Fajiesi Temple (法界寺), located at the foothills of Lingyun Mountain (灵云山) in Songyang Town (嵩阳镇), is a county-level cultural heritage site. Its exact founding date is unknown, but historical records indicate that it underwent repairs during the Ming Dynasty (明代) under the Chenghua reign (成化年间). By the late Ming Dynasty (明末), during the Chongzhen period (崇祯), the temple had developed into a large architectural complex featuring overlapping halls, altars, pavilions, and structures representing both Buddhism and Daoism, making it the most significant temple among the Eight Great Temples of Songming (嵩明八大寺). The Ming geographer Xu Xiake (徐霞客) documented Fajiesi Temple in his writings.
Historical Background
Originally built between 936 and 947 AD, Fajiesi Temple became a renowned Buddhist holy site. However, from the Republic of China era to the 1960s, it suffered extensive destruction. In 1989, devotees raised funds to rebuild the Guanyin Hall (观音殿). By 1997, during the development of Fajiesi Forest Park (法界寺森林公园), the Daxiongbaodian (大雄宝殿) and side halls were reconstructed, followed by the construction of the Tianwang Hall (天王殿), Caishen Hall (财神殿), Wenchang Palace (文昌宫), and Longwang Hall (龙王殿), all built in ancient-style reinforced concrete. Existing inscriptions from the Ming Dynasty include the “Stele of the Renovation of Fajiesi Temple” (重修法界寺设龙华会碑记) and the “Stele of the Monastery” (丛林碑记), while a Qing Dynasty (清代) inscription from the Daoguang era (道光年间) commemorates the renovation of Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺). On July 5, 1999, the People’s Government of Songming County officially designated Fajiesi Temple as a county-level cultural heritage site.
Architectural Features
Fajiesi Temple comprises three gates: the First Gate (一天门), the Second Gate (二天门), and the Third Gate (三天门). Upon passing through the Third Gate, visitors enter the temple area, where numerous halls and shrines, including the Daxiongbaodian, Dizang Hall (地藏菩萨殿), Yuelao Temple (月老神庙), Sanqing Temple (三清观), Yaowang Temple (药王庙), and Guanyin Hall, are situated. The temple features various statues, such as the compassionate Bodhisattva, the formidable Four Heavenly Kings, robust warriors, and smiling Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛).
Inside the Daxiongbaodian, three majestic figures of the Tathagata Buddha (如来佛) are prominently displayed. Behind the Tathagata is the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (千手观音), depicted with hundreds of hands and numerous expressions, truly embodying her title. The surrounding walls feature vividly expressive statues of the Five Hundred Arhats (罗汉), each with unique appearances, including the long-legged Strength Arhat and the Dragon Subduing Arhat, among others. Visitors often admire these intricate sculptures.
Particularly notable is the Dizang Wang Bodhisattva Hall (地藏王菩萨殿), which, while appearing similar to others, holds profound significance. According to legend, Dizang Wang could have become a Buddha but chose to remain in the mortal realm, famously declaring, “I vow not to become a Buddha until hell is empty!” (人间地狱不空，我誓不成佛！). This sense of justice resonates deeply with many.
Seasonal Beauty
In autumn, entering Fajiesi Park (法界寺公园) reveals a picturesque scene. Songming is known for its saying, “Three mountains, four seas, and eight great temples,” suggesting a harmony of natural beauty and spirituality. Fajiesi Forest Park is located 2.5 kilometers northwest of Songming County, once a well-known Buddhist sacred site, with Fajiesi Temple built during the Later Jin period (后晋年间). At its peak, the temple complex included over ten halls, creating a grand architectural ensemble that ranked first among the Eight Great Temples of Songming.
Poetic Tribute
Located on Lingyun Mountain, shaped like a half-bloomed lotus flower, Fajiesi Temple is often celebrated for its natural beauty. The temple is surrounded by bamboo forests, creating a serene atmosphere. The ancient path leading up the mountain is reminiscent of a dragon or serpent, winding through lush pine trees. Visitors frequently pray for love at the Yuelao Shrine, attaching love locks as symbols of their promises.
A couplet commemorating the temple’s grandeur reads:
Upper Line:
“Silent twin springs cascade down, beautiful landscapes unfold.
At the valley’s base, the Zen temple is deep; envisioning wealth piled high in all directions, with gentle rains nourishing all.”
Lower Line:
“Ancient paths meander like a snake, steps undulating and winding.
