Chinese Name: 西双版纳猴山
Pinyin: Xīshuāngbǎnnà Hóushān
Location: Jinghong City (景洪市, Jǐnghóng Shì), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), Yunnan Province (云南省, Yúnnán Shěng)

Overview

Monkey Mountain is situated four kilometers from the urban area of Jinghong City and serves as the research and experimental base for the Yunnan Primate Center, which is part of China’s experimental animal program. This scenic area is home to 14 species of rare primates classified as first and second class national protected animals. It combines research, leisure, and tourism, making it a unique destination.

The mountain is located in the eastern outskirts of Jinghong, at the confluence of the Lancang River (澜沧江, Láncāng Jiāng) and the Liushahua River (流沙河, Liúshā Hé), adjacent to the historical site of the former Xuanwei Governor’s Office (勐泐故宫, Mènglè Gùgōng). The area emphasizes both the display of primates and historical cultural landscapes.

Attractions and Features

Visitors can enjoy a cable car ride, navigate thrilling rapids, and explore lush bamboo forests and ancient trees. The sounds of gibbons echo in the valleys, while birds sing among fragrant flowers, showcasing the harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

Primate Exhibits

The center features an exhibition garden for various primate species, including the Red-Faced Monkey (红面猴, Hóngmiànhóu) and the Gibbon (长臂猿, Chángbìyuán). The largest breeding facility for macaques in Asia houses over 4,000 Rhesus monkeys (恒河猴, Hénghéhóu) and Crab-Eating Macaques (食蟹猴, Shíxièhóu).

Family Experience

Children will delight in watching young monkeys play, climb trees, and frolic by the water. The sight of baby monkeys snuggling with their mothers evokes the universal bond of maternal love, reminiscent of human relationships. Visitors can also experience the wonder of the tropical rainforest environment, which, although humid and slippery, offers a captivating forest atmosphere.

Visitor Information

• Contact Number: 0691-2200159
• Duration: Recommended visit time is over 3 hours
• Entrance Fee: 20 Yuan
• Opening Hours: 08:00 AM – 05:00 PM; last admission at 05:00 PM (January 1 – December 31, daily)
• Location: Ronglin Avenue (榕林大道, Rónglín Dàdào), Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province

How to Get There

Transportation Options

1. By Bus: Public buses frequently connect Jinghong City to Monkey Mountain. Look for local bus routes heading east.
2. By Taxi: Taxis are readily available in the city, and a ride to Monkey Mountain takes about 10-15 minutes.
3. By Car: Renting a car provides the flexibility to explore nearby attractions at your own pace.

Nearby Attractions

• Former Xuanwei Governor’s Office (勐泐故宫, Mènglè Gùgōng): A historical site worth visiting for its cultural significance.
• Lancang River (澜沧江, Láncāng Jiāng): A scenic river ideal for leisurely walks and photography.

Travel Tips

1. Safety Precautions: Be cautious around monkeys, especially when feeding them. They may snatch food unexpectedly.
2. Weather Preparedness: The area can be humid and slippery, so wear appropriate footwear for walking.
3. Respect Wildlife: Observe the monkeys from a distance and avoid disturbing their natural behavior.
4. Photography: Capture the beauty of the landscape and the monkeys, but ensure to respect the animals and their habitat.
5. Cultural Respect: Be mindful of local customs and traditions when visiting the area.

Monkey Mountain offers a fascinating blend of wildlife observation and cultural exploration, making it a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to Xishuangbanna.

Chinese Name: 西双版纳勐仑镇绿石林森林公园 (勐仑植物园东区)
Pinyin: Xīshuāngbǎnnà Mènglún Zhèn Lǜshílín Sēnlín Gōngyuán (Mènglún Zhíwùyuán Dōngqū)
Location: Jinghong City (景洪市, Jǐnghóng Shì), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), Yunnan Province (云南省, Yúnnán Shěng)

Overview

Lvshilin Forest Park is an integral part of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, located within the boundaries of Jinghong City. Open all day, this forest park boasts an exceptional natural environment, which is linked to local legends, including that of the Fragrant Princess (香发公主, Xiāngfà Gōngzhǔ). It represents a quintessential example of tropical and seasonal rainforest ecosystems.

The park is known for its remarkable landscape, encapsulated in the phrase “Above are forests, below are stone forests.” This feature includes exposed rock formations adorned with a plethora of unique plant species and intertwined vines, creating a mesmerizing display of nature’s artistry. Notable features include strangler figs (绞杀植物, Jiǎoshā Zhíwù), stunning tree waterfalls (树瀑布, Shù Pùbù), massive buttresses (大板根, Dà Bǎngēn), and distinctive rock formations such as the Viewing River Rock (望江岩, Wàngjiāng Yán) and Wild Elephant Stone (野象石, Yěxiàng Shí).

Biodiversity

The park is a haven for wildlife, hosting numerous species, including the White Monkey (白猴, Bái Hóu), Long-Tailed Macaque (长尾叶猴, Chángwěi Yèhóu), White-Lipped Deer (白唇鹿, Báichún Lù), Bear Monkeys (熊猴, Xióng Hóu), and various species of birds. It boasts one of the richest biodiversity levels globally, with its forest coverage reaching 90%, earning it the title of “Natural Botanical Garden” (天然植物园, Tiānrán Zhíwùyuán).

Geographic Location

Lvshilin Forest Park is situated approximately 1 kilometer from the famous Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (中科院热带植物园, Zhōngkēyuàn Rèdài Zhíwùyuán). The park’s design is influenced by the unique geographical environment and the rich cultural history of the local ethnic groups, creating a multifaceted tourist destination that embraces natural, ethnic, and modern elements.

