Tengchong Jade Center 腾冲翡翠城 is located in Tengchong City, it is the one of the largest jade trading markets in Yunnan Province.

The jade industry in Tengchong has a rich history as the birthplace of China’s jade processing and carving craftsmanship. For over 400 years, jade carving has been a foundational pillar of Tengchong’s industrial and economic growth, renowned nationwide for its intricate artistry, extensive application, and cultural significance.

Historical Overview

Origins and Early Development

The jade industry in Tengchong (腾冲翡翠加工业) began in the mid-Ming Dynasty and reached its height during the Qing Dynasty. Before the 1950s, Tengchong was the largest distribution and trading center for Burmese jade and served as the country’s only import channel, earning it the reputation as the “Jade City” (翡翠城). Over time, jade flowed from Tengchong across vast trade routes: via Bhamo and Yangon to Singapore, Sumatra, and India, or from Myanmar’s Hpakant to Ledo and Calcutta in India. Another route stretched from Kunming to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.

Initially, the jade was relatively unknown, and processing in Tengchong remained limited. Most jadeite raw materials were transported to places like Yongchang (永昌) and Dali (大理) for crafting and local sale. However, due to market demand, many artisans migrated to Tengchong, establishing workshops around Luo Village (罗村) and the old Chenghuang Temple (老城隍庙). These early artisans primarily created handheld pieces, earrings, hair ornaments, and Buddhist figurines, largely focusing on the natural forms of the jade.

Flourishing Craftsmanship and Artisan Workshops

With economic growth and urban expansion during the early Qing Dynasty, the scale of jade production in Tengchong expanded significantly. Workshops flourished, with distinct production roles such as jade segmentation, rough carving, fine detailing, polishing, and finishing. Artisans expertly used tools to balance shape and spirit, structure, and aesthetics. This era saw the production of intricate Buddhist figures, lifelike depictions of people, and vibrant representations of flowers and birds, establishing a thriving jade carving industry.

By the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, the demand for jade as a collectible item grew exponentially. According to the Tengchong County Annals (腾冲县志), “In the early Republic, over 100 jade carving workshops operated in Tengchong, employing more than 3,000 artisans.” Skilled craftsmen from across China were drawn to Tengchong, contributing diverse styles, creating a vibrant industry characterized by variety and artistic rivalry.

Artistic Styles and Influence of National Techniques

Throughout this period, jade carving drew from various regional art styles, especially from Beijing, Shanghai, and Yangzhou. Beijing style emphasized rounded shapes and simplicity, often creating Buddhist and human figures. Shanghai and Yangzhou styles, in contrast, featured intricate layering and sophisticated detail, typically producing bird, insect, and fish motifs. Works from this period were celebrated for their rich variety, aesthetic complexity, and high craftsmanship, often envied by modern artisans.

War, Decline, and Post-War Resurgence

During the later years of the Republic of China and the early years following liberation, the jade industry declined due to war and other socio-economic factors. However, with peace and social development, the jade carving industry gradually revived. Notable pieces from this period include the jade sculpture Sowing the Spring (播春), designed by artist Yin Bilin (尹必霖) in 1967. This piece captures a beautiful Dai (傣族) girl sowing seeds under spring sunlight, her expression filled with hope, showcasing a unique ethnic aesthetic. It received praise from art experts when exhibited in Beijing.

Emergence of Contemporary Artisans

Recently, young artisans like Yang Shuming (杨树明) have emerged, distinguishing themselves through mastery and creative techniques. Yang’s Dragon Horse (龙骏) portrays a mythical dragon-like steed soaring through the clouds, with Han-style characteristics fused with Qing Dynasty influences. His Laughing Lion Arhat (笑狮罗汉), depicting a solemn Arhat cradling a treasure gourd with a majestic lion on his shoulder, reflects profound meaning and expert artistry. Yang is particularly skilled in both traditional and contemporary themes, producing works rich in imagination and subtlety, making his pieces highly sought after by collectors.

Jade Culture in Tengchong

Jade culture in Tengchong originates from central Chinese jade traditions but has evolved uniquely, shaped by local customs and beliefs. Jade occupies a prominent place in Tengchong life and is embedded deeply within the local culture.

Jade in Everyday Life

Tengchong locals have always revered jade, integrating it into daily life and customs. Whether in homes, teahouses, or inns, jade is a common topic of conversation, and stories of jade’s mystical origins are passed down across generations. Jade is used in rituals, for protection, and as adornment, and it is the most valuable gift for celebrations and weddings. Elders, on their deathbed, often entrust family jade bracelets as cherished heirlooms, symbolizing jade’s deep cultural significance in Tengchong.