At the mountain’s base, the winding path feels fresh; gazing at the mountain reflecting the sun and moon, prosperity continues in Songming, and all trades flourish.”
Note:
The “silent twin springs” refers to the now-dry Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭), which no longer features the scenic waterfalls of the past. The phrases in the couplet celebrate the beauty of Songming and its prosperous future, highlighting the community’s harmonious development.
Overview
Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard (长松园观光果园) is a captivating natural area featuring thousands of acres of lush pine forests. The site is characterized by its vibrant greenery, where gentle breezes create a soothing sound reminiscent of waves. Adjacent to the pine forests lies a fragrant orchard, bursting with a variety of fruits that visitors can easily pick. During the rainy season, an array of wild edible mushrooms appears, offering a delightful taste that is both tender and sweet.
Wildlife and Activities
The orchard is home to numerous species of birds and animals that coexist harmoniously within this serene environment. This makes Changsongyuan an ideal retreat for those looking to escape the hustle and bustle of urban life and immerse themselves in nature.
Visitors can drive to the Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard Forest Bathing Area (长松园森林浴场), where they are welcome to bring picnic supplies, tents, and sleeping bags for a camping experience surrounded by nature. Here, you can enjoy activities such as fruit picking, where you can gather fresh peaches, plums, chestnuts, pears, and more. The forest bathing area offers an opportunity to breathe in the rich air filled with negative oxygen ions, promoting well-being.
In the expansive pine forests, you can search for wild mushrooms and engage in various games. Additionally, there is a barbecue area where you can grill whole sheep and a variety of delicious foods.
Location
Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard is located 7 kilometers northwest of Songming County (嵩明县).
Overview
Yaolingshan Mountain (药灵山) is located in Xiaojie Town (小街镇), Songming County (嵩明县), Kunming City (昆明市). The mountain features a winding and undulating terrain, captivating numerous visitors with its majestic and beautiful scenery. The main peak, Dayaolingshan (大药灵山), stands at an elevation of 2,627 meters, covering an area of approximately 10 square kilometers. The mountain’s steep slopes give way to a broad, flat summit resembling an inverted golden bell or the seated figure of Maitreya Buddha (弥勒).
The area is richly vegetated, hosting a variety of medicinal herbs, with over 140 species of wild medicinal plants documented in “Yunnan Materia Medica” by Jianbao Lan (兰茂). In addition to its natural beauty, Yaolingshan boasts a rich history, featuring numerous ancient relics, including the Xijia Pool (洗甲池) and Shouguo Temple (寿国庵).
Honors and Cultural Significance
Xiaojie is honored as the “Hometown of Chinese Folk Art,” and the local tradition of “Little Foot Grandmother Dance with a Dragon” (小脚老奶舞大龙) is a unique cultural spectacle worth witnessing.
Yaolingshan consists of two main parts: Dayaolingshan (大药灵山) and Xiaoyaolingshan (小药灵山). According to legend, during the Ming Dynasty, a temple called Heyou An (何有庵) was established on Xiaoyaolingshan. The abbot, Master Baizhai (白斋), was renowned for his exceptional skills, attracting many monks to seek refuge at the temple.
Nearby, on a stone cliff, there is a cave known as “Tangmi Cave” (淌米洞), which famously does not flow with water but with rice instead. Every day, the rice flowing from the cave is just enough to feed the monks in the temple, neither more nor less. Even during temple fairs, the amount of rice flowing is sufficient regardless of the number of visitors, and there is never any surplus.
Development History
In those days, Master Baizhai had to travel to Tujie (兔街) from the temple, a journey that took a week round trip. He would always carry a broom, sweeping the path clean with every step he took, which made the journey lengthy. One day, while Master Baizhai was out, a greedy little monk saw his opportunity and secretly gathered tools like a hammer and chisel. He enlarged the entrance of the cave, hoping to increase the flow of rice and sell any surplus.
However, after he opened the cave, it stopped flowing rice and instead poured out white stones. From then on, the monks in the temple had no rice to eat and had to beg for food to satisfy their hunger.
Overview
Qinglongtan (青龙潭) is a scenic spot located in Baiyi Village (白邑村), Dianyuan Town (滇源镇), Panlong District (盘龙区), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Established during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝), it sits at an elevation of over 1,800 meters on the plateau. The park features notable attractions such as Qinglong Palace (青龙宫), Cold Water Cave (冷水洞), and the Mahaviro Hall (大雄宝殿).
