Overview
The full title of the Cuan Baozi Stele is “Stele of the Grave of Cuan Fuhjun, General Zhenwei of Jin, Governor of Jianning” (晋故振威将军建宁太守爨府君墓碑). This stele was carved in the fourth year of the Da Heng era of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (公元405年). It was excavated in the 43rd year of the Qianlong era (公元1778) in Yangqi Field, 70 li south of Qujing (曲靖), Yunnan (云南), and was later moved to the Wuhou Temple (武侯祠). It currently resides in the “Cuan Bei Pavilion” (爨碑亭) of Qujing No. 1 Middle School and is a key national cultural relic protection unit. The stele measures 190 cm in height and 71 cm in width.
Content of the Stele
The Cuan Baozi Stele contains 13 lines of text, each with 30 characters. The lower section lists the names of the stele’s creators across 13 lines, with 4 characters per line. The inscription details the life of the grave’s owner, Cuan Baozi, and expresses praise for him. The right lower corner features a six-line postscript in clerical script by Deng Erheng, the governor of Qujing, from the second year of the Xianfeng era (公元1852). The font style of the stele transitions from clerical to regular script. The entire inscription comprises over 400 characters, with a natural layout that is harmonious and unified.
Inscription Text
碑额: 晋故振威将军建宁太守爨府君之墓
碑文: 君讳宝子字宝子，建宁同乐人也。君少禀瑰伟之质，长挺高邈之操。通旷清恪，发自天然；冰洁简静，道兼行苇。淳粹之德，戎晋归仁。九皋唱于名响，束帛集于闺庭。抽簪俟驾，朝野咏歌。州主薄治中别驾，举秀才本郡太守。宁抚氓庶，物物得所。春秋廿三，寝疾丧官，莫不嗟痛，人百其躬，情恸发中，相与铭诔，休扬令终，永显勿翦。其辞曰：
山岳吐精，海诞陼光。穆穆君侯，震响锵锵。弱冠称仁，咏歌朝乡。在阴嘉和，处渊流芳。宫宇数仞，循得其墙。馨随风烈，耀与云扬。鸿渐羽仪，龙腾凤翔。矫翮凌霄，将宾乎王。鸣鸾紫闼，濯缨沧浪。庶民子来，挚维同响。周遵绊马，曷能赦放。位才之绪，遂居本邦。志业方熙，道隆黄裳。当保南岳，不骞不崩。享年不永，一匮始倡。如何不吊，歼我贞良。回抱圣姿，影命不长。自非金石，荣枯有常。幽潜玄穹，携手颜张。至人无想，江湖相忘。于穆不已，肃雍显相。永惟平素，感恸忾慷。林宗没矣，令名遐彰。爰铭斯诔，庶存甘裳。呜呼哀哉！
大亨四年，岁在乙巳，四月上恂立
Names of Contributors
主簿: 杨磐 (Yang Pan); 录事: 孟慎 (Meng Shen); 西曹: 陈勃 (Chen Bo); 都督: 文礼 (Wen Li); 都督: 董彻 (Dong Che); 省事: 陈奴 (Chen Nu); 省事: 杨贤 (Yang Xian); 书佐: 李仂 (Li Le); 书佐: 刘儿 (Liu Er); 干吏: 任升 (Ren Sheng); 干吏: 毛礼 (Mao Li); 小吏: 杨利 (Yang Li); 威仪: 王玉 (Wang Yu).
Postscript by Deng Erheng
The stele was discovered 70 li south of the county in Yangqi Field, excavated in the fifth year of Qianlong. It was recorded in the New General Records but lacked detail. After the recent revision of the “Nanning County Chronicle,” the inscription was compiled, and it was moved to the Wuhou Temple in the city. The year of the Jin dynasty was renyin (公元402), later changed to Yuanxing. The stele dates back to the fourth year of Da Heng, but the changing era names in the inland were unknown in Yunnan, hence its continued usage.
Background
The Cuan Baozi Stele records the life of its master, Cuan Baozi, who was from Jianning (建宁), now known as Luliang (陆良), Yunnan. Born in 380 AD, he died in 403 AD at the age of 19, having served as the governor of Jianning during a turbulent time. The Cuan family became the most powerful force in the region after the fall of two rival clans. Cuan Baozi’s governance emphasized ethnic equality and unity, earning him great respect from the people, who mourned his death deeply, leading to the creation of this stele.
Artistic Appreciation
Calligraphy
The calligraphy of the Cuan Baozi Stele is characterized by a majestic and bold style. Each character’s form is crafted uniquely, with an emphasis on triangular points and strong strokes, showcasing a transitional style between clerical and regular scripts. The characters mainly follow rectangular and square forms, contributing to a deep and rich visual style.
Structure
Breaking from traditional symmetry, the stele’s characters vary in size and structure, reflecting a dynamic aesthetic. Repeated characters maintain distinctiveness, embodying the Jin Dynasty’s quest for novelty.
Layout
The stele adheres to principles of symmetry and harmony, exhibiting clear spacing and captivating rhythms. Even with 15 characters in the header, the layout remains cohesive and vibrant.
Notable Comments
The modern thinker and educator Kang Youwei noted its ancient beauty, while the politician Li Genyuan commented on its robust character.
Historical Legacy
The Cuan Baozi Stele is a vital artifact representing the transition from clerical to regular script in Chinese calligraphy. Its unique style contrasts sharply with the refined script of later periods. The stele holds immense cultural and historical significance, representing the governance and culture of the Cuan family in Yunnan.
How to Get There
To visit the Cuan Baozi Stele, head to Qujing City, Yunnan. The stele is located within Qujing No. 1 Middle School, which can be reached by bus or taxi from the city center.
Travel Tips
- Timing: Visit during school hours for guided access.
- Respect: Be mindful of the school environment and students.
- Photography: Capture the details of the stele but refrain from using flash.
- Explore: Take time to explore nearby historical sites in Qujing for a more comprehensive experience.
Location:
Dongshan Temple (东山寺) is located on the slope of Dongshan Mountain (东山) about 5 kilometers east of Xuanwei City (宣威市), Qujing (曲靖). This temple complex is a harmonious blend of Buddhism and Taoism. The main hall is the Ancestor Hall (祖师殿), with a central axis that includes the Middle Hall (中殿), Front Hall (前殿), and a screen wall (照壁). On either side of the Ancestor Hall, there are dining rooms, and on the left and right sides of the Middle Hall, there are morning bell (晨钟) and evening drum (暮鼓) towers.
In front of the temple is the Putuo Rock Waterfall (普陀岩瀑布), known as “Pouring Money” (倒洒金钱). The spring water is carried into the air by swirling mountain winds, resembling countless coins scattered in the sky, creating a stunning scene where the “Pouring Money” falls to form a rainbow. The area has now developed into Dongshan Park (东山公园).
