Motorcycles are two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicles powered by either a fuel-powered engine or an electric motor. They are controlled by handlebars that steer the front wheel, offering light weight, agility, and speed. Motorcycles are widely used for patrols, passenger and cargo transport, and also as sporting equipment. They are classified as motor vehicles.

Types of Motorcycles

According to the “Regulations on the Application and Use of Motor Vehicle Driving Licenses” (Ministry of Public Security Order No. 172), motorcycles are categorized as follows:

Ordinary Three-Wheeled Motorcycles (D Driving License)

Ordinary Two-Wheeled Motorcycles (E Driving License)

Lightweight Motorcycles (F Driving License), including:

• Two-Wheeled Lightweight Motorcycles

• Three-Wheeled Lightweight Motorcycles

In broader categories, motorcycles can be classified as street bikes, road racing motorcycles, off-road motorcycles, cruisers, touring bikes, and more.

Basic Concept

A motorcycle is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled internal combustion engine vehicle, often equipped with one or two saddle-shaped seats for passengers. It is a fast and flexible mode of transportation, commonly used in both military and sports competitions. Motorcycles come in both two-wheeled and three-wheeled varieties.

History of Motorcycles

Origin

In 1885, German inventor Gottlieb Daimler installed an engine onto a machine frame, creating the world’s first motorcycle. Motorcycle racing, which is related to motorcycles, began as a military sport and has since evolved into an intense competitive activity. It features two-wheeled and three-wheeled models, and each type is categorized according to engine displacement. Races are judged based on speed or riding skills.

Development

Motorcycles originated from the combination of “Motor” (internal combustion engine) and “Cycle” (bicycle). In 1884, Edward Butler, an Englishman, added a power unit to a bicycle, creating a tricycle powered by kerosene. In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler, the “Father of the Automobile,” created a three-wheeled motorcycle powered by a single-cylinder gasoline engine. On August 29 of that year, he patented his invention. Daimler is globally recognized as the inventor of the motorcycle. His first motorcycle was powered by a four-stroke internal combustion engine with a 264cc displacement, producing 0.5 horsepower at 700 rpm, with a top speed of 12 km/h. The bike had a wooden frame, a leather saddle, and a belt-driven rear wheel with auxiliary support wheels to prevent tipping when stationary.

The Evolution of Motorcycles

Since the invention of the first gasoline-powered motorcycle by Gottlieb Daimler in 1885, the motorcycle has undergone over a century of development. The original motorcycle, now preserved at the Deutsches Museum (德意志博物馆) in Munich, Germany, bears little resemblance to modern motorcycles in terms of design, structure, and performance.

In its early years, the motorcycle’s gasoline engine was rudimentary, and vehicle manufacturing was still in the horse-drawn carriage stage. The first motorcycle featured a wooden frame, wooden wheels, and a simple engine with limited power. It could only achieve a top speed of 12 km/h, not much faster than walking.

As technology advanced, the motorcycle industry began to grow. In 1903, Harley-Davidson (哈雷·戴维森) in the United States produced the first commercially available motorcycle with a 409cc engine producing 2.94 kW. This marked the beginning of the motorized motorcycle market. By the 1930s, motorcycles featured innovations such as inflatable tires, ball bearings, clutches, gear systems, front suspension shock absorbers, and spring seats, making them more practical and suitable for mass production.

The Evolution of Harley-Davidson

Harley-Davidson is one of the most iconic motorcycle manufacturers in the world. The company introduced the V-twin engine in 1907, providing twice the power of the traditional single-cylinder engine. Harley dominated the American motorcycle market during the 1930s, but faced stiff competition from lighter, faster British motorcycles during the 1940s. The company continued to evolve, merging with American Machinery and Casting Company in the 1960s to strengthen its capital and resources. By the 1980s, Harley-Davidson saw a complete revival, with every motorcycle it produced becoming a symbol of quality.

Motorcycle Development in Other Countries

Japan

Japan has become a leader in modern motorcycle manufacturing, with famous brands such as Honda (本田), Yamaha (雅马哈), Suzuki (铃木), and Kawasaki (川崎). In the post-WWII era, Japan’s need for affordable and practical transportation led to the rise of motorcycle manufacturers. By 1961, Honda became the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer. In 1969, Honda’s CB750 revolutionized the large motorcycle market, marking the beginning of Japan’s dominance in the motorcycle industry.

Germany

Germany is known as the birthplace of motorcycles, with BMW (宝马) being one of its most famous brands. In 1921, BMW started producing two-cylinder motorcycle engines, and by 1923, it was manufacturing complete motorcycles. BMW motorcycles are renowned for their craftsmanship and are highly valued for their durability and advanced technology.