Historical and Geographic Roots of Tengchong Jade

Jade’s influence in Tengchong can be traced back over 500 years when Tengchong merchants, through their commercial activities in Burma, discovered jade and began incorporating it into local culture. In his essay, A Survey of the Wilderness Mountains (《野人山调查记》), Qing Dynasty scholar Yin Zijian (尹子监) documented the jade trade, noting, “The Wilderness Mountain [Yeren Shan] is the land of the Mangyang and Tea Mountain jurisdictions.” The Gazetteer of Tengyue Prefecture (《腾越厅志》) also highlights, “Jade stones, prized for their clear red and white color, and supreme jadeite, hailed from Lijing.” These records affirm that Tengchong people were among the first to discover and cultivate jade culture, and that the jade region historically belonged to China.

With jade’s discovery, Tengchong traders opened multiple routes to jade mines, advancing extraction, transport, processing, and distribution to an unprecedented level. This foundation earned Tengchong the lasting title of “Jade City” in Chinese jade history.

Tengchong Jade Industry Today

In modern times, with technological advancements, Tengchong’s jade industry has expanded considerably. Currently, the county hosts nearly 300 jade workshops and employs around 5,000 artisans. Over 50 companies and business associations hold exclusive jade trading licenses, with thousands more individuals engaged in jade trade, employing about 20,000 people in jade processing across the county. Jade production has fully mechanized, greatly enhancing efficiency, artistic techniques, and global reach.

Tengchong’s jade history is marked by rare masterpieces, most of which were lost during the wars of the 20th century. However, since the liberation, new generations of jade artisans have emerged, carrying on this legacy and creating works celebrated nationally and internationally.

Jade’s Enduring Legacy

With a 5,000-year tradition of jade culture, over 400 years of jade craftsmanship, and proximity to Burma’s jade mines, Tengchong continues to evolve as a global jade hub. The shared vision of developing the jewelry industry ensures that Tengchong, the “Jade City,” will shine even more brightly on the world stage.

Fu Sheng Long (福盛隆) is a patriotic merchant association founded during the Republic of China era in Mandalay, Myanmar, and is located in Heshun Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province.

The company traces its origins back to 1885 and began its brand expansion in 2012. By 2022, Fu Sheng Long took a strategic step of expanding beyond Yunnan, launching a national chain operation. By 2024, Fu Sheng Long had established a strategic framework of “Guangzhou Headquarters Empowerment Center + Foshan New Media Operations Center + Directly-operated stores in Yunnan, Guangzhou, and Hainan.”

Over its long history, Fu Sheng Long has accumulated a rich and unique brand management culture. This is considered one of the core components of its enduring success, with the “善 (Goodness)” culture being the most deeply ingrained.

Basic Information

• Name in Chinese: 福盛隆

• Name in English: Fu Sheng Long

• Founded: 1885

• Founded in: Mandalay, Myanmar

• Current Location: Heshun Ancient Town, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province

• Main Business: Jade Culture Communication

Origins of the Business

The rich historical culture of Tengchong, located along the ancient Silk Road, gave rise to the region’s unique position as “China’s jade capital,” particularly famous for its emerald (翡翠, Feicui) resources. Tengchong, historically known as the “First City of the Extreme Border,” witnessed centuries of jade culture development. The thriving jade trade in Tengchong, especially during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), helped the city establish itself as a crucial center for jade processing and commerce.

The jade industry flourished in Tengchong as local merchants developed expertise in the identification, carving, and sale of jade. As a result, several notable jade brands emerged, including Fu Sheng Long, which has managed to endure the intense market competition. Today, Fu Sheng Long stands as the only surviving brand from that era.

Fu Sheng Long’s reputation for selecting premium jade, coupled with exquisite craftsmanship and trustworthiness, made its jade pieces highly sought after. Over time, Fu Sheng Long’s jade products became recognized for their refined beauty, elegance, and aesthetic value. The brand became a symbol of fashion and prestige among wealthy merchants and political elites. Today, it is known as one of the “Five Famous Jades of Tengchong.”

The brand’s signature phrase “积善之家” (A House That Accumulates Goodness) still hangs prominently in the shop, a reminder of its founding principles: that the pursuit of good deeds and virtue brings prosperity and blessings. This phrase originates from the ancient text “易传·文言传·坤文言” (The Book of Changes, The Commentary of the Book of Changes, Kun Section), which says:

“积善之家，必有余庆，积不善之家，必有余殃.” (A family that accumulates good deeds will surely have more blessings; a family that accumulates bad deeds will inevitably suffer more calamities.)

