Overview

The Village of Jinuo Ethnic Minority is located in Yunnan Ethnic Villages, Kunming, at 1310 Dianchi Road, Xishan District, Kunming (云南省昆明市西山区滇池路1310号). It is a place that offers a deep insight into the culture of the Jinuo people (基诺族). The village showcases unique architectural styles, predominantly featuring stilted bamboo houses (“干栏式”竹楼) made of bamboo and thatch. This architectural style is commonly seen among ethnic minorities in Yunnan and is well-suited to the hot and humid climate of the region.

Visitors to the Jinuo village can experience traditional Jinuo lifestyles and cultural customs. The village offers numerous ethnic activities, such as the Jinuo Drum Dance (基诺大鼓舞) and Fire Dance (刀山火舞), which highlight the bravery and wisdom of the Jinuo people. Additionally, tourists can explore the communal longhouses, residential buildings, grain storage facilities, and the central Sun Square (太阳广场), where they can learn about the Jinuo way of life and customs.

Sun Square (太阳广场)

Sun Square is a significant area within the Jinuo village, reflecting the Jinuo people’s worship of the sun and their solar calendar. At the square, visitors can enjoy the lively and joyous “Sun Drum Dance” (太阳鼓舞), one of the most distinctive cultural activities of the Jinuo people. This dance not only celebrates the sun but also showcases the Jinuo’s strong connection to their natural environment.

Overall, the Village of Jinuo Ethnic Minority is an excellent destination for those looking to immerse themselves in Jinuo culture. Whether through its architectural style, daily life, or ethnic activities, visitors are sure to be captivated by the unique charm of the Jinuo people.

Introduction to the Jinuo Ethnic Group (基诺族介绍)

The Jinuo ethnic group has a population of approximately 23,000 people, making it one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. They mainly reside in the mountainous areas of Jinuo in Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture (西双版纳州景洪县的基诺山区). The Jinuo people are known for their musical and dance talents and possess a rich cultural heritage.

In Jinuo culture, there is a strong reverence for the sun. They worship the drum and decorate it with sun motifs, referring to it as the “Sun Drum” (太阳鼓). The Sun Square (太阳广场) is a sacred space where the powerful beats of the Sun Drum and the lively movements of the dancers express the Jinuo’s deep connection to the sun. The Sun Drum Dance (太阳鼓舞) is one of the most sacred and culturally significant activities for the Jinuo people, symbolizing their vibrant traditions and energetic spirit.

Jinuo Village Attractions

Jinuo Village is connected to other ethnic villages, such as the Lahu Village (拉祜族寨), and faces the Wa Village (佤族寨) and Bulang Village (布朗族寨) across the water. Upon entering the Jinuo Village, visitors will be greeted by striking rock formations surrounded by lush greenery and flowers. The thatched bamboo houses of the Jinuo people are scattered across the landscape, reminiscent of the rolling hills of the Jinuo Mountain region.

The village features various traditional structures, including the large communal house (大公房), residential buildings (民居楼), granaries (粮仓), and the Sun Square (太阳广场). Each of these attractions offers visitors a glimpse into the daily lives of the Jinuo people and their close relationship with nature.

Festivals and Traditions

The most significant and grandest traditional festival for the Jinuo people is “Temaoke” (特懋克). This festival, which marks the Jinuo New Year, translates to “Strike the Big Iron” (打大铁) and is a celebration of the creation and use of iron tools. In 1988, the People’s Congress of Xishuangbanna Prefecture officially designated February 6-8 of the Gregorian calendar as the “Temaoke” Festival (特懋克节) for the Jinuo people, based on their cultural traditions and customs.

The Jinuo Drum Dance

One of the most iconic and culturally important dances for the Jinuo people is the Jinuo Drum Dance (基诺大鼓舞). This dance has been recognized as part of China’s national intangible cultural heritage and Yunnan Province’s intangible cultural heritage. It is an expression of the Jinuo people’s connection to their ancestors, their reverence for the sun, and their vibrant cultural identity. The powerful drum beats and graceful movements of the dancers make the Jinuo Drum Dance a must-see for anyone visiting the village.

In conclusion, the Village of Jinuo Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages is a culturally rich destination, offering visitors a unique opportunity to experience the vibrant traditions, customs, and lifestyle of the Jinuo people. From the stunning stilted bamboo houses to the lively Sun Drum Dance, every aspect of the village provides an unforgettable insight into the heritage of one of Yunnan’s most distinctive ethnic groups.

Location and Overview

The Village of Bulang Ethnic Minority is located within Yunnan Ethnic Villages in Xishan District, Kunming, on 1310 Dianchi Road (云南省昆明市西山区滇池路1310号). This scenic area is dedicated to showcasing the rich cultural heritage of the Bulang people (布朗族), one of Yunnan’s ethnic minorities. Surrounded by lush forests and abundant vegetation, the village offers a serene and picturesque environment, embodying the Bulang people’s deep connection to nature.

The Bulang ethnic group, with a long history and unique customs, speaks the Bulang language, which belongs to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family. While they have their own language, the Bulang people do not have a written script. The village features traditional architectural styles, such as stilt houses (干栏式民居), which are often two stories high. The lower floor is used for storage, while the upper floor serves as the living space, reflecting the ingenuity of the Bulang people in adapting to their environment.

Attractions within the Village

Ghost and Spirit Plaza (鬼神广场)

One of the key features of the Bulang village is the Ghost and Spirit Plaza, a sacred space where the Bulang people worship their deities and pray for happiness. In the center of the plaza stands the village’s totem, surrounded by stones engraved with images of the Bulang’s animal totems, the bamboo rat and toad (竹鼠和癞蛤蟆). These symbols reflect the Bulang belief in animism, the idea that all things in nature possess a spiritual essence. The plaza also serves as an important location for traditional performances, dances, and cultural activities, offering visitors a chance to experience the Bulang people’s vibrant customs.

Traditional Architecture

The village is home to several unique buildings, including stilt houses and community structures. These include:

• Traditional Stilt Houses (干栏式民居): These two-story homes are made of bamboo, with the lower floor used for storage and the upper floor for living, providing an authentic glimpse into the Bulang way of life.
• Totem Statues (图腾雕像): The village totem is prominently displayed in the plaza, representing the deep cultural and spiritual beliefs of the Bulang people.

Cultural Practices

The Bulang people have a rich oral tradition, and their culture is expressed through songs, dances, clothing, and customs. The village offers visitors opportunities to witness traditional Bulang performances, including:

• Traditional Songs and Dances: The Bulang people are known for their music and vibrant dances, which often take place in the Ghost and Spirit Plaza.
• Festivals: The Bulang celebrate numerous traditional festivals, such as their New Year, known as Sang Kan Bi Mai (桑衎比迈), which takes place in mid-June of the Dai calendar (around mid-April in the Gregorian calendar). The celebration lasts three days and includes activities like water splashing (泼水), sand piling (堆沙), and flower decorating (插花), depending on the region.

Cultural Insights

Bulang Language and Traditions

The Bulang people are a unique ethnic group primarily found in the western and southern parts of Yunnan, particularly in the mountainous areas along the lower reaches of the Lancang River (澜沧江). Their language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family, with two main dialects: Bulang and Ava (阿瓦). Despite not having a written script, the Bulang people have preserved their culture through oral traditions.

The Bulang people have a close relationship with the neighboring Wa people (佤族), with whom they have shared a long history of peaceful coexistence and mutual assistance. This relationship is reflected in the architecture of the Yunnan Ethnic Villages, where the Bulang and Wa villages are located adjacent to each other.

Animism and Religious Beliefs

Animism plays a central role in Bulang spirituality. They believe that spirits inhabit all aspects of nature, from animals to plants, and that unseen forces influence the well-being of their people. This belief is evident in their frequent ceremonies to honor spirits and seek their blessings for protection and prosperity. The bamboo rat and toad are among the most revered totems, symbolizing the connection between the natural and spiritual worlds.

