Overview

Manjinghan Village (曼景罕村) is located in the southern part of Gasa Town (嘎洒镇), Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) in Yunnan Province (云南省). It is situated 2 kilometers from the town government center, with convenient access via gravel roads. The village is bordered by Manzhangzai Village Committee (曼掌宰村委会) to the east, Manmian Village Committee (曼勉村委会) to the south, and Mandai Village Committee (曼达村委会) to the west and north. The village administers eight sub-villages, including Manjinghan and Mangga. The elevation of the village is 580 meters, with an average annual temperature of 22.6°C and an annual rainfall of 1200 millimeters, making it suitable for growing rice and rubber among other crops. On December 31, 2019, it was designated as one of the third batch of “Chinese Ethnic Minority Characteristic Villages” by the National Ethnic Affairs Commission.

• Administrative Category: Village
• Region: Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Location: Southern Gasa Town (嘎洒镇)
• Subordinate Areas: Includes Manjinghan, Mangga, and other villages
• Telephone Area Code: 0691
• Postal Code: 666109
• Climate: Average annual temperature 22.6°C, annual rainfall 1200 mm
• Airport: Xishuangbanna Gasa International Airport (西双版纳嘎洒国际机场)
• License Plate Code: 云K

Village Conditions

Manjinghan Village administers eight villages, with an elevation of 580 meters. It enjoys a mild climate suitable for agriculture, particularly for rice and rubber cultivation.

Featured Industries

The main industries in Manjinghan Village are rice and rubber production, primarily sold within the county. In 2012, the total revenue from these primary industries reached 8.382 million yuan. The village is currently developing its rubber industry and aims to expand both the rice and rubber sectors significantly.

How to Get There

To reach Manjinghan Village, you can drive from Jinghong City, which is approximately a 15-minute journey. Alternatively, take a taxi or local transportation to Gasa Town, and then follow the gravel road south to the village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time for visiting is during the dry season from October to March when the weather is pleasant.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to try local dishes featuring rice and rubber tree sap.
• Cultural Engagement: Engage with local farmers to learn about traditional rice and rubber cultivation practices.

Overview

Banpo Laozhai Village (半坡老寨) is located on Nannuo Mountain (南糯山) in Menghai County (勐海县), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). This village is renowned for its diverse climate, with the phrase “one mountain, four seasons; ten miles, different skies” often associated with the area. It is part of the “ancient tea village” known for producing some of the finest Pu’er tea.

According to legend, during Zhuge Liang’s (诸葛亮) southern expedition, his soldiers fell ill due to the local climate. To remedy this, Zhuge Liang planted a tea tree with his staff, and the soldiers brewed its leaves to recover. Hence, Nannuo Mountain is sometimes referred to as Kongming Mountain (孔明山). Although there is no historical evidence that Zhuge Liang reached Yunnan (云南), the area’s tea cultivation history is indeed long-standing.

Location and Environment

Banpo Laozhai is situated at an altitude of 1,650 meters on Nannuo Mountain. It is famous for its pristine scenery and sprawling ancient tea gardens, making it the largest ancient tea region in Xishuangbanna and even Yunnan Province (云南省).

The village is characterized by towering ancient trees, dense forests, and clear streams, showcasing a rich diversity of tropical rainforest wonders. It resembles a natural primitive forest park, with fertile soil and a deep humus layer, contributing to the excellent quality of the tea produced here.

Tea Characteristics

The tea from Banpo Laozhai is known for its robust and tightly rolled dry leaves, with elongated buds that display a mix of dark green hues. When brewed, the tea produces a clear, bright yellow liquid with a high floral fragrance, a full-bodied texture, and a smooth, refreshing aftertaste that lingers on the palate.

The experience of drinking this tea evokes a sense of tranquility, as if it originates from the distant horse caravans of old, akin to the delicate flavor of a wild orchid. The taste is subtle and requires patience to appreciate fully, as the fragrance is often hidden within, much like the unassuming wild orchid.

Unique Features of Different Hills

Each hill has its own distinct characteristics, leading to variations in tea flavor profiles, processing methods, and overall taste experiences. Therefore, when sampling Pu’er tea named after various hills, drinkers will find unique sensations. The flavor of the tea is representative of its specific origin.

Some of the well-known hills include:

• Banzhang (班章)
• Bingdao (冰岛)
• Mansa (曼松)
• Bohetang (薄荷塘)

Although many may have only tried tea from one of these hills, true tea enthusiasts who traverse mountains and rivers in search of their favorite flavor are rare.

Now, you no longer need to search extensively for different hills. The three main production areas of Pu’er tea offer everything you need. We provide a one-stop solution for your tea needs, featuring ancient tree spring tea from 36 hills, naturally sun-dried over 136 days.

Characteristics of Banpo Laozhai Pu’er Tea

Banpo Laozhai is located halfway up Nannuo Mountain, within the Nannuo Village Committee (南糯村委会) of Menghai County. The nearest village, Guzhai (姑寨), is over 5 kilometers away. The village has 27 households, totaling over 100 people, all belonging to the Aini ethnic group (爱尼人). Most households have their own tea gardens, with each having at least 10 acres. The scattered homes blend harmoniously with the surrounding tea trees and phoenix tail bamboo (凤尾竹), creating a serene environment.

Natural Environment

Banpo Laozhai, perched on a hillside, boasts well-preserved ancient trees and rich biodiversity, resembling a primeval forest park. Hidden among the dense foliage are countless ancient tea trees, with their gnarled roots revealing an ancient tea essence. The ancient trees in Nannuo Mountain are significantly thicker than those in Jingmai Mountain (景迈山), even though both hills have similar tree ages. The ancient tree resources in Nannuo Mountain are abundant, particularly in Banpo Laozhai, where outside interference is minimal.

Unique Features of Banpo Laozhai Pu’er Tea

Many people overlook the large tree teas from Nannuo Mountain, believing they can’t produce quality tea. However, the ancient trees here are about 300 years old, yielding hundreds of kilograms of dry tea annually. If asked about their unique characteristics, one might describe them as “pure.” They are neither bitter nor astringent, with subtle fragrances that develop over time.

The tea from Nannuo Mountain is known for its high altitude, refined qualities, and good cultivation conditions, making it a sought-after choice every year. Lower-altitude teas, such as those from Yikou (Y口) and Shitou Laozhai (石头老寨), may not reach the same quality.

Tasting Notes

Banpo Laozhai tea leaves are darker in color, belonging to the large leaf varietal. The rough processing results in a slightly bitter taste initially, but this bitterness is mild. The aftertaste is sweet and refreshing, with a bright, clear, pale green liquid. The tea is fragrant with honey and orchid notes, and the texture is smooth and rich.

The first brews may feel lighter, but from the third infusion onward, the tea presents a fuller, more substantial body with pure tea essence.

