose: Built in 1937, the residence was home to Xiong Qinglai on the first floor, while the second floor served as a bedroom or office. After 1968, it housed Li Guangtian, a renowned educator and poet, who contributed significantly to the development of Yunnan University in the 1960s.
• Cultural Heritage: The building is a crucial resource for documenting the achievements and struggles of Yunnan University throughout its history. It has been preserved thanks to advocacy from the Cultural Relics Office and the support of faculty and experts.

Key Events

• 2001: Designated as a district-level cultural relic protection unit after evaluations by an expert group.
• 2004: Recognized as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit.
• 2006: Selected as one of the “Eight Most Beautiful Former Residences of Masters in Chinese Universities.”

Xiong Qinglai (熊庆来)

• Life: Born on September 11, 1893, in Mile City, Yunnan Province, Xiong was a pioneer of modern mathematics in China and a key figure in function theory, known for “Xiong’s infinite numbers.”
• Education: Studied in Belgium and France, where he earned a Master’s degree in science. He published influential papers in French, contributing to the international mathematical community.
• Career: Taught at various universities, represented China at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1932, and served as president of Yunnan University from 1937 to 1949.

Li Guangtian (李广田)

• Life: Born on October 1, 1906, in Xiaoyangjia Village, Li was a prominent educator, poet, and revolutionary writer in China.
• Education and Early Career: Studied at the First Normal School of Shandong Province and later at Peking University. He published significant literary works during this time.
• Contributions: After moving to Yunnan during the Anti-Japanese War, he helped found the Yunnan Provisional Committee of the Chinese Writers’ Association and served as president of Yunnan University post-1949. His works, including Yunnan Poetry and Yunnan Essays, are essential references for studying Yunnan literature.

Visiting Information

• Public Access: The residence was officially opened to the public in 2003 and has since received over 4,000 domestic and international guests.
• Cultural Relevance: The residence stands as a testament to the rich educational history of Yunnan University and the significant contributions of its leaders.

Huguo Bridge (护国桥) is located in the middle section of Huguo Road in Kunming, Yunnan Province. With a length of 23 meters and a width of 17.5 meters, this dual-arch stone bridge showcases a blend of Chinese and Western architectural styles, exuding an ancient and elegant charm. Huguo Bridge is a historical commemorative building related to the significant historical event known as the Huguo Movement. Along with Huguo Gate (护国门) and Huguo Road (护国路), it was built in 1919 and is considered one of the three major projects commemorating the victory of the Huguo War in Yunnan. Huguo Bridge not only serves as a commemorative structure but also reflects the architectural style of traditional dual-arch stone bridges in China while incorporating influences from Western architectural culture. In 2003, it was designated as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Geographical Location:

• Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Huguo Road (云南省昆明市护国路中段)
• Length: 23 meters
• Width: 17.5 meters

Overview

The Huguo Gate, Huguo Bridge, and Huguo Memorial Monument together form Huguo Square, located at the intersection of Huguo Road and Dongfeng Road in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The square consists of two parts: Huguo Bridge Square and Cultural Square.

Huguo Bridge Square

• Covers an area of 31,111.56 square meters, including a green space of 620 square meters.
• Centered around the 17.5-meter wide Huguo Bridge, with sunken squares on either side measuring 32.5 meters in length, 23 meters in width, and 4 meters in depth.
• Each side features 29 steps leading to the bottom of the square, utilizing the two bridge openings as pedestrian passages.

Cultural Square

• Located to the west of Huguo Bridge Square, covering an area of 2,029.01 square meters.
• Styled in ancient architecture, with 1,441 square meters underground and 3,283.5 square meters above ground.

Huguo Gate, Huguo Bridge, and Huguo Memorial Monument were built to commemorate the Huguo Army, formed in December 1915 when figures such as Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) and Cai E (蔡锷) issued a telegram in Yunnan to mobilize against Yuan Shikai.

The Huguo Gate features an iron gate supported by four columns with three openings, measuring 18 meters in length and 5 meters in height, with a lattice structure on the upper part and cast patterns on the lower part. The gate was dismantled during the 1950s when the Ming Dynasty brick city of Kunming was demolished and was relocated to the entrance of the Workers’ Cultural Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, it was removed again for the construction of “Red Sun” Square. In 1995, a new foundation and railing were built, and the Huguo Gate was reconstructed at its original site, covering approximately 700 square meters.

Development History

Huguo Bridge was constructed in 1919 as an elegant dual-arch stone bridge that reflects both Chinese and Western architectural styles, measuring 23 meters in length and 17.5 meters in width. The arch rings, water divider, bridge edges, and railings exhibit a graceful European style. The dragon head, dragon tail, and elephant head showcase strong ethnic characteristics and local features, demonstrating high craftsmanship and artistic value. The bridge was filled in during the urban renewal of 1952. However, it was uncovered on January 20, 1999, during cable tunnel construction.

