Overview

The Former Residence of Shali (沙蠡的故居) is located in Baisha Old Town (白沙古镇), Lijiang (丽江), Yunnan Province (云南省). This historic site is currently managed by Shali’s (沙蠡) brother, Monastery Zhong (和尚忠). The courtyard features various works by Shali, and the walls are adorned with photographs of Monastery Zhong and visitors. Here, visitors can purchase a unique drink created by the owner, hawthorn juice (海棠果汁), for 10 yuan per cup. The quaint courtyard exudes a rustic charm typical of Naxi (纳西族) farming houses.

Monastery Zhong, an elderly gentleman, shares delightful anecdotes about his childhood with Shali. Enjoying a cup of hawthorn juice made by him, visitors find the sweet and refreshing drink leaves a lasting impression. Monastery Zhong takes pride in the residence’s history, revealing that the building is around 200 years old, making it the oldest structure in the town. While he acknowledges that there were older buildings, some over 300 years old, they have since been demolished. He expresses a sense of pride in this old house, stating that while new buildings may be comfortable and beautiful, the true treasure lies in history, reflecting his foresight.

The courtyard is decorated with various ethnic ornaments, creating a film-like ambiance.

About Shali

This residence is dedicated to the memory of Shali (沙蠡), a notable Naxi writer born as Monastery Geng (和尚庚) in 1953 and passing away in 2008. He was a member of the Chinese Writers Association (中国作协) and served as the Chairman of the Lijiang (丽江) Federation of Literary and Art Circles. Shali published numerous works throughout his career. He held several significant roles, including secretary of the Youth League Committee, deputy editor-in-chief of a university journal, and executive director of the Yunnan Provincial Federation of Literary and Art Circles. He was also a member of the Lijiang Municipal Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (政协).

Shali began publishing his work in 1979, became a member of the Chinese Writers Association in 1995, and joined the Chinese Federation of Literary and Art Circles in 2003. His literary contributions include 41 works encompassing long, medium, and short novels, essays, poetry, criticism, and documentary literature, totaling approximately 30 million words. His notable awards include:

• The National Junma Award for “The Great Earthquake” (《大地震》).
• The second prize of the Provincial Government’s Literary Fund for “A Yi Dan” (《阿一旦》).
• The first Military Literature Collection Award in Yunnan Province for “The Sound of the Yulong Gun” (《玉龙枪声》).
• The National Ethnic Literature 50th Anniversary Essay Award for “Three Essays” (《散文三章》).
• The third prize in the National Huaxia New Poetry Competition for “The History of the Naxi People” (《纳西人的历史》).

Visiting Information

• Duration: Visitors typically spend 1-3 hours exploring the residence and engaging with Monastery Zhong.

Transportation

• Public Transport: Take Bus Line 6 from the Guchengkou Station (古城口站) to Baisha Road Intersection Station (白沙路口站), which is just a short walk from the residence.

Admission Fees

• Please inquire at the site for specific details on ticket prices.

Opening Hours

• Monday to Sunday: 08:00 AM – 05:00 PM

Location

• The residence is located at Baisha Old Town (白沙古镇), Lijiang (丽江), Yunnan Province (云南省).

How to Get There

To reach the Former Residence of Shali, visitors can take a taxi from Lijiang city center to Baisha Old Town. The journey takes about 30 minutes and offers scenic views of the surrounding areas.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for enjoying pleasant weather and avoiding crowds.
• What to Bring: A camera to capture the beautiful surroundings, some cash for drinks, and a notebook if you wish to jot down any thoughts inspired by the stories shared by Monastery Zhong.
• Cultural Etiquette: Engage with the local culture by listening to the stories and experiences shared by the residents, as this enhances the visit’s richness.

Overview

The Lijiang Observatory (中科院云南天文台丽江观测站/丽江铁甲山高美古天文台) is situated on the summit of Tiejia Mountain (铁甲山) in Yulong County (玉龙县), Lijiang (丽江), Yunnan Province (云南省), at an elevation of 3,200 meters. It covers an area of 261 acres.

Structure

The observatory includes two campuses: the Yulong County Urban Campus (玉龙县城园区) and the Gaomeigu Campus (高美古园区). The Yulong County Urban Campus, known as Nanguo Xingdu (南国星都), is located at the intersection of Xiahe Road (夏禾路) and Shangji Road (上吉路), about 1 kilometer from Lijiang Railway Station (丽江火车站). It features an Astronomical Research Center, 3H apartments, and an astronomical plaza.

The Gaomeigu Campus is positioned atop Tiejia Mountain at an elevation of 3,200 meters. This site is characterized by minimal air pollution and dust, offering a clean and transparent atmosphere with almost no light pollution, resulting in a deep blue sky and weak background sky light. Due to its high altitude and thin atmosphere, extinction is minimal, and the atmospheric tranquility is notably good. The low latitude allows telescopes at this site to observe large areas of the southern hemisphere, compensating for the limitations of other observatories in China. The observatory’s location near the same longitude as few other observatories globally makes it indispensable in the international astronomical observation network.

Historical Events

On March 2, 2005, the central equipment for the Gaomeigu Observatory arrived in Yunnan for installation, including the largest astronomical telescope in China, a 2.4-meter telescope. This telescope, valued at over 30 million yuan, was manufactured by the British company TTL and features top-notch optical quality, clear imaging, and high precision in tracking and pointing, allowing it to capture celestial objects up to ten times larger than those seen through one-meter telescopes at other observatories in China.

Industry Reputation

The selection of Gaomeigu as the observatory site sparked widespread interest among astronomers both domestically and internationally. Many astronomers have visited Gaomeigu, drawn by the pristine blue skies and the stunning display of stars and the Milky Way at night. The site’s excellent seeing conditions have led many to express their excitement; they have dedicated their lives to astronomy without ever witnessing such ideal night skies and observational conditions. Known for its “clear skies and brilliant stars,” Gaomeigu has gradually become a sacred place for astronomers worldwide.

Equipment and Facilities

The observatory hosts four optical telescopes, including:

• A 2.4-meter telescope, the largest general-purpose optical telescope in East Asia, known for its optical image quality, imaging resolution, and pointing and tracking systems.
• A 1.8-meter telescope, serving as a test platform for adaptive optics technology, equipped with China’s most advanced adaptive optics system.
• The BOOTES-4 telescope, a 60 cm fully automatic telescope part of the global observational system.
• The TAT telescope from Tsinghua University (清华大学), dedicated to global asteroseismic monitoring.

Additionally, the observatory includes a GPS reference station, a coating room with a 3.2-meter vacuum coater, a comprehensive building, an expert building, and an office building located on Xiahe Road in the new Yulong County urban area.

How to Get There

To reach Lijiang Observatory, visitors can travel from Lijiang City (丽江) to Yulong County by taxi or shuttle bus. The observatory is about a 30-minute drive from Lijiang’s city center. The route provides beautiful views of the surrounding mountains.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The observatory is best visited during the dry season, from late autumn to early spring, to enjoy clear skies.
• What to Bring: A good camera for astrophotography, warm clothing due to high altitude temperatures, and binoculars for a closer look at celestial objects.
• Admission: Check for any visitor regulations or guided tour availability before your visit.