Crab Claw Tea

The tea leaves from Nannuo Mountain are harvested three times a year: spring tea, rainy season tea (summer), and valley flower tea (autumn). The spring tea is the finest, often featuring “crab claws” (螃蟹脚). These green tea leaves turn brown when dried. The brewed tea presents a yellow-green hue and a unique fragrance when fresh, developing a medicinal aroma with age. Crab claws are slightly cooling and mildly sour, promoting longevity. They can be consumed alone or blended with Pu’er tea to enhance its flavor.

Conclusion

The lifestyle of the people in Banpo Laozhai is peaceful and serene, reminiscent of distant horse caravans. Their lives harmoniously intertwine ancient traditions with modernity, showcasing a beautiful balance between tea, nature, and life.

How to Get There

To reach Banpo Laozhai Village in Nannuo Mountain, you can travel to Menghai County, Xishuangbanna. From there, take a local taxi or hire a private car to drive you to the village. The area is accessible by road, but the journey may require navigating through winding mountain paths.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to explore Banpo Laozhai is during the spring and autumn months when the weather is mild and the tea leaves are at their best.
• What to Bring: Bring comfortable walking shoes, a camera, and plenty of water, as the area is remote and the weather can be unpredictable.
• Tea Tasting: Take the opportunity to participate in local tea tastings and learn from the villagers about the ancient tea-making processes.

Overview

Mengle Temple (勐泐大佛寺), located on the outskirts of Jinghong City (景洪市), the capital of XishuangBanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (西双版纳傣族自治州), Yunnan Province, is a major tourist destination built to national AAAA-grade scenic area standards. The temple is a reconstruction of the ancient royal temple of the Dai Kingdom, known as Jingpiao Buddhist Temple (景飘佛寺). The original temple was built by King Bolong (拨龙), a historical Dai king, to commemorate his late queen Nansha Weibian (南纱维扁).

The temple was destroyed in the Buddhist year 2883 (equivalent to 1848 AD, during the Qing Dynasty) due to war, leaving it in ruins for 169 years. Mengle Temple began reconstruction in 2005 and officially held the groundbreaking ceremony on March 9th of the same year. During construction, several cultural relics were discovered, including silver coins, silver boxes, and Buddhist ritual items.

Covering an area of 400 acres, the temple sits on a mountain with an elevation difference of 122.8 meters and is uniquely designed to resemble a seated Buddha. The temple integrates the life of Buddha Shakyamuni and Buddhist activities into its architectural and scenic elements, showcasing the history and traditional culture of Theravada Buddhism.

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 勐泐大佛寺
• Location: Mannongfeng (曼弄枫), Jinghong City, XishuangBanna (景洪市, 西双版纳)
• Opening Hours: Open year-round from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM (latest entry at 5:30 PM)
• Attraction Level: National AAAA-rated scenic area
• Ticket Price: 120 RMB per person
• Area: 400 acres
• Famous Attractions: Jingpiao Hall (景飘大殿), Auspicious Buddha (吉祥大佛), Zhuangkai Golden Stupa (庄凯大金塔)
• City: Jinghong, XishuangBanna, Yunnan Province, China
• Suggested Visiting Time: 1-2 hours
• Best Time to Visit: All year round

Mengle Temple is located in the suburbs of Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and is developed according to the national AAAA scenic area standards. Mengle Temple is a restoration of the ancient Dai royal temple “Jingpiao Temple,” which was originally built by a Dai king named Bolong in memory of his deceased queen, Nanshayi Bian.

The temple was destroyed during a war in the Buddhist year 2883 (1848 AD, during the Qing Dynasty’s Xianfeng period), which was 169 years ago. The reconstruction of Mengle Temple began in 2005, with a grand land consecration ceremony held on March 9 of the same year, followed by the foundation laying ceremony for the main hall on May 9, 2005. During the construction of the main hall, a large number of silver coins, silver boxes, and Buddhist ceremonial items were unearthed.

Mengle Temple covers an area of 400 acres, built against the mountain with a height difference of 122.8 meters, forming a unique sitting Buddha shape. It integrates the life of the Buddha, Shakyamuni, and temple activities into the landscape and architectural complex, showcasing the history and traditional culture of Theravada Buddhism.

History

Mengle Temple occupies a total area of 650 acres, with a construction area of 24,000 square meters. It represents a major cultural site aimed at promoting the legacy of Theravada Buddhism (南传佛教). The scenic area integrates traditional and modern elements to fulfill the modern-day tourist’s demand for historical, religious, and cultural experiences.

The original temple, Jingpiao Buddhist Temple (景飘佛寺), was a significant religious site built during the Ming Dynasty to honor the Theravada Buddhist traditions of the Dai people and the royal family. The Dai King Bolong built the temple to remember his beloved queen, who passed away during her youth. Due to her devout belief in Buddhism, the king frequently held grand religious ceremonies at the temple to both honor his queen and propagate Buddhist teachings.

The ancient temple was a vital landmark for the 12 Banna regions, playing an essential role in Buddhist activities in the area.

“Xishuangbanna Mengle Temple” is situated from the end of Highway No. 1 in Jinghong City to Nalian Mountain, covering an area of 650 acres, with a building area of 24,000 square meters and a total investment of about 200 million yuan. It is built according to national AAAA scenic area standards. The scenic area focuses on promoting “Theravada Buddhist culture,” using modern methods to inherit traditional culture and meet the modern tourists’ needs for experiencing history, Buddhist culture, and regional culture.

Architectural Features

The design of Dai Buddhist temples in XishuangBanna showcases the unique and intricate architecture of the region. The temples are predominantly rectangular in shape with multi-layered, sloping roofs. The temple roofs are made of rectangular tiles hooked onto bamboo beams and feature ornately decorated ridges.

Interior of Mengle Temple

The temple hall houses a large statue of Buddha Shakyamuni (释迦牟尼). The Buddha is often depicted in a seated position with large, distinctive ears, reflecting traditional Dai artistic style. His serene expression and elegant features embody the tranquility and mystery of the ancient Dai history.

The surrounding stupas are equally ornate, with intricately carved phoenixes and other symbolic designs. The entrance pavilion of the stupa is particularly impressive, featuring a double-eaved roof supported by columns without walls, allowing for an open and airy passage.

Social Impact

Theravada Buddhism has had a profound impact on Dai society, influencing its politics, economy, and cultural arts. Many of the Dai people’s long epic poems were developed after the introduction of Buddhism. The Pali Canon has been extensively recorded on palm leaf manuscripts (贝叶经), preserving the Buddhist teachings.

In XishuangBanna, nearly every village has a Buddhist temple, with over 500 temples and 200 stupas scattered across the region. Mengle Temple is the most prominent of all, serving as a spiritual hub and a cultural treasure for the Dai people.