China

In 1951, China officially began manufacturing motorcycles. The Jinggangshan (井冈山) brand, produced by the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, was China’s first motorcycle, capable of reaching speeds of up to 110 km/h. By 2024, China became the world’s largest motorcycle producer, with millions of units produced annually.

Future Development

Motorcycles have evolved over the past century and continue to move toward greater speed, safety, and efficiency. Modern motorcycle industries incorporate advanced technologies, such as fuel injection systems, radar distance sensors, and electronic map navigation. Companies like Harley-Davidson (哈雷·戴维森) have led the way, integrating top-tier automobile technology into their motorcycles, including fuel injection and improved engine efficiency. Concept motorcycles now feature cutting-edge technologies such as electronic noise reduction systems and advanced control systems, making motorcycles more powerful and environmentally friendly.

The development of motorcycles has now entered its fourth stage, with luxury motorcycles that integrate high-tech automotive innovations, setting the stage for further advancements in motorcycle design and performance.

Basic Knowledge

Power Knowledge

Horsepower was originally defined by the French and Germans. However, the horses used for determining horsepower were smaller than typical horses, so an engine with 50 horsepower should be imagined as having the equivalent power of 35 typical horses pulling a motorcycle. The unit “PS” (Pferdestärke) for horsepower was first used by the Germans and continues to be used today.

What is 1 Horsepower?

1 horsepower is defined as the force required to lift a 75 kg object by 1 meter in 1 second. For instance, if you see a specification like 70 PS/8000 rpm, it means that the engine generates 70 horsepower at 8000 revolutions per minute (rpm).

RPM refers to the engine’s revolutions per minute.

What is Torque?

Torque, also known as rotational force, is the force that causes an object to rotate. The common unit for torque is kg-m (kilogram-meters), and the international unit is Nm (Newton-meters).

To understand torque better, consider this example: If a screwdriver or wrench is used to tighten a screw, and the wrench is 1 meter long, applying 1 kg of force at the end results in a torque of 1 kg-m. If the wrench is 0.5 meters long, 2 kg of force would be needed to generate 1 kg-m of torque. The farther the point of force application is from the axis of rotation, the less force is required.

Engine Displacement

How is Engine Displacement Calculated?

Bore: The diameter of the engine’s cylinder.

Stroke: The distance the piston travels inside the cylinder.

For example, the 2003 Honda CBR600RR:

Engine Type: Liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, inline 4-cylinder, 16-valve DOHC engine.

Bore: 67.0 mm

Stroke: 42.5 mm

Displacement Calculation:

Cross-sectional area of the cylinder = π × (radius²) = 3.14 × (3.35 cm)² = 35.25 cm²

Displacement = 35.25 × 4.25 cm × 4 cylinders = 599 cc (total displacement)

Engine Operating Principles

Four-Stroke Engine

The four-stroke engine is commonly used. In a four-stroke system, the piston completes four strokes (intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust) for each cycle. Here’s how it works:

Intake Stroke: The intake valve opens, and the piston moves downward, sucking the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.

Compression Stroke: The intake and exhaust valves close, and the piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture.

Combustion Stroke: When the mixture is compressed, the spark plug ignites it, generating pressure that pushes the piston downward and rotates the crankshaft.

Exhaust Stroke: When the piston moves downward, the exhaust valve opens, and the exhaust gases are expelled. The piston continues moving upward to push out any remaining exhaust.

Two-Stroke Engine

The two-stroke engine completes its cycle with only two piston movements. It works differently from a four-stroke engine, as it uses a different process to introduce the air-fuel mixture and expel exhaust gases:

The piston moves upward, drawing the air-fuel mixture into the crankcase.

The piston moves downward, compressing the air-fuel mixture into the combustion chamber.

Once the mixture is compressed, the spark plug ignites it, creating combustion pressure that pushes the piston downward.

The piston moves downward and opens the exhaust port, expelling the exhaust gases, and simultaneously opens the intake port, allowing fresh air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.

In a two-stroke engine, because both intake and exhaust occur simultaneously, some of the fresh air-fuel mixture escapes along with the exhaust gases, resulting in lower efficiency at lower RPMs. However, the power output is higher than that of a comparable four-stroke engine. This makes two-stroke engines ideal for racing applications. Newer two-stroke engines, such as YAMAHA’s YPVS, HONDA’s ATAC, and SUZUKI’s SAEC, have added components to improve performance and reduce emissions.

Due to the need for burning oil for lubrication, two-stroke engines tend to wear out faster than four-stroke engines and produce more carbon buildup.