Introduction
Dongshan Temple, also known as Songhe Temple (松鹤寺), was established in the early Ming Dynasty (明朝). After enduring the test of time, it now welcomes visitors with a brand-new appearance. There is an archway at the entrance with the inscription “Songhe Temple” (松鹤寺) written by Mr. Long Yun (龙云) in 1943. The flanking wooden carvings feature another of Long Yun’s famous lines: “The spring flows and clouds rise, the pines remain; the city changes, yet the cranes return.” The grand archway is adorned with cloud patterns and shines brightly in the sunlight.
Beyond the archway, there are several ancient cypress trees providing shade, mostly planted during the Qianlong period (乾隆) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝). Stone tables and benches are set under these trees for visitors to rest and enjoy the peaceful surroundings.
Architectural Features
Dongshan Temple is an ancient architectural complex that integrates both Buddhism and Taoism. It consists of major buildings such as the Mountain Gate (山门), Temple Gate (寺门), Passage Hall (过道殿), Heavenly King Hall (天王殿), Mahaviro Hall (大雄宝殿), Guanyin Hall (观音殿), Ancestor Hall, Bell Tower (钟楼), Drum Tower (鼓楼), Sea Viewing Pavilion (望海楼), Chuanfeng Pavilion (淳风亭), Nine-Dragon Pool (九龙池), and the Living Buddha Cave (活佛洞), covering an area of approximately 60,000 square meters.
According to local legend, General Fu Youde (傅友德), who campaigned in the south during the Ming Dynasty, witnessed the manifestation of the Zhenwu Emperor (真武大帝) here and subsequently ordered the construction of a Taoist temple on Dongshan to worship the Zhenwu ancestor. After several renovations and expansions, it developed into a grand architectural complex. The Ancestor Hall serves as the main building, with the Middle Hall and Front Hall aligned along the central axis. Dining rooms are located on either side of the Ancestor Hall, and bell and drum towers are positioned at the front.
In front of the temple, the waterfall cascades over rocky cliffs, creating a spectacular sight that resembles coins falling from the sky, known as “Pouring Money Springs” (倒洒金泉). The cliffs surrounding the temple are steep and formidable, with two pavilions located above: the Living Buddha Cave and the Great Master Pavilion (大士阁).
Geography
Dongshan Temple is located 10 kilometers east of Xuanwei City, surrounded by lush forests and picturesque scenery. Climbing to the mountainside provides breathtaking views of verdant grass, blooming flowers, and babbling brooks.
Cultural History
The Xuanwei County Annals record that the temple was built to honor the manifestation of the Heavenly Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (元朝), which was first seen here by the local officials.
Through the shade of ancient cypress trees, one can see white cranes dancing gracefully, as the walls of the temple are adorned with pine and crane motifs. Passing through the ancient cypress grove leads to the courtyard between the Front Hall and the screen wall, filled with rare trees like Dragon Cypress (龙柏) and various flowering plants. Ascending further, one reaches the Lingguan Palace (灵宫殿) and Ancestor Hall, with corridors on both sides that rustle in the breeze, creating a serene atmosphere.
The climb continues to the Bell Tower, where a small pavilion known as the “Zhiqu Pavilion” (知趣亭) stands out, featuring red pillars and yellow glazed tiles, making it vibrant under the blue sky. In front of the pavilion is the “Lotus Dream Pool” (莲梦池), filled with crystal-clear spring water and mist. Following the stream upstream leads to the Ancestor Hall, where spring water flows beneath the hall, encircling a small pond with a bridge crossing over it.
Dongshan Temple is not just a temple; it is also a garden, with its layout balancing openness and density, creating a harmonious design that enchants visitors with a sense of being in a hidden paradise. A couplet praising the temple reads: “The water is beautiful, the mountains clear, the serenity rivals that of Western Regions; the cliffs are steep, the sky is high, this surely is Donglin.”
When visiting Dongshan Temple, one cannot miss the “Pouring Money Springs.”
The “Pouring Money Springs” is also referred to as “Pouring Gold Coins” (倒撒金钱), located at Putuo Rock. Legend has it that during a long drought in Xuanwei, a monk built a temple here and, upon praying for rain, scattered gold coins. In an instant, the mountain winds picked up, and heavy rain fell for five days and nights. Since then, the springs have flowed abundantly, and the waterfall cascades, with swirling winds carrying the water high into the air, creating a mist resembling rainbows under the scorching sun.
Putuo Rock rises over a hundred meters, with a peach orchard at the top. The spring water flows through the orchard and cascades down as a waterfall, creating a white mist below. Twenty meters west of the waterfall is a prominent cliff with a natural cave shaped like a dish, known as “Dish-Shaped Sky” (碟大天). Winds from the southern plains are often blocked by the cliff, creating a swirling breeze from the cave. Some curious visitors throw their hats over the cliff, only to see them slowly rise back up and gently land nearby, adding an element of fun.
At times, strong mountain winds tear the waterfall into fragments, sending them soaring into the sky and scattering into mist, creating beautiful rainbows in the sunlight.
How to Get There
Dongshan Temple is about a 30-minute drive from the center of Xuanwei City. You can reach it by private car, taxi, or local bus.
Travel Tips
While visiting, take time to explore the beautiful surroundings and enjoy the tranquility of the temple grounds. Don’t forget to bring your camera to capture the stunning views, especially the “Pouring Money Springs” which makes for a spectacular sight. Consider visiting during weekdays to avoid crowds for a more peaceful experience!
Location:
The Qianfo Pagoda (千佛塔) is located within Dajue Temple (大觉寺) on Zhenli Street (真理街) in Luliang County (陆良县), Qujing City (曲靖市). This pagoda has a history of around six to seven hundred years. According to the “Luliang County Annals” (陆良县志), the temple was originally built during the Yuan Dynasty (元朝) and was renovated during the Ming Dynasty (明朝) under the Wanli period (万历). In front of the temple, there are drum towers, while the pagoda rises majestically to the east.
Historical Background
The Qianfo Pagoda, originally named the Jinjita (金鸡塔), was built during the Yuan Dynasty and has been well-preserved through successive renovations. The pagoda is constructed from bricks and has a hexagonal shape with seven tiers, reaching a height of 18 meters. It has been designated as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit.
The pagoda is adorned with numerous window-like niches containing ceramic Buddha statues, which is why it is also called the “Thousand Buddha Pagoda” (千佛塔). At the top of the pagoda is a bronze kettle, and atop that sits a stone gourd, flanked by two iron-cast golden roosters. The design symbolizes the ancient people’s hopes for a peaceful life.
