Overview

Xiaobai Forest Park (小白龙森林公园) is located 10 kilometers southwest of Yiliang County (宜良县) in Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省). This large, comprehensive forest scenic area covers an operational area of 624.8 hectares. It was officially designated as a national forest park on May 1, 1999, following approval from the National Forestry Administration.

• Forest Park Level: National Level
• Geographic Location: Southwest of Yiliang County, Kunming City
• Area: 624.8 hectares
• Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical Climate
• Approval Date: May 1999
• Opening Hours: Year-round, 00:00-24:00

Geographic Environment

Xiaobai Forest Park is situated 10 kilometers southwest of Yiliang County and is 40 kilometers east of Kunming. It is connected to the provincial tourism resort area of Yangzonghai (阳宗海), enhancing its accessibility and appeal.

Climate Characteristics

The park is located in a low-latitude plateau in central Yunnan, featuring a northern subtropical climate. This region is characterized by minimal temperature variation between winter and summer, giving it a pleasant, spring-like climate throughout the year.

Honors and Recognition

In September 2018, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration announced the first batch of 50 pilot units for the construction of national forest towns. Among them, Kunming’s Shilin Meiyi Flower Forest Town (石林美伊花森林小镇) and Yiliang County’s Huahua Yuanyuan Forest Characteristic Town (花好月圆森林特色小镇), which originated from Xiaobai Forest Park, were included in this list.

The Xiaojiang Mudslide in Dongchuan District, Kunming, is renowned as a natural museum of mudslides and serves as an ideal location for studying the relationship between human survival and the natural environment. The area’s unique geological features and frequent mudslides have earned it a distinguished reputation both in China and internationally.

Location of Xiaojiang (小江地理位置)

Xiaojiang is a tributary on the southern bank of the Jinsha River (金沙江), stretching 138.2 kilometers in length. The river valley at the bottom is 15 to 50 meters wide, with steep cliffs on both sides, resulting in an elevation difference of 1,000 to 2,000 meters. The water has a total drop of 909 meters. Due to the loose structure of the rock layers on both sides of the valley, sparse vegetation, and the highly developed deep-cut valleys, the area is prone to massive mudslides.

Unique Characteristics of the Scenic Area (景区特点)

During the flood season, the mudslides are particularly fierce, with a flow rate reaching over 1,000 billion cubic meters per second. The flow carries stones of various sizes mixed with mud, as well as broken branches, creating a massive “river of mud and stone.” This dramatic phenomenon is the result of ecological imbalance but also forms one of nature’s awe-inspiring spectacles.

Within a 90-kilometer range downstream of Longtoushan (龙头山), there are 51 mudslide channels, including Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟), Daxiaobaini Gully (大小白泥沟), Yutoutang Gully (芋头塘沟), and Laogan Gully (老干沟), all of which are in their active development stages.

Scale and History (规模)

The mudslide development in Dongchuan has been ongoing for over 300 years. Currently, there are 113 mudslide gullies in the region, with Jiangjia Gully being the most prominent. Jiangjia Gully alone has 178 impact channels, with frequent, large-scale mudslide eruptions that cover a wide variety of types. The intact preservation of the fan-shaped impact area is not only rare in China but is also considered a leading example worldwide.

A remarkable phenomenon in Jiangjia Gully is that the loose stones in the mudslide formation area are in a state of critical stability, such that loud sounds can cause the stones to collapse and flow. Due to the frequent mudslides, the riverbed has risen by over 100 meters in the past 50 years. Standing at the bottom of the gully feels like being a tiny speck in a vast sea of stones.

Noteworthy Phenomenon: “Shout and the Stones Collapse” (声喊则碎石崩流)

This is a unique feature of Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟), where shouting or loud sounds can trigger stone collapses, making the mudslide even more dramatic and dangerous.

Off-road Sports Events (运动项目)

Dongchuan has fully utilized its mudslide resources to develop off-road racing, holding four successful races to date. The Dongchuan Off-road Car Race has gained significant recognition from the Federation of Automobile Sports of China. In 2005, the federation awarded Dongchuan the title “China Mudslide Off-road Racing Track” (中国泥石流汽车越野赛道). By 2007, the race was included as a station of the National Four-Wheel Drive Rally Series, marking Dongchuan’s rise to one of China’s premier racing events.