For many years, Fu Sheng Long has upheld these teachings, ensuring that the brand remains devoted to doing good for society.

The Legacy of Fu Sheng Long

In Tengchong, a longstanding tradition has women preparing a jade dowry for their daughters, and mothers-in-law gifting jade jewelry to their daughters-in-law as family heirlooms. During such occasions, people often turn to Fu Sheng Long for their high-quality jade products. Over time, the brand’s influence has deeply penetrated the local community, and Fu Sheng Long has become a symbol of tradition and trust.

The brand is celebrated with the slogan “传家传翡翠，世代福盛隆” (Pass Down Jade, Generations of Fu Sheng Long). This phrase embodies the essence of the company’s cultural legacy, highlighting the tradition of passing down fine jade within families, along with the company’s continued commitment to excellence.

Over the course of 130 years, Fu Sheng Long has weathered the storms of history. Despite wars and hardship, including the turbulent times during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Fu Sheng Long’s beliefs have remained unshaken.

Social Responsibility and Cultural Continuation

True to its founding principles, Fu Sheng Long has not only thrived as a business but also remained deeply involved in social responsibility. The company supports underprivileged students, honors war veterans, and participates in memorial activities such as cleaning tombstones at the National Martyrs Cemetery during the Qingming Festival.

As a family business, Fu Sheng Long continues to honor the culture of Heshun (和顺), a town that has a long history of fostering patriotic values. This legacy ensures that Fu Sheng Long will continue to shine brightly in the future, propelled by its cultural heritage and commitment to social good.

Fu Sheng Long’s story is a testament to the resilience of traditional craftsmanship and business values, as well as the deep cultural roots in the jade industry of Tengchong. The brand continues to symbolize beauty, luxury, and elegance, while also demonstrating a strong sense of social responsibility, further solidifying its place in both local and national history. Through the passing of time, Fu Sheng Long’s jade has become more than just a product – it is a legacy passed down through generations, representing a timeless tradition of excellence.

Tengchong jade is a famous handicraft from Yunnan, with a history spanning over 500 years. The jade products from Tengchong are made from various types of jade, featuring exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful designs. The range of products includes bracelets, hairpins, earrings, jade pendants, Buddha statues, and many other items, with 18 varieties exported abroad.

Chinese Name: Tengchong Jade Articles (腾冲玉器)
Number of Varieties: 18
Material: Jade

Basic Introduction

Tengchong, known as the “Hometown of Jadeite” and “Jade City,” has a long history of jade carving, dating back more than 500 years. It is the largest jadeite trading center in Southwest China. The products are primarily made from jadeite, which is sourced from Myanmar. They are renowned for their beautiful shapes, fine craftsmanship, and delicate texture.

Product Features

Tengchong jade products are made from Myanmar jadeite (also known as jade). The products feature beautiful shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, and fine texture. The variety of products includes bracelets, brooches, hairpins, Guanyin statues, Buddha statues, earrings, chicken-heart designs, large flower pieces, small flower pieces, elephant squatting designs, animal squatting designs, and rings, among others.

History of Development

Tengchong has long been an important commercial port on the southwestern frontier. The ancient “Southern Silk Road” and the famous “Stilwell Road” passed through Tengchong into Myanmar. More than 500 years ago, Tengchong merchants pioneered the jade processing industry. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many people from Tengchong traveled to Myanmar to engage in jade processing, which significantly increased the production of jade and stimulated the flourishing jade trade. At that time, there was a route known as the “Jade Road” or “Treasure Well Road” that connected Yongchang, Tengchong, and Myanmar’s Myitkyina.

Due to Tengchong’s strategic geographical location, it is only 358 kilometers away from the jade-producing region in Myanmar. For a long period, Tengchong became the primary gateway for Myanmar jade to enter China, accounting for almost 90% of the global jade trade volume. In 1902, the jade import volume was 271 dan (a traditional Chinese weight unit), and by 1911, it increased to 628 dan, reaching 801 dan in 1917. More than 20,000 mules and horses passed between Tengchong and Myanmar each year, bringing continuous supplies of Myanmar jade into the city. The jade processing industry reached its peak during this period. The “Small Yuecheng” area within Tengchong city became a gathering place for jewelers, where shops displayed rubies, sapphires, jade carvings, and a wide range of goods, both high-end and low-end, in a market known as the “Hundred Treasures Street.”

