Overview

Lumoshan Temple (碌摩山古寺) is located just 3 kilometers from the county seat of Nanjian (南涧县) in Dali (大理), Yunnan Province (云南). It is situated on Lumoshan Mountain (碌摩山), which is renowned for its majestic appearance, often described as having the “heroic spirit of a tiger and the ethereal aura of a dragon.” The temple’s stunning scenery attracts thousands of visitors each year, who come to explore the beauty of the mountain.

Historical Background

According to historical records, Lumoshan Temple was originally built during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) in the Dali era (大历年间, 766—779) under the governance of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) led by the ruler Ge Luofeng (阁罗凤). During the late Ming Dynasty (明朝) and early Qing Dynasty (清朝), particularly in the Kangxi era (康熙年间), the temple complex was expanded to include grand structures like the Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁) and other ancient halls.

Today, the Lumoshan Temple complex includes several important halls such as:

• Yuhuang Hall (玉皇大殿)
• Laojun Hall (老君殿)
• Caishen Hall (财神殿)
• Zhenwu Hall (真武殿)
• General Hall (将军殿)
• Mawang Hall (马王殿)
• Leigong Hall (雷公殿)

From a distance, the temple appears to be nestled among the green mountains, with overlapping eaves and ethereal mist curling around it. Upon closer inspection, visitors can admire the intricately carved eaves and elegant structures that exude a sense of ancient charm and solemnity. Inside the halls, the lifelike Buddhist statues create a vivid and immersive spiritual experience.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus heading towards Nanjian County. The journey takes about 1-1.5 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use a local taxi or a motorcycle taxi to reach Lumoshan Temple, which is approximately 3 kilometers away.

By Car

If you prefer driving, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Lumoshan Temple is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1 hour. Follow the route towards Nanjian County, and look for signs directing you to Lumoshan Mountain.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal seasons for visiting, offering pleasant weather for hiking and exploration.
• Local Attractions: Don’t miss exploring the surrounding natural landscapes and other historical sites in the Dali area while visiting Lumoshan Temple.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of the religious practices and traditions observed at the temple.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for hiking, as the terrain may be uneven in some areas.
• Photography: Capture the scenic beauty of the temple and its surroundings, especially during sunrise or sunset when the lighting is particularly beautiful.

Overview

Turtle Mountain (乌龟山) is located at the banks of the Bian River, 53 kilometers from Nanjian County (南涧县) at the foot of the Ailao Mountains (哀牢山). This small hill resembles a turtle crawling and carries a poignant historical narrative within Chinese history.

Historical Significance

In 1856, influenced by the Taiping Rebellion (太平天国革命运动), Li Wenxue (李文学), a Yi ethnic leader, rallied over 5,000 impoverished farmers from various ethnic groups to gather at Tiansheng Camp (天生营) on the back mountains of Walou (瓦卢). They swore to revolt, declaring their revolutionary program: “Eliminate the corrupt Qing officials, eradicate the Han landlords, support the Heavenly Kingdom, and expel the Qing bandits.”

Li Wenxue was elected as the “Supreme Commander of the Yi Army” by the uprising forces. The rebels established their base in the Ailao Mountains and formed a revolutionary government—known as the Commandery (帅府)—in Midi (密滴), which is now part of Midu County (弥渡县). They set up the Left and Right Supervisory Offices (左、右、南督府) surrounding the commandery, controlling the western regions of Mengle Mountain (蒙乐山) and the middle and lower reaches of Lishe River (礼社江).

Under the leadership of Li Wenxue, the peasant revolutionary government fiercely opposed the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty (清王朝) and the feudal system, implementing policies like “military farming” on the lands of nearby landlords and “exemptions from rent and light taxes.” Consequently, a government emerged in the Ailao Mountain area characterized by “wealth for the people and substantial governance.”

After ten years of struggle, the base expanded to cover most of the areas in more than ten counties, including Nanjian, Midu, Nanhua, Chuxiong, Shuangbai, Jingdong, Zhenyuan, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and Mojiang. The number of supervisory offices increased from three to eight. Within the established base, various ethnic groups such as Yi (彝), Han (汉), Hui (回), Bai (白), Miao (苗), Dai (傣), Blang (布朗), Hani (哈尼), and Lisu (傈僳) coexisted, with a total population exceeding 500,000 across an area of over 30,000 square kilometers.

By the 13th year of the Tongzhi era (同治十三年, 1874), following the uprising’s failure, Li Wenxue was betrayed and brutally executed at Turtle Mountain. This struggle lasted for 18 years and has had a profound influence on Chinese history.

Memorialization

In honor of Li Wenxue’s indelible achievements and heroism, the local Yi people built a small temple at Turtle Mountain to express their sorrow. Even today, on the 25th day of the third lunar month, people from various ethnic groups in the Ailao Mountain region gather here to hold solemn commemorative activities.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County. The journey typically takes around 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Hire a local taxi or use a motorcycle taxi to reach Turtle Mountain.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Turtle Mountain is about 53 kilometers, taking approximately 1 hour. Follow the route towards Nanjian County, then look for signs directing you to Turtle Mountain.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) offer the best weather for exploring.
• Local Attractions: Explore nearby historical sites and natural landscapes while visiting Turtle Mountain.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of local customs, especially during memorial activities.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes and be cautious of uneven terrain while hiking around the mountain.
• Photography: Capture the beautiful scenery and historical monuments, especially during sunrise or sunset for stunning lighting.

Overview

The Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge (平坡石拱桥) is located at K3200+481 along the Dian-Burma Road (滇缅公路, 昆畹线). This bridge spans a narrow and turbulent stretch of river and marks the starting point where the old route of the Dian-Burma Road (320国道) transitions into the new Kunming-Xin Road (昆新线). Completed in 1973 by the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Corps (云南省公路工程总队), the bridge is a single-span stone arch structure, measuring 95.2 meters in length, 7 meters in width, and 25.5 meters in height, with a clear span of 50 meters.

Historical Reconstruction

On April 4, 1980, the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Office No. 2 (云南省公路工程二处) undertook reconstruction of the Kunming-Wantian Road (昆畹公路) segment from Yangpingpo (漾平坡) to Yongping Meihuapu (永平梅花铺). This project spanned 14 years, resulting in a total length of 75.94 kilometers, including 2.46 kilometers of additional lines. Following the realignment of the road, the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge was reinforced, and in 2009, a new route was established 17.71 kilometers from the bridge.