Basic Components

Motorcycle Composition

A motorcycle is made up of five main components:

Engine

Transmission System

Chassis and Suspension System

Steering and Braking System

Electrical and Instrumentation System

Engine

Motorcycle Engine Characteristics

Engine Type: The engine is either a two-stroke or four-stroke gasoline engine.

Cooling Method: The engine uses air cooling, with two types: natural air cooling and forced air cooling. Most motorcycles use natural air cooling, where air blown over the cylinder head and cooling fins dissipates heat. High-power motorcycles use forced air cooling, utilizing fans to direct airflow for better cooling, especially at low speeds or when the engine hasn’t started yet.

High RPM: Motorcycle engines typically have high RPMs, often exceeding 5000 RPM. They also have high power output per liter of engine displacement, generally around 60 kW per liter, indicating a compact and powerful engine.

Engine Integration: The crankcase, clutch, and transmission are designed together, making the engine compact and efficient.

Chassis

The chassis is the backbone of the motorcycle, consisting of:

Cylinder Head: Made from aluminum alloy with cooling fins.

Cylinder: Often made from a bi-metal structure, combining durable cast iron and aluminum for better heat dissipation. Some smaller motorcycles use aluminum alloy cylinders with chrome-plated interiors.

Crankcase: Made from aluminum alloy and cast as a single unit, often with buffer blocks to reduce vibration noise.

Crankshaft and Connecting Rod

The crankshaft is a composite piece, consisting of two halves and a crank pin. Each half has ball bearings that support the crankshaft in the crankcase. The crankshaft ends are connected to the flywheel, magneto, and clutch drive gear. The connecting rod has a solid construction, with a bearing and crank pin.

Carburetor

The carburetor plays an essential role in the fuel delivery system, sitting between the air filter and the engine intake. It is primarily a float-chamber carburetor. It includes two main parts:

Float Chamber: Maintains a constant fuel level to ensure stable fuel pressure.

Mixing Chamber: Combines fuel and air to create the necessary mixture for different loads and RPMs.

Lubrication System

Four-Stroke Engine: Uses a combination of splash lubrication and pressure lubrication.

Two-Stroke Engine: Typically uses a mixed lubrication method, where a proportion of oil is mixed with the gasoline. However, newer two-stroke engines use a separate lubrication system, reducing oil consumption and exhaust pollution.

Starting Mechanism

Kick-Start System

Motorcycles mainly use a kick-start system, with a gear-driven mechanism to start the engine. The process involves pressing the kick-start lever, which engages the starter gears and rotates the crankshaft to start the engine.

Transmission System

The transmission system includes:

Primary Reduction: Transfers power from the engine to the clutch, consisting of a primary drive sprocket, chain, and clutch-driven sprocket.

Clutch: The clutch connects and disconnects the engine from the transmission, allowing for smooth gear changes.

Clutch Types

Wet Multi-Plate Friction Clutch: The clutch components are immersed in oil for smoother operation and longer life.

Automatic Centrifugal Clutch: Used in lightweight motorcycles, this clutch automatically engages and disengages based on engine speed.

Spring-Loaded Automatic Clutch: Common in small motorcycles, where centrifugal force activates the clutch when engine RPMs rise.

Secondary Reduction and Transmission

Motorcycles use belt, chain, or universal joint shaft transmissions for secondary reduction. Chains are the most common and reliable method. Higher power motorcycles often use universal joint shaft systems, combined with spiral bevel gears for better reduction efficiency.

Chassis and Suspension System

Chassis

The chassis serves as the skeleton of the motorcycle, made of welded steel tubes or pressed steel plates. It connects all the components, such as the engine, transmission, forks, and suspension, ensuring structural strength and rigidity.

Front Fork

The front fork is the steering mechanism, connecting the chassis to the front wheel. It includes the front shock absorbers, upper and lower connecting plates, and the steering column.

Suspension

The suspension system includes both front and rear shock absorbers to dampen vibrations and provide a smooth ride.

Front Suspension: Reduces vibrations caused by the front wheel hitting obstacles, providing stable handling.

Rear Suspension: Located between the rear wheel and chassis, this system absorbs shocks from uneven roads.

Wheels

The motorcycle uses spoke wheels. The front wheel is for steering, while the rear wheel provides drive. Both wheels are composed of tires, rims, spokes, hubs, brake drums, and bearings.

Steering and Braking Systems

Steering System

The steering system controls the direction of the motorcycle, with the handlebars connected to the front fork. The handlebars are equipped with throttle, brake levers, and clutch controls.

Braking System

Braking is typically controlled by the right hand for the front brake and by foot for the rear brake. Motorcycles have two types of braking systems:

Mechanical Drum Brakes

Hydraulic Disc Brakes

Drum Brakes: Similar to those in cars, using brake shoes that press against a drum to create friction.

