Huideng An Temple (慧灯庵) is located approximately 850 meters below Jinding Temple (金顶寺) in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Nestled against Tianzhufeng (天柱峰) and facing the majestic mountains, the temple offers a broad view and serves as a starting point for climbing Jinding. Situated to the west of Mile Courtyard (弥勒院) and behind Kasyapa Hall (迦叶殿), the temple was first established as a dwelling by monk Hongping (洪平) during the Ming Dynasty (明) and was later constructed into a temple during the Chongzhen period (崇祯).

Main Buildings and Environment

The temple complex features significant structures, including the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿), meditation hall (禅堂), guest hall (客堂), and mountain gate (山门). The courtyard is adorned with flowers and trees, with the sound of a trickling spring enhancing the serene atmosphere. In 1985, the State Council and the Religious Affairs Bureau allocated funds to renovate the Mahavira Hall, Abbot’s Room (方丈室), and other facilities, covering a total area of 993 square meters. The main hall is designed in a five-bay, double-eaved style, with pointed corners resembling a palace. Inside, statues of Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦佛) and the revered figures of Bodhidharma (达摩) and Guan Yu (关羽) can be found.

According to Buddhist legend, during the Three Kingdoms period, General Guan Yunlong (关云长) of Shu died and received a precept from the monk Zhizhi on Mount Tiantai (天台), where he learned Zen from Master Shenxiu (神秀). The statue is adorned with gold leaf, shining brilliantly and exuding a dignified aura. The temple’s courtyard is lush with greenery, and behind it stands a 250-year-old ancient tea tree (古茶). Many visitors stop here to rest before their ascent.

Historical Development

Huideng An Temple is situated at the foot of Tianzhufeng (天柱峰) and faces the path to the summit. Historical records indicate that in 1605 (Ming Wanli, 乙巳), monk Hongping established a hermitage here. By 1634 (Chongzhen, 甲戌), his disciple Puxian (普现) initiated fundraising to expand the temple. In 1692 (Qing Kangxi, 壬申), monk Zonghai (宗海) again raised funds for renovations.

Scenic Views

From the car window, one can see the post-rain Chicken Foot Mountain (鸡足山) shrouded in clouds, with lush green cliffs reaching the sky. At the foot of the mountain, small bridges and flowing streams are framed by green trees and traditional houses with white walls and blue tiles. The scene is reminiscent of a paradise, especially with the sounds of roosters and barking dogs adding to the atmosphere.

The bell at the mountain gate rings softly, and the calligraphy “Ling Shan Yi Hui” (灵山一会) by Mr. Zhao Puchu (赵朴初) can be seen overhead. At this moment, we stand in the sacred place of Kasyapa, reflecting on the historical Ling Shan meeting, where the Buddha smiled while holding a flower, and Kasyapa understood without words—an exquisite Zen moment.

Journey to the Temple

Starting from Jiulian Temple (九莲寺), the car winds up through the mountains to Wanshou An (万寿庵) at the waist of the mountain. The air is fresh and moist, and the tall trees offer shade, making the atmosphere slightly cool yet refreshing. The Zhusheng Temple (祝圣寺), built by Master Xuyun (虚云法师), lies hidden among the tall trees not far from Wanshou An. Looking up towards the summit, the clouds roll and the mountain views reveal themselves, with Kasyapa’s meditative portal enveloped in auspicious energy.

Climbing Experience

Initially, we planned to travel light for our ascent, but due to the allure of comforts, we brought along musical instruments and tea, making the horses carry our burdens. Our luggage set off ahead, allowing us to start our journey leisurely. The nearby Biyun Temple (碧云寺) has been under construction since my first visit three years ago. The main hall, reflecting Tang-style architecture, is nearly completed and has begun to radiate solemnity.

Following the stone steps leading into the clouds, Huideng An is now in sight, and Fanguang Temple (放光寺) is not far off. The path from Huideng An to Fanguang Temple lacks smooth stone pavement; we tread on fallen leaves, guided by markers in the original dense forest. The famous tree flowers and frog skins of Chicken Foot Mountain, typically found in primitive forests, are in abundance, once the main food of the Yunnan golden monkey (滇西金丝猴).

Fanguang Temple, located directly beneath the Hua Shou Men (华首门) of Chicken Foot Mountain, is named for its luminous nightlight, a sight witnessed by a meditative monk. Although it was once damaged, only ruins remain today. Over a decade ago, Master Cifa (慈法法师) established a dwelling here to practice Pure Land Buddhism, advocating for the recitation of mantras and maintaining strict rules. Though many monks and lay practitioners now visit, the temple maintains its simplicity and spirit of practice, with morning bells and evening drums resonating throughout the day.

Accommodations and Daily Life

Due to the holiday season and the upcoming retreat, the temple is crowded. Our male group was fortunate to sleep at the feet of the Buddha in the Mahavira Hall, while the females rested in the guest hall of Hengyang An (恒阳庵). We awoke at 4:30 AM for morning prayers and had breakfast at 7:30 AM. Afterward, under the guidance of several monks, we transported logs for the new temple gate—a memorable experience despite the challenges.

Aside from special occasions like Buddha’s Joy Day, the temple observes the rule of not eating after noon. At midday, we arrived for lunch, but after 1 PM, only water was permitted until dawn the next day.

From any part of Fanguang Temple, one can admire Kasyapa’s portal of meditation. The Golden Summit (金顶) stands just above this gate, with the white pagoda pointing to the sky. My greatest joy during previous visits to Fanguang Temple was sitting in a rattan chair at the guest hall, watching the clouds drift and the sun set. However, due to various circumstances, we couldn’t stay long, and before dark, our group moved to the final rest stop before the summit: Huideng An.