Geographical Location:
Baiyi Village, Dianyuan Town, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Climate:
Subtropical monsoon climate
Opening Hours:
Open all day
Attractions
- Qinglong Palace (青龙宫)
- Cold Water Cave (冷水洞)
- Mahaviro Hall (大雄宝殿)
Scenic Area Introduction
Qinglongtan was founded during the Tang Dynasty and is situated at an elevation of over 1,800 meters. This location is the source of the Panlong River (盘龙江), which is known as the mother river of Kunming, flowing southward from Songhuaba (松华坝) through the city and into Dianchi Lake (滇池). Baiyi Village, upstream of the Songhua Dam, was formerly known as Shaodian (邵甸) and was historically called Dianyuan (滇源). The area is known for its abundant springs, famously referred to as “Ninety-Nine Dragon Springs” (白邑九十九眼龙潭), marking the source of the Panlong River.
Surrounding Villages
Baiyi Village Committee (白邑村委会) is part of Dianyuan Town and serves as the government seat of the town. The roads leading to the town are paved with cement, ensuring convenient transportation, and it is located 21 kilometers from the county seat. It is bordered by Zhouda to the east, Nanying to the south, Suhai to the west, and Caizidi to the north. The village consists of 1,181 farming households and has a total population of 3,779, all engaged in agriculture, with 2,300 individuals in the labor force, of which 810 work in the primary industry.
Longtanying Village (龙潭营村) belongs to the Nanying Village Committee (南营村委会) in Dianyuan Town and is located in a semi-mountainous area. It is situated 2 kilometers east of Dianyuan Town and 2 kilometers from Nanying Village. The land covers 4.42 square kilometers, with an elevation of 1,975 meters. The average annual temperature is 13°C, and the annual precipitation is 1,000 millimeters, making it suitable for cultivating rice and other crops.
Overview
Jincheng Old Town (晋城古镇) is located in Jincheng Town (晋城镇), Jinning District (晋宁县), on the southeast shore of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Surrounded by mountains on three sides and bordered by lakeside hilly plains, Jincheng Old Town was once the capital of the ancient Dian Kingdom (滇国) and is considered the birthplace and center of Dian culture.
Geographical Location:
Jincheng Town, Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Significance:
Birthplace and center of Dian culture
Characteristics:
Surrounded by mountains on three sides
Development History
Tracing back through historical records over the past two millennia, during the Han Dynasty (汉朝), Jincheng Old Town, formerly known as Dianchi County (滇池县), served as the administrative center for various regions, including Yizhou (益州郡), Jinning (晋宁郡), Ningzhou (宁州郡), and Jianning (建宁郡). During the Tang (唐) and Song (宋) Dynasties, it was part of the Nanzhao (南诏) and Dali (大理国) territories.
Modern historian Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷) remarked in his work “Dian Yi” (《滇绎》):
“Metropolises are the centers of politics. The political center of Yunnan from the Warring States period to the Tang Dynasty was in Jinning,” referring to present-day Jincheng Old Town.
In the Sui Dynasty (隋), Jincheng served as the administrative center of Ningzhou, where the governor Liang Pi (梁毗) expanded the city, stating that it spanned seven miles and had nine gates and twelve thoroughfares, indicating its grand scale at that time.
During the Ming Dynasty (明), in the 22nd year of the Chenghua era (1486), a brick city was constructed, featuring encircling walls and four main gates: Longxiang (龙翔), Nanxun (南熏), Fengzhu (凤翥), and Gongcheng (拱城). Over the following centuries, the city saw periods of destruction and restoration. By 1954, the remnants of the original city wall measured 4,100 meters in circumference and stood 4 meters high. The walls were completely dismantled by 1958.
The residential courtyards retained in the streets and alleys are mostly of “stilted” and “a seal” structures, adopting the courtyard layout of “three rooms and four annexes” and “two rooms and two annexes”.
The natural landscape around Jincheng Ancient Town is extremely beautiful. The well-known five-character ancient poem “One, two, three li away. Four or five households in a smoky village. Six or seven towers. Eight, nine, ten branches of flowers.” describes this scenery.