Disc Brakes: A hydraulic system where brake fluid pushes pistons to clamp the brake pads onto the disc, stopping the wheel.

Electrical and Instrumentation System

Motorcycles use electrical systems similar to those in cars, including components like a generator, battery, ignition system, and lighting. Electrical circuits are color-coded for easy identification:

Red: Power (+)

Black: Ground (-)

Orange: Ignition coil

White: Magneto output

Blue: Headlight

Inspection and Adjustment

Before purchasing a motorcycle, the following checks and adjustments are necessary:

Appearance: Inspect the vehicle for any missing parts, scratches, or damage to the paint or chrome.

Startup: Ensure the engine starts smoothly, with no unusual noises, and that it idles steadily.

Component Checks: Inspect the brake, clutch, suspension, and drive systems to ensure they are functioning correctly.

Types of Motorcycles

Classification of Motorcycles

Motorcycles are classified in various ways, depending on the country. The international standard (ISO 3833-1977) classifies motorcycles into two categories based on speed and weight: dual-purpose motorcycles and motorcycles. In China, motorcycles are typically categorized in two main ways:

By Engine Displacement and Maximum Design Speed:

• Lightweight Motorcycles: These have an engine displacement of no more than 50cc and a maximum design speed of no more than 50 km/h.

• Motorcycles: These have an engine displacement greater than 50cc and a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.

By Wheel Configuration:

• Two-Wheel Motorcycles

• Sidecar Motorcycles

• Tricycles

Motorcycles can also be categorized based on their intended use, engine type, and engine displacement. For example, compact and lightweight motorcycles are ideal for city commuting with speeds under 50 km/h, while motorcycles with engine displacements between 125cc and 250cc are better suited for long-distance rides between urban and rural areas.

Sports Motorcycles

Overview of Sports Motorcycles

Sports motorcycles, also known as racing bikes, are designed primarily for leisure and recreation. These motorcycles offer a fun and thrilling experience, ideal for those looking for a sporty and dynamic ride. While sports motorcycles include a wide range of designs, both super sports motorcycles and touring motorcycles fall under this category due to their high-performance capabilities.

Road Motorcycles

Overview of Road Motorcycles

Road motorcycles are primarily designed for use on paved roads. These can be further divided into three categories:

Super Sports Motorcycles

Touring Motorcycles

American Motorcycles

These motorcycles are commonly used in urban environments, where they perform optimally on smooth, paved roads. However, they may face challenges when traveling on unpaved roads. In contrast, off-road motorcycles are specifically built to handle rough terrains and come in two sub-categories: touring off-road motorcycles and city off-road motorcycles.

Super Sports Motorcycles

Characteristics of Super Sports Motorcycles

While most motorcycles prioritize comfort and ease of handling, super sports motorcycles are built for high-speed performance. Riders of super sports motorcycles can experience the exhilarating sensation of high-speed riding, enhanced by the interaction between the engine, tires, and road surface. Unlike racing bikes, which focus solely on maximum speed, super sports motorcycles are designed to offer an energetic and enjoyable ride, even if the top speed isn’t the highest. Achieving a thrilling ride experience is key, rather than simply pushing for speed.

Factors Affecting Performance

Impact of Engine Layout on Motorcycle Performance

The arrangement of the engine significantly influences the motorcycle’s performance. For example, multi-cylinder engines, while offering many advantages, tend to be larger and heavier, which can negatively affect the handling and steering of the motorcycle. Conversely, using a single-cylinder engine or a horizontally opposed V2 engine can reduce the engine’s weight and length, thereby improving handling and stability, especially when turning.

A well-designed engine layout not only improves speed but also enhances the comfort and agility of the ride, making it more enjoyable.

Motorcycle Care and Maintenance Tips

Key Maintenance and Care Tips for Motorcycles

Avoid Using Car Wash Services: Do not wash your motorcycle at a car wash or let others do it for you unless necessary. Car wash services may appear to be equipped and professionally managed, but they often focus on speed, which may result in poor outcomes. Improper washing can damage spark plugs and electrical components.

Let the Engine Cool Before Washing: Never use cold water directly on the engine or exhaust pipe when it’s hot. Rapid cooling can cause parts to warp, potentially damaging seals and leading to oil leaks. Many motorcyclists experience minor oil leaks due to this issue. Furthermore, chrome finishes on the exhaust pipe may peel or rust due to the rapid temperature change.

Avoid Direct Water Contact on Electrical Components: It’s essential to avoid getting water on parts such as the headlights, handlebars, horn, spark plugs, air filter, and battery. These parts contain electrical components, and getting them wet can lead to short circuits, power failures, or mechanical problems such as poor engine start or reduced performance.