How to Get There

To reach Huideng An Temple, you can fly to Dali Airport (大理机场) and then take a taxi or a local bus to the Dali Cangshan Mountain Scenic Area (大理苍山风景区). From there, you can hike up to the temple, which is about a 30-minute walk from the nearest parking area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer mild weather and beautiful scenery.
• What to Bring: Comfortable hiking shoes, water, snacks, and a camera for the stunning views.
• Respect the Environment: Follow local guidelines and maintain cleanliness in the temple and surrounding areas.
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of the local customs and practices, especially in sacred areas.
• Accommodation: Consider staying at nearby guesthouses or lodges to fully enjoy the spiritual atmosphere.

Overview

The Xinguang Neolithic Site (永平新光遗址) is located on both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County (永平县), Dali (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The newly constructed East-West Road (博南路) crosses over the site, which covers an area of 40,000 square meters and dates back to the Neolithic period.

This site can be divided into at least three phases, making it significant for studying the genealogy of Neolithic archaeological cultures in Yunnan. Situated in a border area of China, it plays a crucial role in researching the archaeological cultural landscape of ancient border regions, the relationship with Central Plain culture, cultural interactions with Southeast Asian countries, the issues of ancient cultural affiliations, and the origins of Yunnan’s Bronze culture. The site serves as invaluable material for these studies.

In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府).

Basic Information

• Chinese Name: 永平新光遗址
• Location: Both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County, Dali (大理州永平县城东部的新光街两侧)
• Period: Neolithic Period (新石器时代)
• Area: 40,000 m²
• Protection Level: Provincial-level cultural heritage site (第七批州级文物保护单位)
• Unearthed Artifacts: Includes jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, etc.
• Discovery Date: May 1993
• Approval Authority: People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府)

Historical Background

The Xinguang Neolithic Site was discovered in May 1993 when construction work for a bus station and traffic police building unearthed a large number of pottery shards and stone tools. Following an investigation by the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office and a reassessment by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, it was confirmed as a Neolithic site.

Archaeological excavations began on December 16, 1993, on a 1,000-square-meter area south of East Road. In March 1994, an excavation of 300 square meters was conducted on the north side of East-West Road. In May of the same year, a comprehensive survey of the entire site was performed to protect the underground relics. The two main distribution areas were identified: one behind the local police station covering 350 square meters, and another located east of the traffic police office and south of the bus station covering 700 square meters. Additional excavations continued through the 1990s.

Site Characteristics

The characteristics of the Xinguang Neolithic Site can be categorized into 19 layers and some independent archaeological features. Among these, ten layers belong to the Neolithic period, while the others date back to the Ming Dynasty (明代) and later. The Neolithic cultural layers can be over 2 meters thick in some areas, with the thinnest sections displaying only disrupted strata.

Artifacts

The site features remains typical of the Neolithic period, including ash pits, ditches, and house structures. Large quantities of charred rice and plant seeds were found at the bottom of the ditches. The houses were primarily built using stilt or semi-subterranean styles.

Artifacts unearthed include two main categories: stone tools and pottery. The stone tools are mostly polished axes, chisels, knives, sickles, and arrowheads, with a significant quantity of chisels and arrowheads. The pottery is quite complex, with primary types including jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, bowls, tanks, basins, cups, lids, and spoons, as well as some tripod vessels. The pottery was predominantly hand-made, mainly composed of sand-tempered clay, with colors ranging from gray to deep gray, brown, and increasingly more red pottery in later periods. The decorations on the pottery are intricate, featuring various patterns such as additive textures, incised designs, stamped motifs, and later appearances of scalloped edges, wavy patterns, circular designs, rhombic patterns, spiral motifs, zigzag lines, and net-like patterns. There is a clear evolutionary relationship in the forms and decorations of pottery from early to late periods, roughly classified into three phases representing different stages of cultural development.

Environmental Context

During the excavation, six bags of pollen samples were collected and analyzed by Yunnan Coal College (云南煤炭学院), revealing that the vegetation around the site consisted of sparse coniferous forests and grasslands, with a few broadleaf trees like oak, birch, hazel, willow, chestnut, and myrica scattered throughout. The area featured plains and hills, with some shallow lakes. The ancient climate was characterized by warm and humid subtropical conditions. This area is located at the edge of the Yinjing Basin (银江坝), with gentle terrain, and the Yinjing River flows slowly from the north to the south past the site, at an elevation of over 1,600 meters.

Cultural Significance

The choice of the Xinguang site by Neolithic humans for habitation reflects not only geographical convenience near water and flat land suitable for human activities but also the presence of fertile soil, vast forests, agriculture, animal husbandry, and primitive crafts. The presence of various stone tools for felling, clearing, plowing, and harvesting indicates a stable agricultural environment. Archaeobotanical studies of charred rice suggest that the crops grown were likely dryland varieties, complementing the development of livestock farming, evidenced by the discovery of cattle bones and numerous stone arrowheads and spears, highlighting the significance of hunting and gathering in the residents’ lives. The diverse pottery, textile, and architectural remains suggest substantial advancements in these industries by the late Neolithic period, with pottery production being particularly prominent.

The Xinguang site fills a historical gap in understanding the history of Yongping, pushing its known civilization back over a thousand years, thereby contributing to the recognition and prominence of Yongping.

Research Value

Radiocarbon dating conducted by Peking University (北京大学) indicates that the site dates back approximately 3,700 to 4,000 years, positioning it in the middle to late Neolithic period in Yunnan. It is the largest Neolithic site discovered in Yunnan Province as of 2019, with rich stratigraphic relationships and cultural connotations. The stone and pottery artifacts possess unique styles, particularly in pottery shape and decoration, not found elsewhere, reflecting the geographical diversity within the region between the Nu River (怒江), Lancang River (澜沧江), and Erhai Lake (洱海). Therefore, the cultural connotations represented by this site are considered a new archaeological culture, referred to by experts as the “Xinguang Type” (新光类型).

