Overview

The Tomb of Deng Xuexian is located about 1 kilometer south of Renjiapo (任家坡) in Xinan Village (新安所镇), Mengzi City (蒙自市), Honghe Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州). This circular enclosed earthen tomb stands 1 meter high and has a diameter of 3 meters. The gravestone is designed in the style of a stone archway, measuring 1.08 meters in height and 85 centimeters in width.

Historical Significance

• Chinese Name: 邓学先墓 (Tomb of Deng Xuexian)
• Birth Date: 1801
• Death Date: 1831
• Tomb Height: 1 meter
• Tomb Diameter: 3 meters

Deng Xuexian (邓学先) was born in 1801 and passed away in 1831. His courtesy name (字) was Dianyu (典于) and his art name (号) was Hongqiao (虹桥). He became a successful jinshi (举人) in the second year of the Daoguang era (道光二年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1822. Hongqiao was known for his poetic talents and literary works. His collection of poems, “Baohis Book House Poetry Collection” (《抱其书屋诗集》), was included in the “Yunnan Anthology” (《云南丛书》). Later generations compiled his works into a volume titled “Supplement to the Lost Poems of Hongqiao” (《虹桥遗诗补》). In 1983, the tomb was designated as a cultural heritage site in Mengzi County.

Architectural Features

The tomb features:

• A circular design with surrounding stones.
• An earthen burial mound.
• An archway-style gravestone that stands out for its elegant design.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Deng Xuexian in Mengzi City:

• From Kunming (昆明): You can take a bus or drive, covering approximately 280 kilometers. The journey typically takes around 4-5 hours.
• From Mengzi City: The tomb is just a short drive from the city center. You can use local transportation options or take a taxi.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) for comfortable weather.
2. Respect Local Customs: As a site of historical significance, visitors are encouraged to maintain a respectful demeanor.
3. Plan Ahead: Consider checking the local weather forecast and plan your visit accordingly, as conditions can change.
4. Guided Tours: If you’re interested in learning more about the history of Deng Xuexian and the significance of the tomb, consider joining a guided tour.
5. Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local delicacies in Mengzi City after your visit to the tomb.

Overview

Xishan Pavilion, located within Xishan Park (西山公园) in Yisa Town (迤萨镇), Honghe County (红河县), was built in the tenth year of the Tongzhi era (同治十年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) (1871). The pavilion stands approximately 10 meters tall and covers an area of about 106 square meters. It features a wooden structure, a heavy eave, a curled roof, hexagonal flying eaves, and dougong brackets (斗拱) with soaring beams. The four walls have circular windows and the pavilion includes passageways with rounded doors on the east and west, surrounded by a winding corridor that is beautifully designed, novel, and quite spectacular. In 1983, Xishan Pavilion was designated as a cultural heritage site in Honghe County.

Location and Geographical Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated in the southern part of Yunnan Province (云南省) on the Yungui Plateau (云贵高原). The region features diverse topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basin areas, and hills, with significant elevation changes. The area experiences ample rainfall and abundant sunlight, with a small temperature variation throughout the year. The climate is predominantly a subtropical highland monsoon climate.

• Chinese Name: 迤萨西山阁 (Xishan Pavilion)
• Geographical Location: 红河县迤萨镇西山公园 (Xishan Park, Yisa Town, Honghe County)
• Area: 106 m²
• Height: Approximately 10 meters

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the prefecture, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, resulting in a humid and hot climate. The rainy season in Honghe Prefecture occurs mainly from May to October, while the frost period lasts from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, when traveling to Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, it is best to avoid the hot and rainy summer and autumn months, with optimal travel times being March to April and September to November when the weather is milder and rainfall is lower.

Architectural Features

The pavilion is characterized by its wooden structure with:

• Heavy eaves and a curled roof.
• Hexagonal flying eaves.
• Beautifully designed circular windows in all four walls.
• Winding corridors that enhance the visual appeal of the pavilion.

Opening Hours

• Daily: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM

Scenic Spot Location

• Address: 654401, Yisa Town, Honghe County, Yunnan Province (云南省红河县迤萨镇654401)

How to Get There

To reach Xishan Pavilion in Honghe County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive, covering approximately 280 kilometers.
• From Mengzi City (蒙自市): The distance is about 115 kilometers, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Plan your trip during March to April or September to November for more pleasant weather conditions.
2. Local Culture: Respect local customs and traditions while visiting the pavilion and surrounding areas.
3. Transportation: Public buses connect Yisa Town with nearby towns. Renting a bicycle or using local transportation is advisable for further exploration.
4. Accommodation: Consider booking your stay in advance, as lodging options may be limited. Staying in Honghe County offers more choices.
5. Environmental Awareness: Help preserve the beauty of Xishan Pavilion and its surroundings by disposing of waste properly and respecting the natural environment.

Overview of Chirui Lake

Chirui Lake, located south of Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇) in Shiping County (石屏县), Yunnan Province (云南省), sits at an altitude of 1,427.5 meters. Originally named West Lake (西湖), it was renamed Chirui Lake in the 52nd year of the Kangxi era (康熙五十二年, 1713) due to its striking red color resembling cinnabar (丹砂) observed for over a month.