Clean the Engine and Cooling Fins: After washing, ensure the engine and cooling fins are thoroughly cleaned. Using a toothbrush with a mild detergent can help not only improve appearance but also make it easier to spot potential issues, such as oil leaks.

Drying and Reassembly: After washing, use a dry cloth to wipe down the entire motorcycle, especially the electrical components, dashboard, handlebars, and spark plug cap. It’s crucial to remove any moisture from the spark plug cap by shaking it lightly to prevent ignition issues.

Start the Motorcycle After Cleaning: Once the motorcycle is cleaned and dried, start the engine and let it idle for 5-10 minutes to expel any remaining water from the exhaust pipe. If needed, ride the motorcycle at medium speed for a few minutes or let it air dry in the shade (avoid direct sunlight).

Post-Rain Care: After riding in the rain, be sure to dry off the motorcycle, particularly the exhaust pipe. Rainwater is often acidic and can accelerate corrosion, especially on exposed metal parts like the exhaust pipe. Though it may seem like a hassle, cleaning and drying your motorcycle properly will prevent premature damage.

Finishing Touches: After cleaning, apply wax to the motorcycle’s exterior and use fine sandpaper to buff it evenly. Additionally, lubricate the chain to ensure smooth operation and prevent rust.

Exhaust Pipe Blue Smoke

Symptoms of Blue Smoke

Blue smoke from the exhaust is a common issue where, during engine operation, you can often see a light blue smoke from the exhaust pipe. This is typically accompanied by rapid oil consumption. The potential causes for this problem include:

High engine oil level.

Low cylinder compression pressure.

Increased gap between the piston and cylinder.

Exhaust Pipe Black Smoke

Symptoms of Black Smoke

If you notice black smoke from the exhaust pipe during engine operation and a strong gasoline odor, especially noticeable during acceleration, the potential causes are:

Over-rich fuel mixture.

Faulty spark plug.

Ignition delay.

Exhaust Pipe White Smoke

Symptoms of White Smoke

White smoke from the exhaust can occur when the engine is running, and it is a sign that there may be water content in the fuel or moisture in the cylinder or muffler. The potential causes include:

Water in the fuel.

Moisture in the cylinder or exhaust.

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting Blue Smoke

Check Engine Oil Level: First, check whether the oil level is too high, as this can cause oil to rise into the combustion chamber. When checking the oil level, ensure the engine has been off for at least 10 minutes before checking. If the oil level is high, remove the excess oil.

Cylinder Compression Pressure: If the oil level is normal, check the cylinder compression pressure, especially if the engine has been used for a long time. Over time, the piston, piston rings, and cylinder walls may wear, creating a gap that causes oil to leak into the combustion chamber. If the compression pressure is below the specified value, further check the piston for carbon buildup, excessive wear, or loss of elasticity. In this case, clean or replace the piston rings.

Cylinder and Piston Maintenance: If the cylinder bore is severely worn and the gap between the piston and cylinder exceeds the standard value, the cylinder should be honed or the piston replaced.

Post-Overhaul or Piston Ring Replacement: After major repairs or a piston ring replacement, oil may leak if the piston ring is improperly installed. Reinstalling the piston rings correctly should resolve the issue.

Troubleshooting Black Smoke

Check Fuel Mixture: After noticing black smoke, first check the carburetor’s throttle valve. Ensure that the throttle is not stuck or malfunctioning, which can prevent proper adjustment. If any issues are found, repair or replace the throttle valve.

Float Chamber Oil Level: Check whether the oil level in the float chamber is too high, which can cause excess fuel to flow into the engine. If the oil level is high, adjust the float by bending the float tongue upward or adding a spacer under the needle valve to adjust the level.

Carburetor and Oil Filter: Check the carburetor for leaks, such as cracks in the float. If there are any, repair or replace the float. Additionally, check the oil filter for blockages, and clean or replace it if necessary.

Spark Plug Check: If the spark plug is weak or malfunctioning, it will not ignite the fuel mixture properly, leading to incomplete combustion and black smoke. Ensure the spark plug has a strong, normal spark. If the spark is irregular or weak, replace the spark plug.

Ignition Timing: If you hear a “popping” or “backfire” sound from the exhaust, this indicates delayed ignition. If such sounds occur, promptly adjust the ignition timing.

Troubleshooting White Smoke

Water in Fuel: White smoke during engine operation is often caused by water content in the fuel or moisture in the cylinder or muffler. If the white smoke disappears after the engine has warmed up, it’s generally not a concern, but if the smoke continues, you should change to high-quality fuel.

Condensation Issues: If the white smoke only appears at startup and disappears once the engine is running smoothly, this is normal. However, if the white smoke persists, check the fuel quality and moisture levels in the engine.