Due to the increased traffic load following the realignment, the bridge operated under excessive load for ten years. By 1982, cracks began to appear at the vertical joints of the abutments, which progressively widened. In 1990, a new bridge was constructed downstream at K3200+410, designated as Bridge No. 1450. This new structure is a T-beam, single-column gravity-type bridge with an asphalt concrete deck. The new Pingpo Highway Bridge measures 98 meters long, 9.6 meters wide, and 7.5 meters for the roadway, with a clear height of 12.1 meters. It was designed for a load classification of Level 11, accommodating vehicles up to a weight of 100 tons.

Historical Background of Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge

To understand the history of the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge, it is essential to consider its predecessor, the Pingpo Vine Bridge (平坡藤桥), which exemplified the transformation of the rugged terrain into a passageway. The lower reaches of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) feature steep cliffs and deep valleys, with turbulent waters roaring through narrow gorges.

Historically, while several ancient postal roads wound their way through the area to Weishan (巍山) and Yongping, there were no bridges connecting the two banks of the Yangbi River. As a result, trade and local villagers relied primarily on bamboo rafts for crossing the river. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era, three vine bridges were constructed between Pingpo and Wanchang over the Yangbi River, with the Pingpo Vine Bridge being the most significant.

Located at the confluence of the Xie River (西洱河) and the Yangbi River, the Pingpo Vine Bridge was situated 200 meters east of Pingpo Street (平坡街), serving as a critical crossing for the southern region leading into Lower Yangbi. The exact date of construction remains unclear, but early in the 1980s, a stone tablet inscribed with “The Everlasting Bridge” was discovered in Pingpo Stone Village (平坡石坪村). The inscription notes:

“若平坡街场，东接龙关孔道，西通石地坪一带山寨，居民行客，往必由之路。而漾濞大江径流其中，水流湍急，地势险阻，舟不能行，桥梁不能架，昔人藤为桥，每岁一换。”

This translates to: “At Pingpo Street, east connects to Longguan Pass, west leads to the mountainous areas of Shidi Ping. The river flows rapidly, the terrain is dangerous, boats cannot pass, and bridges cannot be built. In the past, vines served as bridges, replaced annually.”

The tablet also mentions that local philanthropists, including Yang Chengtian (杨丞天), Lu Shichang (卢士昌), and Su Yongfang (苏永芳), contributed funds to purchase two acres of land to generate income for bridge maintenance. Unfortunately, the date inscribed on the tablet is damaged, preventing us from determining when it was erected.

Despite its historical importance in facilitating river crossings, the Pingpo Vine Bridge suffered tragedies. According to records from the Dali Autonomous Prefecture Traffic Chronicle (《大理自治州交通志》), there were several incidents of bridge collapses, including a tragic event over 100 years ago. In July 1922, as people rushed to cross the bridge, over 40 individuals were on it at once, and the bridge collapsed under the excessive weight, resulting in 18 to 19 fatalities and multiple injuries—one of the most catastrophic bridge incidents in history.

Current Status

After the construction of the new Pingpo Highway Bridge, the old Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge has endured decades of weathering, witnessing dramatic changes in transportation in western Yunnan. Although it has remained largely unused for 15 years, it stands as an important cultural landmark, allowing locals to reflect on their rich history and providing travelers on National Highway 320 (320国道) with an opportunity to appreciate its significance.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The journey takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: After arriving, take a taxi or motorcycle taxi directly to the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge.

By Car

You can also rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge is approximately 80 kilometers, taking around 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for a straightforward route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Local Attractions: Explore the scenic area surrounding the bridge, including nearby temples, local markets, and natural landscapes.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs when visiting historical sites, and dress modestly when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking near the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you have enough water and wear comfortable footwear if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the picturesque views and rich cultural heritage surrounding the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for optimal lighting.

Overview

The Shunbi Bridge (顺濞桥) is located in the middle reaches of the Shunbi River (顺濞河) beneath Dashaizi Mountain (大哨子山) in Taiping Township (太平乡). This bridge is historically significant and serves as a critical crossing on the Bonan Ancient Road (博南古道). The river serves as a natural boundary, with Yongping (永平) to the west and Yangbi (漾濞) to the east.

The bridge, originally named Shengbei Bridge (胜备桥) and also referred to as Qinglian Bridge (清涟桥), features in the Yongchang Prefecture Gazetteer (《永昌府志》) with a description stating, “located in the northeast of Yongping County, it is a thoroughfare for Yongshun (永顺), Longling (龙陵), and Tengyue (腾越).”

Historical Significance

The bridge measures 44 meters in length and 3 meters in width, with abutments on both sides measuring 7 meters long, 4.5 meters wide, and 4.5 meters high. Notable features include octagonal guard walls constructed at the base of the abutments, which provide both protection and aesthetic value. A pavilion, 7 meters long and 3 meters wide, is built atop the abutments, offering a resting spot with scenic views.

Beneath the bridge, eight iron chains are aligned in parallel, with additional chains suspended on either side, creating a robust structure designed to withstand natural forces. Historically, the bridge faced destruction by fire in March 1826 during the Daoguang Emperor’s reign (道光六年) but was reconstructed with funding from local officials. After the establishment of the Dian-Burma Highway (滇缅公路), a new road bridge was constructed 10 meters downstream, leading to the Shunbi Bridge no longer being used.

Taiping Township (太平乡)

Taiping Township is located in the central part of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), particularly in the southwest of Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县). It is bordered to the east by Shunbi Township (顺濞乡), with the Shunbi River separating it from Longtan Township (龙潭乡) to the south. To the west, it is separated from Yongping County’s Beidou Township (北斗乡) and Longjie Town (龙街镇) by the river, while Cangshan Xizhen (苍山西镇) and Fuheng Township (富恒乡) lie to the north.

Cultural and Natural Features

Taiping is one of the nine stopping points on the Bonan Ancient Road, and National Highway 320 (320国道) traverses its territory. The township government is located 60 kilometers from the state capital of Xiaguan (下关) and 24 kilometers from the county seat.

Taiping Township is often referred to as a “green treasure land” due to its rich biodiversity, including:

• Flora: The area is home to abundant mountain camellias (山茶花), azaleas (杜娟), and rare orchids (名贵兰花), which bloom seasonally, attracting visitors and nature enthusiasts.
• Geography: Surrounded by scenic mountains and rivers, the area provides opportunities for hiking, photography, and exploring local flora and fauna.

In addition to the natural beauty, Taiping is rich in cultural heritage, featuring various temples and local festivals. It is a perfect destination for those seeking leisure and relaxation amidst nature.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The bus ride typically takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Once you arrive, hire a local taxi or take a motorcycle taxi to Taiping Township, where the Shunbi Bridge is located.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, you can rent a car in Dali. The journey from Dali City to Taiping Township is approximately 80 kilometers and takes about 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for the most direct route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal times to visit are in spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) when the weather is mild and flowers are in bloom.
• Local Attractions: In addition to the Shunbi Bridge, explore nearby temples, local markets, and scenic viewpoints. The natural beauty of the area makes it ideal for photography.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs, especially when visiting temples. Dress modestly and remove shoes when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking on the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you stay hydrated and wear comfortable shoes if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and cultural sites around the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for the best light.