• Chinese Name: 赤瑞湖
• Foreign Name: Chirui Lake (Chek Swiss Lake)
• Elevation: 1,427.5 m
• Original Name: 西湖 (West Lake)
• Area: Approximately 24.5 square li (平方里)
• Renamed: 赤瑞湖 (Chirui Lake) during the Kangxi era
• Water Storage: 10 million cubic meters

Introduction to the Lake

Chirui Lake is a natural plateau lake with an area of approximately 24.5 square li, which was reduced to 8 square kilometers by 1950 and currently holds a water capacity of 10 million cubic meters. The Duanxi River (端溪河) flows eastward into Yilong Lake (异龙湖). Presently, the lake area has shrunk to 589 acres. Historically, Chirui Lake has dried up twice. After a drought in 2010, the people of Shiping took the opportunity to rehabilitate the lake.

Historical Context

In the book Diary of Yunnan Travels: Panjiang Investigation (滇游日记一·盘江考), it is noted:

“I have seen the southern source of the Panjiang River (南盘江), and heard of a western source even farther, which flows southwest to Shiping Prefecture (石屏州). The water source originates from 40 miles west of Shiping, flowing into Baoxiu Mountain’s giant pond (即赤瑞湖), then southeast down to Shiping, merging into Yilong Lake…”

Changes in the Environment

A report from Yunnan Net (云南网) on March 10, 2010, states:

“From September 2009 to January 2010, the average temperature in Shiping County was 16.4°C, 1.1°C higher than the historical average for that period. Rainfall was abnormally low, with a total precipitation of only 84 mm during this period, 68% less than the historical average. The once shimmering Chirui Lake with fishing boats and soaring gulls is now completely dry, with cracked earth exposed at the bottom.”

Another report from Honghe Daily (红河日报) on March 13, 2010, mentions:

“Due to prolonged drought, Chirui Lake in Baoxiu Town has completely dried up, causing difficulties for over 10,000 villagers and hundreds of livestock in the area. The drought has impacted agriculture severely.”

The lake basin includes seven village committees with a population of 38,000. The drought has led to difficulties in water access for 14,155 people, 586 large livestock, and 36,300 poultry. Additionally, 2,465 acres of wheat and 816 acres of rapeseed have failed, while 2,800 acres of other economic crops are severely drought-affected. An estimated 7,158 acres of rice fields cannot be planted on time due to the lack of irrigation from Chirui Lake.

Renewal Efforts

Following the drought in 2010, the local authorities recognized the situation as a rare opportunity for lake restoration. The Honghe Prefectural Committee and government prioritized the issue, with directives issued to seize the moment for rehabilitation. The provincial government allocated 500,000 yuan in emergency funds, and relevant departments showed significant interest in the restoration efforts.

Yang Xiang (杨飏), the secretary of the Baoxiu Town Committee, expressed the local government’s concerns, stating:

“If we had sufficient funding, we could organize more excavators and transport vehicles to clear over 900,000 cubic meters of silt before the rainy season arrives. This could double the water storage capacity of Chirui Lake, addressing the water needs of 38,000 people and effectively regulating the water levels of Yilong Lake.”

Key Attractions

• Chirui Lake (赤瑞湖): A significant natural lake undergoing restoration efforts.
• Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇): The town adjacent to Chirui Lake, serving as a gateway to the lake.

How to Get There

To reach Chirui Lake in Shiping County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive, covering approximately 241 kilometers.
• From Mengzi (蒙自): The distance is about 149 kilometers, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploring the area.
2. Local Culture: Be respectful of local customs and traditions while visiting. Engage with the community to learn more about their efforts in lake restoration.
3. Transportation: Public buses connect Baoxiu Town with nearby towns. Renting a bike or using local transportation is recommended for further exploration.
4. Accommodation: Plan your stay in advance, as lodging options may be limited. Consider staying in Shiping County for more choices.
5. Environmental Awareness: Help maintain the cleanliness of Chirui Lake and its surroundings by disposing of waste properly and respecting nature.

Overview of Zhutian Temple

Zhutian Temple, located on East Zheng Street (东正街) in Yilong Town (异龙镇), Shiping County (石屏县), was originally established during the Yuan Dynasty (元代) and has undergone several renovations since then. Currently, the temple is home to the Main Hall of Great Hero (大雄宝殿), which faces east. The hall features a double-eaved pointed roof, measuring 12.9 meters wide, 11.5 meters deep, and over 10 meters high.

Yilong Town (异龙镇)

Yilong Town is composed of three townships: the original Yilong Town, Maohe Town (冒合镇), and Tao Village (陶村镇). It is situated in the central urban area of Shiping County, at the intersection of urban and rural regions. The town is located between longitudes 102°17′—102°37′ E and latitudes 23°29′—23°47′ N. It borders Baxin Town (坝心镇) to the east, connects with Niujie Town (牛街镇) to the south, is adjacent to Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇) to the west, and shares a boundary with Xinchang Town (新城乡) to the north.

Yilong Town is approximately 241 kilometers from the provincial capital, Kunming (昆明), and 149 kilometers from the prefectural capital, Mengzi County (蒙自县). The town stretches 23 kilometers from east to west and 24.2 kilometers from north to south.