Protection Measures

On December 4, 1993, leaders and experts from the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office conducted an on-site inspection of the site, leading to a legal application for emergency excavation to the National Cultural Heritage Administration (国家文物局). In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was officially designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture.

How to Get There

To reach the Xinguang Neolithic Site from Dali (大理), you can take a local bus or taxi to Yongping County (永平县), which is approximately 38 kilometers away. The journey usually takes about an hour.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal seasons for visiting due to pleasant weather.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local practices and exhibit respect during your visit.
• Bring Supplies: If you plan to explore the area, consider packing a picnic to enjoy amidst the scenic surroundings.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to visit other cultural sites or natural parks in the vicinity to enhance your experience.

Overview

Puguang Temple (普光寺) is located within the YunTai Mountain Forestry Bureau (云台山林业局), approximately 5 kilometers south of Yangbi County (漾濞县). Nestled against lush hills and surrounded by dense forests, it offers convenient access and stunning natural scenery, characterized by vibrant flowers and the melodious sounds of birds. The temple is believed to have been founded during the Song Dynasty (宋朝) but was destroyed during wartime. It underwent reconstruction during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (明末清初). In the 1950s, it was converted into a granary by local food authorities.

In 1976, the food department sold the temple property to the YunTai Mountain Forestry Bureau. By 1983, the land was reclaimed for redevelopment, and in early spring 1986, local residents raised funds to restore the temple. By 1991, it attracted visitors from Dali, Wenshan, Xiangyun, Kunming, Sichuan, and beyond, generating an annual income of approximately 70,000 to 80,000 RMB from incense offerings, which funded temple activities and renovations. Local craftsmen created an architectural complex comprising 11 buildings with 27 rooms, centered around the main hall, “Puguang Gao Zhao” (普光高照).

The main temple, originally a single-story building, has been renovated and expanded twice since 1983, now featuring three stories adorned with intricate carvings and numerous Buddha statues, continuously surrounded by incense smoke. The complex includes the Great Hero Hall (大雄宝殿), a pharmacy with four rooms, a guesthouse with four rooms, and a three-story building known as the “Zhutian Pavilion” (诸天阁).

Architecture and Surroundings

From afar, Puguang Temple presents a picturesque sight with ancient trees towering above, wisps of smoke rising, and various halls peeking through the lush greenery. Outside the temple walls, towering eucalyptus trees (老桉树) and rows of silver locust trees (银槐) create a serene environment. The temple comprises several significant halls, including:

• Guanyin Hall (观音殿)
• Great Hero Hall (大雄宝殿)
• King Yue Hall (岳王殿)
• Ten Generals Hall (十帅殿)
• Laojun Hall (老君殿)
• Nüwa Hall (女娲殿)
• Mountain God Hall (山神山王殿)
• White Dragon Prince Temple (白龙太子庙)

These halls feature flying eaves and intricately carved beams, exemplifying exquisite craftsmanship. The colorful statues representing Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism depict various expressions, while the presence of monks and attendants brings the vibrant historical relics to life, merging the beauty of human artistry with natural splendor.

Community Involvement

Leadership at Puguang Temple is primarily community-driven, with members often recommending individuals to serve as the temple’s hosts. This includes the president and vice president of the Lotus Pool Association (莲池会), along with accountants and long-term residents who contribute to the temple’s upkeep. The guesthouse caters to visitors traveling from afar.

The temple hosts a total of 27 major events annually, including:

• Maitreya Festival (正月初一弥勒会) on the first day of the lunar new year
• Jade Emperor Festival (正月初九玉皇会)
• Guanyin Festival (二月十九观音会)
• Yellow Master Festival (三月十八黄主会)
• King Yue Festival (四月二十八岳王会)
• Five Grains Deity Festival (五月二十五五谷大神会)
• Southern Dipper Festival (六月初一至初六南斗会)
• Zhongyuan Festival (七月十五至十七中元会)
• Mid-Autumn Festival (八月十五0会)
• Northern Dipper Festival (九月初一至初九北斗会)
• Void Earth Mother Festival (十月十八虚空地母会)
• Sun Festival (十一月十九日太阳会)
• New Year Festival (十二月十五日0会)

These festivals attract thousands of participants, predominantly middle-aged and elderly women, with smaller gatherings drawing hundreds or even thousands from nearby towns and villages.

Due to its convenient location and beautiful surroundings, Puguang Temple frequently serves as a popular site for spring and autumn outings for local schools and community groups.

How to Get There

To reach Puguang Temple from Dali (大理), you can take a local bus or taxi to Yangbi County, which is approximately 38 kilometers away. The journey typically takes about an hour.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during one of the major festivals to experience the lively atmosphere and community activities.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local practices, especially during temple events, and dress modestly.
• Bring Supplies: If you plan to enjoy the beautiful surroundings, consider bringing a picnic as the area is great for outdoor activities.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other nearby cultural sites or natural parks to enhance your travel experience.

Basic Introduction for The Mosque

Chinese Name: 漾濞县新营盘清真寺
English Name: XinYingpan Mosqure in Yangbi County, Dali
Location: Xin Yingpan Mosque is situated within the old city of Shangjie, northwest of Yangbi County town.

Overview

Xin Yingpan Mosque, originally constructed in ancient times, suffered a devastating fire in April 1989, reducing much of its structure to ashes. However, through community effort and fundraising, reconstruction of the main hall began promptly in 1991 and was completed in 1992. The newly built main hall features a double-eaved hip-and-gable roof, spanning 22.6 meters in width and 17 meters in depth, with a lower floor height of 5.3 meters. Adorned with elaborate flying eaves, intricate carvings, and a grand architectural presence, it stands as a testament to resilience and craftsmanship.