The prosperity of Tengchong at that time is vividly described in the lines:
“昔日繁荣百宝街，雄商大贾挟资来” (“Once prosperous Hundred Treasures Street, where great merchants came with wealth.”)
“琥珀牌坊玉石桥” (“Amber Archway and Jade Bridge”) — These phrases reflect the flourishing jade industry and the vibrant commerce of Tengchong during its peak.

The opening of the Southern Silk Road provided a convenient channel for jade to enter and exit Tengchong. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty in the 9th year of Yongyuan (97 AD), the king of the Man country (蛮掸国王) from the region near Yongchang sent “valuable treasures” as tribute to the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is considered the first documented instance of jade entering China as a tribute. Since the Han Dynasty, jade has continuously flowed into China through the Southern Silk Road and the Tengyue section. Over two thousand years, jade from Myanmar has flooded into the western Yunnan region and beyond, with Tengchong serving as the main trading hub.

Overview of the Area

Tengchong is located on the southwestern border of Yunnan Province, adjacent to Myanmar. It has historically been an important gateway along the ancient Southwestern Silk Road. Tengchong is a well-known overseas Chinese settlement, a cultural hub, and a famous jade trading center. It is also recognized as a provincial historical and cultural city.

In the Western Han Dynasty, it was known as Dianyue, and during the mid-period of the Dali Kingdom, it became the Tengchong Prefecture. Due to its geographical importance, a military presence was established in Tengchong, and during the Ming Dynasty, a stone fortress was built, known as the “First Border City.”

The Tengchong City area borders Myanmar for 148.7 kilometers, and the distance from Tengchong to Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State, is 217 kilometers. The region’s strategic location makes it one of the birthplaces of industrial and commercial development in Yunnan Province. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, it has been a gathering place for gems and jade, and it was the first to develop jade processing. By the Qing Dynasty, jade processing and trade had become very prosperous, and jade trade, commercial activities, and tourism grew rapidly. Today, the “Jade City” continues to attract both domestic and international businesspeople with its fresh new look.

Tengchong (腾冲市), a city rich in natural resources, is known for its production of Xuan Paper (宣纸), made from the bark of the rattan tree. Historically, the area produced fine, white, soft, and flexible cotton paper that was traded within the province and exported to Myanmar. Today, Tengchong Xuan Paper is considered a high-quality paper used for calligraphy and painting. It has gained widespread acclaim among artists for its softness and unique ability to absorb ink, allowing for rich layering and texture. As a result, it is a preferred choice for calligraphers and painters.

The production of Tengchong Xuan Paper has greatly developed over time, with production volume, quality, and export quantities now ranking second nationwide, only behind the famous Anhui Xuan Paper (安徽宣纸). Tengchong Xuan Paper is known for its white, fine, and flexible texture. It is commonly used for writing, painting, and archival purposes, and can preserve its color for hundreds of years, earning it the name “Millennium Paper” (千年寿纸).

The Origins and History of Xuan Paper

Origins and Etymology of Xuan Paper

Xuan Paper is one of China’s most traditional writing and painting papers, often paired with Hu brushes, Anhui ink, and Duan inkstones, collectively known as the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四宝). The paper was first produced in Jing County (泾县), Anhui Province, which is why it is also called “Xuan Paper.” Despite its origins in Anhui, Tengchong’s Xuan Paper has become well-known for its superior quality in terms of color, texture, and ink absorption, making it highly regarded among the art community.

Tengchong Xuan Paper has not only inherited the advantages of Anhui Xuan Paper but also possesses unique benefits. After painting on this paper, the artwork cannot easily be tampered with, making it an excellent choice for artists. The paper originated in the Qing Dynasty (清代) and was first produced in the Ganyintang area (观音塘) located to the northwest of the city. Because of its origin, it was initially called “Ganyintang White Paper” (观音塘大白纸). In the past, a merchant named Yu (余) from Southeast Asia specialized in the paper, which led to the alternate name “Yu Xuan” (余宣).

Tengchong Xuan Paper’s Recognition by Artists

At the end of 1941, renowned artist Xu Beihong (徐悲鸿) traveled from Southeast Asia to return to China via Tengchong and bought three loads of Tengchong Xuan Paper. He praised the paper for its superior qualities, noting that not only does it have all the advantages of Anhui Xuan Paper, but it also has a unique feature: once artwork is painted on it, it is difficult to tamper with. This made him believe that Tengchong Xuan Paper was an excellent choice for painting.

Features of Tengchong Xuan Paper

Tengchong Xuan Paper is prized for its delicate, soft, and durable texture. It has a fine texture, making it suitable for various uses such as writing, painting, printing, and recording contracts or official documents. The paper can retain its original color for hundreds of years, making it ideal for archival purposes.

Due to its versatility and durability, Tengchong Xuan Paper has found applications not only in the field of art but also in literature, record-keeping, and legal documents. The paper’s texture enhances the writing and painting experience, making it a beloved material among artists, calligraphers, and scholars.

The History and Development of Tengchong Xuan Paper

The Birth of the Tengchong Xuan Paper Factory

The original Tengchong Xuan Paper factory began as a handcraft cotton paper production cooperative in 1954. By 1974, it had grown into the Tengchong Xuan Paper Factory. Through continuous improvement of its processes, the factory succeeded in enhancing the product quality of its traditional Ganyintang Cotton Paper, enabling it to share many of the characteristics of Anhui Xuan Paper. In 1980, the factory’s “Snowflake Brand” (雪花牌) Xuan Paper was officially recognized by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

The raw materials for Tengchong Xuan Paper are locally sourced from the area’s rattan trees (Rhus chinensis), high-stemmed rice straw, and bamboo. The factory produces about 600 tons of paper annually, which is sold across China and exported to countries such as Japan.

The Ancient Paper-Making Tradition

Preserving the Ancient Paper-Making Techniques

In Tengchong’s Heshun Ancient Town (和顺古镇), visitors are often welcomed to observe and learn about the traditional paper-making techniques. Master paper-maker Teng Xuan (腾宣) has been working in the craft for seven years, and he continues to produce Tengchong Xuan Paper by hand with a small team of about five to six workers.

After tourists pass through the workshop, they can visit a small room in the workshop that displays various Tengchong Xuan Paper products. The door bears the sign “Ancient Paper-Making Techniques” (古法制纸), indicating the space where visitors can find traditional paper-makers at work. When I met Master Teng, he was sitting behind a large desk filled with Tengchong Xuan Paper items, writing with a brush. At first, he was not very communicative, but after some persistence, he shared that “this year, there has been a very small harvest of raw materials, and I am quite worried.”

The Raw Materials: Tengchong’s Rattan Tree Bark

The raw materials for Tengchong Xuan Paper are sourced from the rattan trees growing on the Dong Gao Li Gong Mountain (东高黎贡山) in Tengchong City. Master Teng explained that the original production of Tengchong Xuan Paper in Ganyintang (观音塘) was based on a craft and raw materials that had been moved from his hometown, which is near Gaoligong Mountain (高黎贡山). In recent years, due to the increasing pollution in the city, the area has become less suitable for collecting the necessary materials, and most of the high-quality rattan bark is now sourced from the rural areas near the mountains.

Master Teng’s village, located in Jietou Township (界头乡), is one of the few places where the rattan tree bark can still be found. “However, within the entire city, only three natural villages still have access to this tree bark,” he said. In these villages, many households engage in the manual production of Xuan Paper during busy farming seasons. “My family has been making paper by hand for over ten generations,” Master Teng shared.

The Harvesting Process and Timeframe

The harvesting of rattan bark is a delicate and time-sensitive process. The best time to harvest the bark is between March and May, during the flowering season, when the bark quality is at its peak. The harvesting window is short, with the best bark available only during these months, after which the quality begins to deteriorate. “By the time October and the frost season arrive, there will be no more suitable bark left to harvest.”

Although many people now recognize the superior quality of Tengchong Xuan Paper and rush to collect the rattan bark, only 80% of the villagers in Master Teng’s community are able to access it, leaving many others scrambling to secure the limited supply.

Tengchong Xuan Paper is an irreplaceable cultural heritage of the region, valued for its durability, fine texture, and unique aesthetic properties. From its traditional origins to the modern-day production process, the paper continues to be a symbol of artistic and cultural pride. As the demand for Xuan Paper grows, it is essential to preserve the ancient techniques and raw materials that make this craft so exceptional, ensuring that future generations can continue to appreciate and utilize this unique form of Chinese artistry.

Tengchong (腾冲), located in the southwestern border of Yunnan Province, China, is a small city that holds a hidden treasure trove of traditional villages. The city is home to one of the largest concentrations of these villages in China, making it an important area for preserving traditional craftsmanship. Among these crafts, rattan weaving stands out as one of the region’s “three treasures.” This craft not only embodies the culture and wisdom of Tengchong but also reflects the natural beauty of the surrounding landscapes.