Attractions

• Hutiao Ridge (虎眺岭, Hǔtiàolǐng): This scenic overlook consists of two low hills with steep surroundings, featuring a platform of over 50 square meters. Originally a scientific research base, it now serves as a viewpoint offering stunning vistas of HuLu Island (葫芦岛, Húlú Dǎo) and its botanical garden, the Lousuo River Hanging Bridge (罗梭江吊桥, Luósuō Jiāng Diàoqiáo), as well as the Menglun Dam (勐仑坝, Mènglún Bà). The clear waters of the river and the nearby Manhague Dai Village (曼哈阁傣族村寨, Mànhāgé Dǎizú Cūnzài) are also visible from this platform.
• Unique Rock Formations: The park features an array of limestone formations that have developed over time. Visitors can marvel at towering karst peaks, stone buds, and stone pillars that rise over 40 meters. The landscape includes formations that resemble various animals and objects, such as “Crocodile Emerging from a Hole” (鳄鱼出洞, Èyú Chū Dòng) and “Camel Peak” (骆驼峰, Luòtuó Fēng).
• Rainforest Experience: The tropical rainforest is a vital component of Lvshilin Forest Park. Visitors can encounter ancient banyan trees that blossom and bear fruit, known locally as “Old Stems Flowering” (老茎生花, Lǎo Jīng Shēng Huā). A particularly impressive banyan reaches over 30 meters in height, with its aerial roots cascading down the rocks, creating the enchanting “Banyan Waterfall” (榕树瀑布, Róngshù Pùbù).

Notable Flora and Fauna

• Four-Way Tree (四薮木, Sì Sòu Mù): This famous tree is recognized as the “King of Buttresses” due to its 11 plate-like roots covering over 500 square meters. The largest buttress is 7.3 meters wide, resembling a giant wooden plank leaning against the tree, making it a sight to behold.
• Diverse Ecosystems: The park’s varied terrain supports diverse ecosystems, from dry seasonal rainforests on the slopes to lush tropical rainforests in the valleys. The unique climate fosters a rich array of plant and animal life, enhancing the park’s allure.

Travel Information

How to Get There

1. By Bus: Frequent public bus services operate between Jinghong City and the park. Look for local bus routes that head towards Menglun.
2. By Taxi: Taxis are readily available throughout Jinghong City. A ride to Lvshilin Forest Park takes approximately 10-15 minutes from the city center.
3. By Car: Renting a car offers flexibility for exploring nearby attractions at your own pace.

Travel Tips

1. Wear Comfortable Footwear: The park’s terrain can be uneven, so sturdy shoes are essential for a comfortable experience.
2. Respect Wildlife: Maintain a safe distance from animals and do not disturb their habitats.
3. Stay Hydrated: Bring plenty of water, especially during warm weather, to stay refreshed while exploring.
4. Capture the Beauty: Don’t forget to bring a camera or smartphone to document the stunning landscapes and unique rock formations.
5. Check the Weather: Tropical weather can change rapidly; it’s wise to prepare for sudden rain or shifts in temperature.
6. Timing Your Visit: Consider visiting during weekdays to avoid crowds, allowing for a more tranquil experience in nature.

Overview

Manduan Temple (曼短佛寺), known in the Dai language as “Wǎlàzhātǎn”, is a prominent Buddhist temple located in Mankeng Village (曼恩村), Menghai County (勐海县), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province, China. Established in 312 in the Dai calendar (950 AD), the existing main hall is a beautiful structure from the Qing Dynasty, showcasing the rich heritage of Dai culture.

Location and Area

• Geographical Location: Menghai County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China.
• Area: 1,828 m².

Historical Development

Manduan Temple was founded in 312 in the Dai calendar (950 AD) and has undergone multiple renovations, maintaining its significance as a Theravada Buddhist monastery. The current main hall, a Qing Dynasty relic, serves as a testament to the temple’s enduring legacy.

Architectural Features

Manduan Temple is oriented west to east and consists of several key components, including:

• Gate Pavilion (门亭)
• Buddha Shrine (佛版)
• Precept Hall (戒堂)
• Stupa (佛塔)
• Monk’s Quarters (僧舍)
• Drum Room (鼓房)

Main Hall

The main hall is the temple’s focal point, featuring a longitudinal layout divided into four sections, extending deep with eight chambers. The architectural style embodies the essence of ancient Dai building techniques and cultural heritage.

Design Elements

The roof structure is intricately designed, showcasing multiple eaves supported by beautifully sculpted wooden dragon pillars. The roof’s curvature and decorative tiles enhance its aesthetic appeal, while the eaves are adorned with various colorful ornaments, such as pagoda-shaped and flame-shaped glass decorations.

Inside, the temple houses a seated statue of Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦牟尼佛), surrounded by intricate carvings of dragons, phoenixes, and other auspicious symbols on the beams and columns.

Cultural Significance

Manduan Temple has been recognized for its cultural heritage, being listed as a key national cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on May 25, 2006. This status highlights its importance in preserving Dai culture and history.

Artistic Heritage

Inside the main hall, there is a 2-meter-high Buddha altar featuring a large seated Buddha coated in gold powder. The walls display Dai (傣) language banners known as “Dǒng”, intricately woven with beautiful patterns, serving as a tribute from the living to the deceased.

Murals and Literature

The walls are adorned with classical murals depicting scenes from the Buddha’s Life (佛本生经) and various mythical creatures, alongside a collection of Buddhist scriptures and folklore housed in a “Hóngtǎn” (藏经室). This room contains numerous hand-copied Buddhist texts and local literature related to Buddhism.

Name Origin

The name “Manduan” reflects the temple’s antiquity and architectural beauty. “Manduan” is derived from a Dai village name, where “man” means village, and “duan” refers to observing. According to legend, a notable Dai general instructed villagers to observe a hive of precious bees, leading to the name’s origin. The temple’s proximity to the village further cements its connection to local culture.

Research Value

The temple’s architectural style and decorative arts are a concentrated reflection of ancient Dai building techniques and cultural heritage, making it a valuable site for researchers studying the history of Buddhism in Yunnan.

Travel Information

Location

Manduan Temple is situated in Mankeng Village (曼恩村), Menghai County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China.

How to Get There

The Menghai County Government is located approximately 7 kilometers from Manduan Temple. Visitors can drive or take a local taxi to reach the temple easily.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the dry season, from October to March, when the weather is pleasant and conducive for sightseeing.
• Local Etiquette: Dress modestly and respectfully when visiting the temple, as it is a sacred place of worship. Remove your shoes before entering.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to fully appreciate the temple’s history, architecture, and cultural significance. Local guides can provide deeper insights into the temple’s practices and traditions.
• Photography: Photography is often allowed, but be mindful of other visitors and the sacred atmosphere.
• Cultural Experiences: Engage with local customs, such as participating in offerings or observing traditional ceremonies when available.