The significant characteristics of Dai architecture are evident here, with no pillars embedded in the walls. Most buildings feature pagodas, including Burmese-style bell-shaped pagodas, pavilion-style pagodas, Thai Vajrasana pagodas, and octagonal eaves pagodas, all showcasing diverse forms. These pagodas are mainly constructed from bricks, covered with lime and paint, and are mostly solid. The Manfeilong Pagoda in Jinghong City is a Thai-style Vajrasana pagoda, designed by three Indian Buddhist missionaries and constructed under the direction of a Dai leader in 1204 AD, making it over 800 years old.

The base of the Mengle Temple pagoda is shaped like a plum blossom, with a circumference of 42.6 meters and a main tower height of 16.29 meters, surrounded by eight small towers, each 9.1 meters high, distributed in an octagonal layout. Each small tower contains a niche with a clay sculpture of a phoenix soaring in mid-air. The entire group of towers is pristine and beautiful, making it a key national cultural relic protection unit and a popular tourist destination.

The temple is built on the original site of “Jingpiao Temple,” a royal temple of the ancient Dai dynasty, constructed by King Bolong in memory of his deceased queen, who devoted her life to Buddhism. Therefore, every holiday, the Dai king would visit the temple to hold large ceremonies in her memory and to promote the teachings of Buddhism. Historical records indicate that “Jingpiao Temple” was established during the Ming Dynasty and is one of the symbolic buildings representing Theravada Buddhism in Xishuangbanna, also serving as an important venue for Buddhist activities.

Buddhist Tradition

The Dai people of Xishuangbanna predominantly practice Theravada Buddhism, which initially spread from India southward to Sri Lanka and then to Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and the Dai people in Yunnan, China. This branch of Buddhism is also known as “small vehicle” Buddhism. Due to its reliance on Pali as the canonical language, it is sometimes referred to as “Pali Buddhism.” The various sects within small vehicle Buddhism include the Mahāsāṃghika, Theravāda, Sarvāstivāda, and Sautrāntika.

Mengle Temple belongs to the Theravāda sect, which is prevalent in southern and eastern India; the Sarvāstivāda sect is found in northwestern, central, and western India; and the Sautrāntika sect has spread to Sumatra, Java, and is also found in central Vietnam. The fundamental teachings of small vehicle Buddhism are based on the “Four Noble Truths” (Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, and Magga), asserting that life is characterized by suffering, advocating for self-liberation, and the pursuit of nirvana through good deeds and the accumulation of merit.

Architecture and Design

The architecture of Mengle Temple reflects the distinct style of Dai architecture, which is characterized by free-standing columns that do not penetrate the walls. The temple complex features various Buddhist stupas, including:

• Burmese-style bell-shaped stupas (缅式钟形佛塔)
• Pavilion-style stupas (亭阁式佛塔)
• Thai-style vajra stupas (泰金刚座佛塔)
• Octagonal stupas with multi-layered eaves (八角形密檐佛塔)

Most of the stupas are constructed from brick, covered with plaster, and painted, with many being solid structures. One of the most notable stupas in Jinghong is the Manfeilong Stupa (曼飞龙佛塔), a Thai-style vajra stupa. This towering structure, resembling a bamboo shoot, was designed by three Indian Buddhist missionaries and constructed in 1204 AD. It has stood for over 800 years.

The Mengle Temple Stupa Complex

The stupa complex at Mengle Temple is designed in a plum blossom (梅花状) shape, with a perimeter of 42.6 meters. The main stupa stands at a height of 16.29 meters and is surrounded by eight smaller stupas, each 9.1 meters tall, arranged in an octagonal pattern. The stupas are multi-tiered with gourd-shaped structures, and inside each small stupa is a shrine housing a clay phoenix sculpture. The entire stupa complex is pristine white, creating a stunning and elegant sight.

This site is also a nationally protected cultural relic and a popular tourist attraction.

Theravada Buddhist Tradition

Most of the Dai people in XishuangBanna practice Theravada Buddhism (南传上座部佛教). This form of Buddhism originated in India and spread through Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and parts of Yunnan. Also known as Hinayana Buddhism (小乘佛教), it relies on the Pali Canon as its scriptural basis and emphasizes personal salvation through rigorous self-discipline.

Key Doctrines

The core doctrines of Theravada Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths (四谛):

1. Dukkha (苦谛) – The truth of suffering
2. Samudaya (集谛) – The cause of suffering
3. Nirodha (灭谛) – The cessation of suffering
4. Magga (道谛) – The path leading to the cessation of suffering

The teachings advocate self-liberation and reaching nirvana by practicing virtuous deeds and accumulating merit through meditative practices.

Layout and Structure

The Theravada Buddhist monks in Xishuangbanna are mainly divided into three ranks: “Pa” (novice), “Du” (bhikkhu), and “Huba” (elder). Boys are sent to the temple by their parents at the ages of 7 or 8 to learn scriptures and prepare as novices. After learning the required scriptures, they are initiated as monks on an auspicious day. Once a novice reaches 20 and wishes to remain a monk, he can apply for promotion to “Du,” and after reaching 30, he may be promoted to “Huba” if he wishes to dedicate his life to monasticism.

Dai Buddhist Architecture

Small vehicle Buddhism was introduced to Yunnan’s Xishuangbanna hundreds of years ago and has become the predominant faith among the Dai people. Buddhist temples are ubiquitous, with almost every village having one or two, often accompanied by stupas. These temples and stupas serve as central gathering places for the Dai community and are considered sacred by the people, representing valuable cultural and artistic heritage.

Architectural Style

Dai Buddhist temples in Xishuangbanna predominantly feature a heavy eave and multi-slope tiled roofing style. The temples are generally square, facing east, with three overlapping layers on the roof. The middle hall is higher, while the eastern and western sides gradually decrease. The roofs are covered with rectangular tiles, with the edges hooked onto bamboo purlins.

The ridge between the roof and the eaves is smoothed with lime, and various tile decorations are arranged on top. The ridge decorations are flame-shaped, with phoenix images often adorning the ends of the eaves. The interiors of the temple’s halls consist of a Buddha seat, monk seats, and scripture platforms. The statue of Shakyamuni Buddha is predominantly seated, with distinctively large and wide ears, a slender figure, and a serene expression that evokes curiosity about Dai history.

The entrance pavilion to the stupa features a unique design, built with a double-eave gable roof and an angled roof connecting to create an entrance structure supported only by columns, with no walls, allowing free movement.

Social Impact

Theravada Buddhism has profoundly influenced the political, economic, cultural, and artistic aspects of Dai society. Many of the long narrative poems of the Dai were created after the introduction of Buddhism. The Dai Canon, known for its extensive collection of over 84,000 texts, is primarily inscribed on palm leaves.