The Roots of Rattan Weaving in Tengchong

Natural Resources: The Rattan Vine

Tengchong borders Myanmar, and its forests are abundant in a variety of rattan plants. These rattan vines are known for their toughness, smooth exterior, and exceptional elasticity, making them ideal for crafting intricate and durable woven products. The vines’ outer skin has a glossy finish, which makes them particularly attractive as a raw material for weaving.

In Tengchong, locals have long recognized the exceptional qualities of these rattan plants and have adapted them into daily life by creating durable and visually appealing rattan products. Rattan weaving has become one of the most ancient and cherished traditional crafts in the region.

The Evolution of Rattan Craftsmanship

For centuries, the people of Tengchong have used their ingenuity to transform the abundant rattan vine into functional and aesthetic products. Over time, rattan weaving has evolved into a craft that combines practicality with artistic beauty, creating items that can seamlessly blend into both traditional and modern settings.

Rattan weaving has a long history in Tengchong, and the products crafted by local artisans are valued not only for their practical utility but also for their unique aesthetic qualities. These products have been highly sought after in both rural and urban areas due to their versatility and natural beauty.

The Art of Rattan Weaving

A Diverse Range of Rattan Products

Rattan woven products from Tengchong come in various forms, from simple everyday items like baskets and boxes to more elaborate furniture such as chairs, tables, and entire living room sets. These products are prized for their practicality, lightweight design, and artistic beauty. Some of the most common items crafted in Tengchong include:

• Furniture: Chairs, tables, sofas, and entire living room or study furniture sets.

• Household Items: Baskets, boxes, trays, flower racks, and bookshelves.

• Decorative Art: Rattan wall hangings, lampshades, and sculptures.

Each piece showcases the elegance of rattan weaving, combining ancient techniques with modern design principles. The seamless integration of natural materials and artistic expression is what makes Tengchong’s rattan products so special.

The Process of Creating Rattan Products

Creating rattan products is a meticulous process that involves several stages, from selecting the raw rattan material to the final touch of polishing. Here is an overview of the typical steps involved:

1. Rattan Stripping

The process begins with stripping the rattan vines to remove the knots and imperfections. This ensures that the material is smooth and free from defects, making it easier to weave.

2. Selection and Cleaning

The rattan is then sorted by quality, with the best vines selected for weaving. They are thoroughly cleaned to remove any dirt or impurities before moving on to the next step.

3. Soaking and Softening

To make the rattan more pliable and easier to weave, it is soaked in water for a period of time. This softens the material and prepares it for shaping.

4. Weaving and Shaping

The heart of the rattan crafting process lies in the weaving. Skilled artisans use their hands to intricately weave the rattan into the desired shape, whether it be a chair, basket, or decorative item. Different weaving techniques such as rope weaving, pine needle weaving, and hexagonal fine weaving may be used to create unique patterns.

5. Dyeing and Bleaching

Once the weaving is complete, the rattan products are often dyed or bleached to enhance their appearance. The natural color of the rattan can be preserved, or vibrant hues can be added to create striking contrasts.

6. Finishing Touches

The final step involves polishing the product and applying a protective finish. This gives the rattan a smooth and glossy surface while enhancing its durability. Some products may also undergo a “fire-scorching” process to remove any remaining rough edges and add an aged, rustic look.

The Significance of Rattan Weaving

Rattan products are not just practical objects; they hold deep cultural and symbolic significance. They represent the harmony between humans and nature, as well as the ingenuity of local artisans. The natural materials used in the craft reflect the landscape of Tengchong itself—mountains, forests, and rivers that nurture both the vine and the people.

The act of weaving rattan has a meditative quality, with each step requiring patience, skill, and attention to detail. It is a reflection of the patience and dedication of the artisans who continue to carry on this ancient tradition.

The Famous Rattan Weavers of Tengchong

Yang Aiqing and Yang Chaowen: Masters of Rattan Weaving

The small village of Machang (马常村) in Tengyue (腾越) is home to one of the most renowned rattan weaving families in the region. Yang Aiqing (杨爱庆), an expert craftsman, is known for his mastery of traditional rattan weaving techniques passed down through generations. His son, Yang Chaowen (杨潮文), grew up surrounded by his father’s craft and later sought out other weaving techniques during his travels. He combined these influences with his father’s methods, creating unique designs and weaving styles.

Today, the Yang family’s work has expanded beyond traditional furniture. They have incorporated modern designs and techniques to create a range of rattan crafts, blending timeless elegance with contemporary style. Their products are celebrated for their craftsmanship, with clean lines, elegant shapes, and the perfect integration of natural beauty into functional objects.