Power Loss

Power loss is often caused by issues such as:

Worn piston rings that fail to seal properly.

Improper valve sealing.

Carburetor blockages.

These issues can typically be resolved by replacing the piston rings, cleaning the carburetor, or addressing the valve issues.

Domestic Brands

Jialing Motorcycles (嘉陵摩托)

Jialing Motorcycles, a brand under China Jialing Group, offers a range of models from 50CC to 600CC, with over 10 variations and hundreds of models. With a cumulative production and sales of over 13 million units, Jialing is the largest-selling motorcycle brand in China. The company has a production capacity of 2 million units per year. Jialing motorcycles first exported to international markets in 1981 and are now sold in over 70 countries and regions. Jialing-Honda Engine Co., a Sino-Japanese joint venture, has a production capacity of 300,000 general-purpose gasoline engines annually. Jialing’s high-tech subsidiary, Chengdu Aojing Technology Co., specializes in the production of 300,000 sets of plastic aspheric projection lenses annually. In 2011, Jialing’s brand value was estimated at 10.477 billion RMB.

Qianjiang Motorcycles (钱江摩托)

Qianjiang Motorcycles is a brand under Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. The company is well known for producing motorcycles that have a strong presence both in China and globally.

Haojue Motorcycles (豪爵摩托)

Haojue is a brand under the Dalian Changjiang Group, which is the largest motorcycle production and sales company in China. It ranks 488th in China’s top 500 enterprises. The company is the largest motorcycle manufacturing partner of Japan’s Suzuki Corporation in China. Haojue and Suzuki-branded motorcycles are popular in China and are exported to over 70 countries and regions. From 2003 to 2010, Haojue ranked first in China in terms of domestic motorcycle sales. In 2010, Haojue’s brand value was 11.076 billion RMB.

Japanese Brands

HONDA

Honda is the global leader in motorcycles and the dominant brand in Japan. It has substantial financial resources and, despite facing stiff competition, is known for overcoming crises in both racing and consumer vehicles.

Review: Experienced and mature.

YAMAHA

Yamaha is known for its vitality and passion. Originating as an artistic brand, it continues to challenge the top contenders while maintaining its distinct identity.

Review: Rebellious and passionate.

SUZUKI

Suzuki follows a unique and steady approach, focusing on producing products with a long-lasting impact. Its iconic GSXR model has made a significant mark globally.

Review: Balanced and pragmatic.

KAWASAKI

Kawasaki is known for its heavy motorcycles, and despite stepping away from small displacement markets, it continues to dominate the heavyweight segment. Its iconic models, such as the ZX-12R and ZZR1400, have made waves in the industry.

Review: King of heavy motorcycles.

Top 10 Motorcycle Brands of 2011

Honda Motorcycles (本田摩托) – A global leader in motorcycles and automobiles, part of the Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

Yamaha (雅马哈) – A global brand known for creativity and high quality.

Qianjiang Motorcycles (钱江摩托) – A leading Chinese motorcycle brand with a strong domestic and international presence.

Haojue Motorcycles (豪爵摩托) – A renowned brand in Asia and China’s top motorcycle maker.

Zongshen Motorcycles (宗申摩托) – A well-known Chinese brand recognized for quality, part of the Zongshen Industrial Group.

BMW Motorcycles (宝马摩托) – A prestigious German brand with global recognition, part of the BMW Group.

Qingqi Suzuki (轻骑铃木) – A Sino-Japanese joint venture with a modern motorcycle production facility.

Jialing Motorcycles (嘉陵摩托) – A leader in China’s motorcycle industry, with a strong national and international presence.

Dayang Motorcycles (大阳摩托) – A well-known Chinese brand, with a strong position in both domestic and international markets.

Lifan Motorcycles (力帆摩托) – One of the largest private enterprises in China, known for its motorcycles and other vehicles.

Motorcycle Renowned Brands

Domestic Brands

Jialing Motorcycles (嘉陵摩托)

Jialing Motorcycles, a brand under China Jialing Group, offers a range of models from 50CC to 600CC, with over 10 variations and hundreds of models. With a cumulative production and sales of over 13 million units, Jialing is the largest-selling motorcycle brand in China. The company has a production capacity of 2 million units per year. Jialing motorcycles first exported to international markets in 1981 and are now sold in over 70 countries and regions. Jialing-Honda Engine Co., a Sino-Japanese joint venture, has a production capacity of 300,000 general-purpose gasoline engines annually. Jialing’s high-tech subsidiary, Chengdu Aojing Technology Co., specializes in the production of 300,000 sets of plastic aspheric projection lenses annually. In 2011, Jialing’s brand value was estimated at 10.477 billion RMB.