The Dai people of Xishuangbanna generally expect boys to enter the monkhood at ages 8 to 10, where they live a monastic life, learning scriptures and literacy, typically returning home after 1 to 5 years. During important festivals such as the Water-Splashing Festival and the Gate Closing Festival, Dai families visit temples to pay respect to the Buddha.

In Xishuangbanna, temples are found in almost every village, with unique architectural styles. Today, there are over 500 temples and more than 200 stupas in the Dai villages of Xishuangbanna, with Mengle Temple being the largest and most significant, revered as a holy site among the Dai people.

The temple is presided over by the chief monk of the southern Theravada Buddhist community, Huba Longzhuang Meng.

Tourist Information

Admission: The price for the incense and flower ticket is 120 yuan per ticket, with an online booking price of 108 yuan (not including in-park transportation). The one-way in-park transportation fee is 40 yuan per person, and the round-trip fee is 60 yuan. Children between 1.2 and 1.4 meters in height, full-time students with student ID cards, and people aged 60 to 70 with ID can receive a discount (80 yuan per ticket), excluding major ceremonial events. Children under 1.2 meters in height, those over 70 years old, people with disabilities, active military personnel with service IDs, and licensed tour guides in Xishuangbanna can enter for free (excluding major ceremonial events).

Opening Hours: 8:00 AM – 5:30 PM; the “Bathing the Buddha” water-splashing activities take place at 2:00 PM and 4:00 PM daily. The peacock release activity occurs five times daily at 9:30 AM, 11:00 AM, 1:30 PM, 3:00 PM, and 5:00 PM.

How to Get There

Mengle Temple is located in the southern part of Jinghong City, on Nanlian Mountain (南莲山), and can be reached easily by car, bus, or taxi:

• From Jinghong City Center: Take bus line 1 directly to the temple, or hire a taxi, which will take approximately 15 minutes.
• From XishuangBanna International Airport: A taxi ride takes around 25 minutes.By Car: From Jinghong City, take Garlan Middle Road, Xuanwei Avenue, Daxing Times Square, and Mengle Avenue to the destination.

  By Taxi: Mengle Temple is located 4 kilometers from Jinghong City, and a taxi ride costs about 15 yuan.

Travel Tips

• Ticket Price: General admission is 120 RMB. Discounts are available for students and seniors.
• Best Time to Visit: While Mengle Temple is open year-round, visiting during major Buddhist festivals like the Water-Splashing Festival (泼水节) will allow you to experience unique cultural and religious ceremonies.
• Dress Code: As it is a sacred site, visitors are advised to dress modestly.
• Tour Duration: Plan to spend 1-2 hours exploring the temple grounds.
• Additional Services: Shuttle services are available inside the temple for a fee (40 RMB one-way, 60 RMB round-trip).

Make sure to explore the Jingpiao Hall (景飘大殿) and the towering Auspicious Buddha (吉祥大佛), both key highlights of the temple complex.

Overview of Yangxiongshan Mountain (羊雄山)

Yangxiongshan Mountain (羊雄山) is a prominent peak located in Qiubei County (丘北县), known for its breathtaking landscapes and natural beauty. It rises to an elevation of 2,502 meters, making it the highest peak in the Liuzhao Mountain Range (六诏山脉) within Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山壮族苗族自治州). The mountain is shrouded in pristine forests, with ancient trees towering above.

Scenic Features

The most spectacular aspect of Yangxiongshan is the Yangxiongshan Wind Farm (羊雄山风电场), situated in the Shede Yi Ethnic Township (舍得彝族乡) at an average elevation of 2,300 meters. The wind farm features 66 wind turbines standing majestically on the mountain, harnessing the area’s abundant wind resources. The surrounding landscape includes nearly 100,000 acres of alpine grasslands, making it a picturesque spot with a cool climate.

From the summit of Yangxiongshan, visitors can enjoy stunning views. Looking east, the beautiful pastoral scenery of Puzhehei (普者黑) unfolds, while to the west, the mountain overlooks the Nanpan River (南盘江) and the regions of Mile (弥勒) and Huxi (沪西). The area is often enveloped in mist, creating a paradise for photographers and hikers alike.

Additional Information

Yangxiongshan Mountain is increasingly recognized for its natural beauty and wind energy potential, making it a significant spot for both eco-tourism and renewable energy initiatives.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Buses run from Wenshan City to Qiubei County, with further local transport available to Shede Township.
• By Car: Driving from Wenshan City takes approximately 1.5 hours, with clear signage leading to the mountain area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for hiking, with mild weather and clear skies.
• Preparation: Bring adequate supplies, including water and snacks, as amenities may be limited on the mountain.
• Respect Nature: Follow local guidelines to protect the natural environment and wildlife.
• Photography: Early mornings or late afternoons provide the best lighting for capturing the mountain’s beauty.

Overview of the Cemetery of Martyrs (文山烈士陵园)

The Cemetery of Martyrs (文山烈士陵园) is located in the Shihuibiao Community (石灰窑社区) of Wolong Street (卧龙街道), Wenshan City (文山市), Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州). Covering a total area of 186 acres, with a green space of 117,000 square meters and a built area of 3,783 square meters, the cemetery serves as a solemn resting place for the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the nation.

Historical Background

• 1986: Construction of the Cemetery of Martyrs began.
• 1988: The cemetery was completed.
• 2016: On August 14, it was approved by the State Council as a national-level martyr memorial facility.

The cemetery is dedicated to the ashes of martyrs who fought against both internal and external enemies since the May Fourth Movement (五四运动), striving for freedom and happiness. It particularly honors those who sacrificed their lives during the Liberation War (解放战争), the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (抗美援朝), and the 1979 Defense War against Vietnam (对越防御作战), with 199 martyrs buried here, including 78 martyrs from the conflict with Vietnam.

Facilities and Features

The cemetery is situated 7 kilometers from the city center and is designed to be a place of remembrance and reflection. Key features include:

• Memorial Monuments: Various monuments dedicated to the martyrs.
• Martyr Graves: A designated area for the graves of the fallen soldiers.
• Exhibition Hall: Divided into two sections:
  • Southern Hall: Displays the history of the Defense War against Vietnam.
  • Northern Hall: Chronicles the revolutionary struggles in Wenshan, featuring 749 images, 74 artifacts, and 50 landscape paintings. The exhibits include 13 thematic displays, such as “The Blood Shed on the Frontier” (《烈血洒边陲》).

The cemetery is adorned with evergreen pines and cypresses, creating a serene environment conducive to remembrance.

Cultural and Historical Significance

In July 2023, the Cemetery of Martyrs was included in the Second Batch of Unmovable Revolutionary Cultural Relics (云南省第二批不可移动革命文物名录) in Yunnan Province, further solidifying its importance in preserving the memory of those who fought for the nation.