Overview

The Stone Arrow (石箭) is located approximately 60 kilometers west of Nanjian County (南涧县). According to the Kangxi-era Menghua Prefecture Gazetteer (《蒙化府志》), it is said, “Zhuge Liang marked this town,” with a square tower nearby referred to as the Arrow Tube (箭筒). The Stone Arrow stands 1.5 meters tall and is inscribed with the words “This divine object penetrates the earth” (此神物穿地穴). This site is one of the remarkable ancient relics in Nanjian, possessing significant archaeological value.

Gonglang Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (公郎石箭和鬼魔石)

The Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (鬼魔石) are surrounded by many legends in the Gonglang area.

Legend of the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone

Long ago, the area around the Stone Arrow was shrouded in poisonous smoke and calamity, with monstrous creatures causing havoc and endangering the people. Upon learning of this, the Yellow Emperor (黄帝) informed Hou Yi (后羿), who then used his divine power to shoot three arrows towards the southwest using the remaining arrows from his conquest against the sun.

• One arrow landed at the head of the Xier River (西洱河) and the tail of Erhai Lake (洱海), forming what is now known as the Natural Bridge (天生桥).
• The second arrow fell into Gonglang Cizai (公郎槽子), now the location of the Stone Arrow.
• The third arrow landed in the mountains of Gonglang Mafang Village (公郎马房村), known locally as the Ghost Stone.

It is said that after the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone landed, they subdued the demons, and the calamity dragon returned to its domain to manage the water flow. Creatures such as the Great Black Dragon (黑龙), Nezha River Dragon (哪吒河龙), and Longfang River Dragon (龙房河龙) were responsible for water distribution and would gather at the Stone Arrow to pay their respects.

Dialogue Between the Stones

One night, the Stone Arrow said to the Ghost Stone, “I have subdued the evil here and accomplished great deeds for the world. I want to use my ability to grow tall and pierce the heavens to receive my reward, but I fear the heavenly family will send golden boys and jade maidens to take me back to the Arrow Tube.” The Ghost Stone replied, “I have no other ability besides assisting you in this task; I merely detest dog urine and blood. Upon encountering them, I lose my spirit and cannot shine.”

These words were overheard by the demons, who covered themselves in dog urine and blood, planning to throw the Ghost Stone into the Lancang River (澜沧江). As they carried the Ghost Stone from the mountaintop to the foothills, a rooster crowed, heralding dawn, and they were forced to leave the Ghost Stone halfway down the mountain.

The Stone Arrow gradually grew taller, and the water level began to rise. Fearing flooding and that the Stone Arrow would pierce the heavens and cause a leak, the people invited Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮) to build an arrow tube filled with boys and girls and ritual implements on a hill several dozen zhang away from the Stone Arrow. This structure is known as Shizhenzi (石镇子). The top part of the Stone Arrow, which continued to grow, was shaped into a crescent, with the inscription “The symbol to pierce hell” (七刹穿地狱之符) carved at the base to subdue it.

Beliefs Today

Today, people still believe that the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone are treasures with spiritual significance. Locals hope for safety, health, and good fortune from these stones, naming their children with names such as Shun Shi (石顺), Zhu Shi (石柱), and De Shi (石德).

How to Get There

To reach the Stone Arrow in Nanjian County, you can take a bus from Dali City (大理市) to Nanjian County. From there, hire a local taxi or use a motorcycle taxi to get to the Stone Arrow site.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, offering pleasant weather for outdoor exploration.
• Local Culture: Respect local customs and traditions when visiting sacred sites.
• Safety Precautions: Wear sturdy shoes for hiking, as the area may have rugged terrain.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the unique scenery and relics of the area.

Overview

Heqing Confucius Temple (鹤庆文庙), located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School (鹤庆一中) in the southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), was established in the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271). The original site of the temple was Yuanhua Temple (元化寺), which was relocated to its current site in the 29th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1396). The entire area covers more than 30,000 square meters.

Heqing Confucius Temple preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty (明代). The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), also known as Dacheng Hall (大成殿), features a two-story, double-eaved hip roof with flying eaves and dougong brackets. Arranged along the central axis from south to north are the screen wall (照壁), the pond (泮池), the Dacheng Gate (大成门), and the Xianshi Hall. The Xianshi Hall is centered, with various structures including the Dan Platform (丹墀台), Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate (棂星门), pond, Li Gate (礼门), Yi Gate (义门), large screen wall (大照壁) in front, and Qisheng Palace (启圣宫), Minglun Hall (明伦堂), and Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁) behind. The east and west sides contain the East and West Wings (东庑, 西庑), famous officials shrine (名宦祠), local sages shrine (乡贤祠), Xingxian Fang (兴贤坊), Zhengyi Study (正谊斋), Mingdao Study (明道斋), professors’ office (教授室), guidance room (训导室), lecture hall (讲堂), and dining hall (馔堂), all arranged symmetrically. There are also a lotus pond (莲池), stone hill (石山), and a Celery Picking Pavilion (采芹亭) within the temple grounds.

Heqing Confucius Temple holds historical, artistic, and scientific significance and is important for studying the architectural features and styles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (明清时期).

In December 1987, Heqing Confucius Temple was announced as a key provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government (云南省人民政府).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 鹤庆文庙 (Heqing Confucius Temple)
• Location: Heqing No. 1 Middle School, southwest corner of Heqing County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Area: 30,000 m²
• Cultural Heritage Level: Third batch of provincial-level key cultural relic protection units in Yunnan
• Dynasty: Ming Dynasty