Qianjiang Motorcycles (钱江摩托)

Qianjiang Motorcycles is a brand under Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. The company is well known for producing motorcycles that have a strong presence both in China and globally.

Haojue Motorcycles (豪爵摩托)

Haojue is a brand under the Dalian Changjiang Group, which is the largest motorcycle production and sales company in China. It ranks 488th in China’s top 500 enterprises. The company is the largest motorcycle manufacturing partner of Japan’s Suzuki Corporation in China. Haojue and Suzuki-branded motorcycles are popular in China and are exported to over 70 countries and regions. From 2003 to 2010, Haojue ranked first in China in terms of domestic motorcycle sales. In 2010, Haojue’s brand value was 11.076 billion RMB.

Japanese Brands

HONDA

Honda is the global leader in motorcycles and the dominant brand in Japan. It has substantial financial resources and, despite facing stiff competition, is known for overcoming crises in both racing and consumer vehicles.

Review: Experienced and mature.

YAMAHA

Yamaha is known for its vitality and passion. Originating as an artistic brand, it continues to challenge the top contenders while maintaining its distinct identity.

Review: Rebellious and passionate.

SUZUKI

Suzuki follows a unique and steady approach, focusing on producing products with a long-lasting impact. Its iconic GSXR model has made a significant mark globally.

Review: Balanced and pragmatic.

KAWASAKI

Kawasaki is known for its heavy motorcycles, and despite stepping away from small displacement markets, it continues to dominate the heavyweight segment. Its iconic models, such as the ZX-12R and ZZR1400, have made waves in the industry.

Review: King of heavy motorcycles.

Top 10 Motorcycle Brands of 2011

Honda Motorcycles (本田摩托) – A global leader in motorcycles and automobiles, part of the Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

Yamaha (雅马哈) – A global brand known for creativity and high quality.

Qianjiang Motorcycles (钱江摩托) – A leading Chinese motorcycle brand with a strong domestic and international presence.

Haojue Motorcycles (豪爵摩托) – A renowned brand in Asia and China’s top motorcycle maker.

Zongshen Motorcycles (宗申摩托) – A well-known Chinese brand recognized for quality, part of the Zongshen Industrial Group.

BMW Motorcycles (宝马摩托) – A prestigious German brand with global recognition, part of the BMW Group.

Qingqi Suzuki (轻骑铃木) – A Sino-Japanese joint venture with a modern motorcycle production facility.

Jialing Motorcycles (嘉陵摩托) – A leader in China’s motorcycle industry, with a strong national and international presence.

Dayang Motorcycles (大阳摩托) – A well-known Chinese brand, with a strong position in both domestic and international markets.

Lifan Motorcycles (力帆摩托) – One of the largest private enterprises in China, known for its motorcycles and other vehicles.

Motorcycle Buying Guide

Engine Quality

The engine quality is crucial in determining the overall quality of a motorcycle. When selecting a motorcycle, start by checking if the engine and frame are aligned properly on the same centerline. Then, engage the kickstart lever in neutral and check for any unusual sounds. If the engine runs smoothly without noise, it indicates the cylinder is in good condition. Turn on the power and fuel switch, and check the engine start-up and gear shifting. A good engine should start after 2-3 presses of the kickstart and should idle smoothly without stalling, with no strange noises. The throttle should be responsive, and gears should shift smoothly without grinding or noise. Finally, observe the color of the exhaust smoke, with light blue being ideal.

Motorcycle Exterior Design

Look for a well-balanced design that is both visually appealing and practical. Ensure that the front and rear shock absorbers are parallel and aligned with the front and rear tires. The various accessories and parts should be intact, and the paintwork should be smooth, glossy, and without any chips or defects. The quality of the electroplated parts also plays a crucial role in both the appearance and the protection of the components, reducing wear over time.

Handling Mechanisms

The handling system includes key components such as the handlebars, clutch lever, throttle grip, and the front and rear brakes. The shock absorbers should have uniform resistance on both sides, the handlebars should be flexible and reliable, and the clutch and throttle should rotate smoothly. The front and rear brakes should function properly, with the brake pads returning to their original positions after use.

Electrical Components

Inspect the functionality of the front headlight, turn signals, brake lights, dashboard lights, and horn. If everything is working normally, it indicates the electrical system is functioning properly. You can also test the motorcycle by pushing it back and forth to check for any resistance. If the motorcycle feels light, it suggests no friction in the components. Additionally, check for oil leaks around the shock absorbers and engine, and assess the overall comfort of the ride.

