Overview

Yuanshidong Cave (缘狮洞) is located 36 kilometers east of Mengzi City (蒙自市) in Mingjiu Village (鸣鹫村), Mingjiu Township (鸣鹫乡), at the foot of Jingling Mountain (静灵山). The cave is named for its rock formations resembling a lion. In 1879, Cao Tingyong (曹廷镛) proposed the development of Jingling Mountain, leading to the construction of a temple. Over the course of more than 20 years, funds were raised to build the main temple, which was further expanded during the Republic of China era.

The site features various structures, including the Mountain Gate (山门), Ling Palace (灵宫殿), Guizhen Shrine (归真祠), the Two Pavilions and Three Virtues Palace (两庑三义宫), Fire God Temple (火神殿), and the Three Purities Hall (三清殿).

At the entrance of Yuanshidong Cave, there are three arched doors, with a plaque and couplet hanging above. The entrance stands 12.5 meters high and 4 meters wide, while the cave itself extends 17.3 meters in length and 9.9 meters in width. Inside, there are 22 stone carvings depicting Avalokiteshvara (观音), the Eighteen Arhats (十八罗汉), and the Golden Boy and Jade Girl (金童玉女). The sculptures exhibit a plump and amiable demeanor, embodying the harmonious integration of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, which is characteristic of the region.

The Yuanshidong Scenic Area is a prominent destination combining tourism and religious activities. The site is adorned with ancient towering trees, vibrant mountain flowers, blooming rhododendrons, and picturesque scenery, complemented by a pleasant climate. Amidst clusters of bamboo, well-preserved ancient buildings are hidden from view. These ancient structures stretch from the Leishen Temple (雷神殿) at the entrance to the cave, following the natural contours of the mountain. Though named Yuanshidong, the area encompasses more than 30 attractions, including the Three Mountain Gates (三天门), Bagua Pool (八卦池), Guizhen Shrine (归真祠), Juxian Cave (聚仙洞), the Three Purities Hall (三清殿), the White Jade Pavilion (白玉楼), Morning Bell (晨钟), Evening Drum (暮鼓), and more.

Geographic Location

• Chinese Name: 蒙自缘狮洞
• Location: 36 kilometers east of Mengzi City (蒙自市), Mingjiu Township (鸣鹫乡), Mingjiu Village (鸣鹫村)
• Climate Conditions: Subtropical monsoon climate
• Opening Hours: Varies based on the condition of the scenic area
• Attraction Level: National AAAA tourism site
• Area: Over 2,000 square meters
• Famous Attraction: Welcoming Pine (迎客松)

Scenic Introduction

The most prominent feature of Yuanshidong is its natural limestone cave, which has been transformed into a Buddhist temple. Upon entering the cave, about three to four meters in, there are stalactites resembling a lotus platform, known as “Putuo Rock” (普陀岩). Beneath the rock, there is a clear pool of water referred to as “Little South Sea” (小南海). Sitting atop the lotus platform is a stone sculpture of Avalokiteshvara (观音), flanked by the Eighteen Arhats (十八罗汉), each with a height ranging from 35 to 95.65 centimeters.

A rock protruding from the “Lotus Platform” bears a statue of the Queen Mother of the West (西王母), along with figures of a Golden Boy (金童) and a Jade Girl (玉女). The sides of the entrance are adorned with dragon and tiger sculptures. Inside and outside the cave, a suspended corridor on the left connects living quarters and the kitchen, while the right wall features a reclining Buddha, known as the Reclining Buddha Wall (卧佛壁).

During the Tongzhi and Guangxu years (同治, 光绪) of the Qing Dynasty, Cao Tingyong (曹廷镛) actively raised funds for offerings and built a complex of over 30 halls and pavilions integrating Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, covering an area of over 2,000 square meters. To this day, the halls are continuously filled with incense and attract many visitors.

How to Get There

To reach Yuanshidong Cave in Mengzi City, visitors can take a local bus or drive. The journey from the city center typically takes around 30 to 40 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting when the weather is mild and the scenery is at its best.
• Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enhance your understanding of the site’s rich history and cultural significance.
• Respect Preservation: Be mindful of preservation efforts and avoid disturbing the site.
• Pack Essentials: Bring water, snacks, and sunscreen, especially if planning to explore the surrounding area.

Overview

The Ten Thousand Mu Pomegranate Garden蒙自市万亩石榴园 is located along the Kunhe Economic Belt in Mengzi City, Yunnan. With a history of over 700 years in pomegranate cultivation, this garden has significantly flourished due to government support and tourism development. It has expanded to 65,000 acres, making it the largest pomegranate-growing area in China, yielding over 60,000 tons of pomegranates annually, which accounts for one-third of the nation’s total output. The economic contribution approaches 200 million yuan, greatly enhancing the local agricultural and rural economy.

Economic Impact

By 2000, the garden had received nearly 500,000 visitors, generating total tourism revenue of 16.5 million yuan. It was recognized as the first agricultural eco-tourism project in Yunnan in 1996. The garden also won one of 82 awards at the 1999 Kunming World Horticultural Exposition.

Pomegranate Characteristics

Mengzi Xinan Suo Sweet Pomegranate

This variety, believed to have been introduced from Iran and Afghanistan, is unique to Xinan Suo Town, located 7.5 kilometers from Mengzi’s county seat. It is known for its large size, thick flesh, small seeds, juicy content, and sweet flavor. The seeds are translucent and nutritious.