Historical Evolution

• In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), Heqing established a temple school, but its location was not at the current site. The current site was originally Yuanhua Temple (元化寺).
• In the 15th year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1382), the temple was destroyed by war.
• In the 29th year of the Hongwu era (1396), the local magistrate Gao Zhong relocated the temple to its current site.
• In the 12th year of the Zhengtong era (1447), Governor Lin Qiuji expanded the temple.
• In the second year of the Zhengde era (1507), Governor Liu Jue oversaw the construction of the Zunjing Pavilion.
• In May of the 10th year of the Zhengde era (1515), the Zunjing Pavilion collapsed due to an earthquake.
• In the 11th year of the Zhengde era (1516), Deputy Envoy Zhu Gun converted Yuanhua Temple into a temple school, and Governor Wu Tang carried out repairs.
• In the second year of the Longqing era (1568), Governor Zhou Ji relocated the temple entrance to the south, excavated the pond, and added decorations.
• During the Wanli era (1572–1620), officials such as Jiang Xin, Governor Sang Jingchu, Governor Chen Daoyuan, and Qi Rudong conducted multiple repairs on the temple.
• In the Tiangui era (1621–1627), Censor Cai Kan, Supervisor Shao Mingshi, and Governor Chen Kaitai rebuilt the temple, which gradually fell into disrepair afterward.
• In the winter of the fourth year of the Chongzhen era (1631), the temple was affected by a disaster.
• In the fifth year of the Chongzhen era (1632), Lijiang local magistrate Mu Zeng provided support for the rebuilding of the temple.
• In the third year of the Kangxi era (1664), Acting Vice Magistrate Wang Zongzhou repaired the temple.
• In the 22nd year of the Kangxi era (1683), the temple was ordered to be rebuilt.
• In the 23rd year of the Kangxi era (1684), Governor Li Zuoyi and Educator Ma Zhihua further repaired the temple.
• In the 25th year of the Kangxi era (1686), Professor Xie Yan and Educator Dong Bening repaired Wenchang and Kuixing Pavilions.
• In the 28th year of the Kangxi era (1689), Governor Lu Congyi established Le Wusheng and held sacrifices, along with maintenance of the temple.
• In the 40th year of the Kangxi era (1701), Governor Ai Rulin, Vice Magistrate Tong Zhen, and Professor Xiong Zhaoyi relocated the Chongsheng Shrine to the back of the main hall and rebuilt Minglun Hall behind the shrine.
• In the 45th year of the Qianlong era (1780), the prefecture conducted repairs on the main hall and two wings.
• In the 11th year of the Daoguang era (1831), Prefect Shao Baochuo led local gentry Zhou Tianxiang and Zhao Yudan in continued repairs; however, he left office before completion, and Huang Jizhong completed the work.
• During the Guangxu era, the temple underwent further repairs.
• After 1949, the temple suffered damage during land reform, the Cultural Revolution, and the “2·3” earthquake.
• In December 1951, the Lingxing Gate (灵星门) collapsed due to an earthquake and was converted into a basketball court for Heqing No. 1 Middle School. Since then, the temple has been used by the school.
• During the Cultural Revolution, the commercial sector built a state-run hotel in the temple, dividing it into northern and southern sections.
• After 1986, the government conducted several repairs on Heqing Confucius Temple, restoring its original appearance.
• Since 1997, the Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and Heqing County governments have invested nearly 10 million yuan to complete repairs on Dacheng Hall, Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate, screen wall, pond, and more, adding Taihe Yuqi Fang and a statue of Confucius.

Architectural Layout

Heqing Confucius Temple covers an area of over 30,000 square meters and preserves the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty. The main building, Xianshi Hall (先师殿), has an area of 2,400 square meters. The central area of the main hall features a cloud-dragon stone carving embedded in the center of the imperial platform. Additionally, there are four wooden carvings of coiled dragons supported between the first and second floors of the hall, appearing to dance and play with pearls. Inside the hall, there are four columns that can be embraced by two people; these tall and sturdy columns are made of high-quality materials, with two of them said to be made of fragrant nanmu wood. A pair of couplets inscribed by Emperor Qianlong (乾隆) (replicas) hangs on the central column: “气备四时，与天地日月鬼神合其德；教垂万世，继尧舜禹汤文武作之师” (The spirit encompasses all seasons, harmonizing with heaven, earth, sun, moon, and spirits; education transcends generations, following Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, and Wenwu as teachers).

Cultural Relics

Stone Tablets

There are three existing stone inscriptions within Heqing Confucius Temple:

1. “Zunjing Pavilion Tablet” (《尊经阁碑记》) established in the second year of the Zhengde era (1507).
2. “Rebuilding Heqing Academy Tablet” (《重修鹤庆府学庙碑记》) established in the 29th year of the Qianlong era (1764).
3. “Newly Built Yuping Academy Tablet” (《新修玉屏书院碑记》) established in the 19th year of the Guangxu era (1893), written by Yang Jinkai, calligraphed by Zhao Heling, and engraved by Yang Zhaoqing.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Name Origin

The Confucius Temple is a shrine dedicated to commemorating and worshipping Confucius (孔子), a Chinese thinker, politician, and educator. Throughout different historical periods and regions, it has been known by various names, such as Confucius Temple (夫子庙), Temple of the Most Sacred (至圣庙), and Dacheng Temple (大成殿), all signifying its central theme of revering Confucius and promoting Confucianism.

Role in Education

Heqing Confucius Temple serves as an essential educational and cultural venue, where local scholars gather to hold examinations, lectures, and academic discussions. It played a significant role in the dissemination of Confucian culture and the education of local youths, contributing to the moral and cultural development of the area.

Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Heqing Confucius Temple is a critical site for preserving and studying the architectural, historical, and cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The temple attracts scholars, researchers, and tourists, providing a window into the rich cultural history of Yunnan Province.

Contemporary Usage

Today, Heqing Confucius Temple is used not only for educational purposes but also as a venue for cultural events, festivals, and ceremonies celebrating Confucian teachings, promoting traditional Chinese culture, and fostering community ties.

Visiting Heqing Confucius Temple

Visitors to Heqing Confucius Temple can explore its beautiful architecture, enjoy the tranquil atmosphere of the temple grounds, and participate in cultural activities. The temple is also an excellent spot for photography, with its historical structures and serene landscapes providing a picturesque backdrop.

Additional Information

• Access: Visitors can reach Heqing County by public transportation from Dali City. The temple is located within Heqing No. 1 Middle School and is open to the public.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, as the weather is pleasant for outdoor exploration.

Heqing Confucius Temple is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Yunnan Province, reflecting the influence of Confucianism in Chinese society. Its architectural beauty, historical significance, and educational role make it a noteworthy destination for anyone interested in Chinese culture and history.

Introduction

Yunhe Tower (云鹤楼) is located in the central part of Heqing County (鹤庆县), Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). Originally known as Anfeng Tower (安丰楼), it was built in the ninth year of the Zhengde era during the Ming Dynasty (明朝). Historical records indicate that it was destroyed in conflicts and underwent four reconstructions. After its fourth reconstruction in the twenty-seventh year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十七年), it was renamed “Yunhe Tower.”

• Chinese Name: 云鹤楼
• Location: 云南省大理白族自治州鹤庆县城
• Former Name: 安丰楼
• Established: 明朝正德九年

Overview

Yunhe Tower is a wooden structured pavilion-style building, four stories high, with a height of 30 meters, an east-west length of 18.6 meters, and a north-south width of 14 meters. The archway passage is 16 meters long, surrounded by eaves and columns. The interior features intersecting dougong brackets, constructed without a single nail, showcasing high architectural craftsmanship.

Historical Background

Yunhe Tower is situated at the center of Heqing County, standing across a street. It was initially constructed in the ninth year of the Zhengde era (1514). After being destroyed in warfare, it was reconstructed in the fifty-first year of the Kangxi era (1712) by Tong Zhen, the local magistrate. During this reconstruction, bells and drums were installed, earning it the nickname “Belfry.” It was rebuilt again in the fifteenth year of the Daoguang era (1835) and subsequently in the twenty-seventh year of the Guangxu era (1901), when it was renamed “Yunhe Tower.”

Architectural Details

Yunhe Tower features a brick-built city gate, topped with a wooden structure. The tower stands 19.4 meters tall, 18.6 meters wide, and 16 meters long. The lower gate passage is 16.7 meters long. The outer structure has three tiers of eaves, while the interior has four floors. The main columns are massive and straight, supporting the building from top to bottom without the use of nails. The topmost floor enshrines a statue of the Jade Emperor, with the middle tier dedicated to the “Three Stars” and accompanied by bells and drums.

Cultural Significance

The name “Heqing” (鹤庆) is related to local legends about cranes. It is said that the Heqing Basin was once a highland lake where flocks of white cranes gathered. The Bai language refers to Heqing as “Aokai,” meaning “double cranes.” The area has historical significance as a gateway between Dali and Lijiang.

Travel Information

Yunhe Tower is easily accessible from several transportation hubs:

• Train Station: Heqing Train Station (鹤庆火车站)
• Bus Station: Heqing Long-Distance Bus Station (鹤庆长途汽车站)
• Airports: Lijiang Airport (丽江机场), and via the Lijiang Airport Expressway (丽江机场高速路)

Nearby Attractions

• Heqing Xinhua Bai Ethnic Tourism Village (鹤庆新华白族旅游村)
• Caohai Wetland (草海湿地)
• Wildman Valley (野人谷)
• Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭)
• Shiba Mountain (鹤庆石宝山)

Travel Tips

• Visit during the early morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds and enjoy the views.
• Bring a camera to capture the intricate architectural details and scenic surroundings.
• Check local events or festivals that may enhance your visit to the tower and surrounding areas.

Overview

The Yunnan Silver Museum (云南银器博物馆), also known as the Heqing County Xinhua Village Silver Museum (鹤庆县新华村银器博物馆), is located in Xinhua Shizhaizi (新华石寨子) in Heqing County (鹤庆县). It is the first specialized silver museum in China, covering an area of over 10,000 square meters. The museum houses more than 2,000 pieces of handcrafted silver artifacts from the Tang (唐) and Song (宋) dynasties, including religious items, accessories, and crafts.

Collection Highlights

The Yunnan Silver Museum’s collection is a cultural emblem of Heqing (鹤庆), showcasing the historical development of silver craftsmanship in the region. The silver artifacts are categorized into three main types: decorative items, everyday utensils, and religious tools, all crafted by master artisans throughout history. This museum is vital for studying the historical, economic, and cultural development of the Dali (大理) area.

Yunnan’s long history, diverse ethnic groups, and complex topography contribute to a vibrant array of decorative items, making it a treasure trove of ethnic craftsmanship.

Unique Features

During the Spring Festival (春节), the museum is open to visitors for free, allowing guests to explore exquisite silver bracelets, rings, ornaments, tea sets, and other pieces. Visitors can appreciate the incredible craftsmanship and immerse themselves in the charm of Heqing silver jewelry.

Development History

Xinhua Village (新华村) in Heqing has a history of silver craftsmanship that spans over a thousand years. Bai (白族) artisans began creating handcrafted gold, silver, and copper ethnic ornaments during the Tang Dynasty under the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) and have passed down their skills through generations.

Recognizing the advantages of this industry, Yunnan Investment Group (云南一集团) invested 267 million yuan to develop Xinhua Village starting in 2003, followed by an additional investment of over 40 million yuan to establish the Yunnan Silver Museum, which occupies an area of 10,000 square meters.

Collection of Cultural Relics

The Yunnan Silver Museum features over 2,000 pieces of silver artifacts from the Tang and Song dynasties. These items include:

• Everyday Utensils: Bowls, cups, plates, and pots.
• Religious Items: Buddha statues, prayer wheels (转经筒), conch shells (法螺), and offering vessels (供器).
• Accessories: Headdresses, earrings, hat decorations, and waist ornaments.

In terms of craftsmanship, the artifacts showcase techniques such as gilding, enameling, cloisonné, and inlaying with glass, ivory, pearls, and various gemstones. The techniques displayed include relief carving, high relief, round carving, hollow carving, and fine engraving. The decorative themes encompass flowers, animals, figures, landscapes, and auspicious patterns like “two lions playing with a ball” (双狮戏球), “dragon and phoenix presenting auspiciousness” (龙凤呈祥), “blossoms representing wealth” (花开富贵), and “year after year with abundance” (年年有余).

The entire display covers every aspect of the functional use of silver products, featuring rare treasures from ancient silver craftsmanship.

Visiting Information

Location: Xinhua Shizhaizi, Heqing County, Yunnan Province, China (云南省鹤庆县新华石寨子)
Distance from Yunhe Town: 4 kilometers
Distance from Lijiang Airport: 12 kilometers

Experience at the Museum

Upon arriving at Lijiang Airport (丽江机场), head straight to the ancient village of Dali—Xinhua Village (鹤庆新华村). This hidden gem near Lijiang is part of Heqing County, Dali Prefecture. As you pass through the Caohai Wetlands (草海湿地), it feels like stepping into another world.

Inside the Yunnan Silver Museum, the first floor showcases numerous exquisite silver artifacts, each a masterpiece of craftsmanship. The second floor offers a tranquil tea space, while the third floor features a creative shop that dazzles visitors.

A special highlight is the metalwork studio, where the earrings are simply irresistible. The unique coloring techniques used in the silver products create vibrant and colorful pieces. Each earring is one-of-a-kind, with varying color effects resulting from different firing processes.

What was intended as a one-hour visit turned into three hours! If you love silver jewelry, this place is a must-visit!

How to Get There

To reach the Yunnan Silver Museum, you can take a bus or taxi from Dali City (大理市) to Heqing County. It is approximately 30 kilometers from Dali and 12 kilometers from Lijiang Airport.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Spring Festival for free entry; otherwise, spring is ideal for vibrant blooms.
2. Comfortable Shoes: Wear comfortable footwear for exploring the museum and surroundings.
3. Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning artifacts and beautiful scenery.
4. Stay Hydrated: Carry water, especially if you plan to explore outdoors.
5. Respect Nature: Help keep the area clean and beautiful.
6. Pack Snacks: Bring light snacks for a break during your visit.
7. Learn Local Culture: Familiarize yourself with Bai culture to enrich your experience at the museum.