Overview

Sister Lake (姊妹湖) is located next to Yufeng Temple (玉峰寺) at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山). Established in 1998, it was transformed into Sister Lake Resort, focusing on dining, leisure, and entertainment. The lake’s tranquil and picturesque surroundings have made it a favored retreat for nature lovers, particularly on weekends and holidays.

Scenic Beauty

Nestled beside the renowned Yufeng Temple, famous for its thousands of tea trees, Sister Lake has long captivated visitors. Its serene environment and stunning scenery attract people looking to escape city life. This has led to the popular saying in Lijiang, “Where to go for holiday leisure? Sister Lake outside Yufeng Temple.”

Development and Attractions

With the booming tourism industry in Lijiang and a growing emphasis on environmental conservation, Sister Lake Resort has embraced the theme of “Harmony between Man and Nature.” It preserves the Dongba ancient texts, a UNESCO World Heritage memory, and has become a preferred tourist destination. The resort is approximately 12 kilometers from the ancient town of Lijiang, covering 41.3 acres of lush landscapes with rich natural resources.

Facilities and Features

Sister Lake Resort offers a variety of services, including tourism, dining, leisure, entertainment, accommodation, and shopping. It has successfully established its brand of barbecue, gaining wide acclaim from visitors.

Mythology and Activities

At an elevation of 2,620 meters, the resort is conveniently located near Yufeng Temple and boasts about 2,000 square meters of built-up area. Local myths, such as the Naxi people’s creation stories, add a layer of mystery to the area. Each season brings unique experiences, from springtime rhododendrons to autumn’s pine seed collecting.

Day Trip Itinerary: Sister Lake and Lijiang Old Town

Experience a delightful day exploring two must-see attractions: Sister Lake Scenic Area and Lijiang Old Town.

Morning: Sister Lake Scenic Area ?

• Travel Time: About 30 minutes from Lijiang Old Town (古城区).
• Recommendation: Spend approximately 4 hours enjoying the natural beauty.
• Highlights: Often referred to as Lijiang’s “Little Jiuzhaigou,” the lake features crystal-clear waters surrounded by forests and waterfalls, perfect for photography and relaxation.

Afternoon: Lijiang Old Town ?

• Travel Time: Approximately 30 minutes from Sister Lake back to the Old Town.
• Recommendation: Spend around 4 hours wandering the historic streets and admiring unique architecture.
• Admission: Free entry, great for photography and cultural experiences.

Dining and Accommodation

• Lunch Recommendation: Lihua Restaurant (丽鹤饭店) offers a variety of dishes, especially recommended are the water flowers and aged tofu, with friendly service.
• Accommodation Recommendation: IU Hotel (IU酒店), close to the Old Town, known for its attentive service and clean rooms.

Local Souvenirs

Don’t miss taking home local specialties like maca from Yulong Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山玛卡), wild black tiger mushrooms (野生黑虎掌菌), and Lijiang copper locks (丽江铜锁).

How to Get There

From Lijiang Old Town, take a taxi or ride-sharing service to Sister Lake, which is about a 30-minute drive. The journey offers scenic views of the surrounding mountains and valleys.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn for the best weather and scenery.
• What to Bring: Comfortable shoes for walking, a camera for stunning photos, and local currency for dining and shopping.
• Weather Considerations: The area can be cooler at higher elevations, so bring a light jacket.

Introduction

Xueshan Academy (雪山书院), founded in the first year of the Yongzheng era (1723) by Yang Shen (杨馝), the first official governor of Lijiang after the “tu gui liu” reform, has a rich history. Over the years, especially in 1893 under Governor Chen Zonghai (陈宗海) and the late Qing scholar Geng Ji (庚吉), significant renovations transformed the academy into a magnificent institution, featuring an impressive library and spacious classrooms.

Historical Background

In 1905, with the abolishment of the imperial examination system and the promotion of schools, Xueshan Academy completed its educational mission after 180 years. During this time, it nurtured two Hanlin scholars, seven Jinshi, sixty-one Juren, twelve vice-examinees, and numerous other candidates, marking a significant development in the cultural education of the Naxi (纳西) ethnic area and symbolizing a pivotal moment when local commoners gained access to Han cultural education.

Chinese Name: 雪山书院
Location: 丽江古城 (Lijiang Old Town)
Founder: 杨馝 (Yang Shen)
Founded in: 雍正元年 (1723)
Notable Figures: 和庚吉 (Geng Ji)
Opening Hours: 周六14:30-16:00 (Saturdays, 14:30-16:00)

Development of Education

In 1907, Xueshan Academy established the Lijiang Encouragement Society, the predecessor of the Lijiang Education Bureau during the Republic of China. The first head of the society was Zhou Wei (周暐), a local scholar. Later, Lijiang governor Peng Jizhi (彭继志) initiated the Lijiang Baihua Newspaper, making it the first vernacular newspaper in Yunnan Province. Moreover, the establishment of the Lijiang Type Foundry at the academy became the birthplace of lead type printing in Yunnan.

After 1912, Xueshan Academy also established elementary schools but was later converted into a military base, suffering significant damage. Only the library’s collection remained, moved to Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁).

Achievements

Xueshan Academy has historically produced a multitude of talents who significantly contributed to the cultural and educational advancements of the Naxi region, achieving recognition in Northwestern Yunnan. From its founding until the abolition of the examination system in 1905, it produced:

• 2 Hanlin scholars
• 7 Jinshi
• 61 Juren
• 12 vice-examinees
• 28 outstanding candidates

The academy’s establishment marked a crucial step in providing opportunities for local commoners to pursue education in Confucian classics and participate in the civil examination system.

Prior to the academy’s establishment, Lijiang was under a semi-closed state regarding Han culture, with local regulations preventing commoners from reading or taking part in exams. The academy opened doors for students from commoner backgrounds, enabling them to pursue scholarly and civil responsibilities.

The Cultural Significance of Xueshan Academy

Xueshan Academy not only served as the highest institution of Han culture education in Lijiang but also became the cradle of education in the region. It played a pivotal role in the emergence of Yunnan’s first vernacular newspaper and lead type printing, making it an essential part of the World Cultural Heritage of Lijiang Old Town.

The revival of Xueshan Academy has ushered in new opportunities for the cultural and historical tourism of Lijiang, currently housing over 20,000 books, aiming to establish itself as a cultural landmark.

Lijiang Forum

In November 2011, Xueshan Academy announced its revival during the launch of “The Chronicle of the World Cultural Heritage Lijiang Old Town.” Starting in 2012, it hosts the Lijiang Forum every Saturday, focusing on topics like history, culture, and social sciences, aiming to excavate history and promote cultural wisdom.

In August 2018, the Lijiang Old Town Protection Bureau, along with Beijing North Education Cultural Media Co., launched the “Lijiang Old Town Celebrity Forum” at Xueshan Academy, featuring prominent scholars and discussions that bridge ancient and modern wisdom.

Collection of Books

The academy’s library, recorded in historical texts, has evolved over time. Significant donations from local officials and scholars have enriched its collection, which includes over 800 volumes of various texts, making it a crucial resource for public literature in Lijiang.

Headmasters

Over its 180-year history, Xueshan Academy had fourteen known headmasters, including Wan Xianyuan (万咸燕), the first headmaster, who played a crucial role in its establishment. He is noted for his contributions to the historical records of Lijiang.