Zhutian Temple, situated in Yilong Town, is recognized as an important Buddhist cultural heritage site, with a vibrant atmosphere of devotion and numerous followers. The architectural style of the Main Hall of Great Hero is unique and majestic, showcasing the depth and richness of Buddhist culture. Visitors to the temple can experience a strong religious ambiance, listen to the chants of monks, purify their hearts, and seek inner peace.

Key Attractions

• Zhutian Temple (诸天寺): A significant Buddhist site featuring the Main Hall of Great Hero.
• Yilong Town (异龙镇): A town that combines urban and rural elements with cultural heritage.

How to Get There

To reach Zhutian Temple in Shiping County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive along the highway, covering a distance of approximately 241 kilometers.
• From Mengzi (蒙自): The journey is about 149 kilometers by road, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The temple is open year-round, but visiting during the spring or autumn offers pleasant weather and fewer crowds.
2. Local Culture: Respect the religious practices and customs while visiting the temple. Dress modestly and observe the silence within the prayer areas.
3. Transportation: Public buses frequently connect Yilong Town with major nearby towns. Consider renting a bike or using local transportation to explore the area further.
4. Accommodation: Plan your stay in advance, as nearby lodging options may be limited. Consider staying in Shiping County for more choices.
5. Respect the Environment: Maintain cleanliness around the temple and in surrounding areas to preserve the site’s beauty for future visitors.

Overview of Sanjiao Palace

The Sanjiao Palace (三教殿) is located at the foot of Xilongtan (西龙潭) in the western part of Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province. It is named after the three deities enshrined within: Guanyin (观音), Zhenwu (真武祖师), and Wenchang Dijun (文昌帝君). The building covers an area of 116 square meters.

Historical Background

Originally built during the Ming Dynasty (明代), the palace was initially known as Guanyin Temple (观音寺). It was destroyed during the turmoil of the Xianfeng Era (咸丰) in 1856. Reconstruction began with donations from officials and the public between 1898 and 1928. The architecture follows the slope of Longtan and is aligned along the central axis from west to east. The entire complex includes the main hall, middle hall, lower hall, two wings, and two symmetrical hexagonal pavilions, covering an area of 1900 square meters.

Architectural Features

The main hall features a single-eave hard hill roof with a wooden beam structure, measuring 13.5 meters long, 8 meters wide, and 9.6 meters high. The ceiling is adorned with elegant watercolor paintings of fruits, bamboo, and orchids. The side rooms, built in a two-story wooden structure, measure 10.7 meters long and 6.7 meters wide, standing at 8.5 meters high. Historically, the north wing housed statues of Mu Guiying (穆桂英) and other deities, symbolizing protection against autumn frosts.

The middle hall originally housed statues of Guanyin, Manjushri (文殊), and Samantabhadra (普贤), but these were destroyed in 1931. It was later renamed Caishen Hall (财神殿) after new statues of Earth Mother and the God of Wealth were added. The hexagonal pavilion, constructed in traditional wooden style, stands approximately 9 meters tall.

Recent Renovations

In 1994, community funding led to significant renovations, replacing decayed wooden columns with brick columns. By 1997, further improvements included the roof’s redesign and the replacement of grey tiles with yellow glazed tiles. In April 2004, additional decorative work was done, altering some historical aspects of the building.

Xilongtan Pool

Xilongtan (西龙潭), also known as West Dragon Pool, is located at the foot of Longtan Hill (龙潭坡), measuring over 20 meters in length and 10 meters in width, with a total area exceeding 200 square meters. Surrounded by stone walls, the back wall stands 5 meters high and is inscribed with the phrase “水不在深” (The depth of water is not what matters) by Wu Xizhong (吴锡忠), a renowned calligrapher from Yunnan during the late Qing Dynasty.

Natural Beauty and Cultural Significance

The springs flow from both sides of the pool, providing clear, sweet water year-round, with fish swimming and ancient trees leaning nearby. The water is considered a blessing, and locals often use it for making tea. Historically, this spring irrigated large fields outside the city, demonstrating its importance as an ancient irrigation facility.

Historical Poets and Cultural Reflections

During the Ming Dynasty, local poets like Wang Tingbiao (王庭表) wrote poems celebrating the beauty of the area, capturing the essence of their experiences and the enchanting landscape. For example, in his poem “游观音诗·答杨用修留别,” he expressed:

“太平风物在南州，鹤舞春郊与客游。 气象欲干千缕笔，逍遥还听白云讴。”

Current Usage

Today, the Sanjiao Palace continues to serve as a multi-deity temple. It houses numerous statues of various deities including the Dragon King, God of Wealth, Earth Mother, and others, reflecting the rich cultural tapestry of Chinese religious practices.