Motorcycle Maintenance

Spark Plug Maintenance

The spark plug is a critical part of the motorcycle engine. Proper combustion of the air-fuel mixture is key to smooth engine performance. First, ensure you use the correct spark plug model for your engine, as there are variations in heat value and thread size. When inspecting the spark plug, the electrodes should have a reddish color. If they are black, it indicates carbon buildup, meaning the fuel mixture is too rich, and cleaning is needed. Use a pin to clean the central electrode groove and the side electrode. Adjust the gap between the electrodes based on the manufacturer’s specifications. If the spark plug is wet or burns white, it suggests the wrong heat range and should be replaced.

Spark Plug Care Tips:

Check the thread size and electrode length to avoid engine damage.

Use a spark plug wrench carefully to prevent damaging the threads.

Tighten the spark plug to the specified torque using a dedicated tool.

Air Filter Maintenance

The air filter is the motorcycle’s respiratory system. If clogged with dust, it can increase intake resistance, reduce engine power, and lead to poor fuel efficiency. A blocked air filter can also cause the engine to stall and lead to internal engine wear. To clean the air filter:

Remove the filter from the bike.

If it’s a foam filter, clean it with mild detergent and let it dry. Apply 2-3 drops of engine oil to absorb fine dust particles before reinstalling.

If it’s a paper filter, do not wash it. Gently tap it to remove dust, or use compressed air in the reverse direction to blow it clean.

Ensure the filter is reinstalled correctly, paying attention to airflow direction.

Increase cleaning frequency in dusty environments and replace the filter if damaged.

Oil Filter Maintenance

Many users understand the need to change the oil regularly but may forget to replace the oil filter. The oil filter plays a key role in cleaning the oil before it reaches the engine parts. A dirty filter can reduce oil flow and lead to poor lubrication, causing excessive engine wear. Always replace the oil filter along with the oil to ensure proper engine lubrication.

Passenger Regulations

Motorcycle Passenger Capacity (according to GB7258-2017)

Two-wheeled motorcycles and three-wheeled motorcycles with one wheel at the front and two wheels at the back can carry one passenger, in addition to the driver, if there is a fixed seat.

Sidecar motorcycles can carry one passenger in the sidecar and one on the main motorcycle, provided the sidecar and main vehicle have fixed seats.

Three-wheeled motorcycles with a driver’s cabin are allowed to carry one driver. If the cabin is equipped with a longitudinal seat arrangement (seat cushion depth ≥400mm and distance between driver and passenger seat ≥650mm), one passenger is allowed for every 400mm of seat width, up to a maximum of two passengers.

Restrictions on Motorcycle Passengers (according to the Road Traffic Safety Law)

Children under 12 years old are not allowed to sit on the rear seat of a motorcycle.

Lightweight motorcycles are not allowed to carry passengers.

Highway Restrictions

Two-wheeled motorcycles are not allowed to carry passengers while driving on highways.

Motorcycle License Guide

Types of Motorcycle Licenses in China

D License

The D license allows the holder to operate motorcycles of classes E and F. Specifically, the D license is required for certain types of motorcycles.

D License Details:

License Code: D

Age Requirement: 18-70 years old

Permitted Vehicles: Class E and F motorcycles

Medical Examination: Not required for individuals under 60 years old

Vehicle Requirements: The exam vehicle must have at least four gear positions for standard three-wheeled motorcycles or sidecar motorcycles.

E License

The E license allows the holder to drive motorcycles classified under the F category, as well as any vehicle that requires the E license.

E License Details:

License Code: E

Age Requirement: 18-70 years old

Permitted Vehicles: Standard two-wheeled motorcycles with an engine capacity greater than 50cc or a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.

Other Permitted Vehicles: F-class motorcycles

Medical Examination: Not required for individuals under 60 years old

Vehicle Requirements: The exam vehicle must have at least four gear positions for standard two-wheeled motorcycles.

F License

The F license is the most basic license and is for light motorcycles only. It is suitable for motorcycles with a smaller engine capacity.

F License Details:

License Code: F

Age Requirement: 18 years or older

Permitted Vehicles: Light motorcycles with an engine capacity of 50cc or less and a maximum design speed of 50 km/h or less.

Other Permitted Vehicles: Only F-class motorcycles

Medical Examination: Not required for individuals under 60 years old

Vehicle Requirements: The exam vehicle is set by provincial public security traffic management departments.

Three-Wheeled Motorcycles

License for Three-Wheeled Motorcycles

In order to drive three-wheeled motorcycles, a specific license is required based on the engine capacity and design speed.

Requirements for Driving a Three-Wheeled Motorcycle:

Permitted Vehicle: Standard three-wheeled motorcycles with an engine capacity greater than 50cc or a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.

Medical Examination: Not required for individuals under 60 years old.