Overview
Meishucun Nature Reserve (梅树村自然保护区) was established in 1989 and is located 7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District (晋宁县), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is recognized as a provincial-level nature reserve in Yunnan, covering a linear area of 12 kilometers. The primary objective of the reserve is to protect the Cambrian geological profile from the Precambrian period, featuring diverse geological landscapes such as karst mountains, glacial caves, and volcanic terrain. The reserve lies on the southern edge of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou carbonate platform and the ancient coastal region of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, characterized by its unique paleogeographical environment.
Geographical Location:
7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Attraction Level:
Provincial-level nature reserve
Established:
1989
Geographic Features
The reserve is situated in the central part of Yunnan Province, 7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District, at the southwestern edge of the Yangtze Platform (扬子地台). The geological profile of Meishucun is located on the southern wing of the Xiangtiaochong Anticline, extending east-west, with a dip direction of 140 to 244 degrees and a dip angle of 15 to 17 degrees.
Protected Features
The reserve encompasses various geological features, including karst mountains, glacial caves, and volcanic landforms. It is located at the southern edge of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou carbonate platform, providing a specific paleogeographical environment. The Cambrian and Precambrian strata in this region exhibit the following characteristics:
- Sediments are primarily composed of endogenous carbonates and phosphates.
- Coastal structures are well-developed, with common features such as ripple marks, cross-laminations, and erosion structures. Shallow water structures are prominent, with coeval granule, sand, and oolitic bioclastic structures as well as phosphatic stromatolites.
- Abundant biological fossils are present, characterized by microfossils and trace fossils.
The geological profile includes sections from Tuan Mountain (团山), Xiaowaitou Mountain (小歪头山), and Badawan (八道湾). This profile is a standard type section for the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage (梅树村阶) in China, known for its rare fossils and typical mineral deposits. The vertical evolution of the strata in this profile is consistent with the overall development in eastern Yunnan. The sedimentary area has experienced a gradual deepening of seawater and a transition in paleoclimate from hot and dry to warm and humid. The continuous changes in sedimentary facies, the evolution of biota, and the transitions in material composition highlight the integrative contact relationships among the various groups and sections of the Meishucun profile. Particularly notable is the rich biota and continuous evolution, establishing this profile as a benchmark for the Yangtze platform in eastern Yunnan. The continuous and complete sequence of strata, along with the abundant microfossils and trace fossils, provides significant geological insights for stratigraphic correlation and boundary delineation, as well as favorable conditions for isotopic geological dating of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.
In 1984, the reserve was designated by the International Union of Geological Sciences as one of the global candidate sections, and a “golden nail” was embedded here as a permanent cultural artifact.
Climate
Kunming is known as the “Spring City” (春城) and features a temperate plateau humid monsoon climate. With long sunshine hours and mild weather year-round, it is suitable for tourism in all seasons. The average annual temperature in the urban area of Kunming is around 15°C, with the hottest months averaging between 19°C and 22°C, while the coldest months see average temperatures of 6°C to 8°C. The best time for visiting is from March to October, when the scenery is most beautiful, and it coincides with numerous ethnic festivals, as well as the peak season for fruits and flowers. Early spring in March also offers views of snow-capped mountains.
Overview
The Longtanshan Paleolithic Site (龙潭山“昆明人”遗址) is located in Dengjia Village, Dayu Township, Chenggong District, Kunming City, approximately 1.2 kilometers southeast of the Yuejiao Community. The site spans 0.3 kilometers east to west and 0.4 kilometers north to south, at an elevation of 1,941 meters, consisting of three cave sites. Significant archaeological excavations began in 1973, leading to the discovery of various Paleolithic artifacts and fossils, including a complete human skull in 1976. These findings were collectively named “Kunming Man” (昆明人) in 1978 and represent one of the earliest human activities in the Dianchi area. In 1983, the site was designated as a cultural heritage site by the Kunming Municipal Government, and in 1987, it was recognized as a provincial heritage site.
Main Attractions
Located near the important transportation route of Kunluo Highway, Longtanshan is an isolated mountain characterized by geological faults. The area has diverse cave systems suitable for ancient human habitation. In April 1973, many mammal fossils were found, marking the beginning of archaeological exploration in the region. Key discoveries included ancient human skull fragments and teeth, leading to significant findings of early human fossils and tools.
Cultural Origins
The Longtanshan culture (龙潭山文化) is spread across the Dianchi area and the Nanpan River basin, linking it to cultures in Sichuan and Shanxi. The discovery of this site pushes back the timeline of human existence in the Dianchi area to over 30,000 years ago, prompting the Kunming government to protect the site. This discovery is crucial for understanding human origins and the ancient geography, climate, and environment of the region.