The Artistry and Aesthetic Appeal of the Yang Family’s Work

The Yang family’s rattan products are known for their meticulous craftsmanship, with each piece showcasing a balance between practicality and artistic flair. The designs are both traditional and modern, reflecting the harmony between the past and present. Whether in a rustic home or a modern urban space, their rattan furniture and crafts fit seamlessly into any environment.

The Yang family’s work highlights the unique charm of rattan. The products are not only functional but also serve as decorative art pieces, adding a touch of natural beauty to any setting. The simplicity and elegance of their designs reflect a deep understanding of form and function.

Preserving the Cultural Heritage of Rattan Weaving

Rattan weaving is more than just a craft in Tengchong—it is an integral part of the region’s cultural identity. The process of weaving is a way for artisans to connect with their heritage, keeping alive a tradition that has been passed down for generations.

As modernity continues to spread across the globe, it is important to preserve traditional crafts like rattan weaving. The artisans of Tengchong are dedicated to keeping this heritage alive, not only by continuing to produce beautiful rattan products but also by teaching younger generations the skills necessary to carry on the craft.

The Cultural Legacy of Rattan Weaving

Traditional crafts like rattan weaving are irreplaceable cultural treasures. The act of weaving, with its emphasis on patience, skill, and an intimate connection to nature, offers a sense of continuity and belonging. For those who practice this craft, each piece they create carries the weight of history and culture, with every vine weaving together centuries of tradition.

As rattan weaving continues to thrive in Tengchong, it stands as a testament to the resilience of traditional culture in the face of modern challenges. It is a reminder that true artistry transcends time, blending the wisdom of the past with the creativity of the present. Through the work of artisans like the Yang family, the beauty and value of rattan weaving will continue to be celebrated for generations to come.

Why is Nujiang Grand Canyon So Special?

Nujiang Grand Canyon is the longest and most mysterious, precipitous and unsophisticated canyon in the world, which goes southeast from Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon in south-north trend. The part in Yunnan reaches a length of more than 300 kilometers and a average depth of 2000 meters. The deepest part is located in Bingzhongluo, known as ‘Grand Canyon of the East’. The spectacular Nujiang Grand Canyon and the roaring Nujiang River thrill and shock the travelers. 

Where is Nujiang Grand Canyon – Location

Nujiang Grand Canyon is located Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, northwest of Yunnan province. From the point of view of China map, it is just at the position of “chicken ass”. Nujiang river originated in the foothill of the Mount tunggula in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, via Yunnan, from north to south and then go into Burma (called the Salween river in Burma), then enter into the Indian Ocean, the whole length is more than 1540 km.

How is the Nujiang Grand Canyon formed?

The Nujiang River surges forward between Gaoligong Mountain and Biluo Mountain. The altitudes of all the mountains beside the two banks are over 3,000 meters. As the drop height of the river is high, the river water is rapidly rushing and the wave is high, forming a very spectacular sight. There are many steep cliffs at both banks. Flowing toward the south with an annual water amount of 1.6 times that of the Yellow River, the river is impinging against the banks and thus forms the steep Nujiang Grand Canyon. 

History and Culture

Along the Nujiang Grand Canyon, there are a few minorities live in Hushui County, Gongshan County and Fugong County, such as Lisu nationality, Nu nationality, Dulong Nationality and Zang nationality. One cannot imagine people living on such steep inclines. Most mountain inhabitants live in wooden sheds and huts built on the side or even the top of the mountain.Villages on the other bank of the river are accessed either by narrow hanging bridges constructed with small wooden planks strung together with rattan tied to trees; or by sliding on overhead cables that span the river. The cables are tied to trees on either side of the river and to cross, one is suspended from a rope loop attached to a harness worn around the waist.

Special Climate

As affected by the southwestern monsoon climate of the Indian Ocean, Nujiang Grand Canyon forms a special climate that there are four seasons in a same mountain and the weathers are different within five kilometers. It is a common phenomenon that the trees are verdant and green in the river valley that is sweltering as in summer, the flowers are in full bloom and the grasses become yellow on the sidehill, and the mountaintop is the world of ice and snow as in winter. 