The monument stands as a three-sided pyramid shape, made of bronze, with a total height of 8.4 meters. It features the inscription “Huguo Uprising Memorial” on its side. The square stone base measures 2 meters on each side and 1.5 meters in height, engraved with the inscription and relief depicting the Huguo Uprising’s events.

In June 1999, the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party and the city government decided to restore Huguo Bridge. The construction was overseen by Panlong District. A project command group was formed to fully implement the work. The square construction required the use of 5,140.57 square meters of land, involving land from various entities, including Tianheng Hotel, Yunnan Provincial Postal Savings Bureau, and Nanping Garment Factory, as well as some private residences. Through multiple efforts, 26 households were relocated from August 10 to September 10, 1999, and 5,600 square meters of dilapidated houses were demolished.

The construction of Huguo Bridge Square was put to tender, with the main construction carried out by the Fourth Engineering Department of the Fifteenth Bureau of the Ministry of Railways. The Lu Liang Dadi Stone Material Company handled the stone masonry, while Kunming Jianlong Supervisory Company provided project supervision. The municipal quality inspection station and the city quality inspection station conducted quality oversight for the project, and the Panlong District Greening Office was responsible for the associated landscaping work.

Greening Design

The greening design for Huguo Bridge Square aimed to create a cohesive landscape with the green space adjacent to Tianheng Hotel, achieving a harmonious and natural aesthetic. The design preserved a landscape tree, a small leaf privet (小叶女贞), from the former Chunman Park and introduced two osmanthus trees, two apricot trees, three cycas trees, twelve boxwood balls, 4,100 golden cypress plants, various flowering plants, and 4,000 colorful grass plants. It also included 440.37 square meters of early-maturing grass and 20.07 square meters of lotus grass, utilizing a three-dimensional planting method to create a unique landscape that showcases the beautiful transformation of Huguo Bridge Square.

The sunken square beneath Huguo Bridge was completed on April 11, 2000, and the Cultural Square was finished in October 2000, with a total investment of 40 million RMB. The municipal government covered 5 million RMB, while the remaining expenses were borne by the Panlong District government.

Huguo Square serves as a memorial site for Kunming’s historical cultural landmark, the “Huguo Uprising,” as well as a city green space.

Overview

The Tomb of Tang Jiyao (唐继尧墓) is situated within the Kunming Zoo (昆明动物园) in Wuhua District (五华区), Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省). Covering an area of approximately 1,500 square meters, the tomb features a burial mound constructed from stone, shaped like a round hill, standing about 6 meters tall with a diameter of 16 meters. In front of the tomb are 14 classical European-style stone pillars that support seven flat-roofed pavilions, with the central pavilion protruding, showcasing intricately carved reliefs.

The central inscription on the tomb reads “Tomb of Tang Gong from Huize” (会泽唐公冥墓), accompanied by significant couplets. Flanking the platform are stone lions and ornamental columns, creating an impressive and luxurious atmosphere that makes this tomb one of the grandest in the Kunming area.

Architectural Features

• Construction: Began in 1930, completed in 1932.
• Design: The tomb features a round mound 6 meters high and 22 meters in diameter. It includes a stone pavilion measuring 17.6 meters in width, supported by 14 stone pillars and adorned with eight large stone tablets inscribed with important historical documents.
• Notable Inscriptions: Include the appointment of Tang Jiyao as Commander of the National Protection Army by President Li Yuanhong (黎元洪) and other significant documents from the National Protection War.
• Surroundings: The tomb features stone lions and ornamental columns, with lush greenery adorning its structure.

Biography of Tang Jiyao

• Birth: 1883 in Huize (会泽), Yunnan.
• Education: Studied at a Japanese military academy, graduating early and later serving as an instructor at the Yunnan Military Academy (云南陆军讲武堂).
• Career: Held various positions post-Xinhai Revolution, including Governor of Guizhou and Yunnan, military commander, and provincial governor. He played a significant role in the National Protection Movement and was a key leader of the National Protection Army.
• Death: Died on May 23, 1927, due to illness, at the age of 44. His tomb was constructed under the direction of Long Yun (龙云) in 1932, following his death.

Historical Significance

The Tomb of Tang Jiyao is a vital cultural and historical site, symbolizing the impact of Tang’s contributions to the National Protection Movement and the modernization of Yunnan Province. It remains a significant attraction for history enthusiasts and visitors interested in Yunnan’s modern history.

Visiting Information

• Location: Yuantong Mountain (圆通山), Kunming Zoo.
• Admission: Included with zoo entrance fees.
• Nearby Attractions: Kunming Zoo, Yuantong Temple, and scenic areas around Yuantong Mountain.