The Bulang Ecological Museum (布朗族生态博物馆) is located in Zhanglang Village (章朗村), Xiding Township (西定乡), Menghai County (勐海县), within the rich natural and cultural environment of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). This area is renowned for its diverse heritage, including tangible and intangible cultural assets, and serves as a convergence zone for primitive religious culture, Buddhist culture, ethnic folk culture, and ancient tea culture. It boasts over a thousand years of historical villages, the oldest Bulang Buddhist temple (布朗族古佛寺) in Xishuangbanna, ancient tea gardens over a century old, and the lush, dense “Longshan” forest surrounding the village, reflecting the traditional virtues and customs of the Bulang ethnic group.

Overview of the Museum (博物馆简介)

The Bulang Ecological Museum (布朗族生态博物馆) showcases the natural environment and cultural context of Zhanglang Village (章朗村), providing a rich tapestry of its tangible and intangible heritage. This museum is a significant resource for understanding the integration of local culture with its ecological context.

Characteristics of the Museum (博物馆特点)

The Bulang Ecological Museum (布朗族生态博物馆) is built on the principles of “protecting the ecological environment, promoting ecological culture, developing ecological economy, and constructing ecological civilization.” Its implementation follows a model of “government leadership, expert guidance, and community participation.” The museum focuses on the “holistic protection, origin preservation, and self-protection by residents” of Zhanglang Village (章朗村), ensuring a balanced ecological relationship between people, resources, and the environment. This approach promotes sustainable and harmonious development in line with scientific development concepts.

The establishment of the museum has positioned Zhanglang Village (章朗村) as a crucial platform for showcasing and promoting Bulang culture, facilitating deeper research and exchanges among Bulang communities across different regions. This initiative has heightened awareness and support for Bulang development and revitalization, aiming to enhance national pride and confidence, invigorate the spirit of the Bulang people, and find effective solutions to poverty and development challenges.

Notably, the museum, organized under the leadership of the Xishuangbanna Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China (中共西双版纳州委), has integrated itself into the management of the village, allowing for self-governance by the villagers. This integration ensures the museum remains a vital part of community life, contributing to the prosperity and development of the Bulang community.

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场), then take a taxi or local transport to Menghai County (勐海县).
• By Bus: Multiple bus services run from Jinghong City (景洪市) to Menghai County (勐海县), providing easy access to the museum.
• By Car: If driving, follow the signs to Menghai County (勐海县) from Jinghong City (景洪市), approximately 80 kilometers away.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: October to April is ideal for pleasant weather conducive to exploration.
• Respect Local Culture: Engage respectfully with local customs and practices, especially in a cultural museum setting.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining guided tours for a deeper understanding of Bulang culture and traditions.
• Photography: Capture the stunning displays and artifacts, while adhering to any photography guidelines provided by the museum.
• Plan Your Visit: Check the museum’s schedule for any special events or exhibitions that may enhance your experience.

Chinese Name:西双版纳大渡岗茶场云茶源茶园
English Name: Yunchayuan Tea Plantation Scenic Area in Menghai County, XishuangBanna

Xishuangbanna: The Birthplace of Yunnan Tea

Located in the heart of Yunnan’s tropical rainforest, Xishuangbanna is recognized as the birthplace of Yunnan tea, particularly Pu’er tea. The unique geographical environment and evolutionary history of this region contribute to its status as the original home of the tea plant.

Historical and Scientific Significance

• Ancient Flora: Research indicates that ancient plant species such as kapok trees and sky trees in Xishuangbanna suggest that the region was largely unaffected by the glacial periods of the Quaternary. This stability provided an ideal environment for tea trees to thrive.
• Discovery of Ancient Tea Trees: In the 1950s, researchers discovered ancient tea trees in Menghai County’s Nannuo Mountain, aged over 800 years. Later, wild tea trees over 1,700 years old were found on Bada’s Dake Mountain, affirming Xishuangbanna’s role as a primary tea origin.
• Academic Research: Professor Zhang Hongda from Sun Yat-sen University confirmed the global significance of Xishuangbanna’s large-leaf tea (Pu’er tea) by reclassifying the “Assam variety” from India as a type of Pu’er tea. This research solidified the region’s historical importance.
• Cultural Recognition: Zhao Puchu, Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, highlighted the cultural importance of Xishuangbanna in Pu’er tea history through his poetry and inscriptions.
• Historical Documentation: Historical Qing Dynasty records mention the six famous tea mountains of Pu’er, all located in what is now Xishuangbanna, further validating the traditional origins of Pu’er tea.

Xishuangbanna remains a key location for tea cultivation and cultural heritage, deeply rooted in both scientific discovery and historical records.

Yunchayuan Tea Plantation Scenic Area in Menghai County, XishuangBanna

Yunchayuan Tea Garden is part of the Daduogang Tea Estate located in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. This tea garden is known for its commitment to producing high-quality teas and its picturesque setting.

Key Features:

• Premium Tea Production: Yunchayuan specializes in cultivating and processing premium Yunnan teas, renowned for their distinct flavors and quality.
• Scenic Beauty: The garden is situated in the lush, tropical environment of Xishuangbanna, offering stunning natural landscapes and a serene atmosphere.
• Cultural Significance: As part of the historic Daduogang Tea Estate, Yunchayuan plays a role in preserving traditional tea-growing practices and contributing to the rich tea culture of Yunnan.

Visitor Information:

• Location: Daduogang, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China.
• Activities: Visitors can explore the tea garden, learn about tea cultivation and processing, and experience the beauty of the region.

For the latest updates or to plan a visit, it’s best to contact the tea garden directly or visit their official website.