Overview of White Dragon Pool (白龙潭)

White Dragon Pool (白龙潭) is a captivating natural attraction located in Heqing County (鹤庆县) near Dali (大理). This serene site features numerous pools of varying sizes and shapes, each offering unique scenic beauty. Legend has it that these pools are the Buddhist beads scattered by Guanyin Bodhisattva (观音菩萨) across the Heqing Plain (鹤庆坝子).

Close to Xinhua Village (新华村), the western bank of the pool boasts Xueshi Rock (雪石岩), adorned with ancient inscriptions that read “Mirror Platform Snow Stone” (镜台雪石), one of the Eight Scenic Views of Heqing (鹤阳八景).

Description of White Dragon Pool

A clear spring gushes forth from the base of Jiuding Mountain (九鼎山), converging into White Dragon Pool. The water here is crystal clear, cool, and refreshing. A green embankment divides the pool, creating two halves that resemble a pair of blue sapphires. The surface of the pool is calm, reflecting the surroundings like a mirror, disturbed only by the gentle breeze that creates ripples, enhancing the tranquility and freshness of the scene.

Despite its relatively small size, White Dragon Pool possesses an endearing charm compared to other dragon pools in Heqing, making it feel like a delicate gem. The surroundings include lush greenery and traditional Bai architecture (白族建筑), contributing to the area’s peaceful ambiance.

Inscriptions on Xueshi Rock (雪石岩石刻)

On the western bank of White Dragon Pool, a small path leads through thickets to reveal large white rocks inscribed with ancient characters. Known as Xueshi Rock Carvings (雪石岩石刻), these inscriptions date back to the Ming Dynasty (明代) during the Jiajing era (嘉靖). Among the inscriptions, only one depicts a carved figure, while the others feature poetic verses by renowned scholars. The characters “Xueshi Rock” (雪石岩) were penned by magistrate Ma Qing (马卿) in a bold and flowing script, celebrated for its artistic flair. Legend has it that he drunkenly inscribed these words with his sleeve dipped in ink.

Scenic Features of Heqing

Heqing, located in the northwest Yunnan Plateau (滇西北高原), is a picturesque highland water town renowned for its pristine environment. It boasts the cleanest skies, purest waters, and most dynamic clouds. The various pools, referred to as “Dragon Pools” (龙潭), are nature’s jewels, including Yanglong Pool (羊龙潭), Warm Water Dragon Pool (温水龙潭), Yellow Dragon Pool (黄龙潭), and several others. Each pool possesses distinct characteristics and pristine water, making them ideal spots for relaxation and tourism.

White Dragon Pool harmonizes beautifully with its surroundings. This tranquil oasis, resembling a piece of jade, rests serenely beneath the arching mountains of Heqing. It complements the nearby Xueshi Rock and the surrounding Bai ethnic villages (白族村落), as the continuously flowing mountain spring cleanses both the pool and the hearts of springtime visitors.

Seasonal Changes in White Dragon Pool

As spring approaches, the water of White Dragon Pool reflects various hues. Under a clear sky, it gleams with a deep blue, appearing almost dreamlike. When the trees along the shore begin to sprout green leaves, the surface ripples like shards of silver, enhancing the ethereal beauty of the reflections. As the reeds sway in the breeze, the distant water surface becomes a hazy backdrop, accentuating the delicate beauty of the grass.

When sunlight shines directly on the water, the clarity reveals the delicate blossoms of sea vegetables, each petal appearing almost sculpted. The essence of spring gradually seeps from the depths of the tranquil pool, bringing life to the treetops, grass tips, and the earth at the water’s edge.

In early spring, White Dragon Pool eagerly awaits a gentle rain, which will awaken the spirit of spring, quietly brewing. Once the rains arrive, a floral spectacle unique to White Dragon Pool will unfold, with cherry blossoms blooming like a fiery dragon, casting warm reflections across the waters.

Experience and Activities

Visiting on a clear sunny day offers a chance to experience vibrant spring blooms or a more subdued atmosphere. Regardless, the waters of White Dragon Pool are filled with the essence of spring, brightening the landscape of Heqing. The reflections in the pool will leave your eyes shimmering like its waters, holding within them the warmth of spring.

In White Dragon Pool Park (白龙潭公园), a long corridor surrounds the area, filled with various flowers and plants that please the eye. If you tire of walking, you can take a moment to rest. This pause may deepen your connection with the spring atmosphere of White Dragon Pool and bring you closer to its indescribable spirit. Here, nature and humanity harmonize, ensuring that your visit will be a fulfilling experience.

White Dragon Pool may not hold much water, but the spring flows continuously, and the surrounding ditches are always filled with water. The pool retains a fresh and unembellished quality, resembling a small gem. Over time, visitors come to appreciate its charm.

The area is quiet, with elegant pavilions and structures, making it an ideal spot for sitting, reading, enjoying the scenery, sketching, or simply resting.

Location and Accessibility

• Location: Heqing County, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China (云南省大理市鹤庆县)
• Opening Hours: Open all day (全天开放)
• Admission Fee: Free (门票：免费)

How to Get There

To reach White Dragon Pool, visitors can travel by road from Dali City, which is approximately 30 kilometers away. Public transportation options include buses or taxis that can take you directly to Heqing County. It is advisable to check local transportation schedules for the most convenient travel times.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit is during spring when the flowers bloom, and the landscape is vibrant.
2. Wear Comfortable Shoes: The terrain may involve walking along paths, so comfortable footwear is recommended.
3. Bring a Camera: The stunning views are perfect for photography.
4. Stay Hydrated: Carry water to stay refreshed while exploring.
5. Respect Nature: Maintain the cleanliness of the area and avoid littering to preserve its beauty.
6. Pack Snacks: Bring some light snacks to enjoy while resting by the pool.
7. Local Culture: Familiarize yourself with Bai ethnic culture (白族文化) to enhance your visit, as the area is rich in local traditions and customs.