How to Get There

To reach Xilongtan Pool and Sanjiao Palace in Kaiyuan City, you can take a bus or drive from nearby cities like Kunming (昆明). The journey typically takes about 2-3 hours by car, depending on traffic conditions. Local buses frequently operate from the city center.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during the months of March-April and September-November when the weather is mild and rainfall is minimal.
• Cultural Etiquette: When visiting temples, dress modestly and show respect during prayers. Photography may be restricted in certain areas, so always ask for permission.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss trying local dishes, especially those made with fresh ingredients from the area. Enjoy tea brewed with the pure spring water for a unique experience.
• Weather Considerations: The region experiences a subtropical plateau monsoon climate, so be prepared for varying weather conditions, particularly in the rainy season from May to October.

Overview

The Rainbow Creek Stone Arch (虹溪石牌坊) is located in the central section of Dongmen Street (东门街) in Hongxi Town (虹溪镇), Mile County (弥勒县). Constructed from bluestone, the arch measures 10 meters in height and 6 meters in width, covering an area of 64 square meters. It was built in the 26th year of the Guangxu reign (光绪) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), specifically in the year 1900.

Architectural Features

The archway features a three-tiered eave structure and is supported by four pillars. At the base of the pillars, there are four pairs of stone-carved lions facing each other. The ends of the stone ridge are adorned with eight opposing stone carvings of mythical creatures. Centrally located at the top of the arch is a hollowed-out stone plaque featuring a dragon, inscribed with the characters “圣旨旌表” (Proclamation of Imperial Edict). Below this is a horizontal plaque with the inscription “三代一品封典” (The Three Generations of First-Class Titles).

On either side of the platform base, there are seven-levels of inclined walkways, and three couplets are displayed on the vertical pillars. The arch was commissioned by Wang Zhi (王炽), a prominent local merchant and benefactor known for his loyalty to the Qing court, which earned him imperial recognition. Wang was also noted for his charitable deeds in the community, earning him a reputation as “乐善好施” (a kind and generous person).

Cultural and Historical Significance

The stone arch is intricately carved and possesses significant artistic value. It was recognized as a provincial cultural heritage site in December 2003 and was previously listed as a protected unit in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in 1983.

The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is situated in the southern Yunnan (云南) region of the Yungui Plateau (云贵高原), characterized by its diverse topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, plains, and hills. The region experiences a significant elevation difference and complex terrain, resulting in abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a mild annual temperature range. The climate is predominantly humid subtropical with monsoonal influences.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer (北回归线) passing through the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south. The rainy season in Honghe is concentrated from May to October, with frost periods occurring from late November to January and February of the following year. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during the mild, less rainy months of March to April and September to November, avoiding the hot, rainy summer and autumn.

How to Get There

To reach the Rainbow Creek Stone Arch:

1. By Car: Drive to Mile City (弥勒市) and follow signs to Hongxi Town (虹溪镇). The arch is located on Dongmen Street (东门街) in the town center.
2. Public Transport: Buses regularly operate from major cities in Yunnan to Mile City. Once in Mile City, local transport options can take you to Hongxi Town.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March to April and September to November for comfortable weather.
• Respect Local Culture: Be mindful of local customs and the significance of the site.
• Photography: The intricate carvings and architecture provide excellent opportunities for photography.
• Stay Hydrated: Bring water, especially if visiting during warmer months, as the area can be humid.

Overview

The Mengman Ancient Road (蒙蛮古道) is an ancient transportation route from southern Yunnan (云南) to Vietnam (越南). From 1890 to 1909, it was a peak period for the Mengzi (蒙自) mule caravan, with remnants of hoofprints still visible along the road.

• Total Length: 210 kilometers
• Width: 1.2 to 2.2 meters
• Category: Ancient transportation route

The Mengman Ancient Road (from Mengzi to Gejiu City (个旧市) to Manhao (曼耗)) extends approximately 210 kilometers, entering Vietnam through Manhao and Jinping (金平). The Mengzi section is about 60 kilometers long. The road, paved with stone, varies in width from 1.2 to 2.2 meters and features notable landmarks such as Liangshui Well (凉水井), cold springs (冷泉), rice fields (水田), and former postal stations.

Historical Significance

The Mengman Ancient Road is essentially a segment of the Tea-Horse Road (茶马古道). During the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清), Pu’er tea (普洱茶) produced in the Six Great Tea Mountains (六大茶山) of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) was distributed through various routes, including this ancient road.

These routes facilitated trade by connecting Pu’er (普洱) to various destinations:

• North to Heqing (鹤庆) and into Tibet (西藏)
• North to Kunming (昆明)
• Through Shilin (石林), Jianshui (建水), and Mengzi to Hanoi (河内), and beyond to Hong Kong (香港) and overseas
• Direct routes from the Six Great Tea Mountains via Jiangcheng (江城) and Mojang (墨江) to Hanoi

With the establishment of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (滇越铁路), the significance of the Mengman Ancient Road gradually diminished.

Route Details

The Mengman Ancient Road spans approximately 77 kilometers from Mengzi to Manhao, passing through several notable locations:

• Hongzhai (红寨)
• Liangshui Well (凉水井)
• Cold Springs (冷泉)
• Honey Rock (蜜蜂岩)
• Rice Fields (水田)
• Yaotou (摇头)
• Liangshui Ditch (凉水沟)

As early as the 4th century BC, Mengzi was a crucial route connecting Yunnan to Jiaozhi (交趾), modern-day Vietnam. By the Han (汉) and Tang (唐) dynasties, the road had become a vital transportation hub for trade, facilitating both export and import.