Teacher-Student Relationships

Teaching at Xueshan Academy emphasized rigor. One notable teacher, Yang Nu (杨怒), was known for his strict teaching style, insisting that students memorize texts thoroughly. The academy fostered a culture of respect for teachers, which persisted even into the Republic of China era.

How to Get There

Xueshan Academy is located in Lijiang Old Town. You can reach Lijiang by flying into Lijiang Sanyi Airport (丽江三义机场) and taking a taxi or shuttle bus to the Old Town. Once in Lijiang, the academy is within walking distance of major attractions.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather.
• Cultural Etiquette: Show respect in traditional settings and during lectures.
• Photography: Check for permissions before taking photos inside the academy.
• Local Cuisine: Try local Naxi dishes at nearby restaurants.

The Ahai Dam (阿海水电站) is a gravity dam on the Jinsha River in Yulong County, Lijiang Prefecture, Yunnan and in the river reach at about 5 km in the lower reaches of Cuiyu River mouth. Preliminary construction began in 2008 and construction on the dam superstructure and power station began in 2010. The dams first generator was operational in December 2012, the third by May 2013.^[1][2] The fifth and final generator was commissioned on 9 June 2014.

Overview

The Ahai Hydropower Station (阿海水电站) is the fourth tier of the “one reservoir and eight levels” development scheme recommended in the “Hydropower Planning Report for the Middle Reaches of the Jinsha River (金沙江中游河段水电规划报告).” It connects upstream with the Liyuan Hydropower Station (梨园水电站) and neighbors the Jin’anqiao Hydropower Station (金安桥水电站) downstream. This station is a vital power source for the Jinsha River Hydropower Base, with a maximum dam height of 130 meters, a total reservoir capacity of 882 million cubic meters, and an effective capacity of 218 million cubic meters, providing daily regulation capability.

The station has a total installed capacity of 2 million kilowatts and an average annual power generation of 8.877 billion kWh, with a static investment of approximately 13.6 billion yuan.

The primary focus of the Ahai Hydropower Station is power generation, with additional benefits in flood control and irrigation, making it significantly important for regional economic development and the implementation of the “West-to-East Power Transmission” strategy.

General Information

• Chinese Name: 阿海水电站
• Location: Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (玉龙纳西族自治县), Lijiang City (丽江市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Opening Hours: Open all day
• Ticket Price: Free
• Notable Attractions: Ahai Hydropower Station Rare Plant Garden (阿海水电站珍稀植物园)
• Upstream Station: Liyuan Hydropower Station (梨园水电站)
• Downstream Station: Jin’anqiao Hydropower Station (金安桥水电站)
• Waterway: Upper reaches of the Yangtze River (长江), Jinsha River (金沙江)
• Total Installed Capacity: 2 million kilowatts
• Average Annual Power Generation: 8.877 billion kWh
• Country: China (中国)
• City: Lijiang (丽江市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Recommended Visit Duration: 1 hour
• Best Season to Visit: Summer (夏季)
• Reservoir Capacity: 806 million m³ (有效库容2.18亿m³)

Project Overview

The dam site of the Ahai Hydropower Station is located at the junction of Yulong County (玉龙县) and Ninglang County (宁蒗县) along the middle reaches of the Jinsha River. The project is a comprehensive hydraulic and hydropower hub focused on electricity generation, with additional roles in flood control and irrigation. The dam is classified as a major (1) grade project, with permanent main hydraulic structures designed as first-grade constructions.

The project consists of a concrete gravity dam, a left bank overflow surface hole, energy dissipation pool, left bank flood discharge sand flushing hole, right bank sand discharge hole, and main auxiliary power houses behind the dam. The maximum dam height is 130 m, and the normal water level is set at 1504.00 m, with a corresponding reservoir capacity of 806 million cubic meters.

The dead storage level is 1492.00 m, with a dead storage capacity of 700 million cubic meters and an adjustable reservoir capacity of 106 million cubic meters. This classification marks it as a daily regulated reservoir. The total installed capacity of the station is 2000 MW, with an average annual power generation of 8.877 billion kWh. The total construction period for the project is 98 months, with the dam’s first unit expected to generate power by December of the seventh year. The total static investment is approximately 13.6 billion yuan.

Reservoir Area

Once the dam is completed, the normal water level will create a reservoir capacity of 806 million cubic meters, with a total capacity of 882 million cubic meters and a regulation capacity of 238 million cubic meters. The Ahai Hydropower Station reservoir reaches a water level of 1504 m, with a backwater length of approximately 75.3 km, affecting four counties: Muli County (木里县), Yulong County (玉龙县), Ninglang County (宁蒗县), and Shangri-La County (香格里拉县) in the Liangshan Prefecture (凉山州), Lijiang City (丽江市), and Diqing Prefecture (迪庆州).

The total inundation area due to the reservoir is approximately 23.42 square kilometers, comprising 15.9 square kilometers of land and 7.52 square kilometers of water. The submerged area affects 2655 mu of arable land, 2865 mu of protective forest land, and 29431 mu of unused land. There are 34 affected village residential areas, with a total submerged population of 623.

The reservoir creates approximately 22.67 square kilometers of usable water surface, providing a beautiful setting that promotes local tourism development.

Land Acquisition and Resettlement

The land acquisition for the Ahai Hydropower Station involves Yulong County (玉龙县), Ninglang County (宁蒗县), Shangri-La County (香格里拉县) in Diqing Prefecture (迪庆州), and Muli County (木里县) in Liangshan Prefecture (凉山州). The construction area is characterized by sparse population and rugged mountain gorges, with 8424 mu of farmland submerged and a planned relocation population of 2538 people.

The resettlement for the Ahai Hydropower Station is notable for its minimal land submergence and few displaced people compared to other hydropower projects of similar scale, presenting unique developmental advantages. The resettlement planning report for this project is the first large-scale hydropower engineering resettlement planning report prepared according to the “Regulations on Land Acquisition Compensation and Resettlement for Large and Medium-sized Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects” (State Council Order No. 471) and the 2007 edition of the “Planning and Design Specifications for Resettlement in Hydropower Engineering Construction,” providing valuable experience for similar national projects.

Transportation to the Station

The dam site is approximately 130 km from Lijiang City (丽江市), 636 km from Kunming City (昆明市), and 299 km from Panzhihua City (攀枝花市). The eastern railway line has been connected to Geli Ping and links to Chengkun Railway via the Panzhihua-Geli Ping branch line. The southern railway line has reached Dali (大理), and construction on the Dali to Lijiang railway has commenced, projected to be completed by 2008.

The left bank of the hydropower station is in Ninglang County (宁蒗县), and the right bank is in Yulong County (玉龙县). The transportation status from Ninglang County to the dam site includes a 32 km fourth-grade road to Hongqiao Township (红桥乡) and a 22 km non-standard road to Cuiyu Township (翠玉乡), followed by a 19.2 km simple road leading to Kuzhi Village (库枝村).