How to Get There

The Cemetery of Martyrs is easily accessible:

• By Bus: Local buses run frequently from the city center to Wolong Street.
• By Car: Driving from Wenshan City center takes approximately 15 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Visiting Hours: Check local listings for opening hours, especially around national holidays.
• Best Time to Visit: The cemetery is beautiful year-round, but spring and autumn provide pleasant weather for outdoor visits.
• Respectful Conduct: Visitors should maintain a respectful demeanor as this site honors the sacrifices of many.
• Photography: Be mindful of the solemn nature of the location when taking photographs.

For further details and visitor experiences, online resources and local travel guides may provide valuable insights into the Cemetery of Martyrs and surrounding areas.

Overview of Daxing Temple (大兴寺)

The Daxing Temple (大兴寺), located in Wenshan City (文山城), is a tranquil site of Buddhist cultural significance. Designated as a Yunnan provincial-level cultural heritage protection unit (云南省文物保护单位), the temple is renowned for its serene atmosphere and its role as a spiritual sanctuary for both locals and visitors.

The temple was originally built during the 32nd year of the Wanli Era (万历) of the Ming Dynasty (明朝) in 1604. Initially, it served as the ancestral temple for the Dragon Clan Chieftain (龙土司), and was later rebuilt in the early years of the Kangxi Era (康熙) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝). The reconstruction was sponsored by Feiya, a monk from Mount Wutai (五台山飞涯高僧), who decided to build the temple after admiring the beautiful landscape along the Panlong River (盘龙河).

Historical Background

According to legend, Master Feiya placed a copper coin in the waters of the North Bridge section of the Panlong River (北桥河段). The coin drifted downstream until it reached the waters by Yongji Bridge (永济桥), where it stopped and began spinning on the surface. Recognizing this as an auspicious sign, Feiya decided to convert the Dragon Clan’s ancestral temple (龙土司宗祠) into a Buddhist temple. In 1666, during the 5th year of the Kangxi Era, the temple was rebuilt and named Daxing Temple (大兴寺).

Today, Daxing Temple covers an area of 3,539.6 square meters and faces east, welcoming the sunlight throughout the day. The daily sound of morning bells and evening drums adds to the temple’s peaceful atmosphere, deeply rooted in the lives of Wenshan’s residents. Two towering osmanthus trees (桂树) grace the entrance, their swaying branches offering a picturesque and serene welcome to all who enter.

Architecture and Layout

Upon entering the temple, visitors are greeted by the Heavenly King Hall (天王宝殿), which exudes an overwhelming sense of golden light, with red pillars and brown walls complementing the timeless essence of the Buddhist sanctuary. The right side of the temple courtyard features ancient stone tablets, including a rare tablet from the old Wenyuan Gate (威远门), the former gateway of Wenshan’s ancient city.

Past the Heavenly King Hall, visitors arrive at a spacious central courtyard, surrounded by stone pathways. At the far end stands the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿), a majestic structure that impresses with its grandeur. The stairs leading to the hall are inscribed with a meaningful couplet:

“All worldly matters are transient, and accumulating virtue leads to lasting rewards;
Life is fleeting, but each step on the path of cultivation is a return to the source.”

世事皆空积善无非图结果，人生浮幻修行一步即为根。

The wisdom embedded in this couplet reveals the profound teachings that visitors can reflect upon as they explore the temple.

Over its 400-year history, Daxing Temple has undergone numerous restorations, including the re-sculpting of 36 golden Buddha statues (36尊菩萨金身). Every first and fifteenth day of the lunar month, the temple is filled with worshippers, with incense smoke rising and light shining, casting a serene glow over the bustling city. The temple stands as a beacon of Buddhist tradition and an architectural gem in the heart of Wenshan City.

Cultural Significance

Daxing Temple serves as a peaceful retreat for residents and visitors alike, offering a glimpse into the spiritual practices of Wenshan’s people. It is not only a place for Buddhist devotees but also an excellent site for tourists to experience the region’s rich history and Buddhist heritage.

As home to the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Buddhist Association (文山壮族苗族自治州佛教协会), established in 2005, the temple plays an important role in guiding local Buddhists in following the tenets of the faith, respecting Buddhist codes, and participating in charitable work.

Attractions

• Heavenly King Hall (天王宝殿)
• Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿)
• Weituo Hall (韦驮殿)
• East and West Side Halls (东西配殿)
• Ancient stone tablets, including the Wenyuan Gate plaque (威远门石门匾)

Modern Features and Amenities

The temple is surrounded by convenient services, including hospitals, supermarkets, and hotels, making it a comfortable visit for travelers. Several bus routes, such as the 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17, and 37 lines, provide easy access to the temple.

How to Get There

To reach Daxing Temple, visitors can use the following options:

• By Bus: Many city buses, including routes 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17, and 37, pass near the temple. Get off at Kaifa Road (开化中路) or Shuangqiao Garden (双桥花园).
• By Taxi: Taxis are available throughout Wenshan City, and drivers are familiar with the temple’s location at Kaifa Middle Road (开化中路).
• By Foot: If you are in the downtown area, the temple is within walking distance from many central locations.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The temple is open year-round, but it is most lively during Buddhist festivals and the first and fifteenth days of the lunar month.
• Respectful Conduct: Visitors should maintain a quiet and respectful demeanor, especially during prayer times. Photography may be restricted in certain areas, so it is best to ask for permission.
• Dress Code: Modest clothing is encouraged, as the temple is a place of worship. Avoid wearing overly revealing clothes.

For those seeking a spiritual retreat in the heart of the city, Daxing Temple offers a serene and culturally rich environment, perfect for reflection and a deeper understanding of Buddhism in Wenshan (文山佛教文化).

Overview of Dutian Pavilion (都天阁)

The Dutian Pavilion (都天阁) is located within the Guangnan County People’s Hospital (广南县人民医院) in Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县). Named after the statue of Prince Dutian (都天太子) originally enshrined inside, the pavilion holds significant cultural and historical value.

Historical Background

The Dutian Pavilion was constructed in the 24th year of the Jiaqing Era (嘉庆) during the Qing Dynasty (清朝), specifically in 1819. It stands at a height of 9 meters and covers an area of 60 square meters. The pavilion features 24 columns—with 6 interior columns reaching the ceiling—illustrating the sophisticated architectural techniques of its time. The base is made of stone blocks arranged in an equilateral triangle, adorned with carvings of clouds and dragon water patterns (云龙水纹) on the steps, while the beams showcase motifs of qin (琴), chess (棋), calligraphy (书), and painting (画).