Significance
The Longtanshan site has yielded numerous artifacts and fossils that highlight the historical presence of humans in the area. The research conducted here contributes significantly to our understanding of human evolution, the Fourth Period stratigraphy, and the prehistoric environment of Yunnan.
Notable Quotes
- “The discovery of ancient humans and their artifacts pushes back the timeline of human activity in the Dianchi area to over 30,000 years ago.” (人类活动的时间推移至3万多年以前)
- “This site is essential for exploring the origins of modern humans and studying the ancient geography and climate of the region.” (对现代人类起源的探讨及古地理、古气候研究具有重要意义)
Key Features of Longtanshan
- Elevation: 1,941 meters
- Area: 0.3 km (east-west) x 0.4 km (north-south)
- Location: Chenggong District, Kunming City
Archaeological Findings
- Complete human skull (1976)
- Fossils of late Paleolithic humans
- Extensive collection of stone tools and mammal fossils
Overview
Wujiatang Wetland Park (五甲塘湿地公园) is located in the Guandu District (官渡区) of Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省), specifically within the Liu Jia Township (六甲乡) and Xiaobanquiao area. The park stretches from the Baoxiang River (宝象河) in the south to the Wujiatang River (五甲河) in the north, and it borders Dianchi Lake (滇池) to the west. Covering an area of approximately 1,300 acres, it is equivalent to the size of four Cuihu Parks (翠湖公园). This park is recognized as Kunming’s first wetland park, showcasing the beautiful scenery of Dianchi, which includes “Emerald Feathers and Red Clouds, Willows in Spring, and Lotus Flowers in Summer.”
- Geographic Location: Guandu District, Liu Jia Township, and Xiaobanquiao, Kunming City
- Area: 1,300 acres
- Construction Cost: 530 million yuan
- Opening Hours: Year-round, Monday to Sunday, 09:00-17:00
Park Introduction
Wujiatang Wetland Park is situated within Liu Jia Township and Xiaobanquiao, with significant geographical features surrounding it. The park is primarily composed of water surfaces, tidal flats, and marshes. The total investment for its construction was 530 million yuan, and the development is divided into two phases. Currently, the park’s visitor center, parking lot, public restrooms, viewing paths, and a 60-meter entrance road have been largely completed.
Site Selection
- The wetland area of Wujiatang is rich in biodiversity, serving as a crucial habitat for various plant and animal species, including birds, insects, and other wildlife, contributing significantly to the biodiversity along the Dianchi Lake.
- The park plays an essential role in flood control for the rivers entering Dianchi, such as the Baoxiang River and Wujiatang River. It aids in regulating water flow, storing water, replenishing groundwater, and maintaining the regional water balance, effectively functioning as a natural “sponge” for flood prevention.
- As urbanization accelerates, the economic development in Liu Jia, Guandu, and Xiaobanquiao has been rapid. Agricultural and industrial growth, along with other human activities, has led to the inflow of pesticides and industrial pollutants into the wetland. Through biological and chemical processes within the wetland, these toxic substances can be degraded, effectively reducing pollution from upstream rivers like Baoxiang River and Wujiatang River. This natural barrier plays a vital role in improving the ecological environment around Dianchi and maintaining ecological balance along the lakeshore.
Overview
Xiaobai Forest Park (小白龙森林公园) is located 10 kilometers southwest of Yiliang County (宜良县) in Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). This large, comprehensive forest scenic area covers an operational area of 624.8 hectares. It was officially designated as a national forest park on May 1, 1999, following approval from the National Forestry Administration.
- Forest Park Level: National Level
- Geographic Location: Southwest of Yiliang County, Kunming City
- Area: 624.8 hectares
- Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical Climate
- Approval Date: May 1999
- Opening Hours: Year-round, 00:00-24:00
Geographic Environment
Xiaobai Forest Park is situated 10 kilometers southwest of Yiliang County and is 40 kilometers east of Kunming. It is connected to the provincial tourism resort area of Yangzonghai (阳宗海), enhancing its accessibility and appeal.
Climate Characteristics
The park is located in a low-latitude plateau in central Yunnan, featuring a northern subtropical climate. This region is characterized by minimal temperature variation between winter and summer, giving it a pleasant, spring-like climate throughout the year.