Background Information

According to the “Complete Collection of Yunnan Cultural Relics,” the mosque’s original main hall faced east and was flanked by five side rooms on the right, adorned with flowers and fruit trees on the left, and featured a screen wall at the entrance. Within the courtyard, there were flower platforms and behind the main hall, a garden with pavilions, curved corridors, and ponds. The rebuilt main hall behind the roof has a width of 22.33 meters, a depth of 15.12 meters, and a height of 13.64 meters, featuring 14 lattice doors and two crescent-shaped windows adorned with painted, carved, and relief patterns.

Reconstruction and Historical Significance

“Reconstruction of Xin Yingpan Mosque in Shangjie, Yangbi” records the historical significance of the mosque, originally confiscated by the Qing government after the failure of the Du Wenxiu uprising. It was later rebuilt in response to community efforts to appease sentiments. The original three-story minaret on the east side of the main hall was dismantled in 1967. The reconstruction efforts in 1990 aimed to replicate the architectural style of the original structure, integrating elements from both the demolished structure and the ancient Xiajie Mosque.

 

Overview

The Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain (漾濞苍山崖画) is a remarkable archaeological site located on the eastern bank of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) and the western slope of Cangshan Mountain (点苍山). This site is affectionately known by locals as the “Place Where Immortals Play Chess” (仙人下棋处) due to its mystical aura. The cliff’s summit is shaped like a straw hat, leading to its nickname “Straw Hat Stone” (草帽石). The cliff painting is etched into a colossal rock that stands 8.2 meters high, with dimensions of 8.7 meters at the top and 18 meters at the base. Besides the upper right section, which is covered by corrosive lava, the artwork currently spans approximately seven square meters, measuring around 4 meters in height and 5.5 meters in width. The painting consists of three distinct layers, predominantly in ochre red, with yellow figures and handprints. Experts have confirmed that this is the first ancient cliff painting discovered in the Yangbi River basin, officially named “Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain” (漾濞苍山崖画). Numerous caves and stone chambers in the vicinity further enhance its archaeological significance. Standing before this mysterious rock evokes a feeling of traveling back to three thousand years ago.

Location and Significance

The cliff painting is located about three kilometers southeast of Jinniu Village (金牛村) in Cangshan West Town (苍山西镇), Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县), at an elevation of 2070 meters. The topography resembles a chair, with a gentle slope where the massive rock is situated. It possesses considerable artistic and collectible value, filling a significant void in the archaeological record of Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 漾濞苍山崖画
• Address: Cangshan West Town, Yangbi Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province (云南省漾濞彝族自治县苍山西镇)
• Altitude: 2070 m
• Significance: Fills the previous gap of no cliff paintings in Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Description of the Painting

The rock consists of granite and measures 19.9 meters in width and 8.25 meters in height. The cliff’s top features a relatively flat area, oriented at an angle of 59 degrees northeast. The base is a muddy flatland. The cliff painting measures 5.6 meters in length and 4 meters in width, covering a total area of 22.4 square meters. It is divided into five groups with earthy yellow and ochre red lines. Due to natural weathering and lava coverage, over 200 identifiable images can be discerned, including:

• Pastoral Scenes: Herding and gathering wild fruits.
• Hunting: Evidence of hunting activities, especially wild boar.
• Dance: Depictions of social gatherings and celebrations.
• Housing: Representations of stilt houses.

Experts across the nation believe this painting predates the Western Han Dynasty (西汉) and may represent the oldest form of prehistoric art in the region. It shares similarities with cliff paintings found in Guangxi and the Northwest while exhibiting notable differences from other artworks discovered in Yunnan. The concentrated and rich imagery makes it a rare cliff painting of considerable importance.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The discovery of this cliff painting fills a crucial gap in understanding ancient social history, ethnic history, and the development of art in the Dali region. It provides valuable insights into the life of early inhabitants, confirming that humans have lived on the western slopes of Cangshan for millennia. Additionally, it plays a vital role in expanding the cultural corridor of Cangshan and promoting tourism. This site is undoubtedly a priceless piece of ancient cultural heritage.

Additional Findings

The cliff painting is situated approximately five kilometers east of the confluence of three rivers: the Xiehe River (西洱河), Yangbi River, and Shunbi River (顺濞河). Discovered in 1994, it remains the only known ancient rock painting within Dali Prefecture. The artwork is etched on a prominent rock wall that faces south, characterized by:

• Height: 9 meters
• Width: 13 meters at the base
• Shape: Truncated rectangular, partially obscured by evergreen shrubs
• Structure: Comprises three distinct layers

Layer Details

1. First Layer:
   • Located on the upper right side, 5 meters above ground.
   • Condition: Severely damaged, with approximately 2 square meters of recognizable area.
   • Content: Faint images of several cows, with one cow clearly depicted.
2. Second Layer:
   • Contains over ten identifiable figures and handprints.
   • The figures are simply drawn, lacking clothing and facial features.
   • Handprint: A robust impression of a left hand, indicative of adult male size.
3. Third Layer:
   • Features a rich array of images, including various animals, handprints, and traditional dwellings.
   • The images include:
     • Domestic Animals: Cows, pigs, chickens, and dogs.
     • Structures: Stilt houses depicted with supporting columns.
     • Human Figures: A group of 21 dancers arranged in a coordinated manner, demonstrating social interaction.

How to Get There

To reach the Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain in Yangbi County:

1. From Dali City (大理市): Travel approximately 40 kilometers to Yangbi County.
2. Transportation Options:
   • By Car: Drive via local roads to Cangshan West Town, following signs to Jinniu Village.
   • By Public Transport: Take a bus from Dali to Yangbi County, then hire a local taxi to the site.

Overview

The West Slope of Cangshan Mountain (苍山西坡) in Yangbi County (漾濞县), Dali (大理), features the Grand Garden of Cangshan (苍山西坡大花园). Located at the Biqia Peak (笔架峰) on the western slope, this area boasts a high mountain meadow where vibrant red, purple, and white rhododendrons (杜鹃) bloom in spring. Covering over 300 acres, these native large rhododendrons, also known as azaleas or “Ying Shan Hong” (映山红), create a stunning spectacle reminiscent of an original forest or a sea of blossoms, breathtaking for all who visit. The best time to experience this phenomenon is from late February to mid-April.