Architectural Features

The Dutian Pavilion boasts an elegant and ancient design, reflecting the craftsmanship of its era. The intricate structure is composed of:

• Columns: 24 columns supporting the roof, with 6 interior columns extending to the top.
• Base: Constructed from stone blocks arranged in an equilateral triangular shape, providing a stable foundation.
• Carvings: Decorative patterns of clouds and dragons on the staircase, and cultural symbols of music, games, literature, and art on the beams.

In 2003, the Dutian Pavilion was recognized as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit (省级文物保护单位), highlighting its importance in preserving local history and culture.

Cultural Significance

The pavilion is part of the Wanshou Palace complex (万寿宫) and serves as a testament to the religious and cultural practices of the region during the Qing Dynasty. The enshrinement of Prince Dutian signifies the local reverence for this figure, reflecting the intersection of local customs and historical traditions.

Tourist Information

Location

The Dutian Pavilion is situated inside the Guangnan County People’s Hospital (广南县人民医院).

How to Get There

Visitors can access the Dutian Pavilion by traveling to Guangnan County. Local transportation options include:

• Buses: Take a local bus to the Guangnan County center, then proceed to the People’s Hospital.
• Walking: The pavilion is within walking distance from the bus station in the county center.

Travel Tips

• Visiting Hours: Check in advance for any visitor regulations, as the pavilion is located within a hospital.
• Best Time to Visit: The pavilion can be visited year-round, but it is recommended to go during the cooler months of spring or autumn.
• Respectful Conduct: As the site is part of a hospital, visitors should maintain a respectful demeanor and follow any posted guidelines.
• Photography: Be mindful of taking photographs, especially if there are patients or staff present.

For more detailed information about the Dutian Pavilion and surrounding attractions, consider researching online for visitor reviews and local guides.

Overview of Nongshi Tusi Government Office (侬氏土司衙署)

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office (侬氏土司衙署) is located within the First Elementary School in the city center of Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县城区第一小学). Established during the early Yuan Dynasty, it once housed several offices and official buildings. Covering an area of approximately 60 mu (around 40,000 square meters), it features traditional architectural styles from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The government office’s position and layout reflect its importance as a center of local governance and its architectural grandeur signifies its historical significance.

In 2013, the site was designated as a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit (全国重点文物保护单位), affirming its importance in Chinese history and culture.

Historical Background

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office was originally established during the Yuan Dynasty (1275), with the founding of the Guangnan West Route Pacification Commission (广南西路宣抚司). It developed and flourished during the Yuan and Ming periods but began to decline during the Qing Dynasty. The Nong family held the hereditary tusi position for 673 years, governing the region across 28 generations, from the 12th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1275) until the end of the Republic of China (1948).

In 2020, the Guangnan County Government invested over 11 million yuan to restore and preserve the ancient buildings of the Nongshi Tusi Government Office.

Architectural Layout

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office covers an area of about 60 mu (roughly 40,000 square meters) and faces north to south. It is designed with typical Ming and Qing architectural characteristics. The office complex is built on four levels of stone steps, with a grand gate, a middle gate, and a third gate leading to the inner courtyard. Each level of the office is distinct and functional.

• Grand Gate (大门): At the front of the complex, the Grand Gate is guarded by two stone lions and features a drum pavilion to the left of the entrance. This is where petitioners could beat the drum to submit complaints. There are two rooms designated as prisons for holding criminals.
• Small Office Hall (小衙门殿): The Small Office Hall is one of the best-preserved buildings in the complex. It is built with a hipped roof and beam-lifted wooden structure, standing 9 meters tall, with a width of 14.3 meters and a depth of 21 meters. Supported by 42 large wooden pillars, this building demonstrates the grandeur of the ancient tusi’s government.
• Other Structures: The complex also includes a signing room and temporary office, as well as rooms on the east and west sides serving as study halls and meeting rooms. In the back courtyard, there is a Five Phoenix Tower (五凤楼) and the tusi’s living quarters. Unfortunately, due to historical changes, many of the original structures have been destroyed.

Historical and Cultural Significance

According to historical records, such as the Ming History (明史), Guangnan was known as Temo Road (特磨道) during the Song Dynasty. The tusi position of the Nong family was passed down over generations, with the office gaining prominence over the centuries. At its height, the government office complex was larger than the government office of Guangnan Prefecture during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office is considered a valuable cultural relic, exemplifying Ming and Qing architectural styles. Its historical, artistic, and scientific value is immense, offering a glimpse into the local governance and culture of ancient Guangnan.

Protection and Restoration

• In 1985, the Nongshi Tusi Government Office was declared a county-level cultural relic protection unit by the Guangnan County Government.
• In 2013, it was listed as part of the 7th batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

In 2020, efforts were made to restore and protect the historical complex, with a focus on maintaining its original style and structure.

Tourist Information

Location

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office is located inside the First Elementary School of Guangnan County (广南县城区第一小学), in the heart of Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县).

Address: 115 Beijie Street, Guangnan County (广南县北街115号)

Main Attractions

• Grand Gate (大门)
• Small Office Hall (小衙门殿)
• Five Phoenix Tower (五凤楼)
• Prison Cells (监狱)

How to Get There

Visitors can take local buses from within Guangnan County. Bus lines 1 and 2 stop at Lianhu Park Station (莲湖公园站), from which the site is easily accessible. For those arriving from outside the county, it is recommended to travel to Guangnan County first by long-distance bus or train from nearby cities in Wenshan Prefecture.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The Nongshi Tusi Government Office can be visited year-round, but it is best to go during the spring or autumn when the weather is mild.
• Cultural Etiquette: As this site is part of a working school campus, visitors should be respectful of the environment and adhere to any visitor guidelines.
• Guided Tours: It is recommended to hire a local guide to gain deeper insight into the history and significance of the site.
• Local Dining: After visiting the government office, tourists can enjoy the local cuisine of Guangnan, including dishes that feature flavors of the Zhuang and Miao ethnic groups.

Explore more information and plan your visit by researching online, where several resources offer detailed descriptions and reviews of the Nongshi Tusi Government Office.

Overview

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan (楚图南故居) is located at No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (文山市上条街11号), within the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山壮族苗族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is a specialized museum dedicated to the life and works of Chu Tunan (楚图南), a prominent figure in Chinese social sciences. Covering an area of 480.32 square meters, the site was established to commemorate Chu Tunan’s life and contributions.

Key Information

• Name: Former Residence of Chu Tunan (楚图南故居)
• Location: No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州文山市上条街11号)
• Type: Social Science-themed museum
• Opening Hours: Morning: 9:00 AM – 1:30 PM; Afternoon: 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM (Open year-round)
• Admission: Free
• Established: January 10, 2006
• Building Area: 480.32 m²

Historical Background

The former residence of Chu Tunan was originally constructed during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty (清道光年间). On April 25, 2005, the local government undertook a restoration project, transforming it into a museum. The official establishment of the site took place on January 10, 2006, with further improvements carried out in November 2009. The surrounding area was developed into Chu Tunan Cultural Street (楚图南文化街) and Chu Tunan Cultural Square (楚图南文化广场), integrating his legacy into the local urban fabric.