Location:

Overview

Luosuo River (罗梭江) rafting mainly takes place within the Menglun Town (勐仑) of Mengla County (勐腊县). The river flows from the Simao District (思茅地区) into the northeast of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), passing through Jinghong City (景洪市) and Mengla County before merging into the Lancang River (澜沧江). In Jinghong City, the river is referred to as Buyuan River (补远江) in Mengwang Township (勐旺乡), as Xiaohong River (小黑江) in Xiangming Township (象明乡) of Mengla County, and simply as Luosuo River in Menglun Town and Guanlei Town (关累镇). The river originates from the Daqingshan (大青山) and Bijia Mountain (笔架山) between Pu’er County (普洱县), covering a total length of 307 kilometers and a watershed area of 7,184 square kilometers.

Watershed Overview

In Xishuangbanna, Luosuo River is the largest tributary of the Mekong River (湄公河) and Lancang River, with a watershed area of 5,174 square kilometers. In Mengla County’s Menglun Town, the southwest and north regions are elevated, while the southeast and south are lower, creating a narrow valley. As the Luosuo River flows through this area, it runs eastward along this gorge and then turns westward near the Manna Sangzhai (曼那伞寨) in Menglun. After swirling 350 degrees near Menglun City (勐仑城子), it flows southward through the Mansa Zhai (曼洒寨) before joining the Lancang River at the foot of Apilubeng Mountain (阿皮露崩各角山) in Mango Tree Township (芒果树乡).

Recreational Activities

Luosuo River rafting is primarily conducted within the Menglun area of Mengla County. The river, being a significant tributary of the Lancang River, flows from Simao City into the northeast of Xishuangbanna, passing through Jinghong City and Mengla County. The Menglun section of the Luosuo River features wide and gentle waters, making it suitable for rafting. This tourism project has been jointly developed by Xishuangbanna International Travel Service (西双版纳国旅) and a real estate development company in Menglun Town. The total rafting distance is 3.5 kilometers, taking approximately 1.5 to 2 hours to complete. The best season for rafting is during the dry season from November to May of the following year. Along the banks, visitors can enjoy attractions such as the Menglun Botanical Garden (勐仑植物园), Lushilin Park (绿石林公园), Dai villages (傣族村寨), and Hani villages (哈尼村落), creating a picturesque pastoral landscape.

Contact Information

• Location: Menglun Town (勐仑镇), Mengla County (勐腊县), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province (云南省), China

How to Get There (Transportation)

To reach Luosuo River rafting in Menglun, you can take a taxi or a local shuttle bus from Jinghong City. If traveling from the nearest airport, Jinghong Gasa Airport (景洪嘎洒机场), taxis are available for direct transport to Menglun Town.

Golf Travel Tips for This Golf Club

1. Book in Advance: Reservations for rafting trips are recommended, especially during peak tourist seasons.
2. Check Weather Conditions: Always review the weather forecast to ensure safe rafting conditions.
3. Wear Appropriate Gear: Bring a swimsuit, water shoes, and a quick-dry towel. Safety gear is usually provided.
4. Stay Hydrated: Bring water, especially if you plan to spend additional time exploring the area.
5. Enjoy the Scenery: Take breaks along the route to appreciate the beautiful landscapes and attractions near the riverbanks.

Chinese Name:西双版纳勐海县古茶王

The King of the Ancient Tea Tree in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna refers to a collection of prestigious and ancient tea trees that are highly regarded in the world of Pu’er tea. These tea trees are symbols of the rich cultural heritage and historical legacy of tea cultivation in this region. The “Ancient Tea Kings” are revered not only for their impressive age but also for the quality of the tea they produce, which is prized for its unique flavor, aroma, and health benefits. Below are the most famous of these ancient tea trees:

1. Nannuo Mountain Tea King (南糯山茶王)

• Location: Nannuo Mountain, Menghai County
• Significance: Nannuo Mountain is home to ancient tea trees that are over 800 years old. The tea from these trees is known for its smooth and mellow flavor, offering a distinctive sweetness that develops from the unique growing conditions on the mountain. Nannuo Mountain holds a special place in Xishuangbanna’s tea culture, as it has been a significant tea-producing area for centuries. The tea trees here are meticulously cared for by local communities, maintaining their ancient legacy.
• Tea Profile: Nannuo Mountain Pu’er tea is noted for its floral fragrance, light bitterness, and lingering sweetness, making it popular among Pu’er tea enthusiasts.

2. Lao Banzhang Tea King (老班章茶王)

• Location: Lao Banzhang Village, Menghai County
• Significance: Lao Banzhang is considered the “Holy Grail” of Pu’er tea due to its ancient tea trees, some of which are over 1,000 years old. The tea from this region is renowned for its bold and powerful flavor, often described as having a strong chaqi (茶气, tea energy). Lao Banzhang Pu’er is highly coveted by tea collectors and connoisseurs for its robust taste and complex aromatic profile, including a perfect balance of bitterness and sweetness.
• Tea Profile: Lao Banzhang Pu’er tea is characterized by its thick texture, bitterness that quickly transforms into sweetness, and an enduring aftertaste. It is often described as powerful, with a strong kick of chaqi that is cherished by Pu’er enthusiasts.

3. Bada Mountain Tea King (巴达山茶王)

• Location: Bada Mountain, Menghai County
• Significance: Bada Mountain is famous for having some of the oldest wild tea trees in the world, with trees that are over 1,700 years old. The tea from Bada Mountain is known for its deep, rich flavors, and is considered one of the most historically significant varieties of Pu’er tea. These ancient wild tea trees are believed to represent the original tea species, giving the tea a natural and distinctive character.
• Tea Profile: Bada Mountain Pu’er tea is appreciated for its mellow, earthy flavors, rich mouthfeel, and long-lasting sweetness. Its complexity develops over multiple brews, offering a rich tea-drinking experience that embodies the essence of ancient Pu’er tea traditions.

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The Cultural and Historical Importance of “Ancient Tea Kings”

The “Ancient Tea Kings” of Menghai County are more than just sources of high-quality tea; they are living monuments of the region’s cultural history. The trees have been passed down through generations of Dai and Bulang ethnic groups, who have cultivated and protected them for centuries. These trees are considered sacred in the local communities, representing the harmony between humans and nature, as well as the cultural heritage of the Pu’er tea trade, which has been flourishing in Yunnan for over a thousand years.

In addition to their cultural significance, these ancient tea trees play an essential role in the Pu’er tea industry, which is one of the most valuable tea markets globally. Tea from these “Ancient Tea Kings” often fetches high prices due to its scarcity, quality, and historical value, making it a prized possession for tea collectors and aficionados around the world.

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Visiting the “Ancient Tea Kings”

Travelers and tea enthusiasts visiting Menghai County have the opportunity to explore these ancient tea forests, experience the rich tea culture, and even participate in tea-picking and tasting activities. The surrounding villages, like Lao Banzhang and Nannuo, offer a unique opportunity to learn about traditional tea cultivation methods, connect with the local communities, and appreciate the deep-rooted relationship between the land, the tea trees, and the people who have nurtured them for generations.

Overview

The Zhou Enlai Memorial Monument (周恩来纪念碑) is located in Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province (云南省), China. This memorial was established to commemorate the meeting between Premier Zhou Enlai (周恩来) and Burmese Prime Minister U Nu (吴努) on April 14, 1961. It also honors Zhou’s visits to scientific personnel and staff in the rubber plantations nearby. The memorial covers an area of over 6,000 square meters and consists of explanatory plaques, a monument marking the Premier’s inspection, a meeting memorial for the two prime ministers, and surrounding flowerbeds and lawns.

Location

The Zhou Enlai Memorial Park (周恩来总理纪念园) is situated in a rubber plantation behind the research building of the Yunnan Tropical Crop Research Institute (云南省热带作物科学研究所) in the western part of the autonomous prefecture’s capital, Jinghong. It is recognized as a key provincial cultural relic protection site.

History

Established in 1985, the memorial was funded by the Yunnan Tropical Crop Research Institute and designed by students and teachers from the Architecture Department of Tongji University (同济大学) in Shanghai. The construction was carried out by the engineering team of the Research Institute. The monument reflects the deep respect and fond memories that the staff and the local community in Xishuangbanna have for Premier Zhou. The site has been renovated and expanded to ensure that the memorial remains a shining tribute, complemented by its beautiful natural surroundings.

Background Information

Upon entering the memorial park, visitors are greeted by a granite explanatory monument that details the origins of the memorial. The stone is inclined and inscribed with text that recounts significant events during Zhou Enlai’s visit to Xishuangbanna, including celebrations of the Water-Splashing Festival (泼水节) with local ethnic groups from April 12 to 14, 1961. The stone mentions Zhou’s visits to the rubber plantation and his discussions with U Nu regarding bilateral relations, marking a new chapter in Sino-Burmese friendship.

Inspection Monument

The inspection monument is composed of four blocks symbolizing the vigorous growth of rubber seedlings. Situated in the center of the park, the front stone is inscribed with “Premier Zhou Enlai’s Inspection” in gold characters. Behind it, the stone features a translation in the Dai language (傣文). The left and right sides display two relief sculptures: one depicts a peacock soaring in the sky, surrounded by local Dai girls presenting flowers to Premier Zhou, while the other illustrates rubber workers by the scenic Lancang River (澜沧江), signifying Zhou’s care and hopes for the rubber industry in Xishuangbanna.

Meeting Monument

The meeting monument is made up of four intersecting stones, symbolizing the strong ties between the people of China and Myanmar (缅甸). The base of the monument stands in clear water, representing the “Bawpo” (胞波) friendship, indicating that both countries share the same river. The central inscription, in Chinese and Dai, reads “The Prime Ministers of China and Myanmar met here.” The sides feature two reliefs: one showcases the Tiananmen Mountain (天安山) in Beijing, while the other illustrates the Shwedagon Pagoda (大金塔) and the mythical Garuda (吉祥鸟) in Yangon (仰光), representing the enduring friendship between the two nations.

Memorial Park Environment

Surrounding the base of the memorial are flowerbeds with various exotic flowers. The open space within the park features meticulously cultivated green lawns enclosed by stone fences. Adjacent to the memorial is a lush rubber plantation, making this site an important base for revolutionary traditional education in Xishuangbanna.

Other Memorials

In addition to the memorial in the Tropical Crop Research Institute, there is another Zhou Enlai memorial erected by the workers of the Jinghong State Farm (国营景洪农场) in a rubber plantation west of the government office in Gadong Township (嘎栋乡). This concrete monument, standing 2 meters tall and 0.3 meters thick, bears an inscription in black letters on a red background: “Our beloved Premier Zhou Enlai visited this place on April 14, 1961, and provided important guidance for our rubber industry.” The monument is signed by “All employees of the Jinghong State Farm. April 14, 1977.”

How to Get There (Transportation)

To reach the Zhou Enlai Memorial Monument in Jinghong, you can take a taxi or local bus from Jinghong City center. If arriving by air, the nearest airport is Jinghong Gasa Airport (景洪嘎洒机场), where taxis are available for direct transport to the memorial.

Golf Travel Tips for This Golf Club

1. Plan Ahead: If you intend to visit both the memorial and nearby golf courses, consider scheduling your visits to optimize your time.
2. Combine Activities: Look for golf clubs that offer sightseeing tours, allowing you to explore historical sites like the Zhou Enlai Memorial while enjoying a round of golf.
3. Stay Hydrated: Ensure you carry water and snacks during your visits, especially if engaging in outdoor activities.
4. Respect the Site: Be mindful of the memorial’s significance and maintain a respectful demeanor while visiting.
5. Local Cuisine: Consider dining at local restaurants nearby to experience the unique flavors of Xishuangbanna after your golf and sightseeing activities.

The JingEn Pagoda (景恩塔), known in the Dai language as “Ta JingEn,” is situated on GuangjingEn Mountain (广景恩山) and serves as the central Buddhist pagoda of the Menghai (勐海) area. According to inscriptions on the pagoda’s stele, it originally began as a single tower. It has undergone three repairs in the Dai years 141 (AD 779, Tang Dynasty), 1133 (AD 1771, Qing Dynasty), and 1139 (AD 1777). Subsequently, in the Dai year 1315 (AD 1953), during one of its repairs, four smaller pagodas were added. Due to various reasons, the pagoda was later destroyed but was rebuilt to its original appearance in 1983.