The total race route spans 401.46 kilometers, with participants from eight provinces across China, featuring 18 teams and 58 cars. This demonstrates how the fame of Dongchuan’s mudslide race has expanded beyond Yunnan, making a name for itself across the nation.

Key Attractions and Names:

• Xiaojiang Mudslide (东川小江泥石流)
• Jinsha River (金沙江)
• Longtoushan (龙头山)
• Jiangjia Gully (蒋家沟)
• Daxiaobaini Gully (大小白泥沟)
• Yutoutang Gully (芋头塘沟)
• Laogan Gully (老干沟)
• China Mudslide Off-road Racing Track (中国泥石流汽车越野赛道)

Overview of Wumengshan Mountain

Wumengshan Mountain (乌蒙山) is the watershed between the Jinsha River (金沙江) and the Beipan River (北盘江). It is located in the northern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (滇东高原) and the northwestern part of the Guizhou Plateau (贵州高原). Stretching in a northeast-southwest direction, it is a young mountain range formed by fault uplifting. Most of its composition is ancient limestone, with an average altitude of around 2,000 meters and the highest peak reaching 4,000 meters. The mountain rises 500 to 1,000 meters above the surrounding plateau.

The region is rich in karst topography, with numerous basins, deeply cut valleys, isolated hills, limestone erosion basins, and underground rivers. The scenery includes majestic karst formations like sinkholes, limestone valleys, and mysterious caves.

A Poetic Tribute by Mao Zedong

The grandeur of Wumengshan is vividly captured in the famous verse by Mao Zedong (毛泽东):
“Wumeng is so vast, it feels like we are treading on mud balls.”
(乌蒙磅礴走泥丸)
This poem encapsulates the powerful and rugged landscape of the Wumeng Mountains.

Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨)

Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) is the highest peak in the Wumengshan Range, exuding an imposing aura. The mountain is only 9 kilometers from Dongchuan City (东川城区), but it rises dramatically with a height difference of 2,767.3 meters, an extraordinary geological feature. Most of the mountain consists of hard limestone, appearing brownish in color. From both near and far, the peaks tower majestically, and the cliffs are sharp and awe-inspiring.

During spring and summer, as visitors approach the foot of the mountain, they walk through vast grasslands filled with vibrant wildflowers. The slopes are adorned with blossoming camellias, adding to the beauty of the landscape. Occasionally, the sight of wild mountain goats racing across the cliffs adds excitement to the breathtaking scenery.

The Crash Site of the American “Flying Tigers” Squadron

At an altitude of 3,000 meters on Xiaogu Niu Peak (小牯牛峰), there is a historic site commemorating the crash of an American “Flying Tigers” plane during World War II. This site attracts many adventurers and history enthusiasts, eager to uncover its mysteries.

Other Scenic Highlights

The mountain is also home to legendary spots like Yunmen Pass (云门关) and Xianren Cave (仙人洞), set amidst towering peaks and deep valleys. These locations offer stunning views of high-altitude karst caves and underground rivers. From the mountain’s summit, visitors can witness clouds flowing below and the subtropical town at the base of the mountain, providing a striking experience of the phenomenon: “One mountain, four seasons; ten miles, different weather.” (一山有四季、十里不同天)

Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) – The Highest Peak

Dagu Niu Zhai (大牯牛寨) is located at the border between Dongchuan District (东川区), Kunming, and Huize County (会泽县), Qujing City (曲靖市). It is the highest peak in the Wumengshan Range and is known for its grandeur. The name “Dahai” (大海) comes from the Yi language (彝语), meaning “above the steps,” referring to the terraced landscapes leading to the highest point of the range, Dagu Niu Zhai, which stands at an altitude of 4,017.3 meters. This peak is also the highest point in Qujing City, while the lowest point is where the Xiaojiang River (小江) meets the Jinsha River (金沙江), with a vertical difference of 3,322.3 meters.

The Dagu Niu Zhai landscape is characterized by vast alpine and subalpine meadows, providing visitors with wide, open views and a sense of awe.

A Description from the “Dongchuan Gazetteer” (东川府志)

The Dongchuan Gazetteer records the following about Dagu Niu Zhai:
“The peaks are perilously high, always shrouded in clouds. On clear days, the greenery appears vividly, visible from over four to five hundred miles away in central Yunnan.”
(垂冈绝巘，危峰矗立，常有云气覆之，每天晴日朗，苍翠欲滴，滇中四五百里皆见之)

Climbing to the peak, although one may not feel like they are on top of the world, they cannot help but be filled with pride, inspired by the grandeur of the landscape.

Dramatic Elevation Changes

Dagu Niu Zhai has one of the most dramatic elevation changes, with weather that varies significantly depending on altitude. Visitors often remark on the experience of “traveling through four seasons in a single day, and encountering different weather within ten miles.” This unique feature contributes to its fame.

Western Slope – Jiangjia Ravine (蒋家沟)

On the western slope of Dagu Niu Zhai lies Jiangjia Ravine (蒋家沟), one of the largest and rarest debris flow zones in the world, known for its dramatic mudslides. This natural phenomenon is both awe-inspiring and dangerous, drawing geologists and tourists alike.

Eastern Slope – Lush Grasslands

On the eastern slope, clear springs flow year-round, and the meadows are covered in lush green grass, resembling a natural carpet that stretches endlessly. Visitors can often spot herders wearing traditional white wool cloaks, guiding their flocks of sheep across the expansive grasslands. This serene image evokes the peaceful coexistence between people and nature in this rugged yet beautiful landscape.

Reflection

Dagu Niu Zhai exemplifies the harmonious relationship between nature’s might and human endeavor. It serves as a reminder of the wisdom found in respecting nature’s rhythms while integrating human life into the landscape. Whether for adventure, history, or simply to experience breathtaking scenery, Wumengshan Mountain remains a must-visit destination for nature lovers and explorers.

Shengou Forest Park (深沟森林公园) is located in the northeastern suburb of Xincun Town (新村镇), in Dongchuan District (东川区), Kunming. The park was established in 1986 and originally served as a natural disaster management project for a debris flow channel. Later, it was transformed into a forest park based on a model debris flow control system. The park features flowing streams between mountains, lush poplar trees, and various tropical plants such as sisal (桐剑麻). Visitors can enjoy the tranquil pathways lined with phoenix trees (凤凰树) and silver birch trees (银桦树), while the entire park is covered with evergreen silver wattle (银合欢).

Unique Natural Features

Locals believe that the park has a strong magnetic field, which is said to be beneficial to health. Every day, thousands of people can be seen jogging in the valley, carrying bottles of spring water, making it a local tradition. The park is known for several famous attractions, including:

• Zhuguo Temple (祝国寺)
• Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布)
• Huanglong Cave (黄龙洞)

History of Shengou Forest Park

The park was built in a former debris flow channel and is considered a demonstration project for debris flow management. Since its development, the park has become a beloved spot for locals and tourists alike. Surrounded by mountains with flowing streams, visitors can enjoy the cooling shade provided by the abundant poplar trees and the vibrant greenery of tropical plants. Walking along the shady paths, one can feel the fresh breeze, with phoenix trees and silver birch trees dancing in the wind.

Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布)

At the far end of the park lies Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布), which cascades down from a height of over 100 meters. From a distance, the waterfall appears like a white ribbon flowing through the air, with mist and clouds swirling around it. Up close, the waterfall creates a fine spray of water droplets that resemble silver needles, evoking a sense of celestial beauty and refreshing vitality.

Engineering Marvel: Climbing Water Design (爬坡水)

The construction of the tourist road in Shengou Forest Park was carefully designed to adapt to the local terrain. Engineers demonstrated ingenuity by building water channels on top of the drainage system that give the appearance of water “climbing” up the slopes. This innovative design uses the natural contours of the land to increase drainage efficiency. The slope enables the water to flow faster, preventing road accidents caused by water accumulation. At the same time, this feature enhances the park’s aesthetic appeal, offering visitors a visually stunning experience.

This “climbing water” design reflects a profound understanding and respect for the natural environment. It’s not a waste of resources or a disruption of nature, but rather a harmonious collaboration between human ingenuity and the laws of nature, contributing to a beautiful living environment.

A Thought-Provoking Design

The “climbing water” system offers a new perspective on the balance between natural beauty and human innovation. It challenges us to think about how urban planning can incorporate nature-friendly designs, making cities not only functional but also beautiful and livable. This innovative feature inspires us to explore more sustainable and aesthetic solutions for future urban development.

Notable Attractions in Shengou Forest Park

• Zhuguo Temple (祝国寺): An ancient temple located in the park, offering spiritual and cultural insights.
• Baiying Waterfall (白滢瀑布): A breathtaking waterfall that cascades down from a height of over 100 meters.
• Huanglong Cave (黄龙洞): After a 20-minute hike uphill, visitors can reach this cave, which features a natural waterfall formed by spring water flowing from inside. The waterfall is nearly 100 meters high, with water splashing into a clear pool surrounded by green shade, creating a natural scenic wonder.

Additional Tips for Visitors

Shengou Forest Park is suitable for visits all year round. However, since Dongchuan District is located in a dry, hot valley area, the summer climate can be quite warm, so visitors are advised to prepare for the heat.

• Recommended Duration: 1-3 hours
• Transportation:
  • By car: From Kunming City, take the Hangrui Expressway (杭瑞高速), followed by the Yukun Expressway (渝昆高速), then the Gongdai Road (功待公路), Longdong Road (龙东路), and Longdongge Road (龙东格公路) to reach the park.
• Entrance Fee: 1 RMB
• Opening Hours: Monday to Sunday, open all day
• Location: Tongdu Street (铜都街道), Dongchuan District, Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市东川区铜都街道)

In conclusion, Shengou Forest Park in Dongchuan District offers a unique blend of natural beauty and human innovation. The park not only serves as a model for debris flow control but also provides a serene escape for visitors with its lush greenery, stunning waterfalls, and impressive engineering features. Whether for a morning jog or a peaceful retreat, Shengou Forest Park is a must-visit destination.

Overview of Dongchuan Mudslides

Dongchuan, located in Kunming’s Dongchuan District (昆明市东川区), is renowned for its frequent mudslides, also known as debris flows. One of the most notable valleys in this region is Jiang Jiagou (蒋家沟), one of 172 mudslide valleys in the Xiaojiang River (小江) basin, a primary tributary of the Jinsha River (金沙江). Dongchuan is one of the most concentrated mudslide zones in China and the world. These natural phenomena, while destructive, are also visually stunning, often compared to ink-wash paintings in their beauty.

Mudslides in Dongchuan have been developing for thousands of years. Today, the area is home to 113 mudslide valleys, with Jiang Jiagou experiencing the highest frequency and largest scale of activity. This valley’s natural disaster history has earned it the reputation of a “Natural Museum of Mudslides” (泥石流天然博物馆), making it an ideal location for studying the relationship between human survival and the natural environment.

One of the unique phenomena observed in Jiang Jiagou is the “rockfall triggered by sound” (声喊则碎石崩流), where the precariously balanced rocks collapse at the slightest disturbance. Over the past half-century, the riverbed has risen more than 100 meters due to mudslide deposits, making humans standing at the valley bottom appear like grains of sand in a mighty river.

The “Mud Dragon” (泥龙)

Mudslides in Dongchuan are often referred to as “Mud Dragons” (泥龙) due to their destructive and powerful flow. The Xiaojiang region, home to over 100 different types of mudslide valleys, including Jiang Jiagou, is known as a “Natural Museum of Mudslides.” Since 1961, the Dongchuan Mudslide National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station (云南东川泥石流国家野外科学观测研究站), also known as the “Dongchuan Station” (东川站), has conducted long-term studies on these natural disasters. The researchers have developed a comprehensive mudslide disaster mitigation strategy called the “Dongchuan Model” (东川模式), which combines stability, blocking, and drainage measures to reduce the impact of mudslides. This model has laid the foundation for China’s mudslide research.

Entering the “Natural Museum of Mudslides” (走进“泥石流天然博物馆”)

Recently, the world’s largest mountain disaster simulation platform, the “Large-Scale Dynamics Simulation Experiment Platform for Mountain Disasters” (山地灾害大尺度动力学模拟实验平台), was put into operation at the Dongchuan Station. This scientific facility aims to uncover the natural mechanisms behind mudslide eruptions, reduce their harm to human life, and solve engineering problems related to their control. It also enhances China’s research capabilities in the international field of mountain disaster studies.

Key Research and Experimentation

• “Large-Scale Dynamics Simulation Experiment Platform for Mountain Disasters” (山地灾害大尺度动力学模拟实验平台): The platform is designed to simulate and study the dynamics of mountain disasters such as mudslides and landslides, providing valuable data to reduce their impact on human life.
• Zhou Gongdan (周公旦), Deputy Director of the Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes (中国科学院山地灾害与地表过程重点实验室), and Zhong Wei (钟卫), Deputy Station Chief and Senior Engineer at Dongchuan Station, adjust equipment in the control room of the simulation platform.
• Song Dongri (宋东日), Station Chief and Researcher at Dongchuan Station, along with Zhong Wei and Wei Li (魏丽), an engineer, inspect the erosion of a sand-blocking dam in the Daqiao River (大桥河) basin.
• Li Xiaoyu (黎晓宇), a senior engineer responsible for maintaining the station’s observation system, and Wei Li, use survey equipment to measure changes in the mudslide channels at Jiang Jiagou.

Exploration and Maintenance

• Research teams, including Li Zhanlu (李战鲁), Deputy Director of the Public Technology Center at the Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所), and Zhong Wei, use high-density electrical resistivity equipment to study the slope structure and strata of Jiang Jiagou.
• Li Xiaoyu and Wei Li maintain experimental equipment and collect data from Jiang Jiagou, while Zhou Gongdan and Zhong Wei fine-tune the equipment in the control room of the “Large-Scale Dynamics Simulation Experiment Platform.”

Jiang Jiagou: A Vital Research Site

Jiang Jiagou is regarded as a prime location for studying mudslides due to its well-preserved fan-shaped deposits. The natural formation is ideal for scientific research, allowing experts to analyze the intricate dynamics of debris flows. Researchers use advanced geophysical tools, such as high-density electrical resistivity meters, to explore subsurface structures and assess the long-term stability of slopes.

Collaboration and Technological Advances

• Song Dongri, along with engineers like Li Xiaoyu, continues to lead the installation and maintenance of advanced observation equipment, facilitating the accurate monitoring of mudslide activity.
• Researchers reflect on significant historical events, such as the 2007 mudslide that destroyed Observation Building No. 1 (1号观测楼), which serves as a poignant reminder of the destructive power of mudslides.
• Ongoing efforts include Zhong Wei arranging electrodes on the Jiang Jiagou mudslide fan for further geophysical measurements.

Conclusion

The Dongchuan Mudslide Research Station is a beacon of scientific achievement in China. Its advancements, including the establishment of the “Large-Scale Dynamics Simulation Experiment Platform,” represent a significant leap forward in the understanding and mitigation of mountain disasters. Dongchuan’s mudslide valleys, particularly Jiang Jiagou, continue to provide invaluable insights into natural disaster research, contributing to global efforts in disaster prevention and control.

Overview

The Kedu Memorial Hall of the Red Army’s Long March is located in Dan Gui Village (丹桂村), Kedu Town (柯渡镇), Xundian County (寻甸县), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省), at No. 195 Dan Gui Village. It covers an area of 3,237.9 square meters, with a building area of 3,000 square meters and an exhibition space of 2,200 square meters. The total exhibition area is 3,000 square meters, making it a historical memorial hall focused on social sciences.

The memorial hall was established in 1977 and officially opened to the public. By the end of 2019, the museum housed 137 items/sets of exhibits. In 1983, it was designated as a Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit of Yunnan Province by the provincial government. In 1992, the memorial was identified as a China Modern History and National Education Base in Kunming. In 1997, it was named a Yunnan Province Patriotism Education Base by the Yunnan Provincial Government.

Key Information

• Name: Kedu Memorial Hall of the Red Army’s Long March (寻甸县红军长征柯渡纪念馆)
• Location: No. 195, Dan Gui Village (丹桂村195号), Kedu Town (柯渡镇), Xundian County (寻甸县), Kunming City, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市)
• Area: 3,237.9 square meters
• Type: Historical Memorial Hall (focused on social sciences)
• Opening Year: 1977
• Opening Hours: 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM (open year-round)
• Admission: Free
• Collection Size: 137 items/sets (as of the end of 2019)
• Featured Artifact: An octagonal clock used by the Red Army.

Historical Background

The Kedu Memorial Hall of the Red Army’s Long March consists of two key locations:

• The Former Headquarters of the Central Red Army (中央红军总部驻地旧址): Originally the residence of He Ben’en (何本恩), a quadrangle courtyard in Dan Gui Village. On April 30, 1935, the headquarters of the Central Red Army moved into this site. That evening, the General Staff of the Revolutionary Military Commission formulated specific plans for crossing the Jinsha River (金沙江) in the courtyard’s combat room on the first floor.
• The Former Residence of Central Leaders (中央领导人路居旧址): This location was originally the private residence of Yang Jia Lang (杨家郎) in Dan Gui Village. On April 30, 1935, the Politburo Standing Committee of the Central Red Army stayed here.

In April 1936, the Second and Sixth Army Corps of the Red Army, led by He Long (贺龙), Ren Bishi (任弼时), and Xiao Ke (肖克), once again stationed in Xundian County. They engaged in the famous Battle of Liujia (六甲之战) and successfully crossed the Jinsha River, thwarting the Yunnan army’s attempts to annihilate the Red Army.

Dan Gui Village is predominantly inhabited by the Hui ethnic group and also houses a mosque.

The Former Residence of Mao Zedong (毛主席路居旧址)

The former residence of Mao Zedong (毛主席) was originally the Cantonese-style attic of Yang Jia Lang’s private residence. In 1952, after the land reforms, the quadrangle courtyard of the He Bensi (何本思) family was divided among seven farming families.

In August 1966, the former residence was taken over by the Kedu Town Government. In 1974, the state purchased the site, and it became part of the memorial hall’s management. By 2007, Mao Zedong’s former residence was officially handed over to the Kedu Memorial Hall of the Red Army’s Long March for preservation and display.

Architectural Layout

The memorial hall covers 3,237.9 square meters, with 3,000 square meters of building space and 2,200 square meters dedicated to exhibition halls. The Former Headquarters of the Central Red Army and the Former Residence of Central Leaders are classic examples of Late Qing Dynasty wooden structures. The study room in the former residence of central leaders is designed in a Cantonese style with a high loft, while the remaining areas follow the traditional Yunnan residential style known as the “One Stamp Seal (一颗印).”

Exhibitions

Main Exhibitions

The Kedu Memorial Hall of the Red Army’s Long March features both restored and supplementary exhibitions. The Former Headquarters of the Central Red Army and the Former Residence of Central Leaders have been meticulously restored to their original state during the Red Army’s occupation.

Collection of Artifacts

The artifacts in the memorial hall come from donations and acquisitions, and they include items made of wood, paper, bamboo, and metal. By the end of 2019, the museum had collected 137 items/sets of artifacts.

Important Artifacts

One of the most significant artifacts in the museum is the Octagonal Music Clock used by the Red Army.

Cultural Activities

Educational Programs

The museum has compiled invaluable historical materials, including the book “Memoirs of the Old Red Army’s Long March through Kedu (老红军回忆长征过柯渡)” and the DVD “Red Footprints: The Red Army’s Long March through Xundian (红色足迹).”

Collaboration and Exchange

The memorial hall has participated in the First Friendship Association of Mao Zedong Memorial Halls and attended the National Red Tourism Office’s Tour Guide Training sessions twice.

Honors and Recognition

• 1983: Designated as a Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit of Yunnan Province.
• 1992: Identified as a China Modern History and National Education Base in the Kunming region.
• 1997: Named a Patriotism Education Base by the Yunnan Provincial Government.
• 2005: Listed as one of the Top 100 Classic Red Tourism Sites in China by the national government.

Institutional Structure

Directors

The previous directors of the Kedu Memorial Hall include:

• Zhang Benkuan (张本宽)
• Bi Fachang (毕发昌)
• Cui Jinshun (崔金顺)
• Zhang Yongjie (张永杰)
• Ma Chengyun (马成云)
• Ma Dongchun (马东纯)
• Ma Zikun (马子昆)

Organizational Nature

The Kedu Memorial Hall is a state-owned cultural institution.

Funding

The funding for the memorial hall comes from government allocations.

Staff

The museum currently employs 5 staff members, including 4 full-time staff and 1 contract worker.

Visitor Information

Location

The memorial hall is located at No. 195, Dan Gui Village (丹桂村195号), Kedu Town (柯渡镇), Xundian County (寻甸县), Kunming City, Yunnan Province.

Opening Hours

The museum is open year-round from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM.

Admission

Entrance to the museum is free.

Transportation

To reach the memorial hall, you can travel from Kunming City via the Kunming-Mohan Expressway, passing through Longquan Road (龙泉路), Shuituan Section (水团段), and Dayan Section (大岩段), to finally arrive at the Kedu Memorial Hall in Xundian County.

Overview

Wanfu Temple (万福寺) is located on Yongjin Mountain (涌金山) in Tangchi Town (汤池镇), Yiliang County (宜良县), Kunming, Yunnan Province. The temple is said to have been named because it housed ten thousand Buddha statues. Its construction date is unknown, but it is one of the eight major temples in Yiliang County and is a key cultural relic protected by the county.

• Chinese Name: 万福寺
• Location: Yongjin Mountain (涌金山), Tangchi Town (汤池镇), Yiliang County (宜良县), Yunnan Province
• Name Origin: The temple is said to have housed ten thousand Buddha statues, which inspired its name.
• Renovation: June 17, 1986

Temple History

Wanfu Temple’s history is rich with cultural significance. The temple’s name is derived from the legend that it once contained statues of ten thousand Buddhas. Its precise construction date remains uncertain.

During the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), Yang Shen (杨升庵), a scholar exiled to Yunnan, wrote a poem titled Wanfu Temple (《万福寺》), praising the temple:

“The temple overlooks the distant flight of birds, its tower hangs at the end of a rainbow.
The mountains’ green fades into the dark clouds, and boats on the lake are dyed by the cold rain.
Doors and windows are carved into the cliffs, and the rocks form a pavilion.
Cicadas rest peacefully in the twin trees, and picking a flower is difficult for passersby.
The setting sun half-submerges the twilight mist, and the clouds take a different hue at dusk.
At this height, we compose our verses, immortal brushes dip into the waves.”

• Chinese: “寺临飞鸟外，楼出挂虹端。山翠沉云暗，湖舟染雨寒。因阿凿户牖，依石构赞元。双树蝉栖稳，一花人折难。阴霞仍半没，晚霭试横看。攸对登高赋，仙毫点笔澜。”

In 1626, the temple was commemorated with the construction of the Stele for the Construction of the Temple and the Casting of Holy Statues (《建殿宇铸圣像施常住碑引》), which still exists today.

Related Legends

In the Qing Dynasty, local scholars paid homage to the temple. Chen Da (陈达), a famous scholar during the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, composed a poem:

“A mountain entirely of stone, rising straight up like a tower.
The trees at the top protrude from the eaves, and the path winds around the cliffs.
Clouds connect the peaks in the dawn, and the autumn sky is clear above half the lake.
Sitting by chance in the long corridor, the temple feels even more secluded with the monks.”

• Chinese: “一山都是石，直上似登楼。树杪檐层出，岩端路曲周。云连千嶂晓，天朗半湖秋。偶入长廊坐，僧贫院更幽。”

In March 1834, a major earthquake struck the area, causing the temple’s theater stage to collapse, killing performers and damaging the temple. It was later repaired in the early Xianfeng period. In 1908, a request was submitted to ban the “March 3rd” opera performances during the temple fair, and a stone stele was erected to enforce the ban.

Peak Period

In 1920, the tradition of welcoming the Buddha and holding opera performances during the temple fair was revived. Thousands of people from neighboring counties attended, making it a vibrant event. In 1931, Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷), the top scholar during the late Qing Dynasty, visited the temple and inscribed a stele with the words “Supreme Enlightenment” (无上菩提), which was later carved and erected by a local man named Li Jingshi (李荆石).

Layout and Structure

As of the temple’s prime, it included a Mountain Gate, Heavenly Kings Hall, Guanyin Hall, Dizang Hall, and the Main Hall—all centered around five courtyards. The temple also had a Tuzu Hall (土主殿), a Theater Stage (戏台), and a Sea-Viewing Tower (望海楼). There were hundreds of copper Buddha statues, as well as a large bell, drum, and wooden fish used in ceremonies. Generous donations from followers contributed to the temple’s landholdings, known locally as “monk’s land” (和尚田).

In 1945, the temple grounds were repurposed for the Minghu Middle School. In 1950, the “March 3rd” temple fair was discontinued, and the temple was used by the Tangchi Elementary School.

Decline and Closure

In 1955, as part of collective efforts, the temple became the site of an ironworks factory, