Zhongping Cave is a distinctive feature of the karst landscape, embodying a sense of nature and life. Hidden deep within the earth’s rocky layers, the forces of nature and time have shaped the rocks in remarkable ways. Explorers can appreciate the intricacies of this natural wonder.
Basic Information about Zhongping Cave
Location:
Luquan County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Opening Hours: All day
Entrance Fee: Free
Transportation:
Buses from Kunming North Bus Station travel to Luquan County, with a journey time of about 2 hours.
Driving Route:
Departing from Kunming, take Fengyuan Road — Hangrui Expressway — Jingkun Expressway — Xiangshui Road — G108 — Xiuping Road — Dongshan Road, driving 150 meters to reach Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County.
Introduction to Zhongping Cave
Luquan County is one of the counties under the jurisdiction of Kunming City, Yunnan Province. The “Caohai Cave” (草海溶洞) is located in Caohai Village, Zhongping Town, Luquan County. It lies beside Line 4 of the Zhongwu Expressway, approximately 50 kilometers from the county seat and about 124 kilometers from Kunming City, taking nearly 1.5 hours by car.
Main Route:
Travel via the Kunwu Expressway, connecting to Luquan, then proceed along Ludalu to Zhongping Town and from Zhongping Town to Caohai Cave. The roads are asphalt and in good condition. The development of “Caohai Cave” is ongoing, making this a promising attraction to watch for future updates.
The cave is situated beneath the second-layer limestone of the Permian Qixia Formation, developed as a horizontal cave. It extends in a direction of 210° to 250°, with a currently measured length of over 300 meters and an elevation of 215 meters. The cave’s width typically ranges from 8 to 25 meters and its height from 1.5 to 10 meters.
The cave’s cross-section includes semicircular, inverted triangular, and elliptical shapes. During the rainy season, the cave floor features a seasonal dark riverbed. A deep spring river with a flow rate of 30 liters per second emerges at the cave entrance. Stalactites, stone curtains, and stone waterfalls adorn the cave’s ceiling and walls, while the cave floor contains stone pillars and stalagmites.
Though the development of Caohai Cave has just begun, the stones that have not fallen have been around for over a thousand years. Birds still nest in the trees, while streams continue to flow through the valleys, under a blue sky adorned with white clouds. Livestock peacefully graze on the mountains. However, the era of Caohai truly deserves expression, contrasting with the past. As time flows forward, human influence remains limited, yet it is hoped that Caohai can continue to inherit its simple and profound spirit.
Fengzeyuan Botanical Garden (丰泽源植物园) is located in Baiyiba, Songming County, northeast of Kunming City, about 40 kilometers from downtown Kunming. The park covers an area of 66 hectares, with a plant reserve exceeding a thousand acres. It is situated at the source of the Panlong River, surrounded by beautiful mountains and waters, boasting rich natural resources and historical culture.
Focus and Purpose
The botanical garden is dedicated to cultivating rare and valuable plants native to Yunnan while also introducing and breeding notable domestic and international plant species. It serves multiple purposes, including:
- A seedling and germplasm base for rare and valuable plants
- A conservation base for rare and endangered plants in Yunnan
- A scientific research and public education base for botany
- An education base for water resource protection in Kunming
- A base for patriotic education
Black Dragon Pool
The Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭) within the garden was originally a dragon palace, later evolving into a temple that harmonizes Buddhist and Taoist traditions. Established in the first year of the Hongzhi era of the Ming Dynasty (1488), it has undergone multiple renovations over the years, including recent constructions. The temple environment is picturesque, with abundant wildlife and historical cultural relics.
Facilities and Attractions
The botanical garden features several themed areas that widely cultivate national treasure-level protected plants and nationally protected plants such as:
- Yunnan Dove Tree (珙桐)
- Silver Fir (银杉)
- Dawn Redwood (水杉)
- Red Cedar (红豆杉)
Additionally, it has a large variety of ornamental plants.
Natural Environment
Known as “the land of colorful clouds,” this vibrant region in western China is home to the renowned Fengzeyuan Botanical Garden. Over the years, the garden has capitalized on its favorable conditions to focus on cultivating rare and high-quality local plants, as well as introducing and domesticating notable species from abroad.
Black Dragon Pool Temple
The Black Dragon Pool, initially a dragon palace, gradually transformed into a temple that integrates Buddhism and Taoism. Its construction began in 1488, with subsequent renovations carried out during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The temple is set against the backdrop of the rolling Guanshan Mountain, overlooking the shimmering Long Lake. Surrounded by lush mountains and clear waters, it features ancient trees, singing birds, and stunning landscapes.
The temple houses numerous rare wild plants, including:
- Golden Line Fish (金线鱼)
- Splendid Fish (裂腹鱼)
- Yunnan Loach (云南鳅)
- White Egret (白鹭)
- Kingfisher (翠鸟)
- Wild Orchids (兰花)
The halls and pavilions are majestic, adorned with exquisite stone and wood carvings, as well as famous couplets and plaques. Among these, a plaque inscribed with “Panjiang Zhao You” by Emperor Guangxu hangs prominently. The temple’s historical significance is underscored by visits from notable figures, including the Ming Dynasty traveler Xu Xiake, who famously described the depth of the dragon pool as “unfathomable.”
Natural Resources
The garden features fifteen themed areas, including:
- Camellias (山茶)
- Peonies (牡丹)
- Magnolias (木兰)
- Rhododendrons (杜鹃)
- Osmanthus (桂花)
- Chrysanthemums (菊花)
It also has five comprehensive areas for various plants, including rare protected species like:
- Taiwan Fir (银杉)
- Bald Cypress (秃杉)
- Redwood (水杉)
- Camellia (金花茶)
Other notable trees include North American Redwood (北美红杉), Ginkgo (银杏), and several species of orchids.
Water Resources
After several years of development, the Fengzeyuan Botanical Garden has improved its water sources and vegetation, radiating with vibrant life. The garden has become a dazzling jewel on the red soil plateau, with colorful flowers and lush trees creating a picturesque landscape. The clear springs provide a habitat for fish among the aquatic plants. The red walls and glazed tiles of Black Dragon Pool Temple stand out among the greenery, creating a striking visual.
Operations and Activities
Fengzeyuan engages in various activities, including:
- Garden and horticultural exhibitions
- Ecological tourism
- Seedling protection and cultivation
- Scientific education
- Sale of flowers and seedlings
- Landscape design and creation
The garden integrates production, environmental protection, and educational outreach, embodying a fusion of natural beauty and cultural richness.
Transportation
Route
Visitors in Kunming can take buses 23, K1, 57, 79, 61, 67, 59, 92, or 96 to the North Jinxiang Passenger Station and then transfer to the Baiyi bus to reach the garden.
Dashitou Reservoir (大石头水库) features a dam that rises 31.5 meters high, with grassy slopes on the exterior. On the left side of the reservoir, there is a scenic pavilion adorned with glazed tiles, offering visitors a beautiful view. The nearby Caobailong Mountain (草白龙山), one of the main peaks of Liangwang Mountain (梁王山), stands at an elevation of 2,400 meters. Climbing to the summit provides a unique perspective of the surrounding landscape.
Recreational Activities
The reservoir has been developed into a tourist scenic area where visitors can enjoy various activities, including:
- Swimming
- Fishing
- Boating
Cultural Significance
Located 2 kilometers from the back of the reservoir is the Longwang Temple (龙王庙). On its walls, there is a precious relic—a historical slogan from the Red Army’s Long March (长征) that reads: “Farmers rise up to carry out the land revolution” (农民起来实行土地革命). This slogan serves as a testament to the region’s historical significance.
Location
Address: Songyang Town (嵩阳镇), Songming County (嵩明县), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
Fajiesi Temple (法界寺), located at the foothills of Lingyun Mountain (灵云山) in Songyang Town (嵩阳镇), is a county-level cultural heritage site. Its exact founding date is unknown, but historical records indicate that it underwent repairs during the Ming Dynasty (明代) under the Chenghua reign (成化年间). By the late Ming Dynasty (明末), during the Chongzhen period (崇祯), the temple had developed into a large architectural complex featuring overlapping halls, altars, pavilions, and structures representing both Buddhism and Daoism, making it the most significant temple among the Eight Great Temples of Songming (嵩明八大寺). The Ming geographer Xu Xiake (徐霞客) documented Fajiesi Temple in his writings.
Historical Background
Originally built between 936 and 947 AD, Fajiesi Temple became a renowned Buddhist holy site. However, from the Republic of China era to the 1960s, it suffered extensive destruction. In 1989, devotees raised funds to rebuild the Guanyin Hall (观音殿). By 1997, during the development of Fajiesi Forest Park (法界寺森林公园), the Daxiongbaodian (大雄宝殿) and side halls were reconstructed, followed by the construction of the Tianwang Hall (天王殿), Caishen Hall (财神殿), Wenchang Palace (文昌宫), and Longwang Hall (龙王殿), all built in ancient-style reinforced concrete. Existing inscriptions from the Ming Dynasty include the “Stele of the Renovation of Fajiesi Temple” (重修法界寺设龙华会碑记) and the “Stele of the Monastery” (丛林碑记), while a Qing Dynasty (清代) inscription from the Daoguang era (道光年间) commemorates the renovation of Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺). On July 5, 1999, the People’s Government of Songming County officially designated Fajiesi Temple as a county-level cultural heritage site.
Architectural Features
Fajiesi Temple comprises three gates: the First Gate (一天门), the Second Gate (二天门), and the Third Gate (三天门). Upon passing through the Third Gate, visitors enter the temple area, where numerous halls and shrines, including the Daxiongbaodian, Dizang Hall (地藏菩萨殿), Yuelao Temple (月老神庙), Sanqing Temple (三清观), Yaowang Temple (药王庙), and Guanyin Hall, are situated. The temple features various statues, such as the compassionate Bodhisattva, the formidable Four Heavenly Kings, robust warriors, and smiling Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛).
Inside the Daxiongbaodian, three majestic figures of the Tathagata Buddha (如来佛) are prominently displayed. Behind the Tathagata is the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (千手观音), depicted with hundreds of hands and numerous expressions, truly embodying her title. The surrounding walls feature vividly expressive statues of the Five Hundred Arhats (罗汉), each with unique appearances, including the long-legged Strength Arhat and the Dragon Subduing Arhat, among others. Visitors often admire these intricate sculptures.
Particularly notable is the Dizang Wang Bodhisattva Hall (地藏王菩萨殿), which, while appearing similar to others, holds profound significance. According to legend, Dizang Wang could have become a Buddha but chose to remain in the mortal realm, famously declaring, “I vow not to become a Buddha until hell is empty!” (人间地狱不空，我誓不成佛！). This sense of justice resonates deeply with many.
Seasonal Beauty
In autumn, entering Fajiesi Park (法界寺公园) reveals a picturesque scene. Songming is known for its saying, “Three mountains, four seas, and eight great temples,” suggesting a harmony of natural beauty and spirituality. Fajiesi Forest Park is located 2.5 kilometers northwest of Songming County, once a well-known Buddhist sacred site, with Fajiesi Temple built during the Later Jin period (后晋年间). At its peak, the temple complex included over ten halls, creating a grand architectural ensemble that ranked first among the Eight Great Temples of Songming.
Poetic Tribute
Located on Lingyun Mountain, shaped like a half-bloomed lotus flower, Fajiesi Temple is often celebrated for its natural beauty. The temple is surrounded by bamboo forests, creating a serene atmosphere. The ancient path leading up the mountain is reminiscent of a dragon or serpent, winding through lush pine trees. Visitors frequently pray for love at the Yuelao Shrine, attaching love locks as symbols of their promises.
A couplet commemorating the temple’s grandeur reads:
Upper Line:
“Silent twin springs cascade down, beautiful landscapes unfold.
At the valley’s base, the Zen temple is deep; envisioning wealth piled high in all directions, with gentle rains nourishing all.”
Lower Line:
“Ancient paths meander like a snake, steps undulating and winding.
At the mountain’s base, the winding path feels fresh; gazing at the mountain reflecting the sun and moon, prosperity continues in Songming, and all trades flourish.”
Note:
The “silent twin springs” refers to the now-dry Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭), which no longer features the scenic waterfalls of the past. The phrases in the couplet celebrate the beauty of Songming and its prosperous future, highlighting the community’s harmonious development.