Layout and Exhibits

Museum Layout

The residence is a two-story traditional courtyard building (四合院), with the main structure facing south. The first floor houses an audio-visual room, as well as exhibits showcasing various production and living tools used by Chu Tunan. There is also a small vegetable garden. The second floor features a temporary exhibition hall, which primarily displays the “Life of Chu Tunan” Exhibition (楚图南生平展). This floor also contains historical artifacts, including Chu’s personal notes, daily items, and a calligraphy hall.

Main Exhibits

The Life of Chu Tunan Exhibition

The core exhibition, titled “The Life of Chu Tunan”, covers an area of 160 square meters and is divided into three main sections:

1. Life Exhibition Hall (楚图南生平展厅)
2. Artifacts Exhibition Hall (实物展厅)
3. Calligraphy Exhibition Hall (书法展厅)

The exhibition presents a collection of photos, documents, and personal artifacts, vividly portraying Chu Tunan’s illustrious life and accomplishments. Visitors can appreciate his role as a scholar, educator, and politician through the display of his writings, historical documents, and personal effects.

Architectural Features

The Chu Tunan Former Residence is a typical example of Qing Dynasty residential architecture (清代民居建筑风格). The building features a hard-gable roof (硬山顶) and post-and-beam timber construction (穿斗式土木结构). The courtyard is enclosed by a high wall with an intricately designed main gate (带暗销的大门), which separates it from the busy street outside. The residence maintains a simple yet elegant aesthetic, using materials such as earth, wood, tiles, and lime in natural tones, with minimal decorative elements.

Notable Artifacts

The museum’s collection of over 100 artifacts (截至2012年12月，故居藏品共计100件) includes items donated to the museum and is protected under a surveillance and management system.

Honors and Recognition

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan has been recognized as a Provincial Patriotic Education Base (云南省省级爱国主义教育基地), acknowledging its importance as a cultural and historical site.

Chu Tunan: A Life of Scholarship and Service

Biography of Chu Tunan

Chu Tunan (1899—1994) was born in Wenshan County (文山县), Yunnan Province. He pursued higher education at Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学) and later became a professor at institutions such as Jinan University, Yunnan University, and the Shanghai Law College. During his career, he held numerous prominent positions, including Chairman of the Foreign Cultural Association, Acting Chairman of the Democratic League, and Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.

Chu was not only an influential political figure but also a distinguished writer, translator, and calligrapher. His works include essays, poetry, and translations of foreign literature, such as Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass” (《草叶集选》) and Nekrasov’s long poem “Who is Happy in Russia?” (《在俄罗斯谁能快乐自由》).

Chu’s calligraphy, highly regarded for its elegance and classical style, was deeply inspired by traditional aesthetics, embodying a moral philosophy in both form and content. His famous verse, “First comes strength and grace, only then does the ink carry fragrance” (先有风骨俊，始能翰墨香), reflects his belief in the importance of character and integrity in art.

Publications and Literary Contributions

• “Essays on Battle Drums” (《刁斗集》)
• “Essays on Warfare” (《荷戈集》)
• Translations: Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass”, Wilbur’s “Greek Myths and Legends”, Nekrasov’s “Who is Happy in Russia?”

Institutional Setup and Services

The Chu Tunan Former Residence operates as a state-owned institution, funded by government allocations. It employs a small staff of five people (two male, three female) and provides guided tours to visitors. The site receives an average of 21,034 visitors annually.

Visitor Information

Location

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan is located at:

• No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (文山市上条街11号)
• Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州)

Opening Hours

• Morning: 9:00 AM – 1:30 PM
• Afternoon: 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM
• Open year-round

Admission

• Free entry

How to Get There

From the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Government, take Hualong North Road (华龙北路), then follow Phoenix Road (凤凰路), continue on Wenxin Road (文新路), and proceed via Puyang West Road (普阳西路) and Kaifa Middle Road (开化中路) to reach the residence.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during the morning to avoid crowds and have ample time to explore the exhibitions.
• Nearby Attractions: Combine your visit with nearby cultural sites like the Wenshan Cultural Square or Phoenix Park for a deeper experience of Wenshan’s history.
• Language Support: English guides may not be available, so it’s recommended to have a translation app or guidebook handy.

Overview

Xilongshan Nature Reserve (西隆山自然保护区) is located in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province. The reserve spans an area of 12 square kilometers with an elevation reaching 3,074 meters. It is a national-level nature reserve, renowned for its well-preserved forest ecosystems and rich biodiversity.

Location

• Chinese Name: 西隆山自然保护区
• English Name: Xilongshan Nature Reserve
• Location: Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Area: 12 square kilometers
• Elevation: 3,074 meters
• Type: Nature Reserve

Geography and Climate

Xilongshan Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of Zhemi Township (者米乡), Jinping County, near the northwestern border of Vietnam’s Lai Chau Province (越南莱州). This cross-border forest area is marked by its rugged mountain ridges, making it a unique ecological zone. The region boasts an average annual temperature of approximately 15°C, providing an ideal environment for the preservation of its rich flora and fauna. The landscape of Xilongshan is characterized by towering peaks, lush forests, and deep valleys, forming a scenic and ecologically significant part of southern Yunnan.

Biodiversity

Flora

Xilongshan Nature Reserve is home to over 1,000 species of plants, including many rare and valuable species:

• Qingfeng Tree (青枫树)
• Shuangshan Fern (双扇蕨)
• Huangxin Tree (黄心树)
• Teng Tiao (藤条)
• Hui Bamboo (灰竹)

These species contribute to the rich ecological diversity and are crucial for both conservation efforts and scientific research in the region.

Fauna

The reserve is a sanctuary for a variety of rare and endangered animal species, making it a critical part of China’s genetic bank of wildlife. Some notable species include:

• Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (金丝猴)
• Slow Loris (懒猴)
• Gibbons (长臂猿)
• Brown Bear (棕熊)
• Black Bear (黑熊)
• Pangolin (穿山甲)
• Python (蟒蛇)
• Wild Elephants (野象) (although they last roamed the area more than 50 years ago)

In addition to these animals, the reserve also hosts a wide array of medicinal plants and other natural products, such as:

• Sanqi (野三七)
• Eucommia (杜仲)
• Chonglou (重楼)
• Cardamom (砂仁)
• Turtles (山乌龟)
• Shiitake Mushrooms (香菌)
• Black Fungus (木耳)

These plants and products are not only important for local economies but also contribute to traditional Chinese medicine practices.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Before the establishment of the nature reserve, the Kucong people (苦聪人), a subgroup of the Lahu ethnic group (拉祜族), lived for generations in the vast expanse of Xilongshan’s virgin forests. They maintained a simple, sustainable lifestyle in harmony with nature. Their deep connection to the land adds cultural and historical depth to the area’s natural beauty.