After the opening of the Mengzi customs office in 1889, local mule caravans shifted to the Manhao route, transporting goods like tin from Gejiu to Vietnam. At its peak, caravans consisted of hundreds to thousands of mules, with over 200 horse stalls established along the route. Between 1890 and 1909, the Mengman Ancient Road saw tens of thousands of mules transporting goods.

In 1909, after the opening of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, mule caravans began to decline, leading to the gradual cessation of river traffic on the Red River (红河).

Conservation Efforts

Recognizing the historical, artistic, and scientific value of the Mengman Ancient Road, local governments have initiated conservation measures. In 2016, it was designated as a state-level cultural relic protection site. Protective boundaries and construction control zones have been established along the ancient road, and efforts are ongoing to catalog movable cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage related to the route.

How to Get There

To reach the Mengman Ancient Road:

1. By Car: Drive to Mengzi City (蒙自市). From there, follow the signs to the ancient road, which can be accessed from various points along its route.
2. Public Transport: Buses frequently run from nearby cities to Mengzi. Once in Mengzi, local transport options can help you reach different sections of the ancient road.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploration.
• Respect Local Culture: Be respectful of local customs and the historical significance of the site.
• Hiking Gear: If you plan to hike along the road, wear suitable footwear and carry enough water.
• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide for a more enriching experience and deeper insights into the history and culture of the area.

Overview

The Tomb of Fan Shichang (范世昌墓) is a designated cultural relic protection site located in Mile County (弥勒县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), China. This historical site is situated approximately 1.5 kilometers east of Shanggaodian Village (上高甸村) in Gaodian Township (高甸乡). The tomb has a diameter of 6.5 meters and stands 3 meters tall.

Historical Background

Fan Shichang (范世昌) was born during the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), passing away during the Jiaqing reign. He was an Azhai (阿哲) Yi ethnic minority and a former student at the Qing Imperial Academy. The tomb was constructed in the first year of the Xuantong era (宣统元年), specifically in 1909. It serves as a joint burial site for Fan Shichang and his wife.

Architectural Features

The design of the tomb features a stone enclosure with a soil mound, making it a typical couple’s joint burial tomb. The impressive size of the tomb—6.5 meters in diameter and 3 meters in height—conveys a sense of dignity and solemnity.

The tombstone follows an archway (牌坊) architectural style, which highlights the artistic techniques of the time. The stone carvings on the tombstone are intricate, measuring 2.5 meters in height and 5.9 meters in width. It features four pillars and three sections, with two of the middle pillars adorned with carved stone beasts, adding an artistic flair and an aura of mystery to the monument.

Cultural Significance

The historical significance of the Tomb of Fan Shichang was officially recognized when it was designated as a cultural relic protection site by Mile County in 1981. This recognition emphasizes the importance of preserving and inheriting this historical memory. The tomb is not only a resting place for an individual but also a testament to history, conveying the characteristics of the era and the story of Fan Shichang.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Fan Shichang, you can follow these steps:

1. By Car: Drive to Mile City (弥勒市) in Honghe Prefecture. From Mile City, head east toward Gaodian Township (高甸乡), then to Shanggaodian Village (上高甸村). The tomb is approximately 1.5 kilometers east of the village.
2. Public Transport: Take a bus or taxi from Mile City to Gaodian Township and then ask for directions to Shanggaodian Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the spring or autumn months when the weather is pleasant.
• Respectful Behavior: As this is a cultural and historical site, visitors should maintain respectful behavior while exploring the area.
• Photography: Take photographs to capture the beauty of the tomb and its surroundings, but be mindful of local customs regarding photography in sacred sites.
• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and significance of the site.

Overview

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve (红河苏铁自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Yunnan Province, China. The geographical coordinates are 103°22′49″E to 103°28′19″E and 22°59′48″N to 23°4′05″N. It is situated on the northern bank of the Yuanjiang River (referred to as the Honghe River in Honghe Prefecture) in the central section, bordered by Gejiu City (个旧市), Mengzi County (蒙自县), Pingbian Miao Autonomous County (屏边苗族自治县), and Hekou County (河口县). The reserve has an intended area of 31.95 square kilometers.

Attractions and Highlights

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is primarily dedicated to the protection of rare plants such as cycads, Dongzong palm (董棕), and Camellia reticulata (金花茶) along the banks of the Honghe River. The most precious among them is the Honghe cycad (红河苏铁), which has garnered enough significance that the Postal Department issued a commemorative stamp in its honor.

Recent Natural Phenomena

Recently, five Honghe cycads (两雌三雄) located in the Baohe Township (保和乡) of Gejiu City simultaneously bloomed, creating a rare sight. These cycads, which grow on cliff faces, showcased their impressive flower clusters.

• Female Flowers: The female flowers are golden yellow and spherical, resembling large hydrangea blooms atop the tree.
• Male Flowers: The male flowers are also golden yellow and shaped like pagodas, with a texture reminiscent of pineapple skin, arranged in a scale-like pattern among the green feather-like leaves.