Honors and Recognition
In September 2018, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration announced the first batch of 50 pilot units for the construction of national forest towns. Among them, Kunming’s Shilin Meiyi Flower Forest Town (石林美伊花森林小镇) and Yiliang County’s Huahua Yuanyuan Forest Characteristic Town (花好月圆森林特色小镇), which originated from Xiaobai Forest Park, were included in this list.
The Xiaojiang Mudslide in Dongchuan District, Kunming, is renowned as a natural museum of mudslides and serves as an ideal location for studying the relationship between human survival and the natural environment. The area’s unique geological features and frequent mudslides have earned it a distinguished reputation both in China and internationally.
Location of Xiaojiang (小江地理位置)
Xiaojiang is a tributary on the southern bank of the Jinsha River (金沙江), stretching 138.2 kilometers in length. The river valley at the bottom is 15 to 50 meters wide, with steep cliffs on both sides, resulting in an elevation difference of 1,000 to 2,000 meters. The water has a total drop of 909 meters. Due to the loose structure of the rock layers on both sides of the valley, sparse vegetation, and the highly developed deep-cut valleys, the area is prone to massive mudslides.
Unique Characteristics of the Scenic Area (景区特点)
During the flood season, the mudslides are particularly fierce, with a flow rate reaching over 1,000 billion cubic meters per second. The flow carries stones of various sizes mixed with mud, as well as broken branches, creating a massive “river of mud and stone.” This dramatic phenomenon is the result of ecological imbalance but also forms one of nature’s awe-inspiring spectacles.
Within a 90-kilometer range downstream of Longtoushan (龙头山), there are 51 mudslide channels, including Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟), Daxiaobaini Gully (大小白泥沟), Yutoutang Gully (芋头塘沟), and Laogan Gully (老干沟), all of which are in their active development stages.
Scale and History (规模)
The mudslide development in Dongchuan has been ongoing for over 300 years. Currently, there are 113 mudslide gullies in the region, with Jiangjia Gully being the most prominent. Jiangjia Gully alone has 178 impact channels, with frequent, large-scale mudslide eruptions that cover a wide variety of types. The intact preservation of the fan-shaped impact area is not only rare in China but is also considered a leading example worldwide.
A remarkable phenomenon in Jiangjia Gully is that the loose stones in the mudslide formation area are in a state of critical stability, such that loud sounds can cause the stones to collapse and flow. Due to the frequent mudslides, the riverbed has risen by over 100 meters in the past 50 years. Standing at the bottom of the gully feels like being a tiny speck in a vast sea of stones.
Noteworthy Phenomenon: “Shout and the Stones Collapse” (声喊则碎石崩流)
This is a unique feature of Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟), where shouting or loud sounds can trigger stone collapses, making the mudslide even more dramatic and dangerous.
Off-road Sports Events (运动项目)
Dongchuan has fully utilized its mudslide resources to develop off-road racing, holding four successful races to date. The Dongchuan Off-road Car Race has gained significant recognition from the Federation of Automobile Sports of China. In 2005, the federation awarded Dongchuan the title “China Mudslide Off-road Racing Track” (中国泥石流汽车越野赛道). By 2007, the race was included as a station of the National Four-Wheel Drive Rally Series, marking Dongchuan’s rise to one of China’s premier racing events.
The total race route spans 401.46 kilometers, with participants from eight provinces across China, featuring 18 teams and 58 cars. This demonstrates how the fame of Dongchuan’s mudslide race has expanded beyond Yunnan, making a name for itself across the nation.
Key Attractions and Names:
- Xiaojiang Mudslide (东川小江泥石流)
- Jinsha River (金沙江)
- Longtoushan (龙头山)
- Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟)
- Daxiaobaini Gully (大小白泥沟)
- Yutoutang Gully (芋头塘沟)
- Laogan Gully (老干沟)
- China Mudslide Off-road Racing Track (中国泥石流汽车越野赛道)
Overview of Wumengshan Mountain
Wumengshan Mountain (乌蒙山) is the watershed between the Jinsha River (金沙江) and the Beipan River (北盘江). It is located in the northern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (滇东高原) and the northwestern part of the Guizhou Plateau (贵州高原). Stretching in a northeast-southwest direction, it is a young mountain range formed by fault uplifting. Most of its composition is ancient limestone, with an average altitude of around 2,000 meters and the highest peak reaching 4,000 meters. The mountain rises 500 to 1,000 meters above the surrounding plateau.