Establishment of the Nature Reserve

In 1958, Xilongshan was officially declared a provincial-level nature reserve in Yunnan. This marked the beginning of formal conservation efforts to protect its ecological treasures, making it one of the earliest designated natural conservation areas in the region. Today, the reserve plays a key role in protecting the unique ecosystems of southern Yunnan.

How to Get There

By Car

From Jinping County Town (金平县城), it takes about 1-2 hours to drive to the Xilongshan Nature Reserve. The route passes through scenic countryside and mountainous terrain, offering picturesque views along the way.

By Public Transport

Visitors can take a bus from the Jinping County Bus Station (金平客运站) to Zhemi Township (者米乡), where local transport options are available to reach the nature reserve. However, it is recommended to hire a guide or driver as public transport may not cover the last leg of the journey to the reserve.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Xilongshan is from March to May and September to November, when the weather is pleasant, and the forest is at its most beautiful. Summers can be hot and humid, while winters are cold but manageable.
2. Guides: Hiring a local guide is highly recommended for exploring the reserve. They are knowledgeable about the flora and fauna, as well as the best trails and scenic spots.
3. What to Bring: Be sure to pack essentials like water, snacks, sturdy shoes, and rain gear as the weather can change quickly in the mountains. Insect repellent is also advisable due to the dense forest areas.
4. Conservation Rules: As Xilongshan is a protected nature reserve, it is important to follow conservation guidelines. Do not disturb wildlife, pick plants, or leave behind any litter.

Xilongshan Nature Reserve offers a rare opportunity to immerse oneself in the untouched wilderness of southern Yunnan. Its rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes make it a perfect destination for nature lovers, eco-tourists, and adventure seekers alike.

Overview

Chinese Name: 孤山洞遗址 (Gushandong Yizhi)
Location: Northeast of Hekou Yao Autonomous County (河口瑶族自治县), approximately 60 kilometers from Qiaotou Grain Depot (桥头粮管所)
Protection Level: Cultural Relic Protection Unit (文物保护单位)
Era: Paleolithic Era (旧石器时代)
Unearthed Artifacts: Chipped stone tools, fossils of the Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger (东方剑齿象), Chinese Rhinoceros (中国犀牛), deer (鹿), and rodents (鼠)

Site Description

The Gushandong site is a significant Paleolithic cave located in the lush environment of Hekou Yao Autonomous County. The cave opens to the northeast and features a height of 2.6 meters and a depth of 6 meters, forming a circular shape. A natural stone pillar supports the smooth ceiling, and the activity area spans about 10 square meters. A clear river flows nearby, enhancing the site’s natural beauty.

Archaeological Discoveries

In 1980, excavations revealed artifacts and fossils dating back approximately 30,000 years, including chipped stone tools and mammal remains. The site was officially recognized as a cultural relic protection unit in 1984. Significant discoveries continued in 1982, including ivory fossils of the Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger. Workers unearthed scrapers made from diorite and a bone needle, demonstrating early tool-making techniques. Additional fossils from the Upper Paleolithic period (晚更新世) included those of the Chinese Rhinoceros, Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger, deer, and rodents, dating back around 35,000 years.

Historical Significance

The Gushandong Paleolithic Site provides valuable insights into ancient human life and their environment in the Honghe region. It is a crucial archaeological resource for studying the cultural and historical development of early humans.

Online Resources

For more information about the Gushandong Paleolithic Site and attractions in Hekou, visit:

• Honghe Tourism Official Site (红河旅游官网)
• Yunnan Provincial Government Site (云南省政府网站)

How to Get There

Transportation Options

• By Bus: Regular buses connect major cities, including Kunming (昆明), to Hekou. Local transport is available to reach the site.
• By Car: Driving from Kunming to Hekou via G320 National Highway (G320国道) offers picturesque views along the way.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal visiting period is from October (10月) to April (4月) when weather conditions are more favorable.
• Nearby Attractions: Explore local markets and other historical sites in Hekou.
• Respect the Site: As a significant archaeological location, visitors should follow preservation guidelines to protect the site.

The Gushandong Paleolithic Site stands as a remarkable testament to early human history and a vital resource for archaeological studies in the region.

Overview

Chinese Name: 河口县海关旧址 (Hekou Xian Haiguan Jiu Zhi)
Location: No. 5, Renmin Road (人民路5号), Hekou Yao Autonomous County (河口瑶族自治县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), China

The Site of the Former Customs in Hekou is located in the southeastern part of Hekou County (河口县) and is approximately 50 meters from the China-Vietnam Railway Bridge (中越铁路大桥). This historic site features a French-style building that was established in the 23rd year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十三年, 1897). It is one of the best-preserved examples of French architecture in the Hekou region and serves as a valuable resource for studying modern history and customs history in Hekou.

In 1998, the site was designated as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit. In 2001, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命) and the 93rd anniversary of the Hekou Uprising (河口起义), the site underwent renovations and was converted into the Hekou Uprising Memorial Hall (河口起义纪念馆), becoming an important venue for patriotic education in Hekou County.

Architectural Significance

The architectural style of the Former Customs site is unique, showcasing the elegance and solemnity of French architecture. Features include a flat roof, brick-concrete structure, and an “L”-shaped corridor, all contributing to its distinctive aesthetic. Upon entering the site, visitors feel as if they are transported back in time to an era rich in historical significance.

Historical and Cultural Importance

Beyond its architectural value, the Former Customs site holds significant historical and cultural importance. It has witnessed the historical changes in the Hekou area and stands as a testament to the friendly exchanges between the people of China and Vietnam (中国和越南). It is a rare and precious treasure of Hekou.

In the 13th year of the Guangxu era (光绪十三年, 1887), customs were established in Hekou to manage affairs related to Vietnam (越南). The customs office consisted of five brick and wood structures with red tile roofs, covering an area of 1,127 square meters, making it one of the earlier customs buildings in the region. In 1998, it was officially recognized as a cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province.

How to Get There

Transportation Options

• By Bus: Public buses run regularly from major cities, including Kunming (昆明), to Hekou. Once in Hekou, local buses or taxis can take you to the Former Customs site.
• By Car: You can drive from Kunming to Hekou via G320 National Highway (G320国道), enjoying the scenic views along the way.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is from October (10月) to April (4月), when the weather is more pleasant for sightseeing.
• Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to explore other historical sites in Hekou, including local markets and the China-Vietnam Railway Bridge.
• Respect the Heritage: Be mindful of the site’s historical significance and avoid any actions that could damage the building.