Cycads are known as the oldest seed plants still existing on Earth and are often referred to as “living fossils.” The Honghe cycad, unique to the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve (云南大围山国家级自然保护区), is also known as the gray dry cycad (灰干苏铁) or fine-leaved cycad (细叶苏铁).

Conservation Efforts

With fewer than 1,000 individuals found globally, the Honghe cycad is considered the “giant panda” of the plant world. Li Wenqing (李文清), the director of the Gejiu Management Station in the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve, and his team monitor and document the growth environments and conditions of each cycad daily.

Due to the dioecious nature of cycads, if the male and female flowers bloom in different seasons or are too far apart, natural pollination becomes difficult. Therefore, the staff closely monitor blooming times, collect seeds for artificial breeding, and have successfully returned over 500 cycad seedlings to their natural habitat.

Ecological Impact

The successful flowering of the cycads symbolizes the positive results of wildlife conservation in Gejiu City. In recent years, the city has implemented comprehensive protective measures, resulting in clearer skies, cleaner waters, and greener mountains. Plans are underway to expand cycad populations and continue safeguarding biodiversity.

How to Get There

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is accessible from Gejiu City. You can take a taxi or a local bus to reach the reserve. If driving, follow local signage to the reserve entrance.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The blooming season of cycads typically occurs in the spring; visiting during this time will provide the best chance to witness the flowering phenomenon.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for a more informative experience about the flora and fauna of the reserve.
• Respect the Environment: Maintain a respectful distance from the plants and wildlife, and follow all conservation rules to help protect this unique ecosystem.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning scenery and unique flowers, but ensure to respect the reserve’s guidelines on photography.

By visiting the Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve, you will not only enjoy the beauty of rare plants but also contribute to the ongoing efforts to preserve biodiversity in this unique ecological zone.

Overview

Lvya Temple (绿崖庙) is located in Midong Township, Mile City (弥勒市), Honghe Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was established in the 32nd year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1767 and has undergone several renovations since.

• Area: 1,084 m²
• Established: 1767

Architectural Features

Lvya Temple faces southeast and covers an area of 1,084 square meters. The layout includes a main hall, side halls, and two ear halls, with the two ear halls featuring a double-eaved hip roof, while the others have a single-eaved structure. A prominent hexagonal pavilion with a double-eaved spire is built on a giant stone peak behind the main hall, accessible via a path of 23 steps.

The temple is surrounded by ancient cypress trees and golden bamboo groves, next to the Dianxi River (甸溪河), with small streams flowing around it. The streams enter a crescent pond near the pavilion, where a stone dragon head sculpture directs the water. In 1981, Lvya Temple was designated as a protected cultural site in Mile County.

Natural Environment

Honghe Prefecture is located in the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by a variety of landforms, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The area experiences significant elevation changes, with a complex topography, abundant rainfall, sufficient sunlight, and a mild temperature range. The climate is primarily subtropical highland monsoon.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, exhibiting a humid and hot characteristic. The rainy season occurs from May to October, while frost is common from late November to February. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe is during the mild and less rainy months of March to April and September to November.

Temple Layout and Historical Significance

Lvya Temple is positioned next to the Dianxi River, with the existing structures dating back to the Guangxu period (光绪) of the Qing Dynasty, aside from the demolished front hall. The temple features a unique architectural design, with a two-story main hall having a single-eaved hard mountain roof. Side rooms also share this architectural style, with Western-style door openings popular during the Republic of China period connecting to the back rooms.

Behind the front hall lies a honeycomb-shaped rock surrounded by water flowing into a crescent pond. Above this, a hexagonal pavilion is built, with plaques hanging that read “Bamboo Green” (竹翠) and “Lotus Fragrance” (莲香), dedicated to the deity Kuixing (魁星). The temple’s tranquil environment is enriched by ancient trees and banana plants, creating a serene atmosphere.

Visitors can ascend from the second floor of the main hall via stairs to overlook the lush landscape along the Dianxi River, where fields stretch for miles and mountains loom in the distance. This temple is one of the few remaining ancient religious structures in Yunnan that perfectly blends temple architecture with garden design.

The current structure reflects the renovation in the 24th year of the Daoguang period (道光) and contains inscriptions that are vital for studying the history of Lvya Temple.

How to Get There

Lvya Temple is approximately 5 kilometers from Mile City. You can take a local bus or hire a taxi to reach the temple area. Look for signs directing you to Shiyanjiao Village (弥寺哨村) near the Dianxi River.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: March to April and September to November for pleasant weather and fewer rains.
2. What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes, a camera, and some snacks or drinks for the trip.
3. Cultural Respect: Be mindful of local customs, especially when visiting the temple, as it holds significant cultural and historical value.
4. Photography: Capture the stunning architecture and natural surroundings, but be respectful of sacred areas.