The West Slope of Cangshan has a more extensive climatic range than the East Slope, resulting in clearly defined vertical vegetation zones. It encompasses a variety of plant types, including all varieties from the subtropical to desert belts, making it the richest area in terms of plant species on Cangshan. This region brings together components from various plant zones, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (青藏高原), the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (云贵高原), the western Yunnan canyon (滇西峡谷), and the upper reaches of the Lancang and Yuan rivers (澜沧江元江). Cangshan is home to over 6,000 plant species, with 2,849 species identified across 927 genera and 182 families. Among these, nearly 40 species belong to the rhododendron genus, with 26 species classified as endangered plants by the national government, including 4 species under Class II protection and 10 under Class III. There are 3 endemic species to China, 4 endemic to Yunnan, and 5 endemic to Cangshan.

Plants

• Rhododendrons (杜鹃花): Including Blood Rhododendron (似血杜鹃), Dense Branch Rhododendron (密枝杜鹃), Dali Rhododendron (大理杜鹃), and Fire Red Rhododendron (火红杜鹃).
• Cangshan Fir (苍山冷杉)
• Rhodiola (红景天)
• Cold Arrow Bamboo (冷箭竹)
• Curved Branch Cypress (曲枝柏)
• Yunnan Iron Fir (云南铁杉)
• Red Bean Fir (红豆杉)
• Maple (槭)
• Wild Cherry (野樱)
• Hawthorn (花楸)
• Wild Star Anise (野八角)
• Lead Spring Wood (领春木)
• Yunnan Pine (云南松)
• Silverwood (银木荷)
• Rock Oak (石栎)
• Qinggang Oak (青冈栎)
• Yuanjiang Oak (元江栲)
• Charming Rhododendron (迷人杜鹃)
• Dewdrop Rhododendron (露珠杜鹃)
• Thin Leaf Rhododendron (薄叶杜鹃)
• Camellia (山茶花)
• Big White Flower Rhododendron (大白花杜鹃)
• Banyan (榕)

Historical Development

In 1933, the Provincial People’s Government (云政发(1993)199号) designated the Shimen Pass (石门关) of Cangshan as a provincial scenic area. In 1994, the State Council (国发(1994)26号) recognized Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海) as a national nature reserve.

Glacial Features

The glacial remnants of Cangshan are key objects of protection in this nature reserve. In 1937, H. Feismont proposed the theory of the Dali Ice Age. Renowned geologist Li Siguang (李四光) pointed out in 1972 that there was another ice age in China following the Quaternary Lushan Ice Age. This perspective has since gained widespread acceptance and is recognized as the last ice age of the Quaternary, holding significant value for research, education, exploration, and tourism regarding Earth’s evolution, environmental ecology, and geological landscapes.

Yangbi County Overview

Yangbi County (漾濞彝族自治县) is known as the “Hometown of Chinese Walnuts” (中国核桃之乡) and a “Provincial Historical and Cultural City” (省级历史文化名城). This region is often described as Dali’s hidden paradise.

Shimen Pass (石门关) in Dali

The entrance to the West Slope of Cangshan is marked by the natural Shimen Pass, which resembles a massive axe hewn from rock. This stunning geological formation welcomes visitors as they journey along the picturesque Cangshan waters into Yangbi.

Literary Heritage

Famous literary figures such as Xu Xiake (徐霞客) and Yang Shen (杨慎) have paused here, composing beautiful verses inspired by the surroundings. This area encompasses a blend of natural scenery, hot springs for health, and outdoor activities, being a national AAAA-rated tourist attraction.

Nature and Culture

The area showcases a variety of natural wonders characterized by its majestic, dangerous, unique, beautiful, and secluded landscapes, alongside distinct historical culture, ethnic customs, and local traditions. It forms an integral part of the Cangshan World Geopark, the national scenic area, and a national nature reserve.

Yunshang Village (云上村庄)

For those seeking the beauty of rural landscapes, a visit to Yunshang Village (光明村) in eastern Yangbi County is a must, located just 7 kilometers from Shimen Pass. Nestled among ancient walnut trees, this village exemplifies the phrase “a village in the forest, a courtyard amidst greenery, and people among the scenery.” Visitors can enjoy the sound of cicadas and the stories whispered by ancient trees.

Yunlong Bridge (云龙桥)

Yunlong Bridge in Yangbi is the only surviving ancient bridge on the Southern Silk Road (南方丝绸路). Legend has it that a cloud resembling a dragon appeared here, leading to the bridge’s name. The bridge is an iron chain suspension bridge, with pavilions built at both ends, celebrated for its beauty, referred to as “Flying Rainbow over Yang River” (漾江飞虹). Today, Yunlong Bridge has weathered over a thousand years of storms and remains a remarkable historical site.

Yangbi Walnuts (漾濞核桃)

Yangbi is recognized as the first hometown of walnuts in China, with Yangbi walnuts being a specialty product of the Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县). They are also a national geographical indication product. These walnuts are known for their large fruit, thin shells, white kernels, and fragrant taste, packed with nutrients. They have earned a reputation as the best in their class, exemplifying the saying: “Yangbi walnuts are unrivaled across the land, leading the way for three thousand years.”

How to Get There

By Bus

• From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County, which takes about 1-1.5 hours.
• From Yangbi County: Local transportation such as taxis can take you to various attractions.

By Car

Renting a car in Dali is an excellent option. The distance to the West Slope of Cangshan is approximately 70 kilometers, around a 1.5-hour drive. Follow signs to Yangbi County and then to the Cangshan area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Late February to mid-April for the rhododendron blooms.
• Hiking Gear: Wear comfortable footwear suitable for hiking and exploring the mountainous terrain.
• Respect Local Customs: Acknowledge the cultural significance of the area while enjoying your visit.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and vibrant flowers.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting Yunlong Bridge and Yunshang Village for a comprehensive experience.