Current Production

Mengzi City currently boasts 140,000 acres of pomegranate orchards, yielding an annual output value of 1.2 billion yuan. The harvest season showcases ripe pomegranates hanging from the trees, creating a vibrant scene. At the 58 (Mengzi) Digital Agriculture Demonstration Base in Caoba Town, over 3,000 acres of pomegranate trees are managed using digital and mechanized techniques, requiring only 8 staff members to maintain the orchards.

In Xinan Suo Street, farmers collaborate efficiently to harvest large pomegranates. A local cooperative leads the scaled development of the pomegranate industry, using automated sorting equipment to improve efficiency. This year, the cooperative has acquired over 5,000 tons of pomegranates, primarily sold to markets in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Dalian, with exports to Thailand and Vietnam.

Research and Conservation

In 2020, Mengzi City established a Pomegranate Variety Resource Nursery covering 45 acres, preserving about 308 pomegranate varieties (38 foreign and 270 domestic). This initiative aims to collect, preserve, and cultivate different pomegranate varieties while promoting research and educational activities.

Conclusion

The pomegranate industry in Mengzi has created a contiguous 140,000-acre planting area, yielding 360,000 tons of pomegranates annually, benefiting approximately 100,000 residents. This industry has become a vital pillar of Mengzi’s agricultural economy and a key source of income for local farmers.

Location

• Address: Xinan Suo Town, Mengzi County (蒙自县新安所镇)

Cultural Significance

Mengzi, with a history of 720 years, is renowned for its pomegranate garden, recognized as one of China’s top ten agricultural tourism demonstration sites. The sweet pomegranate is a hallmark fruit of Mengzi, celebrated for its flavor and nutritional value.

How to Get There

To reach the Ten Thousand Mu Pomegranate Garden, take public transportation from Mengzi City to Xinan Suo Town. Local buses and taxis are readily available for convenience.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time for visiting is during the harvest season (September to November) when pomegranates are ripe.
• Taste Local Delicacies: Enjoy pomegranate-flavored dishes and other local specialties during your visit.
• Cultural Respect: Be mindful of local customs when visiting farms and markets.
• Stay Hydrated: Bring water, especially in warmer months.
• Photography: Capture the beauty of the gardens while respecting the locals’ work.
• Plan Ahead: Look for local festivals or events that may enhance your visit.

The Heimajing Tomb (黑蚂井汉墓) is located atop the West Laodong Slope in Heimajing Village (黑蚂井村), Kafang Town (卡房镇), Gejiu City (个旧市), Honghe Prefecture (红河州). Positioned over 30 kilometers from the city center, the site encompasses more than 10,000 square meters, with the burial area exceeding 5,000 square meters.

In recent years, the international rise in tin prices has motivated some mine owners to disregard national laws and encroach on the protected areas surrounding the Heimajing tombs for mining purposes. This has led to significant environmental degradation, posing a direct threat to the safety of the ancient tomb complex. Consequently, the Gejiu Municipal Committee (中共个旧市委) and the Gejiu City Government (个旧市政府) decided to conduct a fourth emergency excavation of the site. As excavation progressed, numerous bronze artifacts from the Eastern Han Dynasty (东汉) were discovered. The finding of Heimajing bronze artifacts is crucial for enhancing the research on the tin culture of Gejiu City and serves as evidence of the historical roots and continuity of tin culture in both Gejiu and the broader Southwest region of China.

Importance of the Unearthed Bronze Artifacts from Heimajing

The history of tin mining in Gejiu dates back to the late Spring and Autumn period (春秋) in the 5th century BC, approximately 2,500 years ago. Throughout this extensive timeline, the early development of tin mining occurred during the Spring and Autumn, Warring States (战国), and Qin-Han dynasties (秦汉), when significant tin production gained a substantial scale and influence. Notably, the Eastern Han historian and writer Ban Gu (班固) referenced tin mining in Ben Gu (贲古) and Wu Mountain (乌山) in his seminal work, Book of Han (《汉书》). This historical context indicates that the Heimajing area, specifically near the foot of Xingshan Longshu (新山龙树), was once a flourishing mining region.

The artifacts recovered include over 100 exquisite bronze utensils, weapons, coins, and iron triangular racks, which represent the transition between the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Noteworthy items, such as bronze figurine lamps from the 1990s and other artifacts like the Zhuque lamp (朱雀灯), teapot (提梁壶), and incense burner (聚宝盆香炉) found during this excavation, suggest that Heimajing served as a vital manufacturing center for the central government during that era. The tomb owner was likely an official involved in the supervisory aspects of production.

The region, historically under the jurisdiction of Yizhou Prefecture (益州郡), included Yongchang County (永昌县) and Ailao County (哀牢县), with Honghe Prefecture belonging to the Ailao Mountain (哀牢山) area. Under central governance, this area had a significant status, particularly in an era characterized by primitive transportation and economic conditions. The presence of such extensive casting workshops suggests that Heimajing played an important role in the early stages of industrial civilization in China and is recognized as one of the earliest centers of metallurgy.

Historical Origins of Heimajing Bronze Artifacts and Tin Culture

Tin culture represents a cultural phenomenon born out of tin production, creating a complex that embodies the industrial civilization, living environment, and spiritual life associated with tin mining, selection, and smelting processes. The excavation of the Heimajing Han Tomb supports the notion that Gejiu’s tin culture has deep historical roots. The craftsmanship in smelting and manufacturing techniques reached impressive levels, showcasing the apex of bronze culture.