According to local legend, a fierce shark once caused persistent rain and flooding in the area. Following the advice of a divine being, people built this tall pagoda to subdue the shark, placing the golden roosters on top to monitor its movements. Since then, the area has enjoyed favorable weather, allowing the people to live peaceful lives.
Architectural Features
The Qianfo Pagoda is unique among the pagodas of Yunnan, and its style is rare nationwide, making it particularly attractive.
The pagoda consists of a hexagonal structure with seven tiers, standing at a height of 17.79 meters. Its base is a square stone platform, with niches for Buddha statues on each of its four sides. The main tower narrows progressively from bottom to top, and each of its six faces is constructed from equal-sized bricks, resembling a giant beehive from a distance.
Inside each niche is a brick depiction of Shakyamuni Buddha, seated on a lotus platform, radiating a serene aura. The pagoda has a total of 1,613 niches, which fully justifies its name as the “Thousand Buddha Pagoda.”
Recent Renovations
The most recent renovation of Dajue Temple occurred in 1982, funded by the provincial government. During this restoration, new Buddha statue bricks were crafted based on the remaining originals, and the top of the pagoda was restored with a new Kinnaras (迦楼罗) statue. The entire structure was painted a vibrant gold, enhancing its visual splendor.
Visitor Information
- Address: 143 Zhenli Street, Zhongshu Street, Luliang County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province (云南省曲靖市陆良县中枢街道真理街143号)
- Admission: Free
- Parking: Free parking available at the entrance.
Main Attractions
The main highlight is the Qianfo Pagoda, an ancient structure showcasing exceptional architectural and artistic value. Standing at 18 meters, it consists of three parts: the base, the body, and the finial, all made of bricks, with a unique design. Inside, it houses 1,612 brick Buddha images, earning its name as the “Thousand Buddha Pagoda.”
Suitable for
Whether you are a history and culture enthusiast or someone seeking a tranquil spot to relax, this location is an excellent choice.
Visiting Time
A visit will take approximately one hour, allowing you to appreciate the rich history and cultural heritage.
How to Get There
Luliang County is about a 50-minute drive from Kunming (昆明). You can choose to drive, take a train, or ride a bus.
Travel Tips
While visiting Dajue Temple, you may encounter local elders playing cards, which allows you to experience the leisurely and tranquil lifestyle of the residents. Come here to enjoy a unique day trip in Qujing!
Location:
The Former Residence of Pu Zaiting (浦在廷故居) is the home of Pu Zaiting (浦在廷), a modern Chinese national industrialist and general, and it is also the birthplace of Zhuolin (卓琳), the wife of Deng Xiaoping (邓小平). Zhuolin grew up here. The residence is located at 27 Xichengxia Street (西城下街), Xuanwei City (宣威市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Built in the early years of the Republic of China (民国), it is a one-story courtyard house with a corridor layout. After its restoration in 1994, the west hall was converted into an exhibition hall for showcasing the life and contributions of Pu Zaiting. The residence has been designated as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit and is one of the 100 patriotic education bases in the province.
History of the Residence
The Former Residence of Pu Zaiting was constructed in the early years of the Republic of China. Following its restoration in 1994, the west hall was designated as an exhibition area. On December 16, 1998, the Yunnan Provincial Government recognized it as one of the 100 patriotic education bases in the province. On December 22, 1998, it was listed as a fifth batch provincial key cultural relic protection unit.
Geographic Location
The residence is situated in the bustling area of Xuanwei City, which is in the northeast part of Yunnan Province and is administered by Qujing City (曲靖市). The coordinates are between 103°35′–104°40′E and 25°53′–26°44′N. It borders Pan County (盘县) to the east, Zhenyi County (沾益县) to the south, Huize County (会泽县) across the Niulan River (牛栏江) to the west, and Weining County (威宁县) in Guizhou Province (贵州省) to the north. It is approximately 260 kilometers from the provincial capital, Kunming (昆明).
Residence Features
The residence is a one-story courtyard house with a corridor layout, measuring 100 meters in length and 15 meters in width, covering an area of 1,500 square meters. It features a traditional Han-style residential layout with distinct characteristics from both southern and northern Chinese architecture. The residence includes main buildings on the east and west, side rooms to the north and south, and a Buddhist hall. At the center of the courtyard stands a bronze statue of Pu Zaiting, with a plaque inscribed with “戳力同心” (“Unite in Strength”) written by Sun Yat-sen (孙中山).
Upon entering the residence, visitors find a courtyard-style layout typical of southern Han residences. The courtyard is lush with trees and blooming flowers, and a notable bronze statue of Pu Zaiting holding a scroll is prominently displayed. Pu Zaiting and his three sons and four daughters grew up in this courtyard.
The building is oriented southward, with wooden structures that feature red columns, imparting a solemn and dignified atmosphere. The intricately carved yellow window frames add a touch of elegance.
In the north section of the residence, there is a Buddhist hall where Pu Zaiting’s family practiced their faith. Next to it is a small side room that served as Zhuolin’s (卓琳) bedroom before she went to Beijing (北京) for her studies. The room is simply decorated, with an antique wooden bed occupying most of the space. From the window, one can view the courtyard. The guest room is adorned with photographs and artworks of Zhuolin and her family, providing insights into her upbringing. Zhuolin attended Beijing No. 1 Women’s High School (北平第一女子中学) in 1932 and later enrolled in the physics department at Peking University (北京大学).
Exhibitions
The residence features the “Exhibition on the Life and Achievements of Mr. Pu Zaiting,” which presents extensive materials and photographs detailing his dedication to the development of local ethnic industries. In the exhibition hall, alongside biographical information about Pu Zaiting, visitors can find inscriptions from prominent figures such as Sun Yat-sen and precious photographs of Deng Xiaoping and his wife Zhuolin (originally named Pu Qiongying, 浦琼英) at different periods, offering significant historical value for the study of early revolutionary struggles and the development of local industries.
Pu Zaiting’s hard work led to the establishment of a ham processing factory, producing canned ham. In 1923, his canned ham received acclaim at a specialty product competition in Guangzhou (广州). Sun Yat-sen praised it highly, awarding him a beautiful medal and inscribing “饮和食德” (“Eat with Harmony and Morality”) for the “Pu Zaiting Brothers Canned Food Company” to commend his virtuous business practices. Pu Zaiting regarded this inscription as a treasured possession, framing it and displaying it prominently at the entrance as his motto for the development of local industries. With Sun Yat-sen’s endorsement, Xuanwei ham gained international fame and was exported worldwide.