Background

The dam section is a transverse valley with a water surface 60 to 150 m wide and low water level of 1048 m. The landforms on both banks are basically symmetrical. There is a measurement of about 50 m wide tableland and about 30 degrees above water surface in the left bank, and the slope in the right bank is about 27 degree and the slope above the elevation of 1500 m is about 48 degree. There is poor sand and soil materials and abundant limestone material satisfied with requirement of quality and reserves within 20 km in the dam area, which is qualified for setting up low dam according to existing geological data. In the light of topographic and geological conditions, the Ahai Dam section can be considered as local material dam type with low height of swell, suitable for connection of backwater with Liyuan cascade. The dam has normal water level of 1514 m, total reservoir capacity of 1.08 billion cubic meters and installed capacity of 2,000,000-2,200,000 kW. Now, a low-cost road to Niukexu has been opened to traffic, and there is only an about 5 km long path to the dam section.

Environmental impact

This project marked the first time representatives from Chinese environmental groups were invited to participate in the environmental impact assessment for a major hydropower project in China, according to the First Financial Daily. Representatives of the Institute for Public & Environmental Affairs and the Green Earth Volunteers took part in the meeting to conduct technical evaluation on environmental impact assessment for the dam on the Jinsha River on December 29–30, 2008 in Beijing.

Overview

Dengjue Temple and its Twins Pagodas巍山县等觉寺和双塔, also known as Baoguosi Twin Pagodas (报国寺双塔), are located at the northeastern corner of Weishan County, Dali (大理巍山县城东北隅报国街). In 1988, these sites were designated as one of the first key cultural relic protection units at the state level in Dali Prefecture (大理州). The Twins Pagodas are nine-tiered, solid brick structures standing approximately 10 meters tall, with the eastern tower preserving only two tiers, reaching a height of about 5 meters. Constructed during the Ming Dynasty (around 1465), the pagodas were built by a local governor from the Zuo family, serving as a prominent feature of Dengjue Temple.

History of Dengjue Temple

Dengjue Temple (等觉寺), situated on the east side of Baoguojie in Nanzhao Town, Weishan County (巍山县南诏镇报国街东侧), was established during the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏). It is the oldest Buddhist temple in Weishan and served as the residence for the Buddhist management institution during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The temple underwent significant expansion during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty. The main hall, the Sun Palace (太阳宫), boasts impressive dimensions with a single eave and hip roof, measuring five bays wide (approximately 18.2 meters) and four bays deep (approximately 16.1 meters). The hall is surrounded by a corridor adorned with intricate bracket sets (斗拱) and decorative flower boards (花板). This architectural style reflects a solemn and ancient aesthetic, embodying elements of Song Dynasty (宋代) architecture.

During the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, the temple suffered extensive damage due to military conflicts, leaving only a few structures, including the Sun Palace. In 1939, the temple was repurposed as a health center, officially renamed the People’s Hospital of Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (巍山彝族回族自治县人民医院) in 1958. In 1963, the Sun Palace was converted into a ward and was later used as a medicine warehouse for many years.

The Construction of the Twins Pagodas

In the first year of the Chenghua period (明成化元年) in 1465, local governor Zuo Lin (左琳) and his mother, Zhang Gongren (张恭人), constructed the Twins Pagodas in front of Dengjue Temple as Buddhist towers. Each tower rises over five zhang (approximately 16.7 meters) and has a circumference of four zhang and eight chi (approximately 15.8 meters). These nine-tiered, square pagodas feature niches housing stone Buddhas, with bricks inscribed with Sanskrit characters. The pagoda tops are adorned with copper finials, each standing seven chi tall, crowned with a golden lotus. Additionally, each tower is equipped with 24 wind chimes representing the 24 solar terms and a copper gourd atop the lotus cover.

Each pagoda features a marble inscription detailing the construction by Zuo Lin. Unfortunately, during the Cultural Revolution, the pagodas suffered significant destruction, with their upper sections demolished. One tower was converted into a water reservoir for practical use.

Architectural Features

Dengjue Temple (等觉寺), also known as Baoguosi (报国寺), is located at the northeastern corner of the ancient city of Weishan (巍山古城东北隅). It is the oldest existing Buddhist temple in the Weishan region and served as the residence for the Buddhist management office during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In the 16th year of the Yongle period (公元1418年), the monk Wuyong (无用) arrived from Yanshui, Jiangsu (江苏溧阳县), collaborating with local officials and benefactors to construct five courtyards with four rooms. By the second year of the Zhengtong period (公元1437年), the temple began to carve statues. The Twins Pagodas were built on both sides of the main gate in the first year of the Chenghua period (公元1465年), with benefactors contributing to the construction of additional halls. From 1599 to 1605, the Buddhist management office undertook repairs, adding new structures, including the rear halls and changing rooms, which featured sculptures of arhats (罗汉). This expansion marked the temple’s peak size; however, much was destroyed during military conflicts in the Xianfeng period, leaving only the Sun Palace and a few other structures. During the Guangxu period, a Lu Wei Shrine (禄位祠) was constructed to honor Lin Zexu (林则徐) on the left side of the Sun Palace, while the right side was transformed into a Zhao Zhong Shrine (昭忠祠) to commemorate those who died in battle.

Layout and Features

Dengjue Temple faces south, with the Twins Pagodas in front and the Sun Palace behind. The eastern courtyard features the Lu Wei Shrine, while the western courtyard houses the Zhao Zhong Shrine, and a garden is located to the southwest. The Twins Pagodas, originally built in the first year of the Chenghua period (公元1465年), are nine-tiered, square solid brick structures. During the Cultural Revolution, they suffered significant damage, with the eastern tower reduced to two tiers and the western tower reduced to six tiers. The Sun Palace, constructed in the 16th year of the Yongle period (公元1418年), features a single eave, hip roof, and impressive dimensions, adorned with heavy brackets and vertical columns. The building materials are coarse and ancient, contributing to its historical charm. In May 1998, it was announced as a cultural relic protection unit by the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government.

Address: No. 1 Baoguojie, Weishan County, Dali, Yunnan Province (云南省大理市巍山县城东北隅报国街).

New Look of the Twins Pagodas

In 1988, Dengjue Temple and the Twins Pagodas were designated as cultural relic protection units by the Dali Prefecture People’s Government.

To alleviate population and industrial pressure in the core area of the ancient city, restore ancient relics, and showcase the millennia-old culture of Nanzhao, the Weishan County government invested 63.63 million yuan in 2015 for the relocation of the county hospital and the establishment of the Nanzhao Museum (南诏博物馆). The museum integrates cultural heritage display, collection, academic exchange, and historical cultural research, greatly enriching the cultural life of local residents and promoting the development of related tourism industries. It has become a vital venue for Weishan’s external publicity, cultural exchange, tourism reception, and a key base for youth patriotism education and social science popularization.

How to Get There

To reach Dengjue Temple and the Twins Pagodas, you can take public transportation or drive to Weishan County. The nearest major city is Dali (大理), from which you can hire a taxi or take a local bus. The drive from Dali to Weishan takes about one hour, covering approximately 60 kilometers. Public buses run frequently between the two locations.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and vibrant scenery.
• Respect Local Culture: Be mindful of the religious significance of the temple and pagodas; dress modestly and behave respectfully while visiting.
• Photography: Capture the stunning architecture and landscapes, but avoid intrusive photography during religious ceremonies.
• Local Cuisine: Explore local dishes at nearby restaurants to experience the unique flavors of Weishan County, such as “Weishan Roast Duck” and “Mushroom Hot Pot.”
• Guided Tours: Consider joining guided tours for a more enriching experience, as local guides can share detailed insights about the temple’s history and architecture.