Structure and Design (塔的结构与设计)

The JingEn Pagoda (景恩塔) features a brick and stone structure, characterized as a group pagoda in the style of an octagonal diamond throne. It consists of a total of nine towers, varying in size. The base of the main tower has a square shape with sides measuring 17 meters, while the main tower stands 17.2 meters tall, and the surrounding smaller towers each reach a height of 6 meters.

The pagoda has a multi-faceted design resembling a string of beads, with the seat styled as an octagonal Sumeru base. The body and base of the pagoda are adorned with floral designs and vivid images of dragon-like creatures. The pagoda’s pinnacle consists of various elements, including a treasure vase (宝瓶), chakra (相轮), precious umbrella (宝盖), and wind chimes (风铃).

Overall, the pagoda is grand and magnificent, with exquisite decorative painting, making it an architectural gem rich in artistic value and ethnic characteristics. It has been designated as a county-level cultural heritage protection unit.

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场), then take a taxi or local transport to Menghai County (勐海县).
• By Bus: Several bus lines connect Jinghong City (景洪市) with Menghai County (勐海县), making it accessible for travelers.
• By Car: If driving, follow signs to Menghai County (勐海县) from Jinghong City (景洪市), approximately 80 kilometers away.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal visiting period is between October and April, when the weather is pleasant for sightseeing.
• Dress Appropriately: As a religious site, visitors should dress modestly and respectfully.
• Photography: Capture the stunning architecture and intricate details of the pagoda, but be mindful of any restrictions on photography inside.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to learn more about the history and significance of the pagoda and the surrounding area.
• Respect Local Customs: Observe local customs and practices, especially when interacting with the local Buddhist community.

The Manmai Sangkang Scenic Area (曼迈桑康风景区) is a vibrant tourist destination located in Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳). The local villagers of Manmai Sangkang (曼迈桑康) are dedicated to providing an exciting and rich cultural experience for visitors, featuring various activities such as dragon boat racing, dragon boat religious ceremonies, the Dai King’s sedan chair procession, bamboo rafting on the lake, and unique Dai cultural experiences like “Girl Losing Bag” (少女丢包传情).

Recently, the Xishuangbanna Dai Ethnic Park Co., Ltd. (西双版纳傣族园有限公司) held a promotional event titled “Water Splashing Festival: Impression” to introduce the Manmai Sangkang Scenic Area. Following the successful launch of the “Daily Water Splashing Festival” (天天泼水节) event, they proudly unveiled this new attraction in collaboration with the Dai Ethnic Park.

Overview of the Scenic Area (景区简介)

Location: 41 kilometers along the Jinglun Highway (景仑公路41公里处)

Opening Hours: 9:30 AM – 12:00 PM

Ticket Prices:

• Regular Price: 120 yuan
• Reserved Price: 90 yuan

Scenic Area Introduction

In the Dai language, Manmai Sangkang (曼迈桑康) means “Festival Village.” The scenic area is composed of Golden Lake (金湖) and Silver Lake (银湖), making it a perfect setting for cultural celebrations. The Water Splashing Festival (泼水节) is the most important holiday for the Dai people and includes traditional activities like dragon boat racing, launching sky lanterns, fairs, and water splashing.

The development of Manmai Sangkang highlights activities like sky lantern launching and dragon boat racing, enhancing the cultural richness of the festival. This collaboration aims to allow tourists to genuinely experience the charm of the Water Splashing Festival.

Located over 40 kilometers from the center of Jinghong City (景洪市), Manmai Sangkang serves as a backdrop for the preservation of Dai history. The scenic area showcases a backdrop of blue skies and white clouds, framed by vast green mountains and clear waters. It offers an authentic display of the ethnic atmosphere and customs, featuring a 500-member ecological performance team that recreates the cultural essence of the Water Splashing Festival in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳).

Manmai Sangkang is currently the only scenic area in Xishuangbanna that showcases Dai folk customs on water, presenting a colorful tapestry of cultural content against beautiful natural landscapes.

Main Activities in the Park

The main activities at Manmai Sangkang include:

• Scenic Viewing: Enjoy the beauty of Salarbying (洒拉比英) (Sister Lake in Sister Lake) and engage in fishing games on floating bridges.
• Cultural Performances: Experience a grand historical portrayal of Dai culture against the backdrop of the clear, mirror-like lakes.
• Interactive Programs: Once onshore, engage in programs such as “Girl Losing Bag,” “Tying Blessings,” and welcoming ceremonies with Dai girls, enhancing the interactive experience for visitors.

Visitors can also participate in the ancient dragon boat races, where they board one of Xishuangbanna’s (西双版纳) oldest nine dragon boats and experience an authentic Dai dragon boat competition. If their dragon boat wins, tourists might have the opportunity to ride in the revered Dai King’s Sedan Chair (傣王轿).

Moreover, tourists can savor the famous Dai delicacies, including grilled fish (烤鱼), Malosuo (毫诺索) (a type of rice cake), glutinous rice (糯米饭), and fragrant glutinous tea (糯香茶).

Ticket Information

Ticket Prices:

• Entrance Ticket: 120 yuan; Reserved Price: 90 yuan
• Combined Ticket: Manmai Sangkang + Dai Ethnic Park: 240 yuan; Reserved Price: 110 yuan (100 yuan for reservations of five or more people)
• Package Deal: Manmai Sangkang + Dai Ethnic Park + Boat: 420 yuan; Reserved Price: 200 yuan

Notes:

1. Please specify your desired ticket type on the reservation form.
2. Ticket collection is at the Manmai Sangkang Scenic Area ticket office.
3. Children under 1.2 meters in height and seniors over 70 years old can enter for free.
4. Nearby attractions include Mengyuan Fairyland (勐远仙境) and Dai Ethnic Park (傣族园).

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场), then take a taxi or shuttle bus to Jinghong City (景洪市).
• By Bus: Several bus services connect Jinghong City (景洪市) with major cities in Yunnan Province (云南省).
• By Car: Follow highway signs directing you to Jinghong City (景洪市).