Introduction

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace (竹元文昌宫) was originally constructed in the 51st year of the Kangxi reign (康熙五十一年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), which corresponds to 1712. The palace has undergone several renovations since its inception. The architectural complex is built against the mountains, facing west, and features a tiered design. The Dianhui Canal (甸惠渠) winds around the site, adding to its natural beauty. The structures of Wenchang Palace include the main gate, main hall, side wings, and the Wujing Building (五经楼). To the north, there is the Eight Immortals Temple (八神庙) connected to the main complex, which consists of a front hall, main hall, and two side halls, all designed with the hip-and-gable roof style and wooden beam construction. Behind the main hall, there are stone buildings including the Zi Zhi Ku (字纸库) and the Wenbi Pagoda (文笔塔). In 1983, the palace was designated as a cultural heritage site by Mile County (弥勒县).

Location and Environment

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace is situated within Zhuyuan Middle School (竹园中学) in Mile City (弥勒市), an area known for its beautiful natural surroundings: “东起峯颖群峦之挺，西环玉带籍工水之交潆” (From the eastern peaks to the western waters, surrounded by beautiful hills). The current architectural layout is complete; apart from the archway, all buildings remain intact, arranged according to the mountain’s contour with a front hall, central hall (Wujing Building), and main hall, accompanied by two wings and double eaves.

Historical Background

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace was established in the 51st year of the Kangxi reign. In the 9th year of the Qianlong reign (乾隆九年), a tribute scholar named Zhao Yi (赵玘) led the villagers of Shangwu (上伍村) in renovations and acquired land for incense offerings. In the 12th year of Qianlong, a student named Fan Rong (樊荣) organized further repairs. The palace underwent another renovation in the 9th year of the Jiaqing reign (嘉庆九年) and has been preserved in its current state since then. During the Daoguang reign (道光十八年 and 三十年), as well as the Xianfeng reign (咸丰元年) and the Guangxu reign (光绪), various repairs were made, all maintaining the architectural style from the Jiaqing period. In the 31st year of the Republic of China (民国三十一年), the Zhuyuan District Junior Middle School briefly operated within the palace before moving to the Wanfusi (万福寺) library.

Architectural Features

The palace complex presents a grand architectural style. The main hall is designed with a single-eave gable roof and measures three bays wide and two bays deep. Its sides extend into a single bay entrance hall, creating a five-bay building. The main hall features intricately carved brackets between the beams, adorned with longevity symbols, and the front columns have a vase-shaped base, with the lower half styled as a Xumi pedestal. The upper half showcases high-relief cloud and dragon patterns, giving the structure a distinctive character.

The Wujing Building (五经楼) features a double-eave gable roof, measuring five bays wide. The stairs leading to the entrance are paved with slab stones and square bricks, embedded with dragon patterns on the ceremonial stone steps. The Dianhui Canal flows beneath the stairs, creating a picturesque scene of water surrounding the mountain. The column bases of the rear eaves and corner pillars are also vase-shaped, with intricate carvings depicting scenes of “Fishing, Woodcutting, Farming, and Study” (渔樵耕读), “Pine and Crane for Longevity” (松鹤延年), “Phoenix in Peony” (凤穿牡丹), and “Deer Responding to Golden Bell” (鹿响金钟).

The main hall is constructed atop a stone platform, which features a Lingbi stone (灵璧石) placed in a stone basin. The basin, adorned with shallow relief carvings of cloud patterns and ribbons, rests on a Xumi pedestal shaped in a semi-circular form with engravings of copper coins, longevity symbols, and “Eight Treasures” (八宝). In front of the Lingbi stone, there is a stone-carved door featuring five dragons, with a strongman supporting each corner. The main hall has a single-eave gable roof, surrounded by a corridor that presents five bays and is three bays deep. The timber frame construction supports seven beams, with a ceremonial stone step featuring a “Fish Leaping over the Dragon Gate” (鱼跃龙门) and surrounded by floral relief carvings.

The interior of the main hall contains a carved inscription: “嘉庆九年岁次甲子阳春月…” (In the ninth year of Jiaqing, during the spring month of the year of the rat). The hall is adorned with nine colorful ceiling paintings from the Qing Dynasty, depicting various flowers, birds, and animals, preserved well from weathering due to their location inside the building, maintaining their vibrant colors to this day.

The column bases of the main hall are uniquely designed, with the front column bases shaped like drums featuring vine and scroll patterns, while the rear section is divided into three parts: an upper layer resembling a lotus platform with hollowed petals, a middle layer shaped like a gourd, and a lower layer forming a square Xumi pedestal with diamond-patterned engravings of offering scenes.

Stone Carvings and Inscriptions

The stone carvings at Wenchang Palace are crafted by skilled artisans from Tonghai County (通海河西县). Currently, four stone inscriptions remain, which include records of the Wenchang Palace from the 9th year of the Qianlong reign, the Kuaixing Pavilion (魁星阁) merit inscription, the 12th year of the Qianlong merit inscription, the 10th year of the Daoguang merit inscription for the restoration of the colored archway, and the merit inscription from the 1st year of the Xianfeng reign. These inscriptions are invaluable historical materials.

How to Get There

To reach Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace, you can take a bus to Mile City (弥勒市) and then use local transportation options like taxis or private cars to get to the palace located in Zhuyuan Town (竹园镇).