Tea Culture

One of the Bulang people’s most cherished traditions is their tea culture. Bulang tea is renowned for its rich flavor, particularly their method of roasting tea leaves (烤茶). The leaves are placed in a special tea pot and roasted over an open flame. Once the tea releases a fragrant aroma, boiling water is added to brew a rich and aromatic drink. This roasted tea is considered the finest offering for guests and is a symbol of Bulang hospitality.

Festivals and Celebrations

Sang Kan Bi Mai (桑衎比迈) – Bulang New Year

The most significant festival for the Bulang people is their New Year, celebrated in mid-April. The festival is called Sang Kan Bi Mai, which translates to “New Year in June.” In Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), the Bulang New Year is celebrated with water-splashing festivities, similar to the Water-Splashing Festival (泼水节) of the Dai people. In other regions, such as Lincang (临沧), the festival is marked by building sand piles and decorating them with flowers, giving it the names “Sand Piling Festival” (堆沙节) or “Flower Decorating Festival” (插花节).

During the celebrations, Bulang families come together to perform ritual bathing ceremonies, clean family altars, and participate in community dances and feasts. The festivities are a time to honor their ancestors and celebrate the renewal of life.

The Village of Bulang Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages offers visitors an immersive experience of the Bulang people’s rich history, unique architecture, spiritual beliefs, and vibrant cultural practices. From the peaceful Ghost and Spirit Plaza to the lively festival celebrations, the village provides a rare glimpse into the life of one of Yunnan’s most distinctive ethnic groups. Visitors can explore the traditions that have shaped the Bulang people’s identity for generations while enjoying the natural beauty and cultural heritage preserved in this picturesque village.

Overview

The Village of Yi Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages (云南民族村–彝族村寨) covers over 50 acres. A significant feature is the “Three Tigers Relief Wall” and the “Tiger Mountain” sculptures, which highlight the Yi people’s cultural reverence for tigers. The central square, known as the Sun Calendar Square, features a totem pole adorned with symbols of the sun, tiger, fire, and the Eight Trigrams (八卦). Surrounding the square are ten moon-like sculptures, each representing different lunar phases, and the 12 Chinese zodiac animal statues.

The village is home to a complex of traditional Yi-style earthen houses called “Tuzhang Houses” (土掌房), built along the mountain, showcasing the harmonious relationship between the Yi people and nature. The village also includes a Tusi Courtyard (土司院), a cultural building, a Youth House (知青房), a winery, and an embroidery workshop.

Key attractions in the village include:

• Bullfighting Arena (斗牛场): A traditional sport of the Yi people.
• Tea Garden (茶山园): Visitors can relax in the tea garden.
• Cultural Celebrations: Yi festivals such as the Torch Festival (火把节), Yi New Year (彝族年), and others are celebrated with lively events like dancing, horse racing, and wrestling.

The Torch Festival (火把节) is the most famous festival of the Yi people. It typically takes place from the 24th to 26th day of the sixth lunar month. During the festival, people of all ages dress in traditional attire, make sacrifices to the spirits, and dance, sing, and celebrate through the night with torches, circling houses and fields before gathering around a bonfire to dance.

Historical Background of Yunnan Ethnic Villages

The Yunnan Ethnic Villages were established in 1992 and were one of the first scenic areas to receive a 4A national tourist attraction rating.

The Significance of the Tiger

The massive tiger head sculpture symbolizes the Yi people’s admiration and worship of tigers. Within the tiger head is a statue of the Yi shaman ancestor, Bimo (毕摩), holding an eagle-headed staff. Bimo is believed to be the creator of the Yi script. The word “Bimo” in Yi translates to “reciting scriptures” and “wise elder.” These shamans perform rituals, prayers, and sacrifices, and they also preserve and teach the Yi language, compiling and copying Yi texts.

Sun Calendar Square (太阳历广场)

The Yi solar calendar divides the year into five seasons, each with one male and one female month. Every month has 36 days, making a total of 10 months and 360 days. Additionally, there are 5-6 days for the New Year celebrations. The Yi solar calendar is recognized for its simplicity and is considered a cultural treasure in Chinese civilization.

In the center of the square, the totem pole is carved with images of the sun (太阳), tiger (虎), fire (火), and the Eight Trigrams (八卦). Surrounding it are sculptures of the 12 zodiac animals and ten moon sculptures representing the source of life.

Cultural Displays and Traditional Costumes

The village showcases the vibrant culture of the Yi people. Men are commonly referred to as “Ahei Ge” (阿黑哥), while women are called “Ashima” (阿诗玛). Visitors can also admire the exquisite traditional Yi clothing, known for its colorful patterns and vibrant designs.

The village adopts a method of restoring and displaying traditional Yi architecture, life, and customs, creating an immersive experience of the diverse ethnic cultures of Yunnan. The various ethnic minority villages are harmoniously arranged with unique styles and rich cultural expressions, making this area a microcosm of Yunnan’s ethnic culture.

Attractions in the Village

• Bullfighting Arena (斗牛场): A venue for traditional Yi bullfighting competitions.
• The Twelve Zodiac Animal Statues (十二生肖): Located around the Sun Calendar Square, these sculptures represent the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac.
• Tuzhang Houses (土掌房): Traditional Yi-style homes constructed from earthen materials.
• The Tree Stump and Clover Discovery: Visitors often search for four-leaf clovers in the surrounding green spaces, considered a sign of good luck.

Yi Culture Highlights

The mysterious connection between the Yi people and the sun is displayed in the Sun Calendar Square (太阳历广场), while the red Tuzhang Houses (红色掌房) demonstrate the Yi’s ancient and optimistic civilization. The giant wine vats further reflect the Yi’s hospitable nature.

Three Tigers Relief Wall (三虎浮雕墙)

This artistic wall features the image of the Yi ancestor along with representations of tigers and eagles, illustrating the deep cultural symbolism of these animals in Yi mythology. The abstract tiger figures express the artistic and cultural uniqueness of the Yi.

Scenic Overview of Yunnan Ethnic Villages

Yunnan Ethnic Villages are a masterful combination of scenic beauty and cultural heritage. The landscape of the village features an intricate mix of water and land, with village houses nestled among shaded paths, pavilions, arch bridges, and stone steps, all connected to the lakeside avenue of Dianchi Lake (滇池). Visitors can explore winding routes through the scenic area, discovering new and captivating views at every turn.

Ecological and Animal Features

The water hyacinth (水葫芦), known for absorbing heavy metal ions, once posed an ecological threat but is now repurposed as animal feed.

Elephant Show Park (吉象园)

Covering 11 acres, the Elephant Show Park (吉象园) includes a performance area, elephant housing, and activity zones, making it one of the largest facilities in China for Asian elephant care and performances. Visitors can get up close to the elephants and watch fascinating shows.

The King of Thailand’s Coconut Trees (泰王贡椰)

Within the village, there are Thai royal coconut trees (泰王贡椰), symbolizing friendship and cultural exchange between Yunnan and Southeast Asian countries.

Conclusion

The Village of Yi Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages offers an authentic, immersive experience of the Yi people’s culture, with its striking architecture, rich traditions, and deep reverence for nature. From the majestic totem pole in the Sun Calendar Square to the vibrant celebrations of the Torch Festival, visitors are invited to explore the diverse world of one of Yunnan’s most unique ethnic groups.

Chinese poetry and sayings inscribed in the village remain as a testament to the Yi people’s ancient wisdom and traditions:

• “日月天地，生生不息” (The sun and the moon, heaven and earth, life continues endlessly.)

Overview

Yunnan Ethnic Villages (云南民族村) is located on the southwest outskirts of Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省), by the shores of Dianchi Lake (滇池). Covering an area of 89 hectares, it is a showcase of the social and cultural customs of 26 ethnic groups in Yunnan. It is a national AAAA-rated tourist attraction, a base for ethnic culture, and one of the first national points for ethnic work contacts. The Bai ethnic minority village (白族村) is the largest among all the ethnic villages in Yunnan Ethnic Villages (云南民族村).