The Tomb of Tang Jiyao is a grand architectural structure reflecting the legacy of Tang Jiyao, a key figure in Yunnan’s modernization and the National Protection Movement during the early 20th century. Visitors to the tomb can explore its historical significance while enjoying the surrounding natural beauty.

Overview

Chinese Name: 云南第一天文点石标
Location: Taohua Mountain (太华山顶), Kunming West Hill National Scenic Area (昆明西山国家级风景名胜区)
Era: Modern
Museum: Yunnan Meteorological Museum (云南气象博物馆)
Region: Kunming, Yunnan (云南昆明)

The Stone Mark of Yunnan First Astronomical Point is a provincial-level cultural relic that commemorates the first accurate measurement of latitude and longitude in Yunnan. This significant site marks the beginning of geodetic surveying in China, initiated during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. In 1934, Chen Yide (陈一得) successfully led a re-measurement of Kunming’s (昆明) latitude and longitude, establishing the site as Yunnan’s first astronomical point. A stone mark was erected, which contains original measurement data sealed within it.

This site is the only accurate original latitude and longitude measurement point in China, apart from the Beijing Observatory (北京观象台), and represents the earliest and most accurate base measurement of Kunming’s latitude and longitude using new surveying methods, thus holding significant scientific research and historical value.

Introduction to the Relic

A stone tablet inscribed with “Yunnan First Astronomical Point” stands prominently along Shilin Road (士林道) on the campus of Yunnan University (云南大学). Erected by the Kunming Municipal Government (昆明市人民政府) in September 1997, the tablet states that the earliest geodetic survey in Yunnan was conducted from the 49th to 57th year of the Kangxi reign (1710-1718). The initial data indicated that Kunming County (昆明县) was located at a northern latitude of 25°6′ and a western longitude of 13°38′ from the capital.

In 1934, the Yunnan Provincial Education Department (云南省教育厅), Yunnan University, and the Kunming Yide Observatory (昆明一得测候所) organized a re-measurement. The new data showed the coordinates as 102°41′58.88″ east longitude and 25°3′21.19″ north latitude. This site remains unique in China for its accurate original measurements outside of Beijing, marking a significant advancement in geodetic surveying.

The stone tablet is accompanied by a base stone measuring 240 cm in length, 180 cm in width, and 50 cm in height, resembling an upside-down turtle. This site has quietly stood in front of the Wendaizi Building (云大会泽楼) and Wenjin Building (文津楼) for over eighty years, becoming a well-known cultural landmark within Yunnan University.

Inscriptions and Observations

On the southern side of the stone mark, an inscription written by then-president He Yao (何瑶) of Yunnan University reads “Yunnan University Astronomical Point.”

On the northern side, there is a brief record of the observations, originally inscribed as follows:
云XX (字迹模糊-笔者注) 地经纬度自二百二十四年前初测云南府昆明县北极高二十五度六分京师偏西十三度三十八分至今中华民国二十三年冬由云南省政府教育厅云南省教育经费委员会云南通志馆云南省立云南大学昆明市一得测候所发起复测大学校长何瑶主其事十二月十九日夜七时起在大学体育场用六十度等高仪天文时计无线电收音机实行试测是后四夜正式测量“观镜者沈文候，纪录者浦光宗，读表者陈秉仁，共计测星二百，结果较前精密并测真子午线——测处定为云南第一天文点特立石标为志”。

Inside the stone mark, a subterranean chamber was constructed to preserve the original observation records. The entrance to the chamber is circular and located at the center of the stone mark. Lifting the concrete cover reveals a copper lid, inscribed with the re-measured latitude and longitude data of Kunming.

Historical Events

In 1934, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government (国民政府外交部) dispatched Shen Wenhou (沈文候) and others, equipped with valuable instruments, to survey the border between China and Myanmar. Chen Bingren (陈秉仁), upon hearing of this, proposed to the Yunnan Provincial Education Fund Committee (云南省教育经费委员会) to request the Provincial Education Department to oversee the determination of the provincial latitude and longitude to correct maps, which was unanimously approved.

The Education Department subsequently organized the measurement at the Yunnan University stadium under the leadership of President He Yao. They invited Shen Wenhou to bring instruments for observation. Chen Yide represented the Provincial Education Fund Committee, the Yunnan Gazetteer Institute (云南通志馆), and the Yide Observatory, while Pu Guangzong (浦光宗) represented Yunnan University in the observation work.

Starting at 7 PM on December 19, the team used a 60-degree theodolite, astronomical clock, and radio receiver for a trial measurement, followed by formal measurements over the next four nights. The results, with observers Shen Wenhou, recorder Pu Guangzong, and reader Chen Bingren, involved measuring 200 stars, resulting in more precise coordinates, and establishing the site as Yunnan’s First Astronomical Point.