Location:

Overview

The Stone Coffin of Chen Zuocai (陈佐才石棺) is located in Mingshi Village (盟石村), Miaojie Township (庙街乡), Weishan County (巍山县), Yunnan Province (云南省). It serves as the tomb of the patriotic elder and poet Chen Zuocai (陈佐才), dating back to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

Structure and Dimensions

The stone coffin is carved from a massive boulder, measuring over 10 meters in length, 8 meters in height, and approximately 2 meters in width. The coffin is located at the front of the boulder and is covered with a stone lid, resembling a traditional wooden coffin.

Historical Inscriptions

Two steles stand in front of the boulder:

1. Tombstone by Li Shiyang (李士扬): Inscribed in the 44th year of Qianlong (1779), titled “Tomb Inscription of the Loyal Scholar Chen.”
2. Tombstone by Zhao Shuliang (赵叔良): Established in the 25th year of the Republic (1936), titled “Tomb Inscription of the Loyal Chen.”

On either side of the coffin, stone pens are erected with couplets inscribed by the local scholar Rao Zhi (饶着):

• Upper Couplet: “指地誓黄泉，溪流犹带南迁恨” (“Swearing by the earth to the Yellow Springs, the creek still carries southward regrets.”)
• Lower Couplet: “凿棺盟白石，墓木曾无北向枝” (“Carving the coffin with a vow on white stone, the tomb’s trees have never grown branches to the north.”)

To the right of the coffin is a stone pavilion, where another couplet is inscribed:

• Upper Couplet: “其生明臣其死明鬼” (“In life, a loyal minister; in death, a clear spirit.”)
• Lower Couplet: “不葬清土不戴清天” (“Not buried in clear soil, not wearing the clear sky.”)

The area around the coffin is covered with verses and writings praising Chen Zuocai.

Travel Tips

• How to Get There: The Stone Coffin is accessible by road from Dali (大理). Visitors can take a bus or drive to Weishan County and then to Miaojie Township. Local guides may be available to assist with transportation.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and clearer views of the surrounding landscape.
• Local Etiquette: Visitors should be respectful of the site, as it holds cultural and historical significance. Avoid loud noises and littering.

Nearby Attractions

1. Weishan Ancient Town (巍山古城): A well-preserved ancient town with rich history and architecture.
2. Weibao Mountain (巍宝山): Known for its hiking trails and scenic beauty.

This site reflects the deep cultural heritage of Yunnan and the respect for its historical figures.

Introduction

Lingguan Temple (灵官殿) is a significant Taoist temple dedicated to Lingguan (灵官), the most revered protective deity in Taoism. The temple is also known by another name, Zhujun Pavilion (主君阁), and is situated at the foothills of Weibao Mountain (巍宝山) in Weishan County (巍山), Dali (大理), Yunnan Province (云南省).

The temple was established during the late Ming Dynasty (明末) and early Qing Dynasty (清初). However, it was destroyed during the Second Opium War in the years 1851-1874 and was later rebuilt during the Guangxu period (光绪年间, 1875-1908). Inside the temple, there was originally a bronze statue of Wang Lingguan (王灵官), weighing over 200 kilograms, but it was destroyed, and the current statue is a clay sculpture painted with bright colors.

A couplet hangs on the temple’s columns, which reads: “莫谓霹雳一声，若遇那贪官污吏，管教尔粉身碎骨；须知威灵有赫，果然是忠臣孝子，定许他增福延年。” This couplet was inscribed by Ling Yuying (岭毓英), the governor of Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty, and reflects the temple’s moral teachings.

Historical Significance

Lingguan Temple serves as a vital cultural landmark. It is unique in its layout, being a standalone structure rather than being part of a larger complex typically found in Taoist temples. It is aligned with the Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁) along the same axis, establishing Lingguan Temple as the entrance to the sacred site.

The temple has been a place for worship and spiritual reflection for centuries. In its early days, it housed a spectacular bronze statue of Wang Lingguan, which was impressive due to its size and craftsmanship. Unfortunately, the statue was lost during the Great Leap Forward in 1958. The current statue is a clay figure with a red face and three eyes, depicting Lingguan’s fierce and protective nature. Another significant figure in the temple is Prince Ling (炳灵太子), also known as Huaguang Dadi (华光大帝), who is considered a unique deity in southern Taoism and is popularly referred to as the “Fire God” among the locals.

The Ancient Camellia Trees

The temple grounds are home to ancient camellia trees, specifically the “Guiye Yin Hong” (桂叶银红) variety. Two of these trees were planted during the late Ming Dynasty, and now only one remains. This ancient camellia stands approximately 16 to 17 meters tall and has a diameter of about 15 centimeters, making it the tallest camellia tree in the world today. In spring, the tree blooms with hundreds of large, red flowers, resembling a cloud of rosy mist when viewed from afar. This spectacular sight has earned it the title of “Shancha Liuhong” (山茶流红), celebrated by ancient poets.

An ancient poem by the Suzhou scholar Chen Quanyu (陈全钰) praises the beauty of this camellia tree: “丛深春藏不闻莺，露下啼妆别有情，可惜琼葩因僻远，分心馨口独含颦。” This poem beautifully captures the shy and exquisite nature of the “Guiye Jiu Xin Shiba Ban” (桂叶九心十八瓣) camellia.

Features of the Camellia Tree

The ancient camellia tree, located within the temple grounds at an elevation of 2,283 meters, is protected due to its significant age and beauty. It has a grayish-white trunk that is round and straight, standing resilient despite centuries of wind and rain.

According to inscriptions at the pavilion, the tree was originally found deep within a forest. During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, it was transplanted to the temple, where it has thrived for approximately 400 years. It reaches a height that exceeds the roof of the temple, blooming vibrantly with red flowers that illuminate the entire structure during the flowering season.

The blooming period lasts about 60 days, with the first flowers appearing in mid-January, reaching full bloom in February, and finishing by early March. The best viewing spot for these flowers is on the observation platform behind the temple, where visitors can gaze at the stunning display of camellias.

Discovery and Conservation Efforts

In 1984, landscape engineers Li Duowen (李多闻) and plant specialist Xia Quan (夏泉) surveyed the area and discovered the ancient camellia tree in bloom. At that time, the tree stood at 17.5 meters high, with a chest diameter of 36 centimeters. Due to its beauty and rarity, there were plans to cut it down for timber. However, local researchers rushed to the county government to report the situation, prompting immediate action for its protection.

In 1989, Xia Quansheng published a paper documenting Yunnan’s camellias, listing this tree as the tallest cultivated camellia in the world. In 2008, experts from the International Camellia Society confirmed it as the tallest camellia tree globally during a visit to Weibao Mountain, with notable botanist Grigory Davis praising it as “the most beautiful camellia tree in the world.”

Recent Challenges and Recovery

Despite its past glory, the ancient camellia tree has faced significant health issues since the spring of 2016. The number of flowers dramatically decreased, and symptoms such as leaf drop and bark shedding became apparent. In March 2017, local forestry officials reported the tree’s declining condition, prompting immediate attention from the Weishan County government and the China Wild Plant Protection Association.