The Bai ethnic group (白族) is one of Yunnan’s indigenous ethnicities, with a population of 1.93 million, primarily concentrated in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州). The Bai people (白族) have a long history and rich culture. Their folk arts, such as the “Bawang Whip” dance (霸王鞭舞), “Straw Hat Dance” (草帽舞), and “Daben Song” (大本曲), are filled with joy and celebration. Their traditional festivals include the lively “March Street” (三月街), “Around Three Spirits” (绕三灵), and “Welcoming the Bride” (迎新娘). The Bai’s traditional “Three-Course Tea” (三道茶) is a unique cultural tea ritual, representing one of the most distinctive tea cultures among Chinese minorities.

Architecture and Attractions

The Bai Ethnic Village (白族村) covers an area of 62.5 acres. It features traditional Bai-style residential buildings with upturned eaves, intricate carvings, and painted beams. Architectural highlights include the “San Fang Yi Zhao Bi” (三坊一照壁) (Three Rooms and One Wall), “Si He Wu Tian Jing” (四合五天井) (Four Houses with Five Courtyards), wooden carving houses, garden tea houses, opera stages, and the “Ben Zhu Temple” (本主庙). Additionally, there is a scaled-down version (one-fourth of the original size) of Dali’s famous “Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple” (崇圣寺三塔). The village’s layout is spacious, orderly, and elegant, with courtyards set one after another.

A major street called “Dali Street” (大理街) runs through the village, lined with shops selling exquisite handicrafts and traditional Bai snacks. Along this street, visitors can explore the Folklore Museum (民俗博物馆) and the Nanhua Village Silver and Copperware Store (南华村银铜器商店), offering local crafts.

Traditional Festivals

The “March Street” festival (三月街) is a grand and ancient Bai tradition, described as “one market every thousand years, one street that spans a millennium.” During this festival, markets are set up, drawing countless merchants. They trade in local products, traditional herbs, livestock, and daily necessities. Other major events include traditional horse racing, dragon boat racing, archery, swing competitions, and performances of “Daben Song” (大本曲) and “Dongjing Ancient Music” (洞经古乐), as well as ethnic song and dance performances. Other Bai festivals include the Torch Festival (火把节), Around Three Spirits (绕三灵), Shibao Mountain Song Festival (石宝山歌会), Jianchuan Mule Fair (剑川骡马会), and the Ben Zhu Festival (本主节).

Bai Architecture

Bai traditional residential architecture is highly regarded in the construction world. The Bai’s “San Fang Yi Zhao Bi” (三坊一照壁) (Three Rooms and One Wall) and “Si He Wu Tian Jing” (四合五天井) (Four Houses with Five Courtyards) are both practical and aesthetically pleasing. The white-walled, black-tiled courtyards feature wood carvings, painted designs, stone engravings, and plaster art that rival the gardens of southern China and the grand homes of the north.

Visitors can also see the “Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple” (崇圣寺三塔), which have been reduced to one-fourth their original size for the village display. The pagodas reflect the charm and historic architecture of the Dali (大理) region.

Cultural Experiences

The Bai (白族) are known for their hospitality. When receiving guests, the Bai people follow the custom of offering tea and alcohol. Their famous “Three-Course Tea” (三道茶) is a traditional way of honoring guests. Interestingly, the Bai people only fill a cup of tea halfway, as they believe that filling it to the top is disrespectful. In contrast, they fill alcohol cups to the brim, as full cups are a sign of respect. When you are treated warmly by the Bai, it is polite to say “Nuowei Ni” (诺为尼) (Thank you) to express your gratitude.

Respect for elders is a key virtue among the Bai people (白族). When encountering older people, one is expected to greet them, make way for them, offer seats, and serve them tea or cigarettes. The family’s hearth is considered sacred, and it is forbidden to spit into the fire or step over it.

Major Attractions in the Village

1. San Fang Yi Zhao Bi (三坊一照壁) – A traditional Bai courtyard with three houses and one decorative wall.
2. Si He Wu Tian Jing (四合五天井) – A layout with four houses and five courtyards.
3. Ben Zhu Temple (本主庙) – A temple dedicated to the Bai people’s deity, Ben Zhu (本主).
4. Dali Street (大理街) – A street offering local crafts and Bai snacks.
5. Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺三塔) – A one-fourth scale replica of the famous Dali pagodas.
6. Garden Tea House (园林茶室) – A place to enjoy traditional Bai “Three-Course Tea” (三道茶).
7. Opera Stage (戏台) – A traditional stage where local performances are held.
8. Butterfly Garden (蝴蝶园) – A small garden filled with beautiful butterflies.
9. Folklore Museum (民俗博物馆) – A museum showcasing Bai customs, crafts, and heritage.

Bai Culture and Art

The village’s art and craftsmanship are on full display, from intricately carved wood decorations to colorful paintings. Skilled local artisans can often be seen at work, applying gold leaf to wood carvings. Even the temples exude an artistic charm, filled with poetry, paintings, and carvings.

The Bai (白族) also take great pride in their folk arts, such as the “Bawang Whip” dance (霸王鞭舞) and “Straw Hat Dance” (草帽舞). These performances often feature during festival times and add a lively, joyous atmosphere to the village. Another unique art form is the “Daben Song” (大本曲), a Bai opera-like performance filled with historical tales and local stories.

Culinary Delights

The Bai (白族) people are famous for their local snacks, and the village offers visitors a chance to sample some of their best-known dishes. One must-try item is roasted milk fan (烤乳扇), a traditional Yunnan snack made from milk, and one of Yunnan’s “Eighteen Strange Things” (云南十八怪) – as locals say, “Milk sold in pieces” (牛奶做成片片卖).

Grilled Erkuai (烤饵块) is another popular snack, a type of chewy rice cake that is grilled and served with various toppings. In the village, visitors can also try Bai stir-fried cool powder (白族炒凉粉), roast bamboo sticky rice (竹筒饭) (a Dai ethnic dish 傣族菜), and the famous roasted milk fan (烤乳扇).

Handicrafts

Yunnan (云南) is well-known for its jade, even though jade is not native to the region. The saying goes, “Jade comes from Burma” (玉出缅甸), but Yunnan has become China’s largest hub for jade trading. Jade gambling (赌石) is a centuries-old industry here, with the saying “one cut makes you rich, one cut leaves you poor overnight” (一刀穷一刀富), reflecting the high risks and rewards of the jade trade.

Visitors can also explore Bai embroidery shops (白族刺绣店), tie-dye workshops (扎染作坊), and other artisan stalls that showcase the region’s rich handicraft traditions.

Cultural Sayings and Inscriptions

Throughout the village, you can find many poetic inscriptions and artistic displays, such as:

• Cang’er Yuxiu (苍洱毓秀) (The Elegance of Cangshan and Erhai) – An inscription on the wall of the village.
• Song of the Double Cranes (双鹤之歌) – A relief sculpture in the village.
• “Deze Canger” (德泽苍洱) (Virtue Nourishes Cangshan and Erhai) – A plaque in the main hall of the temple.
• “Cang’er Yuxiu” (苍洱毓秀) (Cangshan and Erhai Nurture Beauty) – A decorative text found throughout the village.

This traditional village provides a glimpse into the ancient and rich heritage of the Bai people (白族) and their unique contributions to Yunnan’s diverse cultural tapestry.

Introduction to the Dai Village

The Dai Village (傣族村寨) is the first village you encounter upon entering the Yunnan Ethnic Villages in Kunming. Covering an area of 27 mu (around 4.5 acres), the village is surrounded by water on three sides, nestled amidst lush greenery. The village features traditional Dai-style stilted bamboo houses, connected by winding red sandstone paths that lead to a solemn Burmese-style temple (缅寺). The village showcases notable architectural landmarks, including a grand white pagoda (白塔), an intricately designed wind-and-rain bridge (风雨桥), and other structures such as the rain pavilion (风雨亭), well pavilion (水井), and bell pavilion (钟亭), which embody the vibrant Dai culture.

History and Culture of the Dai People

The Dai people (傣族) are one of China’s oldest ethnic groups, with a rich history and culture. They mainly reside in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (西双版纳傣族自治州), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (德宏傣族景颇族自治州), and the river valleys of the Lancang River (澜沧江). With a population of approximately 1.2 million, the word “Dai” in the Dai language means “freedom,” reflecting the people’s love for freedom. The Dai people have their own script, which belongs to the Tai-Kadai language family under the Sino-Tibetan languages. The Dai are known for their musical talents, love for dancing, and deep connection to water, which plays an integral part in their daily lives.

Architectural Highlights

The village’s architecture revolves around key elements such as the white pagoda (白塔), residential buildings (民居楼), craft houses (工艺楼), cultural halls (风情楼), and dining halls (风味楼). Smaller decorative features such as the water pavilion (泼水亭), well pavilion (水井), bell pavilion (钟亭), and the wind-and-rain bridge (风雨桥) add charm to the village’s overall landscape. The surrounding tropical plants—palm trees, banana trees, coconut trees, and sisal—enhance the village’s beauty, creating a lush, vibrant atmosphere.

Dai-Style Stilted Bamboo Houses

The “Dai-style stilted bamboo houses” (干栏式傣家竹楼) are traditional homes that perfectly reflect the Dai people’s lifestyle. These two-story structures have the living quarters on the upper level and spaces below for livestock and storage. The design is well-suited to the tropical environment, providing protection from heat, allowing airflow, and offering resistance to pests. The simplicity and natural beauty of the bamboo houses make them distinctive. A typical house features a cool platform for relaxing, washing, and entertaining. Inside, the space is divided into two sections: the outer room serves as a guest room and family activity center, while the inner room is used as a shared sleeping area. Dai homes often display fishing baskets, hunting rifles, and spinning wheels as part of their interior decor.

Burmese-Style Temple (缅寺)

A unique feature of the Dai Village is the Burmese-style temple, known as the “Mian Temple” (缅寺). This temple complex includes several structures such as the Buddha Hall (佛殿), the Water Pavilion (泼水亭), and the monk’s platform (僧台). The Buddha Hall is where monks chant scriptures and the Dai people worship Buddha. In front of the temple is the Water Pavilion, home to a ten-meter-long brightly painted wooden dragon (彩龙), which is supported by a bamboo frame. During the annual Water Splashing Festival (泼水节), people use this dragon to pour water and bless each other, a ritual symbolizing purification and the wish for happiness and good fortune.

Buddhism in Dai Culture

The Dai people are devout followers of Theravada Buddhism (上座部佛教), also known as Hinayana or Pali Buddhism. It is one of the three major schools of Buddhism in China and is widely practiced in the southwestern regions of Yunnan, particularly in Xishuangbanna (西双版纳), Dehong (德宏), and Simao (思茅). Other ethnic groups like the Blang (布朗族), Achang (阿昌族), and De’ang (德昂族) also follow this religious tradition.

Dai Cultural Festivals

The most significant cultural activity in the Dai Village is the annual Dai New Year celebration known as the Water Splashing Festival (泼水节). This joyous and lively event is the highlight of the village’s cultural calendar.

Water Splashing Festival (泼水节)

The Water Splashing Festival, also called the “Bathing the Buddha Festival” (浴佛节), is the most important celebration for the Dai people. It is also a traditional festival for the Blang (布朗族), De’ang (德昂族), and Achang (阿昌族) ethnic groups, commonly observed in the southwest and southern parts of Yunnan. The festival originated in India and spread to China through Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos along with the spread of Buddhism. According to local legend, the water splashing tradition began when seven maidens washed away the blood of an evil demon they had defeated. The festival takes place around the Qingming Festival and lasts for one to five days.

On the morning of the festival, young men and women climb the hills to gather wildflowers and tree branches to create offerings, which they carry to the temple. There, they construct a sand pagoda and decorate it with bamboo poles wrapped in colored paper. After listening to the monks chant prayers, people splash each other with water as a blessing for good luck and a bountiful harvest. It is said that the more water someone receives, the more blessings they are given. Other activities during the festival include bag-tossing games, releasing sky lanterns (点孔明灯), launching rockets (放高升), and singing and dancing.

Visitors are welcome to experience the festivities firsthand in mid-April, along with other traditional Dai celebrations such as the Opening the Gate Festival (开门节) and Closing the Gate Festival (关门节).

Closing Thoughts

The Dai Village in the Yunnan Ethnic Villages is a vibrant and immersive experience for anyone interested in exploring the culture, architecture, and festivals of the Dai people. From the intricately designed bamboo houses to the joyous Water Splashing Festival, the village offers an authentic glimpse into the life and traditions of one of China’s most culturally rich ethnic groups. Visitors are sure to leave with a deeper appreciation for the history and customs of the Dai people.

Baohai Park (宝海公园) is located in the eastern city area of Kunming (昆明), covering an area of 250 acres. It is the largest urban park in Kunming and was officially opened to the public in December 1999. The park features winter cherry blossoms (冬樱花) and evergreen lawns, complemented by plants such as camphor trees (香樟) and azaleas (杜鹃).

Functions and Safety Features

Baohai Park serves not only as a leisure and entertainment venue for residents but also plays an important role as an emergency shelter. The Kunming Municipal Government (昆明市人民政府) has approved the establishment of emergency shelters within the park to respond to sudden public emergencies such as earthquakes, fires, gas leaks, and explosions. The emergency facilities include:

• Emergency water wells (应急水井)
• Emergency toilets (应急厕所)
• Emergency supplies storage stations (应急物资储备站)
• Emergency command systems (应急指挥系统)
• Emergency power supply systems (应急供电系统)
• Emergency helipads (应急停机坪)
• Emergency medical stations (应急医疗救护站)
• Emergency waste disposal stations (应急垃圾站)
• Emergency signage (应急标志牌)

The emergency shelters at Baohai Park are permanent facilities that do not alter the park’s recreational, entertainment, and fitness functions during normal times. They will only be activated during major emergencies to ensure residents’ safety. The park is well-equipped with facilities, including parking lots and snack streets.

Location and Transportation

• Location: The park is in Kunming’s East City area, neighboring the International Trade Center, bordered by the North Ring Road to the north, residential communities to the east and southeast, and Baohai Road to the west.
• Transportation:
  • By Bus: Take bus route 122.
  • By Car: The park has a car park for visitors.

Features

• Green Environment: With a green space ratio of 61.3%, the park has winter cherry blossoms, lawns, and native plants like camphor and azalea, creating a year-round green space.
• Facilities:
  • Go-kart Track: In the northwest of the park.
  • Children’s Playground: With swings, sand areas, and wading pools.
  • Wedding Photography Base: Near the park’s east side.
  • Boat Dock: For boating activities.
  • Baohai Fitness Center: East of the park entrance.
  • Snack Street: Featuring Kunming snacks.
• Emergency Shelter: Approved by the Kunming government, the park has facilities like emergency wells, toilets, material storage, and a helipad, accommodating 50,000 people in emergencies.

Opening Hours

Admission Fee

Overview

The Alulong River Valley (阿路龙河谷) scenic area is located about 10 kilometers northwest of the Diehongqiao Scenic Area (叠虹桥景区), upstream on the Matisi River (马蹄河), a tributary of the Nanpan River (南盘江). Alulong is renowned for its picturesque valley landscapes and for the discovery of ancient Yi (彝) inscriptions from the Qin and Han Dynasties. It is situated in the northwest of Yiliang County (宜良县), neighboring 11 natural villages.

The tributary of the Mingyue River (明月河) in the Pearl River (珠江) system forms a bay in Alulong River Valley resembling a water droplet-shaped emerald pendant.

Seasonal Highlights

In the summer of 2022, a stunning colorful rice field painting was unveiled, captivating many. The rice landscape draws inspiration from the mountains, rivers, and folk tales of Alulong Village (阿路龙村). The artwork, titled “Heart Lamp Girl, Mingyue River Pendant,” was created using red, yellow, and black-purple rice, depicting a Yi girl holding a heart lamp, symbolizing the enrichment of rural revitalization.

The Alulong rural complex integrates “pastoral scenery,” “gorge landscapes,” and “Yi ethnic culture,” forming a tourism destination that offers various activities, including camping, hiking, and barbecuing. This complex promotes creative and landscape agriculture, achieving a harmonious relationship between tourism and agriculture, encouraging local farmers to participate and prosper together.

Natural Beauty

Upon entering Alulong, visitors are greeted by flower-filled pathways, lush rolling hills, and vibrant fields—a sight to behold. From a height, one can overlook the terraced fields, where scattered villages are intertwined with green mountains and clear waters, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

Colorful flowers, agile birds, resting dragonflies, and fluttering butterflies add dynamism to this beautiful canvas. Late summer and early autumn bring rice seedlings to their tillering stage, arranged neatly in rows, indicating a promising harvest ahead.

With a healthy ecosystem, birds arrive, flowers bloom, and the fragrance of lotus fills the air. Egrets soar through the green fields, illustrating the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature.

“Green mountains and clear waters are as valuable as mountains of gold and silver.” With the earth as its backdrop, colorful rice as its brush, and culture as its coloring, Yiliang County’s Alulong paints a new picture of rural revitalization and idyllic landscapes on the “Yunling Land” (云岭大地).

Visitor Information

• Contact Numbers: 0871-67511966; 0871-67511998
• Recommended Visit Duration: 1-3 hours
• Admission: No entrance fee; included in the ticket for the Jiuxiang Scenic Area (九乡风景区).
• Opening Hours: Temporarily closed.
• Location: Jiuxiang Scenic Area, Yiliang County, Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市宜良县九乡风景区).

Geographic Overview

• Origin: The Matihe River is a tributary of the Nanpan River (南盘江), originating in Malong District (马龙区), Qujing City (曲靖市). It flows south into Yiliang, quietly carving the northern part of the Yiliang Karst Plateau over millions of years.
• Location: Yiliang County, Kunming
• Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate
• Entrance Fee: Free
• Famous Attractions:
  • Zhangziba (獐子坝)
  • Matihe Canyon (马蹄河峡谷)

Journey Description

In Gengjiaying Township (耿家营乡), Yiliang County, there is a tributary of the Nanpan River called Zhangziba River (獐子坝河). Its two sources are the Mingyue River (明月河) and the Matihe River (马蹄河). On the way to the Mingyue River, we first crossed the Matihe River. The highway bridge spans approximately 20 to 30 meters above the river.

Scenic Views from the Bridge

Looking down from the bridge, the cliffs on both sides rise steeply, with wisteria and ancient trees defiantly growing in the crevices of the rocks. The river has a significant drop, and the water rushes violently against the rocks, producing strange sounds, likely due to hidden caves beneath the river. A small path leads directly to the riverbank, where flat boulders provide a nice camping spot with decent scenery.

Encountering Duimen Mountain (对门山)

Upon arriving at the small village of Duimen Mountain, it was unremarkable, and we set off on foot toward Mingyue River. It’s unknown who gave this place such an evocative name—Mingyue (明月), meaning “Bright Moon.” If one were to visit here on a night with a full moon, what kind of scenery would that present?

The Cliff’s Edge

The spot where we settled was at the edge of a cliff, overlooking a sheer drop of over a hundred meters, extending in a semi-circle for hundreds of meters. Perhaps that’s why it is called “Moon”! The rushing river water is blocked by the stone wall, having no choice but to turn back, creating a lush, wooded peninsula. According to Xing (邢), the scenery at Mingyue should be elegant, but here it is grand and magnificent.

The Descent to the River

The descent path was well-worn, having been carved into the cliff face, making it feel as if we were scurrying like mice, carefully walking close to the cliff. Upon reaching the riverbank and looking back, we could see a waterfall cascading down from above, though the water was sparse due to upstream irrigation.

Challenges Along the Path

After traversing the narrow “rat path,” we arrived at Yangqiao Village (羊桥村), where we could challenge the Matihe River. From Yangqiao, we went directly down to Longtan (龙潭) and the large waterfall, then followed the river downstream for 3 kilometers to the confluence.

Leaving Yangqiao, the terrain was not very undulating; the mountains connected in a way that formed a hilly landscape, but the river was nowhere to be seen. Only a canyon several hundred meters deep remained. Climbing along the cliff edge and looking down, we could faintly see the yellow glimmer of the water through the gaps in the bushes.

Navigating the Narrow Path

The path, covered in dead branches and decayed leaves, had seemingly not been walked on for ages. With slippery moss and muddy ground, we had to sit down, clutching onto shrubs and weeds, inching our way down, all the while aware of the numerous thorns on the bushes. The narrow path clung to the cliff, only 20 to 30 centimeters wide, sometimes requiring us to directly climb on the cliff itself.

The outside world dropped into a bottomless gorge, and with the slightest misstep, one could fall freely. What does it mean to be terrified? This was the moment I truly understood, as sweat poured down my forehead. After a hard-earned journey to a spot where two people could stand side by side, I suddenly realized I was standing on the exposed roots of an old tree.

Finally, we reached the bottom of the gorge, my calves trembling and my eyes glazed over.

Chashitan Reservoir (柴石滩水库)

In Yiliang, another scenic gorge worth mentioning is the Chashitan Reservoir, which spans the Nanpan River with a dam that creates a 33-kilometer-long gorge.

Location and Accessibility

• Distance: The Matihe River is located in Gengjiaying Township, Yiliang County, approximately 90 kilometers from Kunming’s main city, with a driving time of about 1.5 hours.

This area has a tributary of the Nanpan River called Zhangziba River (獐子坝河), which has two sources: the Mingyue River (明月河) and the Matihe River (马蹄河). Both rivers originate in Malong County (马龙县) and flow south into Yiliang, silently carving the northern part of the Yiliang Karst Plateau over millions of years.

Scenic Beauty

Due to its deep concealment within the gorge, few people have had the opportunity to witness its beauty.

Particularly, the lower section of the Matihe River is rarely visited, essentially remaining an undeveloped virgin land. Here, the scenery is beautiful, with emerald cliffs and steep crags lining both sides of the river, featuring a rich variety of plants.

Within the gorge, the stream flows gently, glimmering in the light. The green moss and vibrant grass move along the current, creating delightful scenes. The cliffs are alive with the sounds of birds and fragrant flowers, captivating the heart and soul.

Mazongling (马鬃岭) rises to an elevation of 4,247 meters, located approximately 190 kilometers from Kunming (昆明). Nestled between Xueling (雪岭) at 4,344 meters and Jiaozi Snow Mountain (轿子雪山) at 4,223 meters, the mountain range resembles the mane of a horse when viewed from a distance. The difficulty of the ascent lies in navigating the broken rocky paths with steep elevation gains and losses, culminating in the narrow knife-edge ridge at the summit. Located on the southeast slope of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Chanfang Village (炭房村) in Hongtudi Town (红土地镇) in Dongchuan District (东川区) is home to three peaks exceeding 4,000 meters: the renowned “First Peak of Central Yunnan” and “Roof of Kunming,” Xueling, rising at 4,344 meters, Jiaozi Snow Mountain at 4,223.4 meters, and Mazongling at 4,100 meters. These three high mountains attract thousands of adventurers every year.

Additionally, Chanfang Village features stunning scenery, including thousands of acres of rhododendrons and grasslands. In May, the massive trees of rhododendron bloom in a spectacular display, captivating visitors.

Route Overview

The route to Mazongling is divided into several segments:

• Through the Pine Forest: Pass through lush pine trees.
• Across Alpine Meadows: Walk through vibrant mountain meadows.
• Over Rhododendron Blooms: Enjoy the scenic beauty of blooming rhododendrons.
• Climbing Steep Cliffs: Ascend challenging cliff walls.
• Traversing Knife-Edge Ridges: Navigate narrow ridges with steep drops on either side.

Summit Motivation

“The journey of climbing always holds more significance than mere longing!”

We are a group of outdoor enthusiasts. If you’re unsure where to go on weekends and holidays, join us as we venture into the mountains!

Details about Mazongling

• Mazongling (马鬃岭) stands at an altitude of 4,247 meters, making it the highest peak in Luquan County (禄劝县) and the second-highest peak in the Kunming region (昆明地区). It is one of the three main peaks in the Gongwang Mountain Range (拱王山系). The continuous ridges resemble a horse’s mane, hence its name. In addition to the beauty of Emei (峨眉) and the perilousness of Huashan (华山), it features unique natural landscapes, including three alpine lakes of varying sizes and alpine meadows that enhance its charm. The majestic and perilous terrain of Mazongling, with its towering peaks, is known as the “Absolute Ridge of Central Yunnan” (滇中绝岭).

Hiking Highlights

1. Height: Mazongling stands at 4,247 meters, making it the true highest peak of Luquan County and marking the “Roof of Kunming” before reaching Dongchuan.
2. Varied Terrain: The area includes mountains, steep ridges, canyons, streams, and meadows, all converging to create a wild, diverse, and secretive destination that adds mystery to Mazongling.
3. Mountain Formations: The continuous ridges resemble a horse’s mane, especially the section near the main peak, which is particularly steep, leading to the name Mazongling.

Hiking Guide

• Navigation Location: New Chanfang Village (新炭房村)
• Accommodation: We recommend Xueling Inn (雪岭客栈), the best inn in the surrounding area.
• Climbing Route: A single ascent of over 8 kilometers with an elevation gain of 1,500 meters for a round trip.

Important Notes

1. As one of the most challenging climbs near Kunming, it’s best for climbers to go in groups to avoid getting lost when descending at dusk.
2. Climbers should arrive at the inn a day in advance, planning to start climbing at 7 AM the next day. Departing in the morning could mean climbing in darkness if one is not careful.
3. It’s crucial to assess your physical condition before attempting the climb; beginners should train more before taking on this challenge.
4. It is possible to ride horses to the base camp, reducing the difficulty of the last 3 kilometers to the summit. Local horsemen can be hired for around 200 RMB per horse, taking you to the base camp and back.
5. Fire is prohibited on the mountain, smoking is not allowed in the mountainous areas, and please take your trash with you, adhering to the Leave No Trace (LNT) principles.

Hiking Travelogue

Hiking the Two High Peaks of Central Yunnan — Xueling and Mazongling

Colorful Yunnan is adorned with diverse landscapes, all shining brilliantly. The red land of Dongchuan (东川红土地) perfectly presents the harmonious relationship between humans and nature, while the peaks of Xueling and Mazongling seem like the celestial brushstrokes of the divine. The red land and the peaks of Xueling and Mazongling, ranked among the “Ten Peaks of Kunming,” showcase both brilliance and grandeur, captivating visitors and becoming representative “divine paintings” of Yunnan. The red land, hailed as “God’s Palette,” displays vibrant colors. Xueling and Mazongling dominate the Yunnan landscape with their high altitudes, revealing a beautiful symphony of “sunset rays on snowy peaks” in the winter.

Huoshiliangzi (火石梁子) is the highest peak of the Gongwang Mountain Range (拱王山系), towering at 4,344 meters, and stands aloof among the surrounding peaks, gazing down at the shifting clouds. Every winter, as the sunset casts its fiery glow, the crimson light dances upon the icy, snow-covered peaks. In an instant, red clouds blanket the sky, and the flames tint the snowy summits. The proud Xueling and the passionate sunset perform a breathtaking “Ice and Fire Love Story.”

As autumn deepens and the fields turn golden, why not embark on a “Red Land Appointment” to explore the “Ice and Fire Mystique” of the snow peaks?

In recent years, due to pandemic restrictions, many have chosen not to travel far during holidays, preferring to explore nearby attractions. This led to a trip to Xueling during the National Day holiday.

Xueling, the highest peak in the Kunming region, is located 260 kilometers from Kunming City. It lies east of the Pudu River (普渡河), south of the Jinsha River (金沙江), west of the Xiaojiang Fault (小江断裂), and north of the Liangwang Mountain (梁王山), covering a total area of 4,500 km². Administratively, it falls under Dongchuan District, Xundian County (寻甸县), and Luquan County. Xueling boasts 39 peaks exceeding 4,000 meters, with the main peak, Gongwang Mountain Huoshiliangzi, standing at 4,344 meters, showcasing remarkable geological landscapes that capture our attention.

At 6 AM, we gathered for breakfast, bringing fragrant fried rice along for the journey. In outdoor settings, it’s essential to carry your own lunch, and enjoying warm fried rice with delicious pickles alongside hot tea is indeed a joy. The elevation gains were steep, leaving little room to catch our breath, and there were moments of doubt about continuing. However, by around 10:30 AM, we reached the base camp at an altitude of 3,800 meters, only to later learn that this was relatively fast.

The next two kilometers comprised a rocky path, where every few steps required deep breaths, making me question my choices.

As we neared the summit, the first group had already started descending.

Zhang Jie (张姐), a key member of the first team, continued to push forward.

Should we continue climbing or turn back? At this moment, my mind was filled with thoughts of surrender and struggle. Ultimately, the encouragement of my companions allowed me to overcome my difficulties. After five hours of effort, I stood atop the highest peak in Central Yunnan, Xueling Huofeng (雪岭火峰), at 4,344 meters.

“The infinite scenery lies at perilous peaks” is perfectly applicable here.

The ascent may be easier than the descent, especially for those unaccustomed to rocky paths. Cries of surprise accompanied by laughter echoed throughout our descent.

After a grueling 12-hour trek, we successfully made it to the mountain’s foot, concluding our journey to Xueling Huofeng. Everyone exclaimed how thrilling the experience was and immediately began planning the next climb. We unanimously decided on the next target, the second-highest peak in Central Yunnan, Mazongling, leading to our planned ascent on the 23rd.

Located in Wumeng Township (乌蒙乡) of Luquan County, Kunming, Mazongling is the second-highest peak in the Gongwang Mountain Range, at 4,247 meters—100 meters lower than Xueling and 20 meters higher than Jiaozi Snow Mountain. With clear streams and ponds, the scenery here is particularly stunning. Xueling, Mazongling, and Jiaozi Snow Mountain are close to each other, accessible by foot from Chanfang Village.

A few days before our departure on the 22nd, the weather in Kunming had been consistently rainy. With a sudden drop in temperature on Friday, everyone was cautious. However, the forecast predicted a transition from cloudy to sunny weather, providing us with a glimmer of hope.

With the weather as our companion, we embarked on a journey filled with anticipation, excited to explore the peaks of Central Yunnan. The majestic mountains awaited us!

Overview

Xueling Peak (雪岭) is located between Jiaozi Snow Mountain (轿子雪山) and Jiulong Scenic Area (九龙风景区). Known as the “First Peak of Central Yunnan,” Xueling stands at an elevation of 4,344 meters, making it the main peak of Gongwangshan Mountain (拱王山). The peak is covered in snow for much of the year.

• Chinese Name: 雪岭
• English Name: Setsurei
• Location: Dongchuan District, Kunming City (昆明市东川区)
• Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate
• Famous Attractions: Glacial landforms, vast fields of rhododendrons, alpine lakes, and colorful waterfalls
• Elevation: 4,344 meters

Geographical Features

Xueling Peak is characterized by its steep terrain and significant vertical climate variations. The unique glacial landforms, extensive rhododendron fields, high-altitude lakes, and multicolored waterfalls combine to create the breathtaking scenery of the “First Peak of Central Yunnan.”

Name Origin

According to historical records, the name “Xueling” first appeared in the “Dongchuan Prefecture Chronicle” during the Qing Dynasty’s Yongzheng era, where it was referred to as “Xueshan” (雪山). Many legends surround Xueling, one of which claims that the mountain features five peaks, with the highest being Luomi Peak (露觅峰). This peak reportedly grows upward periodically but is struck by lightning each time it does, leading to Xueling also being known as “Thunderstrike Mountain” (雷打山).

Plant Characteristics

Xueling spruce (雪岭云杉) is a unique tree species found in the Tianshan Mountain forest region. Towering and evergreen, this species thrives in the heart of Tianshan, forming a green wall along the mountainside. The leaves are needle-shaped and slightly curved, while the cones are elongated and brown. It is believed that Xueling spruce migrated from the Tibetan Plateau over 40 million years ago, becoming exclusive to the northwest of China and remaining among the most spectacular trees in the area.

Over 90% of the forest in the Tianshan area is populated by Xueling spruce. In the mid-mountain belt at elevations of 1,400–2,700 meters, Xueling spruce forms a continuous chain of peaks. It often coexists with tall broadleaf forests, creating lush and colorful scenery.

The Nalati Mountains (那拉提山) by the Ili River is one of the most prosperous areas for Xueling spruce. The warm and humid climate promotes rapid growth, dense forests, and high timber yields. Here, Xueling spruce trees can reach heights of 50–60 meters, with growth rings exceeding 300-400 years. Their narrow crowns and robust, straight trunks resemble giant umbrellas rising from the ground, layer upon layer. Each hectare can produce over 1,000 cubic meters of timber, making this original forest a rare sight worldwide and a highlight of Tianshan.

Each Xueling spruce acts as a miniature reservoir, with a highly developed root system that requires only rainfall and adapts to various soil types. Over time, these strong roots can penetrate rock and soil, with some resembling lions or squid. Thanks to this extensive root network, each mature spruce can store up to 2.5 tons of water. The water vapor released by the spruce is 50% more than that of the same latitude and area of the ocean, contributing to rain formation. Therefore, the vast area of Xueling spruce is an invaluable water conservation area.

Xueling spruce is a premium timber known for its lightness and straight grain, making it the primary material for construction, furniture, and paper in Xinjiang (新疆).

Travel Tips

Xueling Peak is the highest peak in Kunming, standing at 4,344 meters, and is recognized as the main peak of Gongwangshan Mountain. The second highest peak is Mazong Ridge (马鬃岭) at 4,247 meters, and the third is Jiaozi Snow Mountain at 4,223 meters.

1. Recognition: Xueling is listed among the “Top Ten ‘Less-Known Peaks'” by China National Geography Magazine in 2009.
2. Location: The scenic area is located between Jiaozi Snow Mountain and Jiulong Scenic Area, administratively part of Dongchuan District. Climbers can reach it via:
   • (1) The Jiaozi Snow Mountain Tourist Line passing through Tangdian Town (倘甸镇), Hongtudi Town (红土地镇), and Xiaoguang Bridge (晓光桥) to Xincanfang Village (新碳房村). This route offers scenic views of the Hongtudi area.
   • (2) The highway to the Dongchuan District government (Tongdu Town) (铜都镇), then to Tangdan Town (汤丹镇) and along the old copper mine road to Xiaoguang Bridge and Xincanfang Village. Some sections of the copper mine road run along cliffs, so those with a fear of heights should take caution.
   • (3) The highway to Tongdu Town, then from Batang Reservoir along the Fawu Road (法乌公路) is also an option.
3. Trekking: Starting from Xincanfang Village at an elevation of 2,700 meters, trekkers can traverse Xueling, Mazong Ridge, and Jiaozi Snow Mountain, gaining an elevation of 1,500-1,600 meters. This ascent is approximately 300 meters higher than the hike from Haba Village’s second campsite (4100 meters) to the summit of Haba Snow Mountain (哈巴雪山). Based on my experiences on both treks, aside from altitude sickness, the physical exertion of hiking Xueling is comparable to that of Haba Snow Mountain, if not greater.
4. Guides and Supplies: Xueling and Mazong Ridge are undeveloped outdoor areas, requiring a guide and bringing your own food supplies.
5. Flora: The mountain features large trees of rhododendrons, rare green gentians, and low-quality agate stones.
6. Transportation: There are no direct buses from Kunming to Xincanfang Village. It is advisable to take a bus to Hongtudi Town from Kunming and then find a microbus to Xincanfang Village. The distance from Hongtudi Town to Xincanfang Village is about 160 kilometers (approximately 4 hours), and from Hongtudi to Xincanfang takes about 40 minutes. There is a lamb restaurant in Hongtudi Town known for its excellent flavor, particularly the dipping sauce, which is quite authentic. I enjoyed it very much when I worked there over a decade ago.

Short Brief and Overview of Donglianhua Mosque

Chinese Name:巍山东莲花清真寺
English Name: Donglianhua Mosque in Weishan County, Dali
Donglianhua Mosque, located in Weishan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, is a significant religious and cultural site renowned for its architectural beauty and historical importance. Situated centrally within Weishan County, the mosque serves as a spiritual hub for the local Muslim community.

Historical Background and Architecture

While the precise founding date of Donglianhua Mosque is unclear, it holds a rich history of construction, renovation, and cultural evolution. The mosque exemplifies a fusion of traditional Chinese architectural styles with Islamic influences, showcasing intricate designs and structural elegance.

Travel Tips for Muslim Visitors

If you’re planning to visit Donglianhua Mosque, consider the following tips for an enriching experience:

1. Respect Cultural Norms: Dress modestly and respectfully when visiting the mosque. Women may consider wearing a headscarf, and both men and women should avoid revealing clothing.
2. Prayer Etiquette: Check the prayer times if you wish to participate in congregational prayers. The mosque hosts regular prayer sessions, providing an opportunity to observe Islamic customs and rituals.
3. Historical Exploration: Take time to explore the mosque’s architectural features and historical artifacts. Guided tours may offer insights into its construction, cultural significance, and community role.
4. Interact with Locals: Engage respectfully with local worshippers and community members. They can provide valuable insights into the mosque’s role in community life and share stories about its history.
5. Photography Guidelines: Obtain permission before taking photographs inside the mosque or of worshippers. Respect any restrictions on photography to maintain the sanctity of the religious space.

Introduction

Donglianhua Mosque, located in Donglianhua Village, Yongjian Town, Weishan Yi and Hui Nationalities Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, is renowned for its historical significance and unique architectural style. Originally built in the early Qing Dynasty, it underwent expansions in 1921 and 1987. The mosque stands as a testament to Islamic history and culture in the region.

Architecture and Features

Donglianhua Mosque spans an area of 3,000 square meters, featuring a 9-torn and 11-type structure that blends traditional Chinese Palace Culture with Islamic architectural elements. The prayer hall accommodates up to 1,000 worshippers simultaneously. Adorned with white walls, green tiles, intricately decorated beams, and painted rafters, the mosque embodies the elegance and indigenous charm of local ethnic traditions.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Donglianhua Village, historically part of the ancient Tea and Horse Road, is now celebrated for its rich ethnic customs, well-preserved old architecture, and deep cultural heritage as a Muslim village.

Travel Tips

Transportation:

• From Dali (Xiaguan Town) to Donglianhua Mosque: Take a bus to Weishan County and stop at Yongjian Town. From there, walk to Donglianhua Village.
• From Weishan County to Donglianhua Mosque: Take a bus from Weishan County Bus Station to Yongjian Town and proceed to Donglianhua Village on foot.

These routes offer convenient access to explore the cultural and architectural wonders of Donglianhua Mosque and its surroundings in Weishan County, Dali.

Introduction (简介)

Guniushan Mountain (牯牛山) features steep cliffs and towering peaks often shrouded in clouds. On clear days, its lush greenery is visible from hundreds of miles away. The Qing Dynasty poet Li Wenhan (李文瀚) wrote in his poem “Fortune in the Mountain” (《福在山》):

“去天刚尺五，蜗角有蛮屯。
终岁云埋顶，经时雪压门。
阴阳昏晓割，日月往来吞。
不识危亡地，犹矜遗子孙。”

This poem describes how, at a height of only “five feet” from the sky, there are minority villages inhabited by people who live under the clouds year-round, with heavy snow blocking their doors in winter. The majestic Guniushan stands as a natural barrier, clearly demarcating the weather changes, and it seems to consume the constantly moving sun and moon. For someone who has never been to the mountaintop, they might not realize that minority descendants still reside in such a high and perilous place.

Besides its breathtaking natural scenery, Guniushan is also captivating for its ancient traditions, enchanting legends, and rich folk customs.

The Highest Peak of the Wumeng Mountains (乌蒙山脉最高峰)

Dagu (大牯牛山), with an elevation of 4,017 meters, is the highest peak of the Wumeng Mountains (乌蒙山脉). The foothills lie in the Xiaojiang River Valley (小江河谷), with an altitude of just 695 meters, creating a remarkable relative elevation difference of over 3,300 meters, which is rare. Dagu stands vertically, reaching into the clouds, and very few have reached its summit throughout history.

Natural Resources (自然资源)

Majestic Canyon Landscapes (雄伟壮观的峡谷景观)

Guniushan is characterized by peaks resembling a forest, ridges interspersed like blades, deep canyons, steep cliffs, and an imposing atmosphere. The main peak consists of three interconnected spires of varying heights, creating an awe-inspiring sight that reaches for the sky.

• The First Spire (一尖峰) is the highest of Guniushan. The only way to reach its summit is from the back via the vast grassland. The weather at the peak is unpredictable, with clear skies suddenly turning stormy, bringing thunder, lightning, or hail! In moments, the sky might clear again. Watching the sunrise from the peak fills one with a sense of grandeur and inspiration. Looking south, one can see a vast sea of clouds; looking north reveals the expansive fertile fields stretching to the horizon, creating a breathtaking earthly paradise.
• The Second Spire (二尖峰) and The Third Spire (三尖峰) are surrounded by sheer cliffs, and no one has yet reached their summits. Vines extend thousands of feet down their sheer faces, and the peaks are adorned with lush grasses and vibrant flowers, bursting with spring life. The top of the third spire resembles the fishing platform of Jiang Ziya (姜子牙). In the misty sea below, Ziya, wearing a hat and cloak, fishes from his small boat, while two large carp leap out of the water—one of them snagging the hook. A person approaches from the shore, carrying a basket of fishing grass, followed by a small dog.

On the ridge in front of the third spire lies a massive stone boat, its ends curved like a crescent moon. Locals say it is magical; any animal that boards will be struck by lightning. In the past, many bones were found on the stone boat, sending shivers down the spines of those who saw them.

North of the third spire, a towering stone figure outlines a world filled with magical colors: Tang Seng (唐僧) calling upon Wukong (悟空); a giant dragon soaring, spreading spring rain; a thousand-year-old divine turtle surfacing; and the Eastern Sleeping Lion turning its head fiercely.

Vast Grasslands (万亩草山)

Behind Dagu is a vast expanse of grassland that stretches for thousands of acres. In spring and summer, the grass grows high, the willows fly, sheep scatter like clouds, and streams babble, winding beautifully. The mountains are adorned with colorful flowers. In autumn, the winds and clouds create a constantly changing atmosphere; the sky is clear and high, the grass turns yellow, and the landscape becomes soft like a blanket, refreshing the spirit. In winter, snowflakes drift, and mist envelops the area, resembling a northern wonderland.

A Typical Three-Dimensional Climate Area (典型的立体气候地区)

The complex mountain topography creates a three-dimensional climate in Guniushan, where “one mountain divides four seasons, and every ten miles has different skies.” This results in ever-changing weather patterns and various atmospheric wonders throughout the year.

In the afternoons during winter and spring, if fog rolls in on sunny, calm days, an “Amitabha Buddha Light” appears at the mountain’s peak, said to be encountered only by kind-hearted people. This light follows them as they walk and lingers, illuminating the rocks like gold, dazzling and dreamlike, as if stepping into a fairyland.

In autumn and winter, the clouds and mist swirl, making the peaks appear as if they are playing in the sea of clouds. At sunrise or sunset, the scenery is splendid, and one might feel the grandeur of “overlooking all mountains” and the ambition of “reaching for the stars.”

An Ancient Natural Animal and Plant Garden (古老的天然动物植物园)

Guniushan serves as a large, ancient natural garden, rich in biodiversity. The mountain is teeming with flowers and herbs, with vines draping even over rocks.

The numerous wildflowers are a prominent feature of Guniushan, with hundreds of species competing in color and beauty. Butterflies flutter amidst the flowers, filling the air with fragrance, creating a dreamlike scene! The wild lilies sway gracefully in the breeze, each stalk bearing five or six stunning red blossoms. The most famous is the vast rhododendron forest (万亩杜鹃) below Dagu, known for its diverse varieties and expansive area. When in bloom, the sight of endless rhododendrons stretches for ten miles, bursting with color, while larger rhododendrons create a lush backdrop of red, yellow, white, and blue flowers that complement each other beautifully.

On Guniushan, flowers are medicinal, and medicine can be floral. Angelica dahurica (白芷) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine that grows on cliffs, with large blossoms resembling umbrellas falling down the cliffs. The mountain’s rose flower is a rare gem among flowers, possessing high ornamental and medicinal value. Local herbalists claim that there are hundreds of medicinal herbs on Guniushan, including dozens of precious varieties like: Coptis chinensis (黄莲), rock flower (岩花), Artemisia annua (一枝蒿), toad lily (独角莲), snow tea (雪茶), and Fritillaria (贝母).

The rock sheep (岩羊) are the dominant animals on Guniushan. They often move alone or in small groups and seem to walk effortlessly along the steep rock faces.

The First Icefall of the Red Soil Plateau (红土高原第一冰瀑)

The icefall is a unique sight on Guniushan. Each winter, a giant icefall forms in the northern canyon, stretching over a thousand meters long and a hundred meters wide. This icefall sparkles brilliantly, radiating a chilling aura, and lasts for four to five months until the summer when it melts, earning the title of the first icefall of the Red Soil Plateau.

Cultural Resources (人文资源)

WWII Crash Site (二战期间美机坠毁地)

Numerous legends surround Guniushan, with the stories of the Immortal Cave (仙人洞) and the Crash Pavilion (坠机亭) being the most widely known and influential.

Immortal Cave (仙人洞) is a karst cave located on a 3,000-meter high cliff. The stalactite formations inside are breathtaking and crafted by nature. In the main hall, nine stone dragons converge, flowing with sweet and cool stone water, referred to by locals as “holy water.” To the left side of the hall is a kitchen, equipped with stone tables, bowls, and stools. The right side features a celestial platform containing stone Guanyin (石观音), stone Buddha statues, and stone incense burners. The hall also has a rhino pool where mysterious cow hoof prints and bones often appear; the hoof prints mysteriously reappear after being smoothed out. Locals say that an immortal once lived in the cave, gathering herbs to treat local illnesses. In the late 1960s, the immortal claimed to have achieved enlightenment and jumped off the cliff from the cave entrance. Today, only the immortal’s crumbling grave remains.

Crash Pavilion (坠机亭) is located on Xiaoguniushan (小牯牛山). According to locals, in early 1944, an American aircraft transporting munitions crashed into Guniushan due to dense fog obscuring the flight path. When locals arrived at the crash site the next morning, no one survived; only wreckage and artillery shells remained. Due to the difficulty of transporting them down, they were pushed over the cliff for protection. Research confirms that the crashed plane was a large transport aircraft from the China-US Hump route, established during the war at the cost of many lives. Guniushan bears witness to this historical event.

There is also a Stone Forest (石林) on the mountain, a large rock formation comprising a cluster of irregularly shaped stone pillars resembling trees.

Travel Tips (旅游攻略)

• Transportation: Travel by car is recommended. From Kunming, take the G56 Hunan-Guizhou Expressway to Dongchuan, and then switch to provincial roads leading to Guniushan. The trip takes about 4 hours.
• Entrance Fee: Currently, the entrance fee is 80 RMB per person, which includes a tourist bus to various scenic spots.
• Accommodations: There are several guesthouses and hotels near Guniushan. However, booking in advance is advised, especially during peak tourist seasons.
• Best Time to Visit: The best times to visit Guniushan are spring and autumn when the climate is pleasant, and the scenery is stunning.