Overview

Yunlong Bridge (云龙桥) is located over the Yangbi River Canyon (漾濞江峡谷) in Yangbi County (漾濞县), Dali (大理). Locally known as the “Tie Chain Bridge” (铁链子桥) or “Suspension Bridge,” it is the only surviving ancient iron chain suspension bridge on the Bunan Ancient Road (博南古道) and is recognized as the oldest existing suspension bridge in China. Yunlong Bridge is situated approximately 40 kilometers northwest of Dali City (大理市), spanning the Yangbi River, a tributary of the Lancang River (澜沧江). It is located south of Yangbi Shangjie Town (漾濞上街镇). The bridge was built during the Ming Dynasty (明代) and has a history of over 500 years. It continues to connect both banks of the river with its old, rough iron chains. At the entrance of the bridge, there is a newly erected stone tablet that recounts the history of Yunlong Bridge.

A legend tells that one morning, a streak of colorful clouds appeared at the western corner of Yangbi Ancient Town (漾濞古镇), stretching across the river like a dragon crossing the waters. The locals believed it was a divine dragon revealing itself, indicating a new bridge site. Consequently, they built the iron chain bridge on that spot, which became a notable sight known as “Iron Lock Cloud Dragon” (铁锁云龙). After enduring over 500 years of weathering, Yunlong Bridge silently preserves the memories of travelers and merchants who once rested here along the ancient Bunan trading route, watching the clouds rise and fall.

Structure

Yunlong Bridge is oriented east to west and features eight long iron chains parallel on both banks, supporting the bridge deck. The total length of the bridge is 40 meters, with a width of 3.2 meters and a height of 12.7 meters. Pavilions are installed on the bridge piers. Historical evidence from the Dong family genealogy (董氏家谱), which was relocated from Xizhou (喜州) to Yunlong County, confirms that the bridge was constructed after the Ming Chenghua period, specifically during the Hongzhi period (公元1488～1505年).

Historical Development

Yunlong Bridge is documented in Yang Shen’s (杨慎) “Records of Yunnan Journey” (滇程记) and Xu Xiake’s (徐霞客) “Travel Notes.” According to the “Chronicles of Yongchang Prefecture” (永昌府志), the bridge underwent repairs in the 13th year of the Kangxi era (公元1674年) and the 3rd year of the Guangxu era (公元1870年) by Governor Nuomutu (诺穆图) and General Jiang Zonghan (蒋宗汉) from Tengchong (腾越).

On August 24, 1966, a devastating flood destroyed the eastern bridge pier. The bridge was restored from winter 1994 to spring 1996. Following its restoration, a continuous stream of merchants and horse caravans traversed through Yangbi, and Yunlong Bridge remains a vital passage on the Bunan Ancient Road, playing an irreplaceable role in the daily lives of local residents. Legend has it that every 30 to 50 years, the bridge requires major repairs.

In 1993, Yunlong Bridge was designated as a key provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Legend

A beautiful legend surrounds the Yunlong Ancient Bridge: it is said that people attempted to build multiple large bridges over the Yang River (漾江) for easier transportation, but all collapsed due to the swift river currents and mountain floods. Just when the locals were despairing of ever constructing a bridge, they saw a rainbow rise over Cangshan (苍山), resembling a giant dragon arching over the Yangbi River. A fairy crossed the river on the rainbow, inspiring the people to build the bridge where the rainbow touched down, leading to their success. Thus, the bridge was named “Yunlong Bridge” (云龙桥).

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County, which takes about 1-1.5 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Use local transport like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Yunlong Bridge.

By Car

If driving, renting a car in Dali is a viable option. The distance from Dali City to Yunlong Bridge is about 70 kilometers, approximately a 1.5-hour drive. Follow signs to Yangbi County and then to the bridge location.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture stunning views of the bridge against the backdrop of the canyon.
• Respect Local Customs: Acknowledge the cultural significance of the site.
• Comfortable Footwear: Prepare for walking and exploring the surrounding area.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other historical sites along the Bunan Ancient Road for a fuller experience.

Overview

Located along the banks of a river behind Cangshan Mountain (苍山), Stone Gate Pass features two towering cliffs resembling massive stone doors. The area is marked by cascading streams and waterfalls, creating a stunning natural landscape. Surrounded by steep cliffs, the gorge is deep, with rapid streams flowing through it. Stone Gate Pass is described as a divine creation, embodying the phrase, “一夫当关，万夫莫开” (One man guards the pass, ten thousand cannot open it).

Stone Gate Pass, also known as “Dali Cangshan Stone Gate Pass” (大理苍山石门关), is an essential part of the Cang’er Scenic Area (苍洱景区), which includes Cangshan National Geopark (苍山国家地质公园), a national nature reserve, and a national scenic area. It is located approximately 399 kilometers from Kunming (昆明), 24 kilometers from Dali (大理), and 8 kilometers from Yangbi County (漾濞县). The scenic area spans 28.2 square kilometers and was recognized as a provincial scenic area in 1993 and upgraded to a national AA-level tourist site in 2001.

Notable attractions include:

• Fog Locking Stone Gate (雾锁石门)
• Bell of Fortune (福国晚钟)
• Clear Valley (澄明虚谷)
• Orchid in the Cliff Gorge (崖涧幽兰)
• The Sunset on Cangshan (苍山夕照)

Geographical Features

Stone Gate Pass features a classic canyon landscape, originating from the Jinzhan River (金盏河) at the peak of Cangshan’s Yujufeng (玉局峰). The V-shaped gorge is approximately 1,200 meters long, with the Stone Gate (石门) section extending about 600 meters. The highest points reach elevations of 2,321.8 meters (金盔寺) on the northern cliff and 1,760 meters on the southern cliff.

The rocky formations consist of gneiss and marble, with the southern side known as Cuiping Mountain (翠屏山) and the northern side as Qingliang Mountain (清凉山). The vegetation is primarily composed of secondary Yunnan pine (云南松), oil cedar (滇油杉), and various subtropical broadleaf trees. Stone Gate Pass is recognized as one of the “Sixteen Scenic Views of Yangbi” (漾濞古十六景).

Historical Records

The famous Ming Dynasty traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) described his visit to Stone Gate Pass, noting its breathtaking views: “因矫首东望，忽云气迸坼，露出青芙蓉两片，插地…” (As I gazed east, the clouds suddenly parted to reveal the blue hibiscus, standing proudly).

Local Cuisine

The Bai (白族) people have a distinct culinary style characterized by flavors of sour, spicy, sweet, and a hint of numbness. Influenced by Han cuisine and Buddhist vegetarian practices, popular dishes include:

• Stir-fried Fish (炒锅鱼)
• Dali Rice Cakes (大理饵块)
• Braised Meat in Willow Baskets (柳条蒸肉)

The Bai people also practice a unique tea ceremony known as “Three Courses of Tea” (三道茶), which features a progression of flavors: bitter, sweet, and lingering. Renowned restaurants in Dali’s ancient city are concentrated along Huguo Road (护国路), offering both local and international cuisine.

Accommodation

Dali Yaxing Hotel (大理亚星大饭店)

Constructed to international five-star standards, this hotel features a smoke-free floor and dedicated rooms for female guests. Located close to Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海), it is just a ten-minute walk from the ancient city of Dali. The hotel boasts ethnic decor, 310 guest rooms, and a restaurant that can accommodate 600 diners.

How to Get There

From Dali (下关) to Yangbi (漾濞), the distance is approximately 38 kilometers. Take a minibus from the Xiguan West Bus Station (下关西站) for a fare of about 10 RMB.

Travel Tips

• The scenic area is open year-round, Monday to Friday, from 08:00 to 18:30.
• Be sure to explore nearby attractions like Gantong Temple (感通寺) and Qingbi Creek (清碧溪) along the specially designated tourism route.
• Don’t miss out on local walnut products when visiting Yangbi, famous for their large size and rich flavor.

Overview for the Mosque

Overview

Yongan Ancient Bridge (永安古桥) is a historic stone arch bridge located near Wawu Village (瓦午村) in Leqiu Township (乐秋乡), Nanjian County (南涧县). Built during the late Ming Dynasty (明末) to early Qing Dynasty (清初), this bridge is renowned for its architectural significance and historical value.

Structure and Dimensions

The bridge spans approximately 15 meters in length, stands 5 meters high, and is 2.5 meters wide. Its surface is bordered by stone railings that rise 0.5 meters on either side. Nearby, there is a square tower, and at both ends of the bridge, there are small temples. The southern temple remains well-preserved, featuring an elegant and quaint design.

Yongan Bridge consists of stone piers and a brick arch, measuring 27.8 meters long, 5 meters high, and 2.5 meters wide, with a span of 9.27 meters. The bricks and stones used for construction were locally sourced. Ancient builders used glutinous rice mortar to bond the bricks, which has allowed the bridge to withstand hundreds of years of weathering while remaining intact over the vast Leqiu River (乐秋河).

Historical Significance

According to legend, the bridge was originally a simple footbridge. It was later transformed into a permanent structure by a high-ranking official during the Ming Dynasty who traveled through the area. Recognizing the strategic importance of the location, he commissioned the construction of a lasting bridge and named it “Yongan,” symbolizing the hope for lasting peace and safety in the region.

In 1987, Yongan Bridge was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Nanjian County.

Current Context

Currently, a large reservoir is under construction on the Leqiu River, which will soon require the relocation of Yongan Bridge. In the near future, this area is expected to be submerged under water.

Cultural Context

Local folklore suggests that this area was once part of the ancient “Shu Yi Fang” (走夷方) postal route in Nanjian. The serene surroundings of Yongan Ancient Bridge, embraced by green mountains and flowing streams, continue to captivate visitors, making it a significant attraction within Nanjian County.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County, which takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use local transportation options like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Wawu Village, where the bridge is located.

By Car

For those who prefer driving, renting a car in Dali is an option. The distance from Dali City to Yongan Ancient Bridge is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1-1.5 hours. Follow signs to Nanjian County and then to Wawu Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn provide the most pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture the bridge’s historical beauty, particularly during golden hour.
• Local Customs: Respect the local traditions and the historical significance of the site.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Be prepared for some walking, especially if exploring the surrounding areas.
• Local Cuisine: Enjoy local dishes in nearby villages, adding to your cultural experience.

Overview

Baiyun Temple (白云寺) is a renowned ancient temple located in Nanjian County (南涧县). It is one of the well-preserved ancient temples in the area and is designated as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Location and Environment

Baiyun Temple is situated on a natural terrace at the foot of a mountain in Dapingdi Village (大平地村), Baiyun Village Committee (白云村委会), northwest of Nanjian Town (南涧镇), approximately 23 kilometers from the county seat. The temple is nestled amidst majestic mountains and enjoys an elevation of 1,620 meters. Surrounded by clear waters and beautiful scenery, it is often shrouded in white clouds and purple mist, which gives it its name.

Historical Background

The temple was first established in the 29th year of the Jiajing reign (公元1550) of the Ming Dynasty. Under the guidance of the high monk Wutong (悟通和尚) of Taijiding Bamboo Sweep Temple (太极顶竹扫寺), construction began. The architectural design is a traditional wooden structure with three levels and two courtyards, including the main hall, side halls, and other significant buildings.

During the Kangxi reign (1662–1721) of the Qing Dynasty, Baiyun Temple underwent renovations. Nine Buddhist and divine statues were cast in a copper-lead alloy. The main hall was adorned with three lattice doors, each featuring intricate designs, such as “Hundred Birds Paying Homage to the Phoenix” (百鸟朝凤) and “Phoenix Pecks the Peony” (凤啄牡丹). Major repairs were also conducted during the Jiaqing reign (1801–1810). Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the temple has seen five renovation projects, and a new Caishen Hall (财神殿) was built about 50 meters to the right of the main temple in November 2009.

Current Condition

Baiyun Temple has a history of over 470 years. It houses ancient relics such as stone tablets, ancient bells, drums, and plaques from the Qing Dynasty. The temple currently consists of seven wooden structures, divided into front, rear, left, and right halls, each housing various Buddhist statues. An ancient bell, cast during the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty, remains well-preserved and is considered a treasure. The architectural details, including bracket sets, painted beams, horizontal plaques, and stone carvings, are meticulously arranged, showcasing elegance and charm.

The surroundings of the temple are adorned with ancient cypress and towering pines, complemented by an orchard of over 30 acres. In spring, the area is filled with the sounds of birds and blooming flowers, while in autumn, it bears abundant fruit. Visitors are often enchanted by the beauty described in the verse: “In the purple bamboo forest, one gazes at the wondrous images; in the depths of the white clouds, one finds the kunlu,” (紫竹林中瞻妙相，白云深处现琨垆) capturing the essence of this picturesque landscape.

Cultural Significance

The ancient temple, exquisite murals, rising incense, and a century-old walnut tree that can be embraced by several people make Baiyun Temple feel like a long-lost history book, inviting visitors to savor its richness. The gentle breeze makes the flower-protecting bells ring softly, while birds sing joyfully. A mural on the wall depicts a fierce tiger that seems to gaze intently at onlookers, as if judging the goodness or evil of humanity.

Following the winding path up the mountain, visitors can find homes even in the depths of the white clouds. This is reminiscent of the famous poem “Mountain Travel” by Du Mu (杜牧) from the Tang Dynasty: “The stone path leads up the cold mountain, where white clouds hide a human home. I stop to admire the maple forest at dusk, where frost leaves are redder than flowers in February.” (远上寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家。停车坐爱枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花) Whether the great poet Du Mu ever visited Baiyun Village (白云村) remains a mystery, but the beauty of autumn here mirrors the poem’s imagery, attracting many admirers.

Flora and Fauna

The cultural scenery, alongside the vibrant blossoms of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, makes entering Baiyun Temple feel like stepping into a garden of perpetual blooms. Notably, an ancient magnolia tree stands tall, symbolizing: “In Baiyun Ancient Temple, the ancient magnolia shines like jade in summer and becomes frost in winter.” (白云古寺古玉兰，夏如碧玉冬成霜) This tree complements the ancient temple, enhancing its beauty.

Present-Day Baiyun Temple

Today, Baiyun Temple features neatly arranged horizontal plaques, murals, stone carvings, and wooden sculptures. Ancient trees tower above, and fruit trees abound. Enveloped in swirling white clouds and shaded by ancient trees, the temple offers a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life. The enchanting Baiyun Temple has become a favored destination for tourists seeking tranquility and historical exploration.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County. The journey takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: You can take a local taxi or hire a motorcycle taxi to reach Baiyun Temple, which is about 23 kilometers away.

By Car

If you prefer driving, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Baiyun Temple is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1-1.5 hours. Follow the signs to Nanjian County and then to Baiyun Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are the ideal seasons due to pleasant weather and stunning scenery.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs and the sacredness of the temple.
• Photography: Capture the unique beauty of the temple and its surroundings, especially during sunrise or sunset for the best lighting.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Prepare for some walking on uneven paths as you explore the area.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to try local dishes available in nearby villages.

Overview

Shidong Temple (石洞寺) is located on the sheer cliffs of a deep ravine, 39 kilometers south of Nanjian County (南涧县) along National Route 214 (214国道). According to the ancient “Dingbian County Gazetteer” (《定边县志》), the temple features a stone Buddha sitting amidst the cliffs. The scenic view known as “Shidong Condensing Autumn” (石洞凝秋) is one of the eight famous landscapes of ancient Dingbian. Shidong Temple is truly a hanging temple, showcasing ancient architectural styles with its unique features.

Once a flourishing Buddhist and tourist destination, the area was characterized by murmuring streams, dense woods, and a fragrant atmosphere, attracting countless visitors throughout the seasons. The serene beauty of the temple was enhanced by the interplay of light and shadow from the trees and the curling smoke from incense offerings.

Historical Background

Despite the passage of time, which has dimmed the former glory of Shidong Temple, its rugged stones, steep cliffs, and winding paths still evoke a sense of wonder. The temple remains a testament to its historical and cultural significance.

Current Status

Although Shidong Temple has lost some of its former splendor over the years, the stunning natural landscape continues to draw visitors. The majestic cliffs and winding pathways around the temple maintain their enchanting charm, inviting explorers to experience the beauty of this remarkable site.

Key Attractions:

• Shidong Temple (石洞寺)
• Shidong Condensing Autumn (石洞凝秋)

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus heading towards Nanjian County. The journey takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use a local taxi or motorcycle taxi to reach Shidong Temple, which is about 39 kilometers away along National Route 214.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Shidong Temple is approximately 60 kilometers and will take around 1-1.5 hours. Follow the signs to Nanjian County and continue along National Route 214 until you reach the temple.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The best seasons to visit are spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November), when the weather is mild and the natural surroundings are particularly beautiful.
• Local Attractions: Take time to explore the stunning landscapes surrounding the temple, which may include other historical and cultural sites in the Dali region.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of the local customs and the sacredness of the temple.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for hiking, as some trails may be steep and uneven.
• Photography: Capture the unique beauty of Shidong Temple and its dramatic surroundings, especially during the early morning or late afternoon when the lighting enhances the scenery.