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is from October to April, when the weather is pleasant and suitable for outdoor activities.
• Facilities: The park features resting areas with tables and chairs. Visitors should consider bringing water and snacks, especially if planning to spend several hours exploring.
• Guided Tours: Opt for a guided tour to gain deeper insights into the culture and history of the Dai people and the significance of the Water Splashing Festival.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the vibrant scenery and cultural displays. The park offers numerous picturesque spots.
• Respect the Environment: Follow park rules and regulations to preserve the natural beauty and cultural significance of the area.

The South Medicine Garden (南药园) is a prominent botanical garden located in the heart of Jinghong City (景洪市), the capital of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province (云南省). Established in 1959, the garden originated as the Yunnan branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plants of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Covering an area of over 320 acres, it serves as a critical center for the cultivation, research, and promotion of southern medicinal plants. Additionally, the garden plays a vital role in the conservation of tropical medicinal plant resources and the study of ethnic and folk medicine. This makes it an essential base for research on southern medicinal biological resources in China.

In 2000, the garden was designated as a “Yunnan Province Popular Science and Education Base” by the Yunnan Provincial Government. In 2006, it received recognition as a “National Basic Science Research and Teaching Talent Training Base—Biology Internship Base for Yunnan University” by the National Economic and Technological Commission. Furthermore, in July 2007, the garden was approved as a “National AA-level Tourist Attraction” by the National Tourism Quality Rating Committee. The South Medicine Garden also serves as an educational internship base for colleges such as Yunnan Tropical Crops College (云南热带作物学院) and Xishuangbanna Vocational and Technical College (西双版纳职业技术学院).

Overview

Introduction

For many years, the South Medicine Garden has focused on the introduction, cultivation, and promotion of medicinal plants. After being designated a popular science education base in 1999, the garden intensified its efforts to disseminate scientific knowledge. Supported by the provincial and state science and technology commissions, the garden achieved significant accomplishments during the “Fifteenth Five-Year Plan” period, gaining valuable experience while conducting scientific research. The popular science work has also met its intended goals.

Covering approximately 250 acres, the garden has continuously enhanced and improved its popular science education base construction over recent years. Currently, the South Medicine Garden consists of twelve functional areas:

• Medicinal Culture Square (药文化广场): A central area showcasing the rich history and culture of medicinal plants.
• Southern Medicine Secret Realm (南药秘境): A garden dedicated to exploring the hidden wonders of southern medicinal plants.
• Herb Garden (百草园): A collection of various herbs used in traditional medicine.
• Southern Herb Garden (南百草园): Featuring southern varieties of medicinal herbs.
• Orchid Garden (兰园): Home to numerous orchid species, showcasing their beauty and diversity.
• Dai Medicine Garden (傣药园): Dedicated to the medicinal practices of the Dai ethnic group.
• Rock Plants Area (岩生植物区): A display of plants that thrive in rocky habitats.
• Shade Garden (荫园): Featuring plants that flourish in shaded environments.
• Betel Nut Garden (槟榔园): A garden showcasing the betel nut palm and its cultural significance.
• Show Garden (秀园): A landscaped area for showcasing various plant species.
• Scenic Garden (景园): Offering beautiful views and scenic spots within the garden.
• Fat Sea Germplasm Garden (胖大海种质园): Focused on the preservation of the Fat Sea plant and its varieties.

Through these areas, the garden emphasizes educational opportunities about the medicinal plants’ characteristics and uses, allowing visitors to understand their benefits better.

Botanical Diversity

Currently, the garden has introduced and collected over 1,500 species of southern medicinal, ethnic, and other medicinal plants. Among these are over thirty varieties of valuable southern medicines, including:

• Yanchun Sand Ginger (阳春砂仁)
• Fat Sea (胖大海)
• White Cardamom (白豆蔻)
• Sandalwood (檀香)
• Dragon Blood Tree (龙血树)
• Rhatany (儿茶)
• Cinnamon (肉桂)
• Quinine (金鸡纳)

The garden also houses more than 10,000 medicinal plant specimens and boasts the largest germplasm resource bank of Fat Sea, Strychnine, and Rhatany in China. It also features over 300 species of native orchids and includes some of the longest-cultivated important southern medicines, such as Agarwood (土沉香) and Indian Rosewood (印度紫檀).

Cultural Integration

The South Medicine Garden combines traditional medicinal culture with modern disciplines such as ecology, landscape architecture, plant taxonomy, and tourism studies. It considers the comprehensive requirements of modern tourism, ensuring a rich experience for visitors. Upon entering the garden, guests are welcomed by the Medicinal Culture Square, where life-like sculptures depict the history and culture of Dai medicine. Following the medicinal culture theme, visitors can explore the various distinctive areas, each offering insights into tropical and subtropical medicinal plant resources and the splendid heritage of Chinese medicine.

By merging profound Chinese medicinal culture with the unique characteristics of Dai medicine and medicinal plants, the garden presents an enriching experience for all who visit.

Geographical Location

• Location: In the center of Jinghong City (景洪市), Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Yunnan Province (云南省).

Admission Ticket Information

• Ticket Price: Information not specified; check local listings for the latest ticket prices.

How to Get There

• By Air: The nearest airport is Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场). From there, you can take a taxi or a shuttle bus to Jinghong City (景洪市).
• By Bus: Various bus services connect Jinghong City (景洪市) with other major cities in Yunnan Province (云南省), making it accessible for travelers.
• By Car: If you are driving, follow the highway signs that direct you to Jinghong City (景洪市).

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is from October to April, when the weather is mild and suitable for exploring the garden.
• Facilities: The garden is equipped with resting areas that include tables and chairs for visitors. It’s advisable to bring water and snacks, especially if you plan to spend several hours exploring the area.
• Guided Tours: To gain deeper insights into the plants and their medicinal properties, consider joining a guided tour. This offers a more informative experience, enhancing your understanding of the rich biodiversity and cultural significance of the garden.
• Photography: Don’t forget to bring a camera! The garden’s vibrant flora and beautifully designed areas provide excellent opportunities for photography.
• Respect Nature: While enjoying the beauty of the garden, please respect the plants and follow any guidelines provided by the staff to ensure the preservation of this important ecological and cultural site.

Location:

Overview

The Sixiao (Simao-Xiaomengyang) Expressway (思小高速公路) is a highway in Yunnan Province, connecting Simao (思茅) in Pu’er City to Xiaomengyang (小勐养) in Jinghong City. It was officially opened to traffic on April 6, 2006. This eco-friendly expressway stretches through a tropical rainforest, with over 30 kilometers of the route passing through the secondary forest belt of the Xiaomengyang Nature Reserve (小勐养自然保护区). The completion of this road dramatically improved the accessibility of the region, which previously suffered from difficult travel conditions.

A Unique Expressway through Rainforest

The Sixiao Expressway is the only highway in China that traverses a national tropical rainforest nature reserve, specifically the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve (西双版纳国家级自然保护区). It also serves as the first stop of the Kunming-Bangkok Highway (昆曼公路) connecting China to Southeast Asia. Construction began on June 20, 2003, and was completed by April 6, 2006.

Scenic Drive Experience

Driving along the Sixiao Expressway is a unique experience. The dense jungle, shrouded in mist and rain, creates an atmosphere akin to wandering through a painting. As travelers drive through, they are immersed in a sea of green, with the road winding through towering trees and lush vegetation.

A Journey through a Magical Forest

The scenery along this road evokes memories of the enchanting forests depicted in Hayao Miyazaki’s animations. Passing through the tunnels of greenery, one might wonder if they are about to enter another world. And what awaits around the next beautiful curve? Perhaps an encounter with a wild elephant!

Encountering Wildlife

One of the most remarkable aspects of traveling this expressway is the possibility of encountering wild Asian elephants (亚洲象). Since the road crosses through a secondary forest belt near the famous Wild Elephant Valley (野象谷), it’s not uncommon to spot elephants along the way. What could be more magical than driving through a rainforest and seeing these majestic creatures?

Discovering More than Just Elephants

While wild elephants are a highlight, the rich biodiversity of the surrounding rainforest offers opportunities to encounter various other wildlife species. The rainforests of Xishuangbanna are home to a plethora of flora and fauna, including rare birds and small mammals, making this expressway a nature lover’s dream.

Attractions Along the Sixiao Expressway

1. Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve (西双版纳国家级自然保护区)

This vast tropical rainforest reserve is home to numerous endangered species, including wild Asian elephants. The reserve is a crucial habitat for preserving biodiversity and plays a significant role in maintaining ecological balance.

2. Wild Elephant Valley (野象谷)

Located in the southern part of Xiaomengyang Nature Reserve, Wild Elephant Valley offers a chance to observe wild Asian elephants in their natural habitat. Visitors can use aerial walkways and observation decks to safely view the elephants. The valley also features the Asian Elephant Museum and a school for elephant performances.

• Rating: National 4A Scenic Area
• Location: About 22 km from Jinghong City.

3. Pu’er Tea Expo Garden (中华普洱茶博览园)

Set against the backdrop of thousands of acres of eco-friendly tea plantations, this garden is a gem in the world of tea culture. Visitors can experience the tea-making process, from picking and processing to tasting various types of tea.

• Rating: National 3A Scenic Area
• Location: 29 km from Pu’er City.

4. Caiyanghe National Forest Park (菜阳河国家森林公园)

This park, located in the subtropical and tropical transitional zone, is one of the last remnants of virgin forest along the Tropic of Cancer in China. With its dense forest, interwoven rivers, cool climate, and diverse wildlife, it’s a natural wonder.

• Location: 37 km southeast of Pu’er City.

5. Jinuo Mountain (基诺山)

Jinuo Mountain is one of the six major tea mountains in Yunnan, inhabited by over 18,000 Jinuo people. In the village of Longpa (龙帕寨), you can experience the traditional lifestyle of the Jinuo ethnic group, who have lived in large thatched houses for generations.

• Location: 20 km west of Xiaomengyang and 42 km east of Menglun Town.

6. Manting Park (曼听公园)

Once the royal garden of the Dai kings, this park, also known as “Chunhuan” or “Soul Garden,” blends natural beauty with rich cultural heritage. It showcases the cultures of the Dai royal family, Buddhism, and Dai folk customs.

• Rating: National 4A Scenic Area
• Location: 2 km southeast of Jinghong City.

Culinary Delights Along the Expressway

While enjoying the stunning scenery, don’t forget to indulge in the local delicacies along the route:

• Roasted Fish (烤鱼): A favorite among locals, this dish is grilled to perfection.
• Bamboo Tube Rice (竹筒饭): Sticky rice steamed inside a bamboo tube, a unique Dai cuisine.
• Banana Blossom Salad (芭蕉花沙拉): A refreshing and flavorful dish made from banana flowers.
• Fried Bee Larvae (油炸蜂蛹): A crispy and nutritious snack, popular in this region.
• Lemon Jelly (柠檬凉粉): A cooling dessert made from lemon and jelly, perfect for the tropical heat.

How to Get There

The Sixiao Expressway begins in Simao (思茅) District of Pu’er City and ends at Xiaomengyang (小勐养) in Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna. If you are flying into the region, you can take a flight to either Pu’er Airport (思茅机场) or Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (西双版纳嘎洒机场). From there, you can easily rent a car or take a bus to access the expressway.

• From Kunming: Drive via the Kunming-Mohan Highway (昆曼公路) to reach Simao.
• By Public Transport: Regular buses operate between major cities like Kunming, Pu’er, and Jinghong. Once you arrive in either Pu’er or Jinghong, taxis or buses can take you to the expressway entry points.

Travel Tips

• Wildlife Encounters: Keep a safe distance if you encounter wild elephants. Do not approach or feed them.
• Rest Stops: The expressway has well-maintained service areas where you can rest, refuel, and enjoy the view.
• Weather: The tropical rainforest climate means rain is frequent. Make sure to check weather conditions before setting out, especially during the rainy season (May to October).
• Photography: There are many scenic viewpoints along the road, so don’t forget your camera to capture the breathtaking rainforest landscapes.

The Sixiao Expressway is more than just a road—it’s an immersive journey through one of China’s most stunning and biodiverse regions, offering encounters with wildlife, cultural heritage, and the untouched beauty of the tropical rainforest.