Features

Nujiang river within the territory of Nujiang county is more than 310 km, due to river east has Biluo snow mountain (has more than 20 peaks are 4000 meters above the peak), river west has Gaoligong mountains (also has more than more than 20 peaks which are 4000 meters), Nujiang river flowing between these two mountains, on both sides of the mountain is magnificent, all in the 3000 meters above sea level, deep valleys, big river fall, and the rapid water form a 310 km long, 2000-3000 meters deep canyon area. On upper Nujiang grand canyon–Qinatongnakaluo, the snow mountain in the both side is 5000-6000 meters high, the river at an altitude of 2000 meters high, 3000-4000 m elevation difference, because the mountain bold, river rushing, sparsely populated, this section of the canyon appear depth, become the perfect place for adventure tourism.

The scenery is magnificent. Almost too good to be true. But there it is before your eyes: overwhelming memories of other beautiful places you have seen with its colour, scale and grandeur. Farms and villages mottling this riverine wonderland which is home to Nu, Lisu, Drung, and Tibetan minority people. Forests, streams and waterfalls adding their particular features to the bigger picture. 

How to Get there

By Bus

There are a few alternatives to get to Nujiang Grand Canyon. From Kunming, one can catch a bus to various places in the Gorge.

Kunming – Fugong:

At least one sleeper bus winding all the way to Fugong in the middle of the gorge. The trip is about 14 hours(710km).

Kuming to Liuku: 

It’s 580km. Express and sleeper buses leaving from Kunming daily from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, 13hrs ride. There are also buses from Dali(8hrs) and Baoshan(4hrs) to Liuku.

Kunming to Gongshan:

A sleeper bus departing from Xiyuan Bus Station at 18:00 daily, 830km/ 18hrs.

By Car-rental

Renting a car to visit Nujiang Grand Canyon is more convenient. Yunnan Exploration Travel can provide the service for our clients with the good vehicle and skilled driver.

Best Time to Visit

From October to April is the best seasons to visit Nujiang Grand Canyon, especially in the spring time when the mountain flowers are in bloom. The Nujiang river in Spring Festival is the most beautiful season when the Biluo Snow Mountain is covered with white snow, and the water of the Nujiang river is gentle whose color is like jasper. Summer is hot and rainy.

Recommended Visiting Route

The principal towns in the Nujiang Grand Ganyon include Liuku, Fugong, Gongshan and Bingzhongluo. The most beautiful part of the Canyon starts from Bingzhongluo. Liuku is an unpleasant town with ugly concrete buildings can definitely be ignored. Fugong is mainly populated by the Lisu tribe. The scenery between Fugong and Gongshan is fabulous with lots of steep slopes and waterfalls.  

Accommodate at Nujiang Grand Canyon

Liuku is the capital of Nujiang Prefecture. There are many guesthouses and the accommodation conditions are quite good. Fugong county and Gongshan county also can provide accommodation for tourists. Or you can live in the farmer’s house.

Attractions Nearby

Biluo Snow Mountain
Biluo Snow mountain is one of the major mountain ranges in Hengduan Mountain in Yunnan. It faces Lan Cang River on the east, and stops at Nujiang River ­on the west. Biluo Snow mountain is also called the “Mountain of thousands of Waterfalls and lakes”, indicating the rich in the beautiful landscapes. 

Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve
It runs through the southern section of Hengduan Mountains from south to north. Covering a total area of 120,000 hectares with forest coverage of 85%. It is characterized by its natural landscape of biological and climate vertical belts, various types of vegetation, and a great variety of plants and animals. 

The First Gulf of Nujiang River(怒江第一湾)
When Nujiang River flows through Ridan Village of Bingzhongluo, it is obstructed by Wangqing Grand Cliff so that Nujiang River is forced to flow in east-west trend instead of north-south trend. After running 300 meters, Nujiang River is cut off by Danla Mountain so it turn round from west to east. Hence the half-round gulf of Nujiang River.

Bingzhongluo
Bingzhongluo, which is called ‘A Heaven of Peace and Happiness’, is the most beautiful place in Nujiang Grand Canyon. It represents the southernmost extent of the Tibetan culture, and the northernmost extent of Han Chinese influence in the valley.

Useful Travel Tips

►Due to the inconvenience of transportation, the best traveling way is car-rental.

► If you go to visit the Dulong river or Qiunatong village, prepare walking shoes.

Tours including Nujiang Grand Canyon

6 Days Nujiang Grand Canyon Adventure with Bingzhongluo Hiking Tour

9 Days Nujiang Grand Canyon Tour with Dulongjiang River Valley Hiking Adventure

12 Days Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Overland Tour with Biluo and Meili Snow Mountains

15 Days Three Parallel Rivers Overland Adventure with Dulongjiang River Valley and Tiger Leaping Gorge Hiking

39 Days Yunnan 25 Ethnic Minorities Discovery and Photography Tour

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