The region is rich in karst topography, with numerous basins, deeply cut valleys, isolated hills, limestone erosion basins, and underground rivers. The scenery includes majestic karst formations like sinkholes, limestone valleys, and mysterious caves.
A Poetic Tribute by Mao Zedong
The grandeur of Wumengshan is vividly captured in the famous verse by Mao Zedong (毛泽东):
“Wumeng is so vast, it feels like we are treading on mud balls.”
(乌蒙磅礴走泥丸)
This poem encapsulates the powerful and rugged landscape of the Wumeng Mountains.
Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨)
Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) is the highest peak in the Wumengshan Range, exuding an imposing aura. The mountain is only 9 kilometers from Dongchuan City (东川城区), but it rises dramatically with a height difference of 2,767.3 meters, an extraordinary geological feature. Most of the mountain consists of hard limestone, appearing brownish in color. From both near and far, the peaks tower majestically, and the cliffs are sharp and awe-inspiring.
During spring and summer, as visitors approach the foot of the mountain, they walk through vast grasslands filled with vibrant wildflowers. The slopes are adorned with blossoming camellias, adding to the beauty of the landscape. Occasionally, the sight of wild mountain goats racing across the cliffs adds excitement to the breathtaking scenery.
The Crash Site of the American “Flying Tigers” Squadron
At an altitude of 3,000 meters on Xiaogu Niu Peak (小牯牛峰), there is a historic site commemorating the crash of an American “Flying Tigers” plane during World War II. This site attracts many adventurers and history enthusiasts, eager to uncover its mysteries.
Other Scenic Highlights
The mountain is also home to legendary spots like Yunmen Pass (云门关) and Xianren Cave (仙人洞), set amidst towering peaks and deep valleys. These locations offer stunning views of high-altitude karst caves and underground rivers. From the mountain’s summit, visitors can witness clouds flowing below and the subtropical town at the base of the mountain, providing a striking experience of the phenomenon: “One mountain, four seasons; ten miles, different weather.” (一山有四季、十里不同天)
Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) – The Highest Peak
Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) is located at the border between Dongchuan District (东川区), Kunming, and Huize County (会泽县), Qujing City (曲靖市). It is the highest peak in the Wumengshan Range and is known for its grandeur. The name “Dahai” (大海) comes from the Yi language (彝语), meaning “above the steps,” referring to the terraced landscapes leading to the highest point of the range, Dagu Niu Zhai, which stands at an altitude of 4,017.3 meters. This peak is also the highest point in Qujing City, while the lowest point is where the Xiaojiang River (小江) meets the Jinsha River (金沙江), with a vertical difference of 3,322.3 meters.
The Dagu Niu Zhai landscape is characterized by vast alpine and subalpine meadows, providing visitors with wide, open views and a sense of awe.
A Description from the “Dongchuan Gazetteer” (东川府志)
The Dongchuan Gazetteer records the following about Dagu Niu Zhai:
“The peaks are perilously high, always shrouded in clouds. On clear days, the greenery appears vividly, visible from over four to five hundred miles away in central Yunnan.”
(垂冈绝巘，危峰矗立，常有云气覆之，每天晴日朗，苍翠欲滴，滇中四五百里皆见之)
Climbing to the peak, although one may not feel like they are on top of the world, they cannot help but be filled with pride, inspired by the grandeur of the landscape.
Dramatic Elevation Changes
Dagu Niu Zhai has one of the most dramatic elevation changes, with weather that varies significantly depending on altitude. Visitors often remark on the experience of “traveling through four seasons in a single day, and encountering different weather within ten miles.” This unique feature contributes to its fame.
Western Slope – Jiangjia Ravine (蒋家沟)
On the western slope of Dagu Niu Zhai lies Jiangjia Ravine (蒋家沟), one of the largest and rarest debris flow zones in the world, known for its dramatic mudslides. This natural phenomenon is both awe-inspiring and dangerous, drawing geologists and tourists alike.
Eastern Slope – Lush Grasslands
On the eastern slope, clear springs flow year-round, and the meadows are covered in lush green grass, resembling a natural carpet that stretches endlessly. Visitors can often spot herders wearing traditional white wool cloaks, guiding their flocks of sheep across the expansive grasslands. This serene image evokes the peaceful coexistence between people and nature in this rugged yet beautiful landscape.
Reflection
Dagu Niu Zhai exemplifies the harmonious relationship between nature’s might and human endeavor. It serves as a reminder of the wisdom found in respecting nature’s rhythms while integrating human life into the landscape. Whether for adventure, history, or simply to experience breathtaking scenery, Wumengshan Mountain remains a must-visit destination for nature lovers and explorers.