Upon completion, Chen Bingren authored “Detailed Report on the Actual Measurement of the Latitude and Longitude of Yunnan,” published in the journal Education and Science (教育与科学) (1938, Issues 8 and 9).

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51ec9abf0102w3so.html

The Former Residence of Luhan (昆明卢氏公馆), originally named Luhan Mansion, is located at 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. It was built in the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930).

Overview

The residence consists of two parts: the New Mansion and the Old Mansion. The total area covers 5,600 square meters, with a building area of 1,500 square meters. The structure is two stories high, featuring brick walls, wooden frameworks, and some reinforced concrete components. The steep, hard-slope roof has triangular gables, and the building exhibits a sophisticated geometric composition in its wall and window designs, including protruding bay windows on the east and west sides. The architectural style of the Old Mansion is primarily French, showcasing a typical French villa design. The site retains its original layout, including Luhan Mansion’s Old Mansion, New Mansion, water tower, enclosing wall, trees, and surrounding spaces, giving it significant artistic value.

In 2003, the Former Residence of Luhan was recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On October 7, 2019, it was announced as one of the eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Location: 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
Era: Established in 1930
Area: 5,600 m²
Protection Level: Eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units
Registration Number: 8-0717-5-201
Approving Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China

Historical Development

The Former Residence of Luhan was constructed in 1930. In the late period of the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), Luhan built a new two-story Western-style building adjacent to the mansion. In 2019, according to the minutes from the April 29, 2019 meeting of the Yunnan Provincial Office Administration Bureau, the Wuhua District Government prepared for an exhibition titled “Yunnan Uprising” in the Old Mansion. This exhibition opened to the public for free on July 1 of the same year.

Architectural Layout

The Former Residence of Luhan consists of two parts: the New Mansion and the Old Mansion, covering a total area of 5,600 square meters and a building area of 1,500 square meters. The buildings are connected vertically, with the northern section shaped like a “工” (work) and the southern section shaped like a “一” (one), resulting in a total of five roofs and sixteen wall facades, creating a rich sense of layering. The Old Mansion primarily adopts French architectural styles and is characterized by typical French villa design. The New Mansion is finely crafted and represents high architectural art, typical of French villa architecture.

Main Buildings

Old Mansion

The Old Mansion of the Former Residence of Luhan is a French-style building. It has two stories, featuring brick walls, wooden frameworks, and some reinforced concrete structures. The roof has a steep slope with triangular gables. The wall surfaces and windows are carefully designed with geometric compositions, with protruding bay windows on the east and west sides that are simple yet varied. The exterior has red tiles and white walls, complemented by gray trim lines, creating a harmonious and beautiful appearance. The interior decoration is elegant and luxurious, with a fireplace in the living room and floor-to-ceiling doors and windows connecting the main and guest bedrooms with balconies.

New Mansion

Luhan constructed the New Mansion next to the Old Mansion. Its main entrance originally faced Qinglian Street and is internally connected to the Old Mansion. The New Mansion’s architectural style adopts a Soviet-style design, featuring the layout typical of Soviet residential buildings.

Cultural Significance

The Former Residence of Luhan is a private residence of a famous modern figure in Yunnan and has witnessed significant historical events during the Kunming Uprising, giving it high historical value. The Old Mansion, New Mansion, water tower, enclosing wall, trees, and surrounding space have all been well-preserved, providing significant architectural artistic value.

Notable Figures

Luhan (卢汉, 1895-1974), originally named Banghan, was a member of the Yi ethnic group from Yanshan, Zhaotong, Yunnan. He graduated from the Yunnan Military Academy. Over his career, he held various positions, including brigade leader, division commander, and financial director of the Yunnan provincial government. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he served as commander of the 60th Army and other significant military roles. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, he was ordered to lead his troops to Vietnam for the surrender process. In December of the same year, he succeeded Long Yun as the provincial government chairman. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, he held several important positions, including director of the Yunnan Provincial Military and Political Committee and member of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.

Kunming Uprising

On December 9, 1949, during the Kunming Uprising, Luhan detained several key Nationalist leaders, including General Li Mi of the Eighth Army, General Yu Chengwan of the 26th Army, and Shen Zui, head of the military intelligence in Yunnan, at the Former Residence of Luhan. At midnight, he declared the uprising.

Protection Measures

In 2003, the Former Residence of Luhan was recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On October 7, 2019, it was announced as one of the eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Tourism Information

Location: The Former Residence of Luhan is located at 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China.

Transportation: You can reach the Former Residence of Luhan by taking a bus to the Huashan Street area in Wuhua District, Kunming.

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