Experts determined that the tree’s age and declining resilience, along with severe pest infestations and poor soil drainage, were the main factors in its health issues. An urgent treatment plan was put in place, which included supporting the tree with scaffolding, treating it for pests, and improving soil conditions.

After five years of care, the tree has shown signs of recovery, with new growth appearing, and it has begun to bloom again, bringing back the breathtaking sight of “Shancha Liuhong” (山茶流红).

How to Get There

To reach Lingguan Temple of Weibao Mountain in Weishan County, Dali, visitors can take the following routes:

• By Car: From Dali City, take National Highway 214 towards Weishan County. The temple is approximately a one-hour drive from Dali.
• Public Transportation: Buses are available from Dali to Weishan County. Visitors can take a taxi or local transportation from Weishan to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to see the camellias in bloom is from mid-January to early March.
• What to Bring: Bring a camera to capture the stunning floral displays and a notebook to jot down thoughts and inspirations from the serene environment.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of the temple’s religious significance and follow any guidelines for visitors regarding photography and behavior.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide for a more enriching experience and deeper understanding of the temple’s history and cultural significance.

Introduction

Nestled in Yunnan Province’s Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Xiashankou Hot Spring (下山口温泉) is a magical area known for Putuo Spring (普陀泉). Legend has it that this spring is a remnant of Guanyin Bodhisattva’s (观音菩萨) jade bottle, with crystal-clear water resembling jade and an ethereal quality. The unique geographical setting makes the Putuo Spring Hot Spring Resort feel like a paradise.

The Xiashankou Hot Spring Resort fully utilizes the geothermal resources of the mountain pass and the picturesque Miqiao River (弥苴河). It features large and medium-sized hot spring swimming pools and rafting activities. The resort combines accommodation, dining, fishing, and cultural performances, making it a major tourist hotspot in Dali.

Location

Xiashankou Hot Spring is situated at the confluence of three rivers—Miqiao River, Fengyu River, and Haiwei River—serving as a crucial passage between Eryuan and Dengchuan. The western mountain belongs to Tianma Mountain (天马山), while the eastern one is the Lingying Mountain (灵应山) range. The gorge between these two mountains is known as Putuo Kong (普陀崆), also referred to as Longma Canyon (龙马涧).

Attractions

• Putuo Spring (普陀泉): Located in Xiashankou Village, known for its Japanese-style forest hot springs. The water is naturally weak alkaline, continuously gushing from geothermal sources filtered through the Cangshan Mountains (苍山).
• Flame Mountain Hot Spring (火焰山温泉): Adjacent to the mysterious Haixi Sea (海西海) and the beautiful Laojun Mountain (老君山), this hot spring features an outdoor bathing area over 400 square meters, rich in beneficial minerals like potassium, sulfur, magnesium, and iron.

Travel Information

Address

Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Eryuan County (云南省大理白族自治州洱源县)

How to Get There

• By Road: It is located 0.5 km from the village committee and 5 km from the town. The area is accessible via local transportation from major cities in Yunnan.
• Nearby Cities: The resort is within reasonable distance from Dali Ancient Town (大理古城), making it a perfect day trip or weekend getaway.

Best Season to Visit

The optimal time to enjoy the hot springs is from August to December, as the rainy season in Eryuan is concentrated between May and October. Visitors are advised to carry rain gear during this period.

Travel Tips

• Packing Suggestions: Light clothing is recommended for summer, and don’t forget sun protection like hats and sunglasses. During the rainy season, an umbrella or raincoat is advisable.
• Dining: Local delicacies include sour and spicy fish, Dali raw skin (大理生皮), seaweed flowers, papaya chicken, and various traditional Bai dishes.
• Duration of Visit: Plan for about 3 hours to fully enjoy the hot springs and surrounding attractions.

Accommodation

The resort offers various accommodations, including charming VIP wooden cottages. Visitors can experience the serene ambiance while enjoying hot springs, delicious local cuisine, and the beautiful natural scenery of the area.

Notable Legends

It is said that the local residents, who have long consumed the spring water, enjoy excellent health, with no reported cases of cardiovascular diseases or hypertension. The area has a significant number of centenarians, attributed to the beneficial properties of the spring water.

The famed traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) once noted about Putuo Spring: “The locals say there is a hot water cave in Putuo Kong… Water surges from the cave bottom as if boiling. Entering the cave, one is enveloped by hot steam, causing perspiration. Those with ailments find relief.”

Introduction

Xiaguan Hot Springs, located 3 kilometers west of Dali City (大理市) in the Xier River Canyon (西洱河峡谷), lies alongside the Kunwan Highway (昆畹公路), also known as National Route 320 (320国道). Originally named Dali Desheng Pass (大理德胜关) and also called Tangzipu (塘子铺), the nearby village is now known as Qingcaizhuang (青菜庄). According to the “Zhaozhou Gazetteer” (赵州志), it states: “Deshengpu, to the north connects to Taihe County (太和县, now Dali Ancient Town), has Desheng Pass City.” This indicates that it was originally a strategic pass linking Dali to Baoshan (保山), later transforming into a marketplace, and eventually gaining fame for its hot springs.

• Location: 3 kilometers west of Dali City (大理市), in the Xier River Canyon (西洱河峡谷), alongside Kunwan Highway (昆畹公路)
• Water Temperature: 76°C
• Spring Flow Rate: 200 tons per day
• Source: Springs erupt from rock fissures
• Therapeutic Benefits: Beneficial for skin diseases and rheumatism
• Transport: A bus from Dali Passenger Transport Center can reach Xiaguan Hot Springs in about 30 minutes
• Accommodation: Nearby inns charge around 20 to 30 RMB per person per night
• Dining: Unique method of cooking fresh fish in spring water and local cold chicken rice noodles available at roadside eateries

Detailed Information

The hot spring water at Xiaguan flows from rock fissures, with a daily output of 200 tons at a temperature of 76°C. It contains over ten types of minerals, including carbonates, resulting in high-quality water. After bathing, the skin feels smooth and rejuvenated, providing certain benefits for skin conditions and rheumatism. As noted in Ming Tongxuan’s poem “Desheng Pass Hot Springs” (《德胜关温泉》):

蒸蒸本元气，澡雪人争浴。虽无泽物功，远胜贪泉屈。
“Rising steam embodies original energy, bathing in snow, people vie for immersion. Though lacking in worldly benefits, it surpasses the greedy springs.”

Xiaguan Hot Springs is nestled in a valley, backed by Mount Zhema (者摩山), with steep rocky cliffs facing the surging waters of the Xier River. The courtyard features pavilions and corridors, adorned with flowers that bloom year-round, creating a tranquil and picturesque environment—an ideal place for relaxation and recuperation.

Travel Tips

Best Time to Visit

The best times to visit are during the March Street Festival (三月街, March 15–20) and the Butterfly Festival (蝴蝶会, April 15) in Dali. With an annual average temperature of around 15°C, spring (March to April) is the optimal period following the cold winter.

Travel Reminders

When visitors feel tired from hiking or exploring parks, they can choose to relax at Xiaguan Hot Springs, which provides excellent bathing facilities. Positioned alongside the winding Xier River and backed by the majestic Zhema Mountain, it is a perfect spot for unwinding and rejuvenation.

How to Get There

To reach Xiaguan Hot Springs, take a bus from the Dali Passenger Transport Center (大理客运中心), which takes about 30 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Plan Ahead: Consider visiting during festivals for a unique cultural experience.
• Local Cuisine: Try local dishes like fresh fish cooked in spring water and cold chicken rice noodles for an authentic taste.
• Bring Swimwear: Don’t forget your swimwear if you plan to enjoy the hot springs.
• Respect Nature: Maintain cleanliness and respect the natural environment while visiting the springs.

Tianjing Pavilion is situated on the eastern side of Erhai Lake, on Yuyan Mountain (玉案山). The mountain dramatically extends into the lake, flanked by water on three sides and featuring steep cliffs, making it a strategically important site with mountains surrounding the lake, creating a mirror-like surface.

Tianjing Pavilion, built during the Jin Dynasty (晋代), is a millennium-old structure that, along with Luoquan Temple (罗荃寺) and other attractions, serves as both a Buddhist holy site and a cultural landmark enhanced by the legend of “Wangfu Cloud” (望夫云), making it the best viewpoint for enjoying the beautiful scenery of Cangshan Mountain (苍山) and Erhai Lake.

Location

• Geographical Position: Dali Prefecture (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Climate: Low-latitude plateau monsoon climate
• Famous Attractions: Tianjing Pavilion, Guanyin Pavilion (观音阁)

Introduction

Tianjing Pavilion stands prominently on Yuyan Mountain, where the terrain meets the waters of Erhai Lake, creating a stunning visual effect. The pavilion was originally built during the Ming Dynasty (明代) and has become one of the four famous pavilions around Erhai Lake. Although it was destroyed, the current Tianjing Pavilion has been rebuilt on the original site.

The pavilion is a four-story, eight-sided structure towering above the mountain’s peak, harmoniously complementing the renowned Luoquan Temple. Luoquan Temple features significant halls like the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿) and the Hall of Pilu (毗卢祖师殿).

Not far from the pavilion in the lake, there lies the “Stone Mule” (石骡子) from the Bai ethnic mythology “Wangfu Cloud.” According to legend, a hunter named Alang (阿龙) stole a precious robe from Master Luoquan to keep Princess Afeng (阿凤) warm. Unfortunately, he was struck down by Master Luoquan’s mat and transformed into the “Stone Mule.”

Every year during autumn and winter, floating clouds known as “Wangfu Cloud” appear atop Cangshan Mountain, stirring up waves in Erhai Lake, preventing boats from sailing. Locals refer to this phenomenon as “Wuduyun” (无渡云). Visitors often come to hear the stories of Luoquan Temple, the Stone Mule, and Wangfu Cloud, adding a unique charm to their experience.

Location Details

The Dali Tianjing Pavilion Scenic Area is located on the Luoquan Peninsula (罗荃半岛) on the eastern shore of Erhai Lake. It is 25 kilometers from Dali Railway Station (大理火车站) by land and 10 kilometers from Dali Port (大理港) by water. The ancient town of Dali is 3 kilometers away, both by land and water.

During the Nanzhao (南诏) and Dali (大理国) periods, this area was a significant Buddhist holy site, and the legendary tale of “Wangfu Cloud” originated here. The rocks directly south of the scenic area are known as the Stone Mule, where the Nanzhao king had it inscribed with “National Gate Here” (国门在此).

Within the scenic area, you can find Tianjing Pavilion, Guanyin Pavilion, Prince Pavilion (太子阁), Eight Immortals Building (八仙楼), Luoquan Temple, the ruins of Luoquan Tower (罗荃塔), inscriptions at Eryan (洱岩), and poetry by Guo Moruo (郭沫若), each spot carrying ancient legends.

Historical records indicate that Tianjing Pavilion and Guanyin Pavilion were established as a monastery in the fourth year of Tianfu during the Jin Dynasty, dating back over a thousand years.

The famous couplet by a renowned figure reads: “The majestic peaks rise out of the water; East is water, West is water. The tower appears to be in the sky; Above is heaven, below is heaven” (逸峰斜插水中东是水西是水，杰阁遥临天外上有天下有天).

Inside Guanyin Pavilion, the “Guanyin of Nanhai” (南(洱)海观音) is worshipped, drawing many visitors seeking blessings and fortune. During major festivals like Guanyin Day, Buddha Day, Sea Festival, Star Festival, and Torch Festival, the area becomes lively with crowds of worshippers and tourists.

The Eight Immortals Building features the Upper and Lower Eight Immortals and reflects the local cultural phenomenon of combining three religions, with villagers’ deities also enshrined in Luoquan Temple. Visitors often adhere to vegetarianism on the 1st and 15th days of the lunar month, while enjoying the local delicacies throughout the rest of the month.

Today, this area has become a famous attraction in Dali, offering the best views of Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake. On fortunate days, you may also witness the remarkable phenomena of Wangfu Cloud and Yudai Cloud (玉带云).

If you take a boat ride on Erhai Lake, you can appreciate the profound meaning of the ancient saying, “This water can hold an army of a hundred thousand” (此水可当兵十万), and learn why the Nanzhao king ordered “National Gate Here” to be inscribed. You may ponder why the Nanzhao Dali Kingdom lasted for over 600 years and why ancient figures chose this location for temple construction.

Related Legends

According to legend, the Nanzhao king had a beautiful daughter, Princess Afeng, who fell in love with hunter Alang. When the king forbade their union, they eloped to Cangshan. To protect Afeng from the cold, Alang, with divine help, flew to the eastern sea to steal Master Luoquan’s robe. However, he was caught and transformed into the Stone Mule by Luoquan’s spell. Devastated by the news, Afeng died and turned into a white cloud atop Yujufeng (玉局峰), gazing longingly at Alang.

Guanyin took pity on them, providing a wind bottle to help Afeng see Alang, but despite the years passing, the winds and waves continued to rage, preventing their reunion. This cloud formation signifies the natural wonder that occurs every winter and spring, symbolizing the deep love and yearning of youth, highlighting their resistance against feudal oppression.

Dining and Accommodation

The scenic area provides dining and accommodation facilities. Visitors are warmly welcomed and can enjoy authentic Bai ethnic customs, including the famous “Three Teas” (三道茶) — one bitter, two sweet, and a lingering aftertaste. Folk artists perform charming Bai traditional music, and guests can savor “Eight Bowls” (海八碗) made with Erhai fish, a delightful culinary experience described as tasting “earthly delights in a celestial paradise.”

How to Get There

To reach Tianjing Pavilion, you can fly to Dali Airport (大理机场) and take a taxi or local bus to the Dali Erhai Lake Scenic Area. From there, it’s a short hike to the pavilion.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather and stunning views.
• What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes, water, snacks, and a camera to capture the scenic beauty.
• Respect the Environment: Follow local guidelines and maintain cleanliness in the area.
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of local customs, especially in sacred spaces.
• Accommodation: Consider staying in nearby guesthouses to fully immerse yourself in the local culture and scenery.

Introduction

Located in the ruins of Nanzhao Taihe City (南诏太和城遗址) west of Taihe Village (太和村), Dali City (大理市), the Dehua Stele (德化碑) stands as a black ancient monument, acclaimed as “the first stele in Yunnan” (云南第一碑). The stele is 3.97 meters high, 2.27 meters wide, and 0.58 meters thick. The front side features 40 lines of inscriptions, totaling approximately 3,800 characters, although only 256 characters of the original inscription remain intact. The reverse side has 41 lines detailing the titles and names of officials such as the Qingping Officer of Nanzhao and the Great General. After centuries of weathering, over 800 characters remain.

The inscription on the Dehua Stele is traditionally attributed to Zheng Hui (郑回), the Qingping Officer of Nanzhao, while the calligraphy is said to be by Du Guangting (杜光庭), a Tang Dynasty (唐朝) official. However, this attribution remains contentious. The text primarily praises the governance and military achievements of Ge Luofeng (阁逻凤) and discusses the relationships between Nanzhao, the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo (吐蕃), outlining the reasons and processes of various wars. It reflects both the necessity of rebelling against the Tang and a desire for reconciliation. This stele is a valuable artifact for studying the history of ethnic groups in Yunnan and local Tibetan history.

Stele Specifications

• Height: 3.02 meters
• Width: 2.27 meters
• Thickness: 0.58 meters

Overview of the Artifact

Taihe Village, located 7 kilometers south of Dali County (大理县, now part of Dali City), was once renowned as the capital of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) over 1,200 years ago. Although the remnants of Nanzhao have faded into history, the ancient village still proudly displays the Dehua Stele. The text on the stele continues to resonate deeply, attesting to Nanzhao’s historical prominence and narrating its complicated relationship with the Tang Dynasty. The eloquence and grandeur of the inscription are unmatched in ancient Yunnan.

The Dehua Stele is the largest Tang Dynasty stele in Yunnan, standing at 3.02 meters tall, 2.27 meters wide, and 0.58 meters thick, with a total of 3,800 characters on one side and 1,200 characters on the other. Made from red sandstone, it is an important cultural relic for studying Nanzhao’s history and has been designated as a key national cultural heritage site alongside Taihe City.

Historical Background

The stele was erected after the “Tianbao War” (天宝战争) when Ge Luofeng, the ruler of Nanzhao, decisively defeated the Tang general Li Mi (李宓) and his army of 100,000 soldiers. The victory allowed Ge Luofeng to establish a commanding presence, leading him to inscribe the stele to commemorate his triumph. The inscription passionately conveys his grievances about being forced into rebellion against the Tang, while also expressing a desire for peace.

Sequence of Events

Background of Ge Luofeng’s Rebellion

After establishing its kingdom, Nanzhao grew in power and aimed to expand eastward. The Tang Dynasty, while seeking an alliance with Nanzhao, was reluctant to see it grow too strong, leading to rising tensions. During the Tianbao period, corrupt officials like Yang Guozhong (杨国忠) exacerbated the situation through military aggression and mismanagement, resulting in frequent conflicts along the borders.

In the ninth year of Tianbao (750 AD), Ge Luofeng traveled to Yunnan to pay his respects to the then-governor Zhang Qiantuo (张虔陀). However, his wife was insulted by Zhang, leading Ge Luofeng to demand justice from the Tang court. When the court failed to respond, he retaliated, killing Zhang and seizing numerous territories.

The following year, General Xianyu Zhongtong (鲜于仲通) led an army of 80,000 against Ge Luofeng. In a display of diplomacy, Ge Luofeng attempted to negotiate but was met with hostility. Faced with overwhelming odds, he allied with Tubo, leading to a significant defeat for the Tang army at the West Er River, with 60,000 casualties.

Despite these victories, the Tang Dynasty sent General Li Mi with another 100,000 troops to attack Nanzhao in the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754 AD), resulting in further destruction for the Tang forces in what became known as the “Tianbao War.”

Ge Luofeng’s Political Vision

Despite his victories over the Tang, Ge Luofeng was a visionary politician who, considering Nanzhao’s long-term interests, sought to avoid prolonged hostility with the Tang Dynasty.

Details of the Dehua Stele

The Dehua Stele is located west of Taihe Village, about seven miles from Qilichang (七里桥乡).

Ge Luofeng’s strategy involved respecting the fallen Tang soldiers. He built a memorial called “Datang Tianbao Warrior Tomb” (大唐天宝战士冢), also known as the “Tomb of Ten Thousand Soldiers,” and annually held memorial services. He also constructed the “Temple of General Li” (将军庙) at the foot of Cangshan Mountain (苍山), honoring the fallen Tang general Li Mi and his officers. These actions demonstrated Ge Luofeng’s deep consideration for the consequences of war and laid a foundation for future peace between Nanzhao and the Tang.

Peace with the Tang Dynasty

After Ge Luofeng’s death, his grandson Yimou Xun (异牟寻) succeeded him and sent envoys to Chengdu, requesting a return to the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the Tang was weakened and had to confront reality, accepting Nanzhao’s request. Recognizing past mistakes, Prime Minister Li Pi (李泌) acknowledged that “Yunnan has been a tributary of China since the Han dynasty, and Yang Guozhong’s interference led to rebellion,” thus proposing a strategy of “Southward communication with Yunnan” to counter Tubo’s influence, which was ultimately accepted by the Tang Emperor Dezong (唐德宗).

In the tenth year of the Zhenyuan period (794 AD), the Tang Dynasty dispatched Yuan Zi (袁滋) as a special envoy to confer the title of king upon the ruler of Nanzhao, marking 28 years after the establishment of the Dehua Stele and re-establishing Nanzhao’s connection with the Tang Dynasty.

Historical Significance

Historical Value

The Dehua Stele serves as a monumental historical record, documenting various aspects of Nanzhao’s history, including city planning, bureaucratic structures, agriculture, and industries like horse breeding, mining, and weaving. It even includes details about local hot springs used for healing. Therefore, it is an essential primary source for studying Nanzhao’s history, economy, politics, military affairs, culture, customs, and ethnic relations, filling gaps left by official historical records.

Literary Value

The Dehua Stele is revered as a literary masterpiece. Its narrative style is intricate and nuanced, capturing the complexities of historical events. The emotional depth and grandeur of the writing reflect the fierce justice of Nanzhao and the invincibility of its army. The text conveys a powerful sense of pride and defiance, describing the battles against Li Mi in vivid detail, illustrating the ferocity of the Nanzhao forces.

Authorship

The authorship of the Dehua Stele’s inscription is traditionally attributed to Zheng Hui (郑回), who was initially a magistrate in the Tang Dynasty’s Xilu County (西泸县, present-day Xichang County, Sichuan). After being captured by Nanzhao, he was entrusted with significant responsibilities and served as a teacher to royal family members. However, scholars like Wang Shuwu (王叔武) argue that based on the date of the stele’s erection, its narrative, and the author’s self-description, the inscription was not written by Zheng Hui.

The author of the inscription claims to be from a prominent family with ties to the Han dynasty, and some scholars suggest he might be Wang Miansheng (王蛮盛). Others speculate that he could be a descendant of the Sima family from the Jin dynasty (晋朝) or even Zheng Hui himself.

The calligraphy on the Dehua Stele is credited to Du Guangting, but this attribution is also debated.

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