Shengou Forest Park (深沟森林公园) is located in the northeastern suburb of Xincun Town (新村镇), in Dongchuan District (东川区), Kunming. The park was established in 1986 and originally served as a natural disaster management project for a debris flow channel. Later, it was transformed into a forest park based on a model debris flow control system. The park features flowing streams between mountains, lush poplar trees, and various tropical plants such as sisal (桐剑麻). Visitors can enjoy the tranquil pathways lined with phoenix trees (凤凰树) and silver birch trees (银桦树), while the entire park is covered with evergreen silver wattle (银合欢).
Unique Natural Features
Locals believe that the park has a strong magnetic field, which is said to be beneficial to health. Every day, thousands of people can be seen jogging in the valley, carrying bottles of spring water, making it a local tradition. The park is known for several famous attractions, including:
- Zhuguo Temple (祝国寺)
- Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布)
- Huanglong Cave (黄龙洞)
History of Shengou Forest Park
The park was built in a former debris flow channel and is considered a demonstration project for debris flow management. Since its development, the park has become a beloved spot for locals and tourists alike. Surrounded by mountains with flowing streams, visitors can enjoy the cooling shade provided by the abundant poplar trees and the vibrant greenery of tropical plants. Walking along the shady paths, one can feel the fresh breeze, with phoenix trees and silver birch trees dancing in the wind.
Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布)
At the far end of the park lies Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布), which cascades down from a height of over 100 meters. From a distance, the waterfall appears like a white ribbon flowing through the air, with mist and clouds swirling around it. Up close, the waterfall creates a fine spray of water droplets that resemble silver needles, evoking a sense of celestial beauty and refreshing vitality.
Engineering Marvel: Climbing Water Design (爬坡水)
The construction of the tourist road in Shengou Forest Park was carefully designed to adapt to the local terrain. Engineers demonstrated ingenuity by building water channels on top of the drainage system that give the appearance of water “climbing” up the slopes. This innovative design uses the natural contours of the land to increase drainage efficiency. The slope enables the water to flow faster, preventing road accidents caused by water accumulation. At the same time, this feature enhances the park’s aesthetic appeal, offering visitors a visually stunning experience.
This “climbing water” design reflects a profound understanding and respect for the natural environment. It’s not a waste of resources or a disruption of nature, but rather a harmonious collaboration between human ingenuity and the laws of nature, contributing to a beautiful living environment.
A Thought-Provoking Design
The “climbing water” system offers a new perspective on the balance between natural beauty and human innovation. It challenges us to think about how urban planning can incorporate nature-friendly designs, making cities not only functional but also beautiful and livable. This innovative feature inspires us to explore more sustainable and aesthetic solutions for future urban development.
Notable Attractions in Shengou Forest Park
- Zhuguo Temple (祝国寺): An ancient temple located in the park, offering spiritual and cultural insights.
- Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布): A breathtaking waterfall that cascades down from a height of over 100 meters.
- Huanglong Cave (黄龙洞): After a 20-minute hike uphill, visitors can reach this cave, which features a natural waterfall formed by spring water flowing from inside. The waterfall is nearly 100 meters high, with water splashing into a clear pool surrounded by green shade, creating a natural scenic wonder.
Additional Tips for Visitors
Shengou Forest Park is suitable for visits all year round. However, since Dongchuan District is located in a dry, hot valley area, the summer climate can be quite warm, so visitors are advised to prepare for the heat.
- Recommended Duration: 1-3 hours
- Transportation:
- By car: From Kunming City, take the Hangrui Expressway (杭瑞高速), followed by the Yukun Expressway (渝昆高速), then the Gongdai Road (功待公路), Longdong Road (龙东路), and Longdongge Road (龙东格公路) to reach the park.
- Entrance Fee: 1 RMB
- Opening Hours: Monday to Sunday, open all day
- Location: Tongdu Street (铜都街道), Dongchuan District, Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市东川区铜都街道)
In conclusion, Shengou Forest Park in Dongchuan District offers a unique blend of natural beauty and human innovation. The park not only serves as a model for debris flow control but also provides a serene escape for visitors with its lush greenery, stunning waterfalls, and impressive engineering features. Whether for a morning jog or a peaceful retreat, Shengou Forest Park is a must-visit destination.
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