During the Han Dynasty, a coin known as White Currency (白币) was minted, made from an alloy of silver and tin that circulated briefly. The surface of the bronze mirror discovered during this excavation contains chromium components that remain lustrous even after over 2,000 years, indicating that our ancestors not only mastered bronze alloy casting but also created silver-tin and nickel-chromium alloys. Analysis of the chemical compositions of numerous bronze artifacts reveals they were manufactured using suitable amounts of tin, and since substantial tin deposits were primarily found in Gejiu, it is likely that the tin used in bronze artifacts sourced from this region. Thus, Gejiu can be identified as the origin of “tin culture,” embodying the spirit of bronze culture. Today, tin culture continues to shape China’s industrial trajectory, and the longstanding tin tradition has established Gejiu as the famous “Tin Capital” (锡都).

Cultural Intersection of Tin Culture

Tin culture results from the fusion between Central Plains culture (中原文化) and border culture (边地文化). The Han culture (汉族文化) from the Central Plains and minority cultures from border areas have blended over time to form a cohesive identity in Gejiu. Artifacts such as the copper figurine lamps unearthed from the 1980s, showcasing distinctive facial features and attire, along with various forms of oral literature and legends from the Yinxian (阴山) and Yangshan (阳山) areas, illustrate this cultural interaction between Han and minority cultures in this region.

A particularly representative example is the Tang Dynasty (唐代) Dongjing music, still prevalent in Datun (大屯), Kafang, and other locales. Without the rich history of tin culture, the Tang music would not have been able to endure in this area. The continuity of these cultural phenomena is sustained by multiple factors: the political system, as Gejiu was part of Yizhou Prefecture (益州郡) under central governance; trade routes, such as the Wuchidao (五尺道), a vital passage since the Qin Dynasty; and military interactions, as the Sichuan Basin was under the control of the Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period, with Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮) leading military efforts to stabilize the Southern regions (南中) and strategically overcoming local leader Meng Huo (孟获). These historical connections underscore Gejiu’s early cultural and military exchanges with the inland regions.

Integrating History and Economy

The challenge lies in how to merge historical significance with tourism to support the modern economy. The tourism economy, regarded as a form of low-carbon economic development, is characterized by minimal investment and rapid returns, exemplifying both social and economic benefits—commonly referred to as a smoke-free industry. Presently, there is ongoing development in Gejiu’s tourism sector, and while skepticism exists, there is potential for growth. The core focus of tourism development should center on tin culture.

Tourism relies on two main pillars: natural scenery and cultural heritage. The creation of these attractions represents the essence of tourism. Gejiu, with its perpetually spring-like climate and rich tin cultural heritage, must prioritize the development of tourism centered on tin culture.

Currently, the site of the Heimajing Han Tomb lacks adequate preservation conditions. It is proposed that the unearthed Han tombs be restored to the summit of Laoyin Mountain (老阴山) to establish a dedicated Han tomb tourism area, harmonizing with the existing Baohua Temple (宝华寺) upper courtyard, thus creating a unified tourism product that merges Buddhist culture with the heritage of ancient industrial civilization.

Furthermore, leveraging scenic attractions is essential for tourism growth. Gejiu should be positioned as a central hub, connecting to nearby county and city tourist sites—such as border tourism in Hekou (河口), sightseeing at the Yuanyang Hani Rice Terraces (元阳哈尼梯田), cultural exploration at the Jianshui Confucius Temple (建水孔庙), and historical visits to the Zhu Family Garden (朱家花园). Integrating these resources into Gejiu’s tourism strategy would invigorate the industry and foster a vibrant sector amid economic transformation.

How to Get There

To reach the Heimajing Tomb of Han Dynasty in Gejiu City, visitors can take a bus or drive from the Gejiu city center. The journey typically lasts around 30-40 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to explore the site is during spring and autumn, when the weather is mild and pleasant.
• Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enhance your experience by providing deeper insights into the historical significance of the artifacts and the culture of the area.
• Respect Preservation: Visitors should be mindful of the site’s preservation efforts and avoid disturbing any excavated areas.
• Pack Essentials: It’s advisable to bring water, snacks, and sunscreen, especially if planning to explore the surrounding natural scenery.

Overview

The Maludong Paleolithic Site is a significant archaeological location situated at the foothills of Huangjiashan (黄家山), approximately 7 kilometers south of Mengzi County (蒙自县). This site is classified as a Paleolithic cave, holding crucial evidence of early human life in the region.

Historical Significance

The cave was discovered in 1989 during a local quarrying operation. Initial excavations revealed a wealth of cultural artifacts, including human skulls, teeth fossils, stone tools, and bone implements. Notably, evidence of fire usage was found, with layers of ash and charcoal, indicating that humans inhabited this site around 10,000 years ago. In recognition of its archaeological importance, the site was designated as a cultural heritage protection unit by Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in 1991.

During the Paleolithic era, the landscape of the Mengzi Basin (蒙自坝) was vastly different, featuring a large, shimmering lake that supported a diverse ecosystem rich in marine flora and fauna. The surrounding primordial forests provided ample resources, creating a suitable habitat for early human settlers.

Archaeological Findings

The Maludong site is characterized by its cave entrance, which faces east and measures 8.2 meters in width, 9.5 meters in height, and 3 meters in depth. The entrance is approximately 15 meters above the ancient lake level, opening toward the southwest. Radiocarbon dating conducted by the Yunnan Seismological Bureau (云南省地震局) confirms that the site dates back to the Late Paleolithic period, over 10,000 years ago.

Artifacts Discovered

1. Human Fossils: Included skulls, jaws, femurs, and teeth, with a particularly notable complete skull fossil.
2. Stone Tools: Various implements indicative of hunting and gathering activities.
3. Bone Artifacts: Items made from animal bones, reflecting the diet and lifestyle of the inhabitants.
4. Ash and Charcoal: Evidence of fire usage, suggesting that these early humans had mastered cooking and possibly tool-making techniques.