Fajiesi Temple in Songming County, KunmingLocation:
http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1598243119188239848&wfr=spider&for=pc
Fajiesi Temple (法界寺), located at the foothills of Lingyun Mountain (灵云山) in Songyang Town (嵩阳镇), is a county-level cultural heritage site. Its exact founding date is unknown, but historical records indicate that it underwent repairs during the Ming Dynasty (明代) under the Chenghua reign (成化年间). By the late Ming Dynasty (明末), during the Chongzhen period (崇祯), the temple had developed into a large architectural complex featuring overlapping halls, altars, pavilions, and structures representing both Buddhism and Daoism, making it the most significant temple among the Eight Great Temples of Songming (嵩明八大寺). The Ming geographer Xu Xiake (徐霞客) documented Fajiesi Temple in his writings.
Historical Background
Originally built between 936 and 947 AD, Fajiesi Temple became a renowned Buddhist holy site. However, from the Republic of China era to the 1960s, it suffered extensive destruction. In 1989, devotees raised funds to rebuild the Guanyin Hall (观音殿). By 1997, during the development of Fajiesi Forest Park (法界寺森林公园), the Daxiongbaodian (大雄宝殿) and side halls were reconstructed, followed by the construction of the Tianwang Hall (天王殿), Caishen Hall (财神殿), Wenchang Palace (文昌宫), and Longwang Hall (龙王殿), all built in ancient-style reinforced concrete. Existing inscriptions from the Ming Dynasty include the “Stele of the Renovation of Fajiesi Temple” (重修法界寺设龙华会碑记) and the “Stele of the Monastery” (丛林碑记), while a Qing Dynasty (清代) inscription from the Daoguang era (道光年间) commemorates the renovation of Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺). On July 5, 1999, the People’s Government of Songming County officially designated Fajiesi Temple as a county-level cultural heritage site.
Architectural Features
Fajiesi Temple comprises three gates: the First Gate (一天门), the Second Gate (二天门), and the Third Gate (三天门). Upon passing through the Third Gate, visitors enter the temple area, where numerous halls and shrines, including the Daxiongbaodian, Dizang Hall (地藏菩萨殿), Yuelao Temple (月老神庙), Sanqing Temple (三清观), Yaowang Temple (药王庙), and Guanyin Hall, are situated. The temple features various statues, such as the compassionate Bodhisattva, the formidable Four Heavenly Kings, robust warriors, and smiling Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛).
Inside the Daxiongbaodian, three majestic figures of the Tathagata Buddha (如来佛) are prominently displayed. Behind the Tathagata is the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (千手观音), depicted with hundreds of hands and numerous expressions, truly embodying her title. The surrounding walls feature vividly expressive statues of the Five Hundred Arhats (罗汉), each with unique appearances, including the long-legged Strength Arhat and the Dragon Subduing Arhat, among others. Visitors often admire these intricate sculptures.
Particularly notable is the Dizang Wang Bodhisattva Hall (地藏王菩萨殿), which, while appearing similar to others, holds profound significance. According to legend, Dizang Wang could have become a Buddha but chose to remain in the mortal realm, famously declaring, “I vow not to become a Buddha until hell is empty!” (人间地狱不空，我誓不成佛！). This sense of justice resonates deeply with many.
Seasonal Beauty
In autumn, entering Fajiesi Park (法界寺公园) reveals a picturesque scene. Songming is known for its saying, “Three mountains, four seas, and eight great temples,” suggesting a harmony of natural beauty and spirituality. Fajiesi Forest Park is located 2.5 kilometers northwest of Songming County, once a well-known Buddhist sacred site, with Fajiesi Temple built during the Later Jin period (后晋年间). At its peak, the temple complex included over ten halls, creating a grand architectural ensemble that ranked first among the Eight Great Temples of Songming.
Poetic Tribute
Located on Lingyun Mountain, shaped like a half-bloomed lotus flower, Fajiesi Temple is often celebrated for its natural beauty. The temple is surrounded by bamboo forests, creating a serene atmosphere. The ancient path leading up the mountain is reminiscent of a dragon or serpent, winding through lush pine trees. Visitors frequently pray for love at the Yuelao Shrine, attaching love locks as symbols of their promises.
A couplet commemorating the temple’s grandeur reads:
Upper Line:
“Silent twin springs cascade down, beautiful landscapes unfold.
At the valley’s base, the Zen temple is deep; envisioning wealth piled high in all directions, with gentle rains nourishing all.”
Lower Line:
“Ancient paths meander like a snake, steps undulating and winding.
At the mountain’s base, the winding path feels fresh; gazing at the mountain reflecting the sun and moon, prosperity continues in Songming, and all trades flourish.”
Note:
The “silent twin springs” refers to the now-dry Black Dragon Pool (黑龙潭), which no longer features the scenic waterfalls of the past. The phrases in the couplet celebrate the beauty of Songming and its prosperous future, highlighting the community’s harmonious development.
Overview
Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard (长松园观光果园) is a captivating natural area featuring thousands of acres of lush pine forests. The site is characterized by its vibrant greenery, where gentle breezes create a soothing sound reminiscent of waves. Adjacent to the pine forests lies a fragrant orchard, bursting with a variety of fruits that visitors can easily pick. During the rainy season, an array of wild edible mushrooms appears, offering a delightful taste that is both tender and sweet.
Wildlife and Activities
The orchard is home to numerous species of birds and animals that coexist harmoniously within this serene environment. This makes Changsongyuan an ideal retreat for those looking to escape the hustle and bustle of urban life and immerse themselves in nature.
Visitors can drive to the Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard Forest Bathing Area (长松园森林浴场), where they are welcome to bring picnic supplies, tents, and sleeping bags for a camping experience surrounded by nature. Here, you can enjoy activities such as fruit picking, where you can gather fresh peaches, plums, chestnuts, pears, and more. The forest bathing area offers an opportunity to breathe in the rich air filled with negative oxygen ions, promoting well-being.
In the expansive pine forests, you can search for wild mushrooms and engage in various games. Additionally, there is a barbecue area where you can grill whole sheep and a variety of delicious foods.
Location
Changsongyuan Sightseeing Orchard is located 7 kilometers northwest of Songming County (嵩明县).
Overview
Yaolingshan Mountain (药灵山) is located in Xiaojie Town (小街镇), Songming County (嵩明县), Kunming City (昆明市). The mountain features a winding and undulating terrain, captivating numerous visitors with its majestic and beautiful scenery. The main peak, Dayaolingshan (大药灵山), stands at an elevation of 2,627 meters, covering an area of approximately 10 square kilometers. The mountain’s steep slopes give way to a broad, flat summit resembling an inverted golden bell or the seated figure of Maitreya Buddha (弥勒).
The area is richly vegetated, hosting a variety of medicinal herbs, with over 140 species of wild medicinal plants documented in “Yunnan Materia Medica” by Jianbao Lan (兰茂). In addition to its natural beauty, Yaolingshan boasts a rich history, featuring numerous ancient relics, including the Xijia Pool (洗甲池) and Shouguo Temple (寿国庵).
Honors and Cultural Significance
Xiaojie is honored as the “Hometown of Chinese Folk Art,” and the local tradition of “Little Foot Grandmother Dance with a Dragon” (小脚老奶舞大龙) is a unique cultural spectacle worth witnessing.
Yaolingshan consists of two main parts: Dayaolingshan (大药灵山) and Xiaoyaolingshan (小药灵山). According to legend, during the Ming Dynasty, a temple called Heyou An (何有庵) was established on Xiaoyaolingshan. The abbot, Master Baizhai (白斋), was renowned for his exceptional skills, attracting many monks to seek refuge at the temple.
Nearby, on a stone cliff, there is a cave known as “Tangmi Cave” (淌米洞), which famously does not flow with water but with rice instead. Every day, the rice flowing from the cave is just enough to feed the monks in the temple, neither more nor less. Even during temple fairs, the amount of rice flowing is sufficient regardless of the number of visitors, and there is never any surplus.
Development History
In those days, Master Baizhai had to travel to Tujie (兔街) from the temple, a journey that took a week round trip. He would always carry a broom, sweeping the path clean with every step he took, which made the journey lengthy. One day, while Master Baizhai was out, a greedy little monk saw his opportunity and secretly gathered tools like a hammer and chisel. He enlarged the entrance of the cave, hoping to increase the flow of rice and sell any surplus.
However, after he opened the cave, it stopped flowing rice and instead poured out white stones. From then on, the monks in the temple had no rice to eat and had to beg for food to satisfy their hunger.
Overview
Qinglongtan (青龙潭) is a scenic spot located in Baiyi Village (白邑村), Dianyuan Town (滇源镇), Panlong District (盘龙区), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Established during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝), it sits at an elevation of over 1,800 meters on the plateau. The park features notable attractions such as Qinglong Palace (青龙宫), Cold Water Cave (冷水洞), and the Mahaviro Hall (大雄宝殿).
Geographical Location:
Baiyi Village, Dianyuan Town, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Climate:
Subtropical monsoon climate
Opening Hours:
Open all day
Attractions
- Qinglong Palace (青龙宫)
- Cold Water Cave (冷水洞)
- Mahaviro Hall (大雄宝殿)
Scenic Area Introduction
Qinglongtan was founded during the Tang Dynasty and is situated at an elevation of over 1,800 meters. This location is the source of the Panlong River (盘龙江), which is known as the mother river of Kunming, flowing southward from Songhuaba (松华坝) through the city and into Dianchi Lake (滇池). Baiyi Village, upstream of the Songhua Dam, was formerly known as Shaodian (邵甸) and was historically called Dianyuan (滇源). The area is known for its abundant springs, famously referred to as “Ninety-Nine Dragon Springs” (白邑九十九眼龙潭), marking the source of the Panlong River.
Surrounding Villages
Baiyi Village Committee (白邑村委会) is part of Dianyuan Town and serves as the government seat of the town. The roads leading to the town are paved with cement, ensuring convenient transportation, and it is located 21 kilometers from the county seat. It is bordered by Zhouda to the east, Nanying to the south, Suhai to the west, and Caizidi to the north. The village consists of 1,181 farming households and has a total population of 3,779, all engaged in agriculture, with 2,300 individuals in the labor force, of which 810 work in the primary industry.
Longtanying Village (龙潭营村) belongs to the Nanying Village Committee (南营村委会) in Dianyuan Town and is located in a semi-mountainous area. It is situated 2 kilometers east of Dianyuan Town and 2 kilometers from Nanying Village. The land covers 4.42 square kilometers, with an elevation of 1,975 meters. The average annual temperature is 13°C, and the annual precipitation is 1,000 millimeters, making it suitable for cultivating rice and other crops.
Overview
Jincheng Old Town (晋城古镇) is located in Jincheng Town (晋城镇), Jinning District (晋宁县), on the southeast shore of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Surrounded by mountains on three sides and bordered by lakeside hilly plains, Jincheng Old Town was once the capital of the ancient Dian Kingdom (滇国) and is considered the birthplace and center of Dian culture.
Geographical Location:
Jincheng Town, Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Significance:
Birthplace and center of Dian culture
Characteristics:
Surrounded by mountains on three sides
Development History
Tracing back through historical records over the past two millennia, during the Han Dynasty (汉朝), Jincheng Old Town, formerly known as Dianchi County (滇池县), served as the administrative center for various regions, including Yizhou (益州郡), Jinning (晋宁郡), Ningzhou (宁州郡), and Jianning (建宁郡). During the Tang (唐) and Song (宋) Dynasties, it was part of the Nanzhao (南诏) and Dali (大理国) territories.
Modern historian Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷) remarked in his work “Dian Yi” (《滇绎》):
“Metropolises are the centers of politics. The political center of Yunnan from the Warring States period to the Tang Dynasty was in Jinning,” referring to present-day Jincheng Old Town.
In the Sui Dynasty (隋), Jincheng served as the administrative center of Ningzhou, where the governor Liang Pi (梁毗) expanded the city, stating that it spanned seven miles and had nine gates and twelve thoroughfares, indicating its grand scale at that time.
During the Ming Dynasty (明), in the 22nd year of the Chenghua era (1486), a brick city was constructed, featuring encircling walls and four main gates: Longxiang (龙翔), Nanxun (南熏), Fengzhu (凤翥), and Gongcheng (拱城). Over the following centuries, the city saw periods of destruction and restoration. By 1954, the remnants of the original city wall measured 4,100 meters in circumference and stood 4 meters high. The walls were completely dismantled by 1958.
The residential courtyards retained in the streets and alleys are mostly of “stilted” and “a seal” structures, adopting the courtyard layout of “three rooms and four annexes” and “two rooms and two annexes”.
The natural landscape around Jincheng Ancient Town is extremely beautiful. The well-known five-character ancient poem “One, two, three li away. Four or five households in a smoky village. Six or seven towers. Eight, nine, ten branches of flowers.” describes this scenery.
Overview
Meishucun Nature Reserve (梅树村自然保护区) was established in 1989 and is located 7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District (晋宁县), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is recognized as a provincial-level nature reserve in Yunnan, covering a linear area of 12 kilometers. The primary objective of the reserve is to protect the Cambrian geological profile from the Precambrian period, featuring diverse geological landscapes such as karst mountains, glacial caves, and volcanic terrain. The reserve lies on the southern edge of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou carbonate platform and the ancient coastal region of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, characterized by its unique paleogeographical environment.
Geographical Location:
7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Attraction Level:
Provincial-level nature reserve
Established:
1989
Geographic Features
The reserve is situated in the central part of Yunnan Province, 7 kilometers northwest of Jinning District, at the southwestern edge of the Yangtze Platform (扬子地台). The geological profile of Meishucun is located on the southern wing of the Xiangtiaochong Anticline, extending east-west, with a dip direction of 140 to 244 degrees and a dip angle of 15 to 17 degrees.
Protected Features
The reserve encompasses various geological features, including karst mountains, glacial caves, and volcanic landforms. It is located at the southern edge of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou carbonate platform, providing a specific paleogeographical environment. The Cambrian and Precambrian strata in this region exhibit the following characteristics:
- Sediments are primarily composed of endogenous carbonates and phosphates.
- Coastal structures are well-developed, with common features such as ripple marks, cross-laminations, and erosion structures. Shallow water structures are prominent, with coeval granule, sand, and oolitic bioclastic structures as well as phosphatic stromatolites.
- Abundant biological fossils are present, characterized by microfossils and trace fossils.
The geological profile includes sections from Tuan Mountain (团山), Xiaowaitou Mountain (小歪头山), and Badawan (八道湾). This profile is a standard type section for the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage (梅树村阶) in China, known for its rare fossils and typical mineral deposits. The vertical evolution of the strata in this profile is consistent with the overall development in eastern Yunnan. The sedimentary area has experienced a gradual deepening of seawater and a transition in paleoclimate from hot and dry to warm and humid. The continuous changes in sedimentary facies, the evolution of biota, and the transitions in material composition highlight the integrative contact relationships among the various groups and sections of the Meishucun profile. Particularly notable is the rich biota and continuous evolution, establishing this profile as a benchmark for the Yangtze platform in eastern Yunnan. The continuous and complete sequence of strata, along with the abundant microfossils and trace fossils, provides significant geological insights for stratigraphic correlation and boundary delineation, as well as favorable conditions for isotopic geological dating of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.
In 1984, the reserve was designated by the International Union of Geological Sciences as one of the global candidate sections, and a “golden nail” was embedded here as a permanent cultural artifact.
Climate
Kunming is known as the “Spring City” (春城) and features a temperate plateau humid monsoon climate. With long sunshine hours and mild weather year-round, it is suitable for tourism in all seasons. The average annual temperature in the urban area of Kunming is around 15°C, with the hottest months averaging between 19°C and 22°C, while the coldest months see average temperatures of 6°C to 8°C. The best time for visiting is from March to October, when the scenery is most beautiful, and it coincides with numerous ethnic festivals, as well as the peak season for fruits and flowers. Early spring in March also offers views of snow-capped mountains.
Overview
The Longtanshan Paleolithic Site (龙潭山“昆明人”遗址) is located in Dengjia Village, Dayu Township, Chenggong District, Kunming City, approximately 1.2 kilometers southeast of the Yuejiao Community. The site spans 0.3 kilometers east to west and 0.4 kilometers north to south, at an elevation of 1,941 meters, consisting of three cave sites. Significant archaeological excavations began in 1973, leading to the discovery of various Paleolithic artifacts and fossils, including a complete human skull in 1976. These findings were collectively named “Kunming Man” (昆明人) in 1978 and represent one of the earliest human activities in the Dianchi area. In 1983, the site was designated as a cultural heritage site by the Kunming Municipal Government, and in 1987, it was recognized as a provincial heritage site.
Main Attractions
Located near the important transportation route of Kunluo Highway, Longtanshan is an isolated mountain characterized by geological faults. The area has diverse cave systems suitable for ancient human habitation. In April 1973, many mammal fossils were found, marking the beginning of archaeological exploration in the region. Key discoveries included ancient human skull fragments and teeth, leading to significant findings of early human fossils and tools.
Cultural Origins
The Longtanshan culture (龙潭山文化) is spread across the Dianchi area and the Nanpan River basin, linking it to cultures in Sichuan and Shanxi. The discovery of this site pushes back the timeline of human existence in the Dianchi area to over 30,000 years ago, prompting the Kunming government to protect the site. This discovery is crucial for understanding human origins and the ancient geography, climate, and environment of the region.
Significance
The Longtanshan site has yielded numerous artifacts and fossils that highlight the historical presence of humans in the area. The research conducted here contributes significantly to our understanding of human evolution, the Fourth Period stratigraphy, and the prehistoric environment of Yunnan.
Notable Quotes
- “The discovery of ancient humans and their artifacts pushes back the timeline of human activity in the Dianchi area to over 30,000 years ago.” (人类活动的时间推移至3万多年以前)
- “This site is essential for exploring the origins of modern humans and studying the ancient geography and climate of the region.” (对现代人类起源的探讨及古地理、古气候研究具有重要意义)
Key Features of Longtanshan
- Elevation: 1,941 meters
- Area: 0.3 km (east-west) x 0.4 km (north-south)
- Location: Chenggong District, Kunming City
Archaeological Findings
- Complete human skull (1976)
- Fossils of late Paleolithic humans
- Extensive collection of stone tools and mammal fossils
Overview
Wujiatang Wetland Park (五甲塘湿地公园) is located in the Guandu District (官渡区) of Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省), specifically within the Liu Jia Township (六甲乡) and Xiaobanquiao area. The park stretches from the Baoxiang River (宝象河) in the south to the Wujiatang River (五甲河) in the north, and it borders Dianchi Lake (滇池) to the west. Covering an area of approximately 1,300 acres, it is equivalent to the size of four Cuihu Parks (翠湖公园). This park is recognized as Kunming’s first wetland park, showcasing the beautiful scenery of Dianchi, which includes “Emerald Feathers and Red Clouds, Willows in Spring, and Lotus Flowers in Summer.”
- Geographic Location: Guandu District, Liu Jia Township, and Xiaobanquiao, Kunming City
- Area: 1,300 acres
- Construction Cost: 530 million yuan
- Opening Hours: Year-round, Monday to Sunday, 09:00-17:00
Park Introduction
Wujiatang Wetland Park is situated within Liu Jia Township and Xiaobanquiao, with significant geographical features surrounding it. The park is primarily composed of water surfaces, tidal flats, and marshes. The total investment for its construction was 530 million yuan, and the development is divided into two phases. Currently, the park’s visitor center, parking lot, public restrooms, viewing paths, and a 60-meter entrance road have been largely completed.
Site Selection
- The wetland area of Wujiatang is rich in biodiversity, serving as a crucial habitat for various plant and animal species, including birds, insects, and other wildlife, contributing significantly to the biodiversity along the Dianchi Lake.
- The park plays an essential role in flood control for the rivers entering Dianchi, such as the Baoxiang River and Wujiatang River. It aids in regulating water flow, storing water, replenishing groundwater, and maintaining the regional water balance, effectively functioning as a natural “sponge” for flood prevention.
- As urbanization accelerates, the economic development in Liu Jia, Guandu, and Xiaobanquiao has been rapid. Agricultural and industrial growth, along with other human activities, has led to the inflow of pesticides and industrial pollutants into the wetland. Through biological and chemical processes within the wetland, these toxic substances can be degraded, effectively reducing pollution from upstream rivers like Baoxiang River and Wujiatang River. This natural barrier plays a vital role in improving the ecological environment around Dianchi and maintaining ecological balance along the lakeshore.
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