The inscription “饮和食德” has four characters, each missing a stroke intentionally placed by Sun Yat-sen to convey a profound message with deep implications. He used a technique to create missing strokes in “饮和食德” while adding strokes to the character “在” in “Pu Zaiting Brothers Canned Food Company” and modifying the character “廷.” These subtle hints have sparked much contemplation and debate, leaving endless room for imagination.
Notable Figures
Biography of Pu Zaiting
Pu Zaiting (浦在廷, 1871–1950) was a native of Xuanwei, Yunnan. He contributed to the development of local ethnic industries and the Chinese revolution, and he was the father-in-law of the great leader Deng Xiaoping. In 1916, he supported the National Protection Movement, receiving a silver plum blossom medal for his efforts, along with a personal inscription of “急公好义” (“Quick to Serve the Public and Uphold Righteousness”). In 1917, he participated in the Constitutional Protection War initiated by Sun Yat-sen, joining the troops in Guangdong (广东). He financially supported the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy (黄埔军校). Due to his contributions during the Northern Expedition, he was recognized by Sun Yat-sen, whose handwritten accolades hang in the residence today. In 1918, he founded the “Pu Zaiting Brothers Canned Food Company,” bringing Xuanwei ham to international markets. In 1922, he followed the Yunnan army to Guangzhou, supporting Sun Yat-sen’s national revolution. Returning to Xuanwei in 1925, Pu Zaiting continued his work in canned ham production and actively participated in charitable endeavors, including donating to build bridges and participating in road construction projects. He also constructed a bell and drum tower, a gazebo, and a pagoda at Dongshan Temple (东山寺). Twice, he brought rice from Vietnam (越南) to relieve famine victims. Pu Zaiting passed away at home in 1950 at the age of 80.
Biography of Zhuolin
Zhuolin (卓琳, April 6, 1916 – July 29, 2009), originally named Pu Qiongying (浦琼英), was the daughter of Pu Zaiting. In July 1937, she arrived in Yan’an (延安). In August 1939, she met Deng Xiaoping and married him the same month. On June 30, 1997, she participated in the Chinese government delegation’s arrival in Hong Kong, attending the handover ceremony, fulfilling Deng Xiaoping’s wish to visit Hong Kong during his lifetime. In 1988, she was awarded the Honorary Medal for Outstanding Contribution from the People’s Liberation Army (人民解放军). Zhuolin passed away in Beijing on July 29, 2009, at the age of 93 and was cremated at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery (八宝山革命公墓) on August 10 of the same year.
Visiting Information
Address: 27 Xichengxia Street (西城下堡街), Xuanwei City (宣威市), Yunnan Province (云南省).
How to Get There: Take bus number 3 from Xuanwei Railway Station (宣威火车站) and get off at Xiaoximen (小西门).
Travel Tips
- Plan your visit during weekdays to avoid crowds.
- Take your time to explore the exhibitions for a deeper understanding of Pu Zaiting’s contributions.
- Be respectful when visiting religious areas within the residence.
- Consider learning some basic Mandarin phrases to enhance your experience.
Qijiang Martyrs’ Cemetery曲靖市麒麟区红军烈士陵园, also known as Liaokuo Mountain Martyrs’ Cemetery (寥廓山烈士陵园), is located in the Qilin District (麒麟区) of Qujing City (曲靖市), Yunnan Province (云南省). This site honors the brave martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the country.
Overview
The cemetery is situated on Liaokuo Mountain (寥廓山), providing a serene and solemn environment for visitors. It features well-maintained paths, manicured lawns, and various memorial monuments dedicated to the heroes who fought for the nation’s freedom and dignity. The main memorial hall showcases historical exhibits and provides insights into the lives and contributions of the martyrs.
Historical Significance
Established to commemorate those who served during significant conflicts in China’s history, Qijiang Martyrs’ Cemetery serves as a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made by individuals in the quest for peace and stability. It attracts both locals and tourists who come to pay their respects and learn about the region’s historical struggles.
How to Get There
To reach Qijiang Martyrs’ Cemetery, you can take a taxi or drive from downtown Qujing City, which is approximately a 15-minute journey. Public buses may also be available, but checking local schedules is advisable.
Travel Tips
- Respectful Behavior: As a memorial site, maintain a respectful demeanor while visiting, especially during ceremonies.
- Best Time to Visit: Early mornings or late afternoons provide a quieter atmosphere for reflection and exploration.
- Photography: While photography is allowed, be mindful of sensitive areas and people who may be paying their respects.
- Accessibility: The cemetery is generally accessible, but some paths may have inclines; comfortable footwear is recommended.
- Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to gain deeper insights into the historical significance of the cemetery and its martyrs.
Overview
Shuashui Dragon Pool (耍水龙潭) is located at the foot of the mountains on the western side of Damaidi Village (大麦地村) in Xuanwei City (宣威市), Qujing (曲靖), Yunnan Province (云南省). Surrounded by bamboo and willow trees, the pool’s emerald green water remains tranquil. Every summer and autumn, a spectacular phenomenon occurs that resembles a dragon playing in the water, giving rise to its name.
Geographic Location
Shuashui Dragon Pool is situated on the western foothills of Damaidi Village, which is part of the Liangjiatian Village Committee (梁家田村委会) in the town of Jiu County (旧县镇). It is approximately 3 kilometers from the village committee and 12 kilometers from the town center. The area covers 1.75 square kilometers and sits at an altitude of 1,950 meters. The average annual temperature is 14.8°C, with annual rainfall measuring about 1,045 millimeters. This climate is suitable for growing various crops, including flue-cured tobacco (烤烟), corn (玉米), rice (水稻), potatoes (马铃薯), and vegetables.
Local Community
Damaidi Village consists of one village group with 48 households and a population of 160, all of whom are engaged in agriculture. The labor force numbers 101, with 89 individuals working in the primary industry. In 2006, the total economic income for the village was 550,600 CNY, with an average net income of 1,850 CNY per farmer, primarily generated from agriculture and animal husbandry.
How to Get There
To reach Shuashui Dragon Pool, you can drive or take a bus to Xuanwei City. From Xuanwei, head towards Jiu County and follow the signs to Damaidi Village, which is approximately a 20-minute drive from the city center.
Travel Tips
- Transportation: Public buses are available from Xuanwei to Jiu County, but renting a car may provide more flexibility.
- Best Time to Visit: The summer and autumn months are ideal for witnessing the pool’s unique dragon-like water phenomenon.
- Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to taste local agricultural products and dishes prepared with fresh ingredients from the region.
- Accommodations: Various guesthouses and hotels are available in Xuanwei City for those wishing to extend their stay.
- Outdoor Activities: Enjoy hiking and exploring the beautiful natural surroundings, as the area offers scenic views and tranquil environments.
Overview
Wanmu Caoshan Grassland (万亩草山) is located in Maming Town (马鸣乡), Malong County (马龙区), Qujing (曲靖), Yunnan Province (云南省). This artificial grassland covers over 12,000 acres and is just 1 kilometer from the town government, 36 kilometers from Malong County seat, and 16 kilometers from the old county interchange on the Kunming-Qujing Expressway. With its picturesque European pastoral scenery and the grandeur of the northern grasslands, it offers a refreshing experience typical of Mongolian grasslands.
Geographic Location
Wanmu Caoshan Grassland lies in the central part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (云贵高原), spanning from 102°42′ to 104°50′ East Longitude and 24°19′ to 27°03′ North Latitude. It borders Guizhou (贵州) and Guangxi (广西) to the east, Kunming (昆明) to the west, Wenshan (文山) and Honghe (红河) to the south, and Zhaotong (昭通) and Bijie (毕节) to the north. This area is an important land route connecting Yunnan to the inland regions, often referred to as the “key to Yunnan” (云南咽喉). Qujing is Yunnan’s second-largest city, after Kunming, and an important industrial hub.
Natural Attractions
Located in a region with rich natural beauty, Wanmu Caoshan Grassland features unique landscapes, vibrant ethnic culture, and a pleasant climate. The area is characterized by karst topography (喀斯特地貌), surrounded by lush mountains and vast grasslands, embodying the essence of rural serenity. It is well-known for its picturesque views, where one can see livestock grazing gently in the breeze. The local Yi culture (彝族) adds to the charm, offering traditional drinks such as the famed Yi-style wine (泡缸酒), cherished for its clear color and sweet flavor.
Tourism Development
In recent years, Malong County has seized the opportunity to develop a leisure and entertainment hub between Kunming and Qujing. The local government aims to enhance the area’s tourism infrastructure while preserving its natural resources. The focus is on balancing development with environmental protection, ensuring that the unique natural and cultural advantages of Wanmu Caoshan are maintained.
Travel Consumption
- Parking Fee: Parking around the scenic area is not convenient.
- Guide Fee: No guide is necessary for this area.
- Car Rental Fee: Car type: Great Wall Haval (长城哈弗); Price: 550 CNY per day.
- Local Products: Wild delicacies such as chicken fungus (鸡枞), bamboo fungus (竹荪), and wood ear mushrooms (木耳) are available, along with local handicrafts like Miezha crafts (蔑扎工艺品), embroidery (刺绣), batik (蜡染), and specialty products like Du Zhong tea (杜仲茶) and Yunjing wine (云精酒).
How to Get There
To reach Wanmu Caoshan Grassland, you can drive or take a bus to Malong County. From there, follow the signs for Maming Town, which is about a 20-minute drive. If you prefer public transportation, buses are available from Qujing to Malong.
Travel Tips
- Transportation: If you’re traveling by car, the route is straightforward with road signs. Public buses are also an option from Qujing.
- Shopping: Look for local delicacies and handicrafts as souvenirs.
- Accommodation: There are various local guesthouses and hotels in Malong County for a comfortable stay.
- Best Time to Visit: The scenic grasslands are particularly beautiful in summer when the flora is lush.
- Festivals: Enjoy local cultural events and festivals that showcase Yi traditions and local products during the peak tourist season.
Location:
Tongxuan Cave is located in the western outskirts of Shizong County (师宗县), Yunnan Province (云南省). The cave is composed of Baiyun limestone (白云质灰岩) from the Middle Triassic period and is situated on the side of a reverse fault. It consists of three sections: the upper, middle, and lower caves, which are interconnected and feature both water and dry caves.
Introduction
The lower cave is named “Tongyuan” (通源), where a clear spring flows gently eastward and extends approximately 0.5 kilometers. The middle cave is called “Tongyou” (通幽), stretching about 1 kilometer, deep and mysterious. The upper cave, named “Tongxuan” (通玄), is about 0.1 kilometers long and has seven interconnected halls. In the main hall, a massive stalagmite resembles a giant turtle stretching towards a waterfall cascading downwards.
Passing through the “Divine Brush Hall” (神笔厅) leads to the “Four Seasons Hall” (四季厅), which showcases scenes of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. To the south, graceful willows sway in the wind; to the north, snow blankets the ground under a frozen sky; to the east, beneath the pine-covered mountains, a group of white elephants play leisurely in the forest; and to the west, rolling hills and layered pines create a vibrant autumn landscape with hues of green, yellow, and red. The cave’s stalactites are colorful and diverse, resembling various animals and birds. A notable feature is the “Heavenly Script Wall” (天书壁), a sloping stone wall about 4 meters wide and 14 meters long, adorned with an intricate pattern that appears as symbols from a distance but resembles characters up close.
Tongxuan Cave is located 500 meters west of Shizong County, nestled in the TianTai Mountain (天台山) range, with its entrance facing northeast. Historical descriptions reference it as having “a phoenix holding a book” and “a parrot gazing far.”
Structural Overview
Tongxuan Cave is regarded as one of the most distinguished underground karst caves on the plateau. It is divided into three parts: the upper cave (Tongxuan), the middle cave (Tongyou), and the lower cave (Tongyuan). The upper cave is vast and spacious, containing multiple halls connected to one another, with numerous stalactites predominantly in white and crimson hues. A significant feature is the “Two Heavens” (两重天), where the lower section is crimson and the upper section is milky white, giving it the nickname. At the top, a large stone bears two footprints, commonly referred to as the “Immortal’s Footprints” (仙人脚印).
The essence of Tongxuan Cave lies in the middle section. From 300 meters south of the upper cave, one descends over 10 meters, revealing a giant hand reaching out from the cave’s ceiling, clutching a banana plant. Following the strings of banana trees through the “Cold Snowy Land” (冷天雪地) in the north, the passage narrows. Inside, the water reaches up to one’s waist, with numerous stone lotuses, mills, pillars, and pedestals. Due to the drop in water levels, slender stalactites protrude from the walls, resembling intricate murals that extend to the cave’s end. This, along with hundreds of bonsai “floating” in the water, creates a three-dimensional landscape painting. The “mystery” of Tongxuan Cave likely refers to these extraordinary natural masterpieces.
How to Get There
To reach Tongxuan Cave, you can drive to Shizong County from Kunming (昆明), which is about a 2.5-hour journey. Public transportation options include buses from Kunming to Shizong, followed by a short taxi ride to the cave entrance.
Travel Tips
- Best Time to Visit: The best time to explore Tongxuan Cave is during the spring and autumn months when temperatures are mild and the surrounding scenery is picturesque.
- What to Bring: Make sure to wear comfortable shoes suitable for walking and consider bringing a flashlight, as some areas within the cave may be dimly lit.
- Guided Tours: Hiring a local guide can enhance your experience, providing insights into the cave’s history and geology.
- Safety Precautions: Be cautious of wet and slippery surfaces within the cave, and keep an eye on your belongings.
- Photography: Capture the stunning natural formations, but be respectful of the environment by not touching or climbing on the stalactites and stalagmites.
Wufeng Mountain is located in the MaJie Town (马街镇) of Luliang County (陆良县), Qujing City (曲靖市), Yunnan Province (云南省), with a highest elevation of 2,339 meters (7,674 feet) and an average elevation around 2,000 meters (6,561 feet). It forms a crescent-shaped ring with the southern slopes of Zhongnan Mountain (终南山) and Longhai Mountain (龙海山), nestled within colorful sand forests. The area boasts various renowned trees, as well as numerous birds, beasts, and medicinal fungi, making it a small kingdom of wild flora and fauna.
Scenic Overview
Wufeng Mountain is known for its unique natural landscapes, including one river, one temple, one pond, two fields, three slopes, three ditches, three rocks, five hollows, five cliffs, five peaks, and a multitude of butterflies, birds, trees, and flowers. The mountain features both natural wonders and human cultural sites, including sculptures of historical figures.
Scenic Description
Wufeng Mountain serves as the main peak of the Nanling Mountains (南岭). It is said to be the second summer retreat of the Cuanshi (爨氏) family, with its highest peak reaching 2,339 meters. The mountain features a long flowing river and a reservoir with a capacity of 380,000 cubic meters. The area is home to various rare trees, including a white ginkgo tree with a diameter of 1.8 meters. Some cypress trees grow among the rocks, ancient and robust, said to be nourished by the essence of the sun and moon, embodying longevity among cypress trees. This region is also rich in diverse wildlife, creating a small kingdom of wild flora and fauna.
The mountain’s landscapes are ever-changing; as one moves, new views unfold, each unique and captivating. Notably, the mountain features many distinct rock formations that resemble castles, walls, and foundations, leading to speculation about their origins—be it ancient ruins, dragon palaces, or even alien designs, allowing for imaginative stories and myths.
An ancient visitor left an inscription stating: “Visiting here, I feel as if I am still in the mountains, with colors like water, and sounds akin to birds in the forest,” indicating that the traveler had truly immersed themselves in this picturesque scene.
Historical Context
Wufeng Temple (五峰山寺) is said to have been established during the reign of the Cuanshi family over 1,600 years ago and was referred to as Xingfu Temple (兴福寺) during the Ming Dynasty. There is a beautiful legend associated with this temple. During the Guangxu era of the Qing Dynasty (清光绪), a young scholar named Yin Chengluan (殷承瓛) from Liangdi Village (良迪村) in Luliang came to self-study at the temple. He vowed that if he became successful, he would erect stone sculptures of a lion, a donkey, an elephant, and a unicorn in front of the temple. Later, he went to study in Japan, participated in revolutionary activities led by Sun Yat-sen (孙中山), and after returning, took part in the “Nine Nine Uprising” in Yunnan. He eventually became a senior advisor to the commander of the western expedition during the National Protection War. In his later years, he became a devout Buddhist and fulfilled his vow by erecting stone sculptures in front of Wufeng Temple.
Main Attractions
Wufeng Mountain features stunning natural and cultural attractions, including:
- One river
- One temple
- One pond
- Two fields
- Three slopes
- Three ditches
- Three rocks
- Five hollows
- Five cliffs
- Five peaks
- A hundred butterflies
- A hundred birds
- A thousand flowers
- A hundred trees
The mountain is rich with diverse landscapes and is filled with serenity. In the deep parts of Wufeng Mountain lies a large, primordial forest where ancient trees and vines create a peaceful, shaded environment, filled with the sounds of nature.
In front of the temple, there is a ginkgo tree that has regenerated after a hundred years; beside it, there are springs concealed by cliffs with dripping water that sounds like gentle chimes. At the base of the mountain, a giant rock is home to four cypress trees, creating a stunning natural spectacle.
On sunny days, Wufeng Mountain appears as a sea of greenery, swaying in the wind; on cloudy days, it is surrounded by white mist, creating a mystical atmosphere. In the morning, the mountain glows with the light of dawn, while at dusk, the surrounding forests are painted in vibrant colors.
How to Get There
Wufeng Mountain is located about 8 kilometers from Luliang County (陆良县). You can choose to drive there, as the route is well-marked and takes approximately 20 minutes. If you prefer cycling, there are scenic country roads leading to the mountain. For those coming from Kunming (昆明), direct buses to Luliang can be taken from the Eastern Bus Station (东部客运站) or Dongju Bus Station (东菊客运站).
Travel Tips
- Transportation: To reach Wufeng Mountain, you can take public bus line 144 from Qujing City (曲靖市) to the scenic area. If you prefer not to take public transport, taxis are available.
- Shopping: The area is known for its long-haired rabbit farming and silk production. Local specialties include preserved duck and honey pears.
- Accommodation: Qujing has 23 star-rated hotels, including five three-star hotels, two preparing for three stars, nine two-star hotels, and seven one-star hotels, offering a total of 4,205 beds. These hotels provide complete facilities and a comfortable environment, ideal for travelers.
- Dining: There are 12 officially recognized “farm stay” (农家乐) establishments in the area, making dining convenient for visitors.
- Best Time to Visit: The summer is particularly lovely with blooming lotus flowers, while autumn brings fragrant rice fields, creating a picturesque scene reminiscent of southern water towns. Each summer, thousands of tourists flock to enjoy the “fragrance of rice flowers” and the “sounds of frogs accompanying the beauty of lotus flowers.”
- Festivals and Activities: The best activity during the lotus bloom season is, of course, enjoying the beautiful flowers.
Location:
Introduction to the Scenic Spot
Baishuitang Pond (白水塘) is located in Sanchahe Town, Luliang County (陆良县), Qujing City (曲靖市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is 15 kilometers from the county seat and is the largest and last lake remaining from the Luliang Basin.
This scenic area is situated about 150 kilometers east of Kunming (昆明), approximately 23 kilometers south of the Zhaokuai Station (召夸站) on the South Kun Railway, less than 60 kilometers from the Shilin Scenic Area (石林), and about 45 kilometers from the Jiu Xiang Scenic Area (九乡风景区).
Currently, the lotus area in the pond spans 6 square kilometers, surrounded by fertile farmland and convenient transportation. In summer, the lush lotus leaves and blooming flowers create a picturesque landscape. Visitors can row a small boat through the vast lotus fields, enjoying the scenic beauty of the lake and fields, described in poetry as: “Rowing amidst the lotus, fish and shrimp play by the boat; the blue waves connect with the sky, the scent of lotus seeds fills the air.” This serene retreat away from the hustle and bustle of city life offers opportunities for fishing, photography, and savoring locally caught fish alongside delicious stewed potatoes. A visit to Baishuitang is a must when in Luliang.
The air here is clean and fresh, making it a perfect spot for relaxation, especially with its proximity to other attractions such as the Cuanlongyan Monument (爨龙颜碑), the AAAA-rated Caise Shalin Scenic Area (彩色沙林), Dajue Temple (大觉寺), Niutou Mountain (牛头山), and the Ancient Great Wall (古长城).
Scenic Beauty of the Pond
Baishuitang Pond lies between the Nanpan River (南盘江) and the Dugong River (杜公河), stretching north to south and narrow east to west. The lake primarily receives water from rainfall, covering an area of 1.6 square kilometers with a depth of 2 meters. In summer, the pond is expansive with white waves, hence the name Baishuitang (白水塘). Surrounded by stone walls and roads, the pond sparkles like a jewel amidst thousands of acres of fertile land, rich in aquatic life such as wild ducks and various fish.
Visitors can fish directly from the pond, cooking their catch for a truly fresh and unique dining experience. During summer, the pond is filled with lotus flowers, creating a fragrant and colorful landscape. In winter, the clear waters reveal the bottom, often surrounded by morning mist that dances in the sunlight, creating a magical atmosphere.
The water pavilion resembles a waterside tower, adding to the scenic beauty of the area.
Poetic Scenery
The famous poet Yang Wanli (杨万里) wrote, “The lotus leaves reach the sky in endless green, the lotus flowers reflect the sun in a different red.” Although originally a farewell poem, it is often regarded as a picturesque description. The Baishuitang Pond in Tianbao Village (天宝寺村), Luliang County, seems to embody this sentiment perfectly.
In autumn, the fragrant rice fills the air, and a visit to the pond allows one to experience its tranquility and natural beauty. The emerald leaves and red flowers create a stunning visual display against the blue skies, with gentle breezes rippling the water’s surface.
The lotus plants at Baishuitang have become a symbol of local pride, and the surrounding landscape offers a refreshing escape from city life.
Scenic Features
At Baishuitang Pond, visitors can enjoy fishing, boating, and photography amidst the beautiful surroundings. The area has been preliminarily developed with 6.7 kilometers of waterways and 11 kilometers of lakeside paths. There are 26 fishing ponds and multiple “farm stay” spots offering local hospitality. With 100 boats and over 150 boatmen, Baishuitang can accommodate around 4,000 visitors daily, promising a quality experience.
Overall, visiting Baishuitang Pond provides an opportunity to escape urban noise and immerse oneself in nature’s beauty.
How to Get There
Baishuitang Pond is located about 8 kilometers south of Luliang County. You can choose to drive, which takes about 20 minutes with clear road signage. For those traveling by bus, you can take a direct bus from Kunming to Luliang at the Eastern Passenger Transport Station (东部客运站) or Dongju Passenger Transport Station (东菊客运站).
Travel Tips
- Transportation: To reach the scenic area, take bus route 144 from Qujing City (曲靖市) or hire a taxi for convenience.
- Shopping: Local specialties include long-haired rabbit products and honey pears.
- Accommodation: There are 23 star-rated hotels in Qujing, providing a comfortable stay for guests.
- Dining: 12 “farm stay” spots offer local meals, ensuring dining convenience.
- Best Time to Visit: Summer for the lotus blooms and autumn for the fragrant rice fields.
- Festivals: The best time to appreciate the lotuses is during their peak bloom.
Visiting Baishuitang Pond promises a unique experience filled with natural beauty and local culture.
Overview
Zhongnanshan (终南山), located in Shiguan Village (仕官村), Majie Town (马街镇), 18 kilometers southeast of Lujiang County (陆良县) in Qujing City (曲靖市), is one of the three famous mountains of Lujiang. Situated 15 kilometers from the county seat and adjacent to Wufeng Mountain (五峰山), Zhongnanshan has a rich historical background. Legend has it that during the Song Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Song used it as a retreat from the heat.
In the late Song to early Ming dynasty, the area was held by the local chieftain Long Hai (龙海), who built fortifications on the mountain, named Yingpan Mountain (营盘山), to resist the Ming army. When the Ming forces captured the camp, they set it ablaze. By the mid-Ming dynasty, a palace was constructed at the mountain’s peak, commonly known as Zhongnanshan Temple (终南山寺). It was rebuilt during the ninth year of the Kangxi era (康熙九年) and further expanded into a Buddhist monastery, renamed Juezhiao Temple (觉照寺) in the second year of the Jiaqing era (嘉庆二年) under the stewardship of the Guangxi scholar Hengrong (恒荣). The temple has been rebuilt multiple times due to fire damage, with restoration efforts beginning in 1990. Behind the temple, there are stupas dedicated to monks who passed away during the Qianlong (乾隆) and Jiaqing (嘉庆) eras, symbolizing the ancient Buddhist culture in a serene setting. In front of the temple lies the “Yaowang Spring” (药王泉), where it is said that the immortal Nanji Xianweng (南极仙翁) once lived. Local lore suggests that a monk released a dry eel into the pool, which has kept it from drying up.
The “Prince’s Tomb” (王子坟) behind the mountain resembles a woman lying on her back, legs bent but not stretched out, which locals refer to as “Beautiful Maiden’s Longing” (美女相思), similar to the legend of the Sleeping Beauty in Kunming’s Western Hills (昆明西山). Below the mountain, Zhongnanshan Lake (终南山湖), also known as Zhongnanshan Reservoir, is surrounded by mountains on three sides, covering an area of 13.2 square kilometers, with crystal-clear waters that mirror the stunning scenery.
Scenic Features
Zhongnanshan boasts dense forests filled with towering ancient trees and fragrant flowers. From a distance, the mountain is a lush expanse of greenery with pavilions, red-walled temples, and serene waters. Up close, the still waters reflect the mountain’s beauty, with deep valleys and opposing peaks creating a stunning landscape.
Traveling along the winding mountain roads to the summit, visitors are greeted with grand temples and a refreshing atmosphere. Overlooking the mountain’s flanks, you can spot the “Tiger Pouncing on Sheep” on the left, the “Yama’s Seat” (阎王静座) on the right, and the “Golden Turtle” and “Two Dragons Playing in Water” peaks in front—five exquisitely shaped mountains. The tranquil waters of Zhongnan Lake and the sound of morning bells and evening drums from the temple create a transcendent experience.
Zhongnanshan is known for its breathtaking scenery, filled with pine and oak trees and wildflowers. In the mid-Ming dynasty, Xuan Emperor’s Palace (玄帝宫) was built at the mountain’s peak, a Taoist temple. According to Zixi Chuan (紫溪传), there was a two-zhang-long stone fish near Zhongnanshan that would jump into the stream during floods, causing damage to nearby fields. The locals, wishing to control this water disaster, built a temple in gratitude after the deity Xuantian Shangdi (玄天上帝) vanquished the fish.
Rebuilt during the ninth year of Kangxi (1670 AD) and expanded by scholar Huanrong (桓荣) in the second year of Jiaqing (1797 AD), the temple continues to draw crowds annually, especially during the third day of the third lunar month when devotees come to offer incense, creating a vibrant scene reminiscent of a colorful dragon winding up the mountain.
How to Get There
To reach Zhongnanshan, take a bus from Qujing City to Lujiang County. Once in Lujiang, taxis or local transport options are available to take you to Majie Town, where you can access Zhongnanshan.
Travel Tips
- Wear Comfortable Footwear: The mountain trails can be steep and rocky, so sturdy shoes are recommended.
- Bring Essentials: Carry water, snacks, and sun protection as you may spend several hours exploring.
- Respect the Environment: Follow designated paths and avoid littering to preserve the natural beauty of the area.
- Plan for Crowds: If visiting during festivals or holidays, expect large crowds and plan your trip accordingly.
- Photography Opportunities: The stunning landscapes provide excellent opportunities for photography, but be mindful of any restrictions, especially in sacred areas.
Overview
Niutoushan (牛头山), also known as Niutou Mountain, is located in Xiaobaihu Town (小百户镇), northwest of Lujiang County (陆良县) and approximately 30 kilometers from the county seat. Historically referred to as Qimao Mountain (契茂山) and Tianzhushan (天柱山), it is one of the “Three Mountains” listed in Zixi Chuan (紫溪传), which mentions the notable landscapes of the region. The Ming dynasty scholar Fu Zonglong (傅宗龙) from Kunming (昆明) remarked that Niutou Mountain is listed among the Five Great Mountains of Huaxia (华夏), renowned both within and beyond the province.
Historical Significance
Niutoushan is an ancient landform with its highest elevation noted in local records. The mountain is famous for the “Eight Scenic Views of Niushan” (牛山八景), which include:
- Jueding Motian (绝顶摩天) – The peak reaching the sky
- Wanshan Yonglang (万山拥浪) – Waves embraced by mountains
- Shanjiao Xuri (山椒旭日) – The sunrise over the mountain
- Haopai Chusheng (皓魄初升) – The bright moon rising
- Fan Feng Qiutan (帆峰秋潭) – Autumn pools at the peak
- Guoyuan Yanha (古院烟霞) – Misty scenes in the ancient courtyard
- Linjian Songyun (林间松韵) – The sound of pines in the forest
- Jichang Chenzhong (鸡唱晨钟) – Roosters crowing at dawn
Historically, there was an ancient temple called Zhenqing Palace (真庆宫), also known as Tianzhu Temple (天竺寺) or Niutou Mountain Temple (牛首山寺), located halfway up Niutou Mountain. This temple, a significant site for Taoism (道教), was built during the Yongle period of the Ming dynasty and has been renovated through the ages. During the early Republic of China, Taoist priest Zheng Zhirong (郑芝荣) oversaw significant renovations, ensuring that the temple adhered to Taoist principles. The temple, along with the Zhenwu Temple (真武观) located outside the south gate of the county seat, is regarded as a notable Taoist site. One of the Eight Scenic Views of Lujiang, “Niushan Qingshu” (牛山清暑), is derived from this area.
Scenic Features
Niutoushan is rich in historical sites, including the ancient fortress known as Niushan Guzhai (牛山古寨). This ancient site covers hundreds of acres, featuring a circular layout with remnants still visible. The central area includes a massive stone known as “Dianjiangtai” (点将台), weighing several tons. The fortress is backed by mountain ranges, with cliffs in front and gently sloping terrain to the sides, creating a spacious environment. The exact date of its construction remains a mystery and requires further investigation.
The scenic resources of Niutoushan are abundant, boasting a variety of landscapes, including:
- Forest Landscapes: Unique tree formations, large ancient vines, and stunning cloud formations.
- Geological Features: Majestic formations such as Niutou Mountain, Tianshi Peak (天师峰), and Tianbeng Gorge (天崩峡).
- Water Features: Scenic waterfalls like the “Zhezhong Great Waterfall” (浙中大瀑布), mysterious flow clouds, and picturesque streams.
Today, the ancient fortress is not only an archaeological interest for historians but also a popular destination for tourists seeking adventure and exploration.
How to Get There (Transportation)
To reach Niutoushan, you can take a bus from Qujing City (曲靖市) to Lujiang County. From the county seat, taxis or local transport can take you to Xiaobaihu Town, where Niutoushan is located.
Travel Tips for This Attraction
- Dress Appropriately: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for hiking, as the terrain can be rugged.
- Bring Essentials: Carry water, snacks, and sun protection, as you may spend several hours exploring the area.
- Respect Nature: Follow designated trails and avoid littering to help preserve the natural beauty of the mountain.
- Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to gain insights into the history and significance of the various sites.
- Photography: Capture the stunning landscapes, but be mindful of local customs and restrictions regarding photography in sacred areas.
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Tongxuan Cave is located in the western outskirts of Shizong County (师宗县), Yunnan Province (云南省). The cave is composed of Baiyun limestone (白云质灰岩) from the Middle Triassic period and...
Wufeng Mountain in Luliang County, Qujing
Wufeng Mountain is located in the MaJie Town (马街镇) of Luliang County (陆良县), Qujing City (曲靖市), Yunnan Province (云南省), with a highest elevation of 2,339 meters (7,674 feet) and...
Baishuitang Pond in Luliang County, Qujing
Introduction to the Scenic Spot Baishuitang Pond (白水塘) is located in Sanchahe Town, Luliang County (陆良县), Qujing City (曲靖市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is 15 kilometers from the county...
Zhongnanshan Mountain in Luliang County, Qujing
Overview Zhongnanshan (终南山), located in Shiguan Village (仕官村), Majie Town (马街镇), 18 kilometers southeast of Lujiang County (陆良县) in Qujing City (曲靖市), is one of the three famous mountains...
Niutoushan Mountain in Luliang County, Qujing
Overview Niutoushan (牛头山), also known as Niutou Mountain, is located in Xiaobaihu Town (小百户镇), northwest of Lujiang County (陆良县) and approximately 30 kilometers from the county seat. Historically referred...
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