The significant presence of deer bones among the artifacts indicates that these ancient inhabitants relied heavily on hunting large game, leading to the cave’s name, “Maludong” (马鹿洞), which translates to “Deer Cave.”

Importance of the Findings

The archaeological discoveries at Maludong are vital in understanding the early human presence in Yunnan Province. They provide concrete evidence that humans occupied this region more than 10,000 years ago, contributing to the broader narrative of human evolution and migration in East Asia. This site plays a crucial role in filling gaps in the archaeological record of the Honghe Valley, showcasing the region’s rich historical heritage.

Archaeological Impact

The Maludong site is one of the best-preserved ancient human habitation sites in Yunnan, shedding light on the lifestyle, diet, and social structure of early humans in the area. The findings have pushed back the recorded history of Mengzi by over 10,000 years, establishing the region’s significance in the development of human civilization.

Protection Status

Following the completion of excavations in 1989, the Maludong site was refilled to preserve its integrity. The designated protection area encompasses:

• East: 130 meters to the rear canal
• West: 72 meters to the main road
• South: 120 meters to Boundary Marker No. 5
• North: 100 meters to the quarry road

The total protected area measures 44,440 square meters. A monument marking the “Maludong Site” stands at the foot of Huangjiashan, serving as a reminder of its historical significance.

How to Get There

To visit the Maludong Paleolithic Site:

1. Travel to Mengzi City: You can reach Mengzi from Kunming (昆明) by bus or train. The journey typically takes around 3 to 4 hours.
2. Local Transport: From Mengzi, take a taxi or use local public transport to get to Huangjiashan, where the site is located. Ensure you confirm the driver knows the destination, as it may not be well-marked.

Travel Tips

• Timing: Plan your visit during daylight hours for optimal visibility and safety.
• Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for walking, as the terrain may be uneven and require some hiking.
• Supplies: Bring water and snacks, as facilities near the site may be limited.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the site’s history and the significance of the artifacts discovered.
• Photography: Capture the natural beauty of the area, but be respectful of archaeological regulations regarding photography of the site.
• Respect the Site: Follow all guidelines and respect the protected status of the site to preserve its integrity for future generations.

Location and Historical Background

Majie Confucius Temple is located in Majie Village (马街村), Xiaolongtan Town (小龙潭镇), Kaiyuan City (开远市), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州). The temple was originally built during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) under the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆), and it underwent renovations during the Guangxu period (光绪). Covering an area of over 4,000 square meters (4000 m²), the temple complex includes several significant buildings.

Architectural Features

The temple is composed of several key structures, including the Dacheng Gate (大成门), Dacheng Hall (大成殿), and the two wings known as Xuehai (学海). The courtyard is adorned with ancient cypress trees that provide a cool, shaded environment. In 1983, Majie Confucius Temple was designated as a cultural heritage protection site by Kaiyuan City.

Significance of Confucius

Confucius (孔子), born Qiu (丘) in 551 BC and passing in 479 BC, was a philosopher, educator, and politician from the State of Lu (鲁国), in present-day Qufu (曲阜), Shandong Province (山东). He is recognized as the founder of Confucianism, which has significantly influenced Chinese history and culture, as well as having a profound impact worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. Confucius’s ancestor, Wei Zi Qi (微子启), was a younger brother of King Zhou (纣王) of the Shang Dynasty (商朝) and was granted the fief of Song. The sixth-generation ancestor Kong Fu Jia (孔父嘉) adopted the surname Kong (孔), and the fifth-generation ancestor Mu Jin Fu (木金父) fled to the State of Lu, where the family eventually settled.

Xiaolongtan Town Overview

Xiaolongtan Town is located in the northwest of Kaiyuan City and serves as a hub for transportation, electricity, and coal energy. It borders Chake Town (岔科镇) to the northwest, Xunjiansi Town (巡检司镇) and Pengpu Town (朋普镇) to the northeast, and is adjacent to Lebaidao Office (乐百道办事处) in the east and Lingquan Office (灵泉办事处) in the south. The town covers a total area of 179.44 square kilometers, accounting for 9.06% of Kaiyuan City’s total area, ranking fifth among the eight townships in the city. It administers six village committees, one community committee, 46 natural villages, and 62 village groups.

How to Get There

To reach Majie Confucius Temple, take a bus from Kunming (昆明) to Kaiyuan City. Once in Kaiyuan, you can hire a local taxi or use public transportation to Xiaolongtan Town. The temple is a short walk from the town center.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays for a quieter experience.
• Dress respectfully when visiting the temple.
• Bring water and snacks, as there may be limited options nearby.
• Explore the surrounding area to appreciate the local culture and scenery.

Overview

The Tomb of Chen Xubai石屏县陈虚白墓 is located in Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It sits southwest of Heilangpo (黑龙坡), about 1 kilometer west of Shiping County town, facing south. The tomb is constructed with blue stone, standing 1.6 meters tall, with a mound diameter of 8 meters.

• Chinese Name: 陈虚白墓
• Location: Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Material: Blue Stone (青石)
• Height: 1.6 meters

Tombstone Details

The tomb features a qu fortress-style blue stone stele, which is 1.8 meters high, 70 centimeters wide, and 20 centimeters thick. The inscription on the stele is written in regular script. The central text reads:
“明赐进士出身中宪大夫予告广西按察使司副使虚白陈公墓”
(This translates to: “The grave of Chen Xubai, granted the title of Jinshi, a former Zhongxian Grandee and Deputy Commissioner of Guangxi.”)
This stele was erected on the twenty-fifth day of the twelfth month in the third year of the Chongzhen era (崇祯三年, 1630) and was rebuilt in the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十四年, 1898). It was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Shiping County in 1983.