Overview

East Lake (东湖) is located in the eastern part of Yousuo Township (右所乡), Eryuan County (洱源县), covering an area of 6 to 10 square kilometers. It mirrors the beauty of West Lake (西湖), while the Mijia River (弥苴河) flows like a dragon from the northwest of East Lake towards Erhai Lake (洱海), adding stunning riverside views. Known as the “Hometown of Lotus Flowers” (荷花之乡) in Eryuan County, the area is dotted with four villages, creating a picturesque landscape where lakes and villages coexist. The lake is filled with vast patches of lotus flowers, surrounded by lush willows and reeds, forming a beautiful harmony of nature. In summer, East Lake transforms into a stunning sight, with thousands of lotus blossoms blooming in a riot of colors, creating the majestic view of “万朵莲花开海市，一天星斗下人间” (“Ten thousand lotus flowers bloom in the sea city, under the stars in the sky”). Rowing on the lake during midsummer reveals vibrant lotus flowers, playful fish, and the aroma of ripening rice, making it feel like a paradise.

Scenic Features

The crystal-clear springs at East Lake create another unique scene. These springs gushing from the foot of the eastern mountain form a large pond of over 1,500 square meters, surrounded by temples and pavilions, with ancient pines and cypress trees covering nearly a square kilometer. This sets the stage for East Lake’s distinctive “lake within a lake” landscape. The largest ancestral temple of the Bai ethnic group (白族) in the Dongchuan Basin (东川坝子) is located here. Each year from July 23 to 25, worshippers from Dongchuan and surrounding areas gather at Longtan Benzhumiao (龙潭本主庙) for lively ceremonies and prayers.

East Lake’s beauty lies in its rich lotus flowers and the charm of its highland water town, allowing visitors to feel the close bond between life and nature, as well as a sense of tranquility and simplicity.

Geography and Accessibility

East Lake is located in the eastern part of Yousuo Town in Eryuan County and is separated from West Lake by the Mijia River. The lake is directly connected to Erhai Lake via the Yong’an River (永安江). With an area of approximately 4.7 square kilometers, the lake’s layout creates the scenic blend of “a village within a lake, and a lake within a village.”

Cultural Heritage

Eryuan, the source of Erhai Lake, was known as Langqiong (浪穹). In 1530, during a plague in Yunnan, the scholar Yang Sheng’an (杨升庵), also known as Yang Shen (杨慎), came to Dali and Eryuan. The stunning scenery made him forget his troubles, as expressed in his poem about Langqiong:

远梦似曾经此地，
游子恍疑归故乡。
谁道洱河千胜景，
源头此处更澄清。

From the mountain foot to the shores of Erhai, this fertile land has always been known for its fish and rice, a paradise since ancient times. The Mijia River snakes like a dragon from north to south into Erhai, dividing the region into two, with ancient trees and verdant plants lining the riverbanks for miles. East Lake, with its stunning views, is indeed a treasure.

There are many great spots to enjoy lotus flowers in Eryuan, such as Cibi Lake (茈碧湖), Caohai Wetland (草海湿地), Yousuo West Lake, and of course, East Lake.

Seasonal Beauty

The lotus flowers of East Lake are most magnificent from June to August. Walking through the lake during the peak summer months, one can see vast lotus fields displaying vibrant red and white blossoms. The scene is breathtaking, reminiscent of “万朵莲花开海市，一天星斗下人间.”

Scenic Descriptions

As you enter the “Hometown of Lotus,” you’re greeted by a sea of flowers. Different varieties sway in the wind, embodying the elegance of “the gentlemen of flowers.” After a summer rain, the waters of the dawn-soaked cypress trees are clear, and the lotus leaves and flowers are unblemished, creating a picturesque view that resembles “惟有绿荷红菡萏，卷舒开合任天真” (“Only the green lotus and red flowers roll and unfold, free and innocent”). These blooming flowers appear as delicate spirits beneath the sky, untainted and ethereal.

Poetry and Prose

In July, the best time to admire the lotus flowers is highlighted by a quote from the Ming Dynasty scholar Ai Zixiu (艾自修) from Dongchuan, who praised East Lake:

烟渚渔歌，柳湾荻岸，
渔舟连浦，两两歌来。
游人听之，每担酒换鱼，
烹鲜对酌。

Another poem by Yang Chengchun (杨承淳) from the Ming Dynasty reads:

湖光荡漾几回纹，
渔父歌声闹水滨。
信口舫敲湘汉句，
断肠笛弄雁鸿云。
三三对曲烟蓑合，
两两归帆荻岸分。
最趁夕阳含缺处，
前村沽酒带余醺。

Unique Flora and Fauna

The beauty of East Lake lies in its multitude of lotus flowers and its pristine, natural state. The local Bai people have cared for every flower and leaf in the area for generations, embodying a love for lotus flowers in their hearts. The area has historical significance, with figures like Lady Bai Jiefu (白洁夫人) from the Tang Dynasty and Gao Shanggui (高上桂) in the Qing Dynasty contributing to its cultural legacy.

How to Get There

Transportation

1. By Bus: From Dali, you can take a bus from the Dali Xiaguan North Station (大理下关市客运北站) to Eryuan, getting off at either Dengchuan (邓川) or Yousuo (右所).
2. Local Transport: Small electric tricycles (小三轮) can take you to East Lake for about 5 yuan. Locals, especially the Bai people, are friendly and can help with directions.
3. Self-Driving: If driving, take the Dali Highway (大丽高速) to the Dengchuan exit, then continue along National Highway 214 (214国道) towards Eryuan. After reaching Dengchuan Town, turn right towards Tenglong Village (腾龙村) to arrive at the Dengbei Bridge Wetland.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The prime time for lotus flower viewing is from June to August.
• Nearby Transportation: Many local vehicles are available; just ask the friendly Bai locals for assistance.
• Accommodation: The area is not fully developed for tourism yet, but there are several hotels in Dengchuan and Yousuo with decent conditions, averaging around 100 yuan per night. For better accommodations, try the hot spring hotels in the nearby area, ranging from 200 to 300 yuan. Pu Tuo Spring Resort (普陀泉度假村) is a good option.
• Local Cuisine:
  1. Water Vegetables (水菜): Known as “sea vegetables,” a local delicacy that can be stir-fried or used in soups.
  2. Raw Skin (生皮): The most authentic version is found in Yousuo; “Red Star Restaurant” (红星饭店) and “Yuchun Garden” (榆春园) are recommended.
  3. Wild Crucian Carp (野生鲫鱼): Fresh and tender; try the sour and spicy fish.
  4. Dengchuan Milk Fan (邓川乳扇): A product made from fresh milk, unique in flavor.

Experience the charm of East Lake and immerse yourself in its natural beauty and cultural richness!

Overview

Niaodiaoshan Mountain (鸟吊山) is located in the western part of Fengyu Bazi (凤羽坝子), Eryuan County (洱源县), Dali Prefecture (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is the main peak of the Luoping Mountain (罗坪山) range, with an elevation ranging from 1,550 to 3,465 meters. The mountain experiences a north subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons.