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are the most favorable seasons due to pleasant weather and the blooming of flowers.
• Comfortable Shoes: Wear comfortable footwear for walking and exploring the temple complex.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the beautiful architecture and natural surroundings.
• Respectful Behavior: Maintain respect for the cultural and spiritual significance of the site.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the chance to sample local dishes in Mile City to enrich your travel experience.

Introduction

Xiushan Temple (秀山寺), located 15 kilometers southwest of Shiping County (石屏县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), is a historical temple with roots tracing back to the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). Originally named Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺), it was renamed Xiushan Temple during the late Ming Dynasty (明朝). This ancient architectural complex is not only a site of serene beauty but also a remarkable fusion of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism.

Geography and Climate

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is situated on the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by varied topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The region has significant elevation differences and a complex landscape. It enjoys ample rainfall and abundant sunlight, with a mild annual temperature range. The climate is classified as a humid subtropical plateau monsoon climate, making it suitable for diverse flora and fauna.

Temple Overview

Historical Significance

Xiushan Temple is the oldest temple in Shiping, covering an area of 1,826 square meters. The temple complex consists of several structures, including the mountain gate, front hall, middle hall, main hall, and side halls. Notably, in 1924, the prominent local figure Chen Heting (陈鹤亭) initiated the construction of Lingyun Pavilion (凌云阁) adjacent to the temple, enhancing the historical significance of the site.

Architectural Features

According to the Qing Dynasty (清) records, “Xiushan Temple was founded in the Tang Dynasty and originally named Zhenjue Temple.” Its name was changed to Xiushan Temple due to its elevated position on Xiushan Mountain (秀山).

The entrance features a grand inscription of “Xiushan” (秀山) in powerful calligraphy. Upon entering, visitors can find a serene courtyard surrounded by various flowering trees, such as cherry blossoms (唐樱), plum trees (宋梅), and an ancient Araucaria (罗汉松) believed to be over 600 years old. This tree was originally transplanted by the famous traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) during his exploration of the southern Yangtze River (南盘江) source.

Unique Features

To the left of the Araucaria is an 800-year-old plum tree. Despite its gnarled trunk, the tree produces abundant blossoms, releasing a subtle fragrance that enhances the peaceful atmosphere. This tree serves as a reminder of resilience, having survived through centuries of challenges.

In front of the main hall, visitors will encounter a statue of Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛). The couplet accompanying the statue reads: “Loyal to the country, loving the people; why should a righteous person not worship the divine?” This inscription encourages visitors to reflect on their moral integrity and the importance of loyalty and love in life.

Temple Surroundings

Natural Beauty

The temple is surrounded by lush greenery, including bamboo groves and a variety of trees that bloom in different seasons. The wintersweet (腊梅) tree, renowned for its fragrant yellow blossoms, adds to the temple’s charm, especially in winter.

Visitors can stroll through the temple grounds and appreciate the harmonious blend of nature and spirituality. The tranquility of the environment makes it an ideal location for meditation and reflection.

Cultural Heritage

Inside the middle hall, statues of the founders of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism—Shakyamuni (释迦牟尼), Confucius (孔子), and Laozi (老子)—are prominently displayed. These figures symbolize the cultural and philosophical richness of the region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The courtyard of the main hall features over a century-old flowering plum tree (青梅), golden osmanthus (金桂), and camellias (山茶). The lush greenery and blooming flowers create a serene atmosphere that evokes a sense of tranquility and spirituality.

Couplets and Philosophy

On a small door to the left of the main hall hangs a thought-provoking couplet: “Not vulgar is the immortal’s bone; emotional is the Buddha’s heart,” with the horizontal inscription reading “High Aspiration.” This couplet conveys a deep life philosophy, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and genuine appreciation of life’s experiences.

The ideal life state, as suggested by the couplet, is a perfect balance between the qualities of the “immortal” and the “Buddha.” This reflects the understanding that one should neither become detached from the world nor become lost in its distractions.

Ancient Blossoms

Near the main hall stands the ancient wintersweet tree, known for its rich fragrance and resilience through the ages. The unknown origins of its planting add to its mystique, and it stands as a testament to the beauty of nature and endurance.

Nature and Companionship

The temple grounds are alive with the sounds of nature. Birds flit among the flowers, singing joyful melodies that enhance the tranquil ambiance. These birds seem to share a special connection with the ancient plum tree, providing companionship throughout the seasons.

Conclusion

The vibrant blossoms and picturesque scenery of Xiushan Temple create an enchanting atmosphere, making it a perfect place for contemplation and appreciation of nature’s beauty. Xiushan Temple not only represents a cultural gem of Yunnan but also offers a unique experience for visitors seeking spiritual and historical enrichment.

How to Get There

To reach Xiushan Temple, you can take a bus from Shiping County to Xiushan Mountain. Taxis and private cars are also available for a more direct route. The journey provides beautiful views of the surrounding landscapes, making it an enjoyable trip.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for enjoying mild weather and blooming flowers.
• Comfortable Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes for walking along the hilly paths.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning natural beauty and intricate architectural details.
• Respect the Environment: Maintain the cleanliness of the temple grounds and be respectful of the spiritual atmosphere.
• Local Cuisine: Consider trying local dishes in Shiping County to enhance your cultural experience during your visit.