Biography of Chen Xubai

Chen Xubai (陈虚白), whose courtesy name was Jian (鉴), was a native of Shiping County. He was granted the title of Jinshi in the twenty-sixth year of the Jiajing era (嘉靖二十六年, 1547) and initially served as a Langzhong in the Ministry of Justice. He later served as the Deputy Commissioner of Wuzhou, Guangxi. The “History of Shiping Prefecture” (《石屏州志》) records that Chen Xubai excelled in poetry and calligraphy but left no known works.

In the fifth year of the Tianqi era (天启五年, 1625), the earthen city of Shiping suffered from erosion and earthquakes. During this time, Chen Xubai returned to his hometown and advocated for the reconstruction of the city into a brick structure. His proposal gained the support of officials and local gentry, and he contributed 2,000 taels of silver to fund the construction.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Chen Xubai, start from Shiping County town and head west towards Heilangpo. The tomb is about 1 kilometer away and can be accessed by local roads. Public transportation options may include buses or taxis.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) for pleasant weather.
• Respect Local Customs: Show respect while visiting the tomb and observe any local practices.
• Photography: Feel free to take photos, but be mindful of privacy when photographing individuals.
• Local Cuisine: Explore nearby eateries for local specialties to enhance your travel experience.
• Hydration: Bring water, especially in warmer months, to stay refreshed during your visit.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for deeper insights into the history and cultural significance of the site.

Location and Construction

Changchun Pavilion is located at the foothills of Xishan (西山) in Zhengying Village (郑营村), Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇), Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was constructed in the 15th year of the Republic of China (民国15年, 1926) under the initiative of Chen Jun (陈钧), also known as Chen Heting (陈鹤亭).

Architectural Features

The pavilion is designed as a three-tiered building with a hip roof, facing south and built against the mountains. The first level features the main hall, with plum blossom-patterned windows. Visitors ascend to the second level via stone steps, which are flanked by covered corridors. Continuing up the stairs leads to the third level, where a plaque inscribed with “Round Sky High Suspended” (圆境高悬) hangs, written by the Jinshi (举人) Tu Rizhuo (涂日卓) during the Kangxi era (康熙).

From the heights of Changchun Pavilion, one can admire the beautiful views of Baoxiu Dam (宝秀坝) and Chiru Lake (赤瑞湖). Behind the pavilion is the Yu Huang Pavilion (玉皇阁), with the Ancestor Hall (祖师殿) and Guanyin Hall (观音殿) flanking either side. Lush trees and blooming flowers adorn the halls, and both pavilions are nestled within tranquil bamboo groves, providing a peaceful retreat.

Changchun Pavilion is uniquely characterized by its Japanese architectural style. It is situated deep within the mountains, away from worldly distractions, and features an elegant environment with a fresh and minimalist architectural style.

How to Get There

To reach Changchun Pavilion, you can take a bus from Kunming (昆明) to Shiping County. Once in Shiping, hire a local taxi or use a ride-hailing service to get to Baoxiu Town. The pavilion is a short hike from the town center.

Travel Tips

• Visit early in the morning to enjoy the serene atmosphere and avoid crowds.
• Wear comfortable shoes for the hike up to the pavilion.
• Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and architectural details.
• Check local weather conditions to ensure a pleasant visit, as the area can be misty.

Overview

Zhenjiangwang Temple is situated in Liupeng Village (六蓬村), Wuwan Township (乌湾乡), approximately 45 kilometers north of Yuanyang County (元阳县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). This temple has been an essential transportation hub historically, facilitating movement across the Red River (红河) between its northern and southern banks.

The temple was constructed during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty (清嘉庆, 1796-1820) and is built entirely from stone slabs. Its dimensions are 5 meters wide, 4 meters deep, and 2.5 meters high. The roof features an ornate peak, while inside, a stone tablet measuring 1.3 meters tall and 0.65 meters wide displays relief sculptures of mythical battles. Stone tables on either side hold 0.70-meter tall stone carvings of Guanyin (观音). A tall stone incense burner stands outside, allowing visitors to pray.

In 1991, the temple was officially designated a cultural relic protection unit in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture.

Historical Significance

Zhenjiangwang Temple was founded in the third year of the Jiaqing era (1798) and is located on the southern bank of the Hong River near the ferry crossing in Liupeng Village. It was built to appease the flooding of the Yuan River (元江) and serves as a religious site. As a key cultural relic at the prefectural level, the temple is 3 meters high, 4.8 meters wide, and 3.15 meters deep, encompassing a total area of 16.08 square meters. The exterior is rectangular, topped with a stone-carved gourd-shaped bottle, constructed from yellow and white stone slabs. Inside, the height reaches 2.2 meters, and the width is 2.6 meters, featuring an arched ceiling and a stone altar depicting a battle scene between Zhenjiangwang and a water monster. The stone carving measures 1.7 meters tall, 0.72 meters wide, and 0.11 meters thick.

Cultural and Architectural Importance

Currently, Zhenjiangwang Temple is a gathering place for the local Dai (傣族) community to hold temple fairs honoring Zhenjiangwang. The temple’s statues have significant historical and artistic value, and the location itself was once a vital transportation route for traders and migrating ethnic groups. The architecture reflects the water management and transportation practices of the Qing Dynasty, as well as local religious customs, featuring unique designs not found in other regions, thereby enhancing its cultural significance.

To safeguard this precious historical site during the construction of the Nansha Hydropower Station (南沙水电站), the temple was relocated and preserved between May and September 2007. This relocation was successful and passed inspection by experts from the provincial cultural relic bureau.

Geographic and Climatic Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southern Yunnan plateau, showcasing diverse geomorphology, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, plains, and hills. The region has significant elevation differences and complex terrain, characterized by abundant rainfall and ample sunlight. The area experiences a small annual temperature variation, resulting in a humid climate primarily classified as a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

The Tropic of Cancer (北回归线) traverses the region, leading to an increase in temperature and humidity from north to south. The rainy season is concentrated between May and October, while frost occurs from late November to the following January and February. For optimal travel conditions, visitors should plan trips for March to April or September to November, when the climate is mild and rainfall is less frequent.

How to Get There

To reach Zhenjiangwang Temple, travelers can take a bus or drive from Kunming (昆明) to Yuanyang County (元阳县). The temple is about a 1.5 to 2-hour drive from the county center. Local transportation options, such as taxis or shared vehicles, are available for the final leg of the journey to Wuwan Township.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March to April or September to November offers the most pleasant weather, avoiding the rainy season.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local traditions during temple fairs and religious ceremonies; dress modestly and observe etiquette.
• Transportation: Public transport is available, but renting a vehicle can provide greater flexibility to explore the surrounding area.
• Photography: Capture the unique architectural features and vibrant local culture, but always ask for permission before photographing individuals.
• Stay Hydrated: Due to the region’s humid climate, ensure you drink plenty of water during your visit.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other cultural and natural sites in the Honghe Prefecture to enrich your travel experience.

Overview

Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve (金平分水岭国家级自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Jinping County (金平县), Honghe (红河) Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省), China. The reserve covers a total area of 42,026.6 hectares and was upgraded to a national nature reserve on June 1, 2001. It aims to protect rare and endangered species such as the black gibbon (黑长臂猿) and honey monkey (蜂猴), as well as the forest ecosystem. The reserve is home to China’s largest and most intact primitive montane moss evergreen broadleaf forest, which plays a crucial role in forest and water source conservation.

Key Details

• Location: Jinping County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (云南省东南部金平县境内)
• Climate: Marginal tropical humid climate
• Area: 42,026.6 hectares
• Status: National Nature Reserve
• Protected Species: Black gibbon, honey monkey, etc.
• Type: Forest ecosystem protection area
• Approval Date: March 20, 1986
• Approval Document: National Office Document [2001] No. 45

Historical Development

• December 11, 1956: The Dawaishan Forest Area was designated as a logging prohibition zone.
• 1959: Establishment of the Dawaishan Forest Farm.
• October 10, 1958: The Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Area was included in Yunnan Province’s nature reserve planning.
• 1959: The establishment of Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Farm.
• November 6, 1981: The Fenshuiling Nature Reserve was included in the plan by the Yunnan Provincial Government to establish nature reserves.
• March 20, 1986: Official establishment of the Fenshuiling provincial nature reserve.
• June 2001: Approval from the State Council to establish the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve.

Geographic Environment

• Location: The reserve is situated in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县). The geographic coordinates are approximately 102°31′36” to 103°31′50” E and 22°26′26” to 22°57′44” N.

Topography

The highest peak in the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve is Hétóu Dàshān (河头大山), with an elevation of 2,597 meters, and the lowest elevation is 990 meters, giving a significant relative height difference of 2,084.3 meters.

Climate

The climate within the reserve is categorized as a marginal tropical humid climate. The elevation ranges from 105 meters to 3,074 meters. The Tropic of Cancer crosses through the area, leading to mild temperatures and abundant rainfall, with an average annual sunlight exposure of 2,000 hours and average annual temperatures ranging from 16 to 20°C. The reserve experiences a pronounced vertical climate gradient.

Hydrology

The reserve features a mountainous canyon landscape, with the Ailao Mountain Range (哀牢山脉) extending from north to south. This forms the natural watershed between the Hong River (红河) to the northeast and the Tengjiao River (藤条江) to the southwest. The area is characterized by deep canyons, with a relative height difference of 1,577 meters and an annual precipitation of 2,303 mm, making it one of the rainiest areas in southern Yunnan. Major rivers in the region include Mala River (骂腊河), Bai River (白河), and Jinping River (金平河).

Regional Scope

The reserve is divided into:

• Core Area: 32,378 hectares (57.5% of total area) with strict protection measures prohibiting human interference and destruction.
• Experimental Area: 23,947 hectares (52.5% of total area), which is further divided into a tourism sub-area covering 2,638 hectares (4.6% of total area). The experimental area allows for non-consumptive sustainable activities (e.g., educational practices, scientific research, ecological tourism) with prior approval.

Conservation Goals

Protected Species

The main conservation targets of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve include rare and endangered species like:

• Black Gibbon (黑长臂猿)
• Honey Monkey (蜂猴)

Plant Resources

As of 2001, the reserve had more than 700 species of higher plants across 140 families. Notable prehistoric plants and endemics, such as the primordial lotus fern (原始莲座蕨) and tree ferns, are present. The vegetation types primarily consist of:

• Monsoon Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Montane Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Alpine Shrubland

The complex terrain and vertical climate create a diverse ecosystem, with numerous wild tea trees found primarily at altitudes between 1,500-2,300 meters, with some estimated to be over 500 years old.

Animal Resources

The reserve is home to a diverse array of fauna from subtropical and tropical zones, including:

• Mammals: Commonly found species include primates, carnivores, ungulates, lagomorphs, and rodents.
• Birds: Numerous species from subfamilies like turdinae, cuculidae, estrildidae, ioridae, and railidae.

As of 2001, the reserve reported:

• Mammals: 120 species from 29 families across 9 orders, with 32 species classified as rare or endangered.
• Amphibians and Reptiles: 91 species
• Birds: 338 species, with 58 species listed as nationally protected.

Nationally Protected Species

• First-Class: Black Gibbon, Honey Monkey, Peacock Pheasant, Giant Monitor Lizard, Python
• Second-Class: Pangolin, Black Bear, Water Deer, Large Civet, White Pheasant

Management Measures

Current Management Status

The wild tea trees in the reserve face varying degrees of damage. The Jinping County Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Jinping Forestry Bureau, and Forest Public Security Bureau work together to patrol and monitor key routes within the reserve. Since March 2007, over 1,000 personnel and 80 vehicles have been deployed, resulting in 700 penalties issued to offenders. The reserve administrators are committed to enhancing management efforts and protecting wild tea trees in accordance with local government directives.

Management Structure

The management bureau of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve consists of several departments, including:

• Office
• Protection and Education Division
• Research Division
• Community Management and Multi-Operation Division
• Forest Police Division

It has four protection stations and eight management points.

Protective Measures

1. Development of management plans and ecological tourism plans.
2. Training programs to enhance staff capabilities since 1996, with 62 personnel trained in relevant natural reserve management.
3. Establishment of a monitoring and patrol system, divided into 16 patrol lines totaling 239 km.
4. Segregation of the reserve into core and experimental zones based on relevant regulations.
5. Community co-management initiatives to improve local livelihoods and conservation awareness.

How to Get There

To reach Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve, visitors can travel to Jinping County by road or train from major cities in Yunnan Province, such as Kunming (昆明). The reserve is approximately a 3-hour drive from Kunming.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit the reserve is from April to October when the weather is pleasant and conducive for outdoor activities.
• Permits: Ensure to obtain necessary permits for entry, especially if planning to engage in research or tourism activities.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to explore the reserve and gain insights from local experts.
• Respect Wildlife: Follow all conservation guidelines to protect the unique flora and fauna within the reserve.

Overview

Jinzidong Cave and Cliff Painting (金子洞坡崖画) is located 70 kilometers southwest of Mile City (弥勒市) along the eastern bank of the Nanpan River (南盘江), at an elevation of 1,700 meters. Discovered in May 1985, the ancient cliff painting measures 8 meters in length and 3 meters in height.

Location and Elevation

• Elevation: 1,700 m
• Discovery Date: May 1985
• Location: 70 kilometers southwest of Mile City, eastern bank of the Nanpan River

Description

The cliff painting has suffered significant damage but still reveals 66 human figures and 17 Yi characters (彝族文字), all depicted in red. The pigments were made from hematite powder mixed with animal blood or fat. The artwork likely reflects ancient Yi people’s reverence for nature and their ancestors. The historical dating of the cliff painting is estimated to be over a thousand years, possibly dating back to the Tang (唐) or Song (宋) dynasties, or even earlier. In 1988, it was designated as a protected cultural site in Mile County.

Geological Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, featuring diverse landscapes such as limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, and hills. The region experiences ample precipitation and mild temperature variations, typical of a subtropical highland monsoon climate.

Travel Seasons

Due to the climate, it is advisable to avoid traveling during the rainy and hot summer and autumn months (May-October). The best times to visit are from March to April and September to November, when the weather is milder and rainfall is less frequent.

Local Legends

In the nearby Duijia Village (独家村), there are tales that the cliff may hide treasures. According to local lore, deciphering the inscriptions on the rock wall could lead one to hidden gold.

Cultural Insights

The local elderly, known as “Azhers” (阿者), regard the Jinzidong site as auspicious. They believe that ancient people hid gold within the cave. The cliff painting is perceived as sacred, with a belief that disturbing it would bring misfortune to families.

Other Cliff Paintings in Mile

Mile City boasts four ancient cliff paintings:

• Jinzidong Cave Cliff Painting (金子洞坡崖画)
• Tiger Mountain Cliff Painting (老虎山崖画)
• Lion Mountain Cliff Painting (狮子山崖画)
• Dove Rock Cliff Painting (斑鸠岩崖画)

Artistic and Historical Significance

The Jinzidong cliff painting depicts various scenes of ancient Yi celebrations, possibly relating to natural phenomena or ancestral worship. The artwork’s themes resonate with local myths, such as the story of the hero who shot down suns to save the earth.

Artistic Analysis

The painting consists of various human figures engaged in dances or performances, with a distinct style characterized by simplicity and vitality.

How to Get There

To reach Jinzidong Cave and Cliff Painting:

1. Travel to Mile City via bus or car.
2. Head towards Xunjiansi Town (巡检司镇) and follow local roads to Duijia Village (独家村).
3. Expect limited public transport options; a private vehicle may be more convenient.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March-April or September-November for optimal weather.
• Local Culture: Engage with local legends and customs; be respectful of cultural beliefs surrounding the cliff paintings.
• Preparation: Bring water and snacks as amenities may be limited near the site. Ensure to have a reliable map or GPS as signage may be scarce.

Overview

The Ancestral Hall of the Zheng Family (郑氏宗祠) is located in the southeastern part of Zhengying Village (郑营村), Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇), Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was built in the 13th year of the Guangxu era (光绪) during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1887.

• Chinese Name: 郑氏宗祠
• Location: Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Construction Year: 1887
• Area: 1452.61 m²
• Protection Level: Seventh batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

Architectural Features

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall has a main axis oriented north-south, covering a total area of 1452.61 square meters with a total construction area of 1481 square meters. The structure is built with wood and stone, featuring single-eaved hard mountain roofs, a combination of beam-column and purlin structures. The layout includes three courtyards consisting of the front hall, middle hall, main hall, ear rooms, and side rooms, containing a total of 40 rooms, all designed with hard mountain roofs and wooden beam structures.

The meticulous selection of the site, orientation, planning, and architectural design reflects the grandeur of Ming and Qing architectural techniques and artistry. The hall’s structure is rigorous, holding significant value for the study of the development of historical culture.

Historical Timeline

• 1887: The Zheng Family rebuilt their ancestral hall.
• 1888: The hall was completed and has a history of over 100 years.
• 2013: A detailed survey of the 13 individual structures of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was conducted.
• 2014: The repair project of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was submitted for budget review by the National Cultural Heritage Administration.

Main Structures

Main Gate

The main gate of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is built on a platform that rises 77 centimeters, exemplifying typical Qing Dynasty palace architecture. The gate consists of two solid and sturdy doors made of cedar wood, with a pair of stone door pillows positioned in front.

Middle Hall

The middle hall is 12 meters wide, 10.6 meters deep, and 7 meters high. It features a semi-circular stairway with four steps in front. The ridge of the hall is inscribed with the characters “大清光绪十三年郑氏合族人等重建” (Rebuilt by the Zheng Clan in the 13th year of Guangxu, Qing Dynasty), showcasing elegant calligraphy. The interior contains three six-paneled cedar wood screen doors, ornately carved with patterns of rolling grass, plum blossoms, ancient objects, and lotus herons, reflecting the refined taste and decorative value of the Qing Dynasty.

Main Hall

The main hall is preceded by a platform-style courtyard, featuring ten carved floral brackets on the eaves. The decorative carvings include images of dragons, pomegranates, and toads, depicting intricate designs that showcase the artistic craftsmanship of ancient artisans.

Cultural Significance

The main gate features nine circular patterns carved on the eaves, including themes such as:

• White Elephant Rolling Lotus Leaf (白象卷荷叶): Symbolizes strength and harmony.
• Carp Leaping over the Dragon Gate (鲤鱼跃龙门): Represents success in examinations and honor for the family.
• Rhinoceros Gazing at the Moon (犀牛望月): Symbolizes aspiration and pursuit of dreams.
• Monkey Picking Peaches (猴子摘桃): Reflects strong family ties and communal living.
• Kirin Bringing Good Fortune (麒麟呈祥): A mythical creature symbolizing power and divine assistance.

These motifs emphasize the careful craftsmanship of ancient artisans, showcasing their dedication to detail and artistic excellence.

Cultural Heritage Protection

On March 5, 2013, the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was announced by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China as part of the seventh batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units.

Travel Information

Geographic Location

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is situated in the western section of Zhengying Village, Baoxiu Town, Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, close to the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (陈氏宗祠).

How to Get There

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is approximately 12 kilometers from the Shiping County People’s Government, which can be reached by car in about 25 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Consider visiting during the spring (March-April) or autumn (September-November) when the weather is mild and rainfall is less frequent.
• Cultural Respect: When visiting ancestral halls, be respectful of the customs and traditions associated with these historical sites.
• Photography: Be sure to ask permission if you wish to take photographs of any ceremonies or inside the halls.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to taste local delicacies in Shiping County, which may enhance your travel experience.

Overview

Naan Temple弥勒市那庵寺 is located 1 kilometer west of Ayang Village (阿阳村) in Zhuyuan Town (竹元镇), Mile City (弥勒市), in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The temple was originally built in the first year of the Shunzhi era (顺治元年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1644 and has undergone several renovations since its establishment.

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 那庵寺 (Naan Temple)
• Address: Zhuyuan Town (竹元镇), Mile City (弥勒市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Construction Year: 1644
• Area: 1,600 m²

Architectural Features

Naan Temple covers an area of 1,600 square meters and consists of a main hall, two side wings, and a grand entrance. The main hall features a single eave hip roof, with a width of 14.3 meters and a depth of 10.8 meters, built in a bracket-style structure. Surrounding the temple are lush green trees, gently flowing streams, and terraced fields. In a small ravine to the south, there is a waterfall cascading down, adding to the serene and tranquil atmosphere of the area.

Naan Temple is known for its historical and picturesque landscape in the Zhuyuan area, providing a refreshing and peaceful retreat. In 1983, it was designated as a cultural heritage site in Mile County (弥勒县).

Geographic and Climatic Context

Honghe Prefecture is situated in the southern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by diverse landforms including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The elevation variation is significant, leading to complex terrain. The region experiences abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a small temperature range throughout the year, primarily classified as a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the prefecture, temperatures and humidity levels increase from north to south, exhibiting a hot and humid characteristic. The rainy season in Honghe typically occurs from May to October, while the frost period lasts from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during March to April and September to November when the weather is milder and rainfall is less frequent.

How to Get There

To reach Naan Temple in Mile City:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive approximately 260 kilometers to Mile City, which takes about 4-5 hours.
• From Mile City: The temple is a short distance from the city center, easily accessible by local transportation or taxi.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal seasons to visit are spring (March to April) and autumn (September to November) to enjoy mild weather.
2. Respect the Site: As a historical and cultural site, visitors are encouraged to show respect and maintain a quiet demeanor.
3. Pack Essentials: Bring water and snacks, especially if you plan to explore the surrounding nature areas.
4. Photography: The temple and its surroundings offer stunning views, so don’t forget your camera.
5. Local Delicacies: After visiting the temple, try local dishes in Mile City to experience the region’s culinary culture.