Geography and Climate

Due to the differences in elevation, Niaodiaoshan Mountain features various microclimates, including cold, cool, and warm zones. The summit is covered with snow, presenting a chilling landscape; the middle slopes are dense with forests and vibrant flowers; and the lower slopes boast vast fields of rapeseed, creating a striking contrast of “one mountain with four seasons, different weather above and below.”

Luoping Mountain Details

Luoping Mountain (罗坪山) is surrounded by mountains on all sides, forming an elongated valley. Historically, it has been a beautiful and prosperous place. The diligent residents have cultivated abundant crops, enjoying a good life with sufficient food and clothing. However, this idyllic existence was disrupted by a cruel local lord named Zhao (赵土司), who exploited the villagers, forcibly taking women and causing widespread suffering.

In the village lived a hardworking and beautiful girl named Guihua (桂花), who caught Zhao’s eye. He sent men to seize her and forced her to become his concubine. Guihua refused, infuriating Zhao, who imprisoned her in a mud dungeon. One night, her lover, Chunsheng (春生), sneaked into the lord’s prison and helped her escape under the cover of darkness. Zhao quickly dispatched men to pursue them, cornering them on Tianma Mountain (天马山) to the east of the valley. Outnumbered, the couple hanged themselves on the mountain. Unwilling to let go, Zhao ordered their bodies to be burned. Suddenly, amid the roaring flames, a pair of golden phoenixes emerged, flapping their wings as they flew over Fengyu Bazi, ascending toward the peak of Luoping Mountain.

Unfortunately, the phoenixes succumbed to the snowstorm atop the mountain. After their death, they transformed into two colorful clouds: the female cloud drifted north, while the male cloud floated south. These clouds would stretch and merge at the top of Luoping Mountain every July and August during the lunar calendar. Around the Mid-Autumn Festival, thousands of birds flock from all directions to pay tribute to the “Bird King,” creating a spectacular scene. The Bai ethnic people refer to this phenomenon as “Hundreds of Birds Greeting the Phoenix” (百鸟朝凤), and thus the main peak of Luoping Mountain became known as Niaodiaoshan.

Mystical Wonders

The wonders of Niaodiaoshan Mountain were recorded as early as the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) in the book “Man Shu” (《蛮书》). Researchers from the Kunming Institute of Zoology explored Niaodiaoshan in recent years, unraveling this ancient mystery. It turns out that the mountain lies on the migratory path of birds flying south. Around the Mid-Autumn Festival, migratory birds from Qinghai Lake (青海湖) reach Niaodiaoshan.

Due to its high elevation, dense forests, and suitable climate, the area serves as an ideal stopover for these birds. During their long migrations, birds navigate using moonlight and starlight. However, autumn is the rainy season in the Dali region, and the Niaodiaoshan area experiences more rain and fog. At night, the stars and moon are obscured, causing birds to lose their bearings. To attract them, lighting bonfires on the eastern slope of Niaodiaoshan leads birds, following their instinct to seek light, off their southward migration route, guiding them toward the mountain top. This often results in birds spiraling down to the fire, creating the remarkable spectacle of “birds flying into the flames to honor the Bird King Phoenix.”

How to Get There

• By Bus:
  • Take buses to Eryuan County from major cities like Dali and Xiaguan. Once in Eryuan, hire a taxi or use a local bus to reach Niaodiaoshan Mountain.
• By Car:
  • For flexibility, consider renting a car. Follow the highway signs leading to Eryuan County and then to Fengyu Bazi.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Aim for late spring (May to June) or early autumn (September to October) for ideal weather conditions and beautiful scenery.
• Dress Appropriately: Layer your clothing to adjust to the mountain’s varying temperatures, and wear sturdy hiking shoes for comfort and safety.
• Essentials to Bring: Pack enough water, snacks, and a first-aid kit to ensure you’re prepared for your hike.
• Respect Nature: Follow the principle of “Leave No Trace.” Keep the area clean, and avoid disturbing wildlife during your visit.
• Capture Memories: Bring your camera to capture the stunning landscapes and seasonal bird migrations, which offer great photography opportunities.
• Engage with Locals: Take the time to interact with the Bai community to learn about their rich traditions and savor authentic local dishes.
• Safety First: Stay informed about the weather before your hike, and consider hiring a local guide for a more enriching experience and added safety.

Overview

Panlong Temple (蟠龙寺) is located in the western part of Shimen Town (石门镇), Yunlong County (云龙县), Dali Prefecture (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省). Covering an area of 1,530 square meters, the temple has a rich history documented in the “Yunlong Prefecture Chronicles” (《云龙州志》) during the Yongzheng era of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) (1723–1735). Unfortunately, it was destroyed during conflicts in the seventh year of the Xianfeng era (咸丰) (1857) and was rebuilt in the eighteenth year of the Guangxu era (光绪) (1892).

Location and Architecture

Panlong Temple is majestically situated atop a towering rock at the confluence of the Bijiang River (沘江) and the Shiwai River (狮尾河), facing east. Originally designed as a three-entrance, three-courtyard layout, the existing structure now features a two-entrance, two-courtyard arrangement. The main buildings include a grand hall (大殿) and the Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁).

The temple is well-known for its two famous plaques:

• One plaque was inscribed by Wang Jiuling (王九龄), a notable educator during the Republic of China period, who hailed from Yunlong.
• The other plaque was written by Yang Mingyang (杨名飏), a prominent figure in western Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty and a former governor of Shaanxi (陕西).

Structural Features

The temple’s architecture is representative of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) style, featuring:

• Main Hall (主殿): This two-level hall is known for its exquisite craftsmanship and commands a view over the Bijiang River. It offers a panoramic view of the surrounding area, including the scenic Shimen.
• Surrounding Gardens: Each courtyard is flanked by side rooms, and the temple grounds are adorned with flourishing flowers and bamboo, while ancient trees provide ample shade.

Cultural Significance

Yang Mingyang once penned a couplet about the temple:

“一片苍茫景，频临古渡头。 烟笼青锁闥，云缦绿扬洲。 玉阙飞翔花雨，魁杓转画楼。 龙门看四辟，河鲤任遨游。” “In this vast expanse, I often visit the ancient ferry. Mist envelops the green doors, clouds float over the verdant shores. The jade palace showers down flower rain, the graceful spire turns with artistic delight. From Longmen, I gaze at the four corners, letting the river carp roam freely.”

How to Get There

• By Bus:
  • Travel to Yunlong County from Xingsheng Passenger Station (兴盛客运站) in Xiaguan. Buses depart regularly, and the journey takes about 3 hours. After arriving in Yunlong, you can take a minivan or taxi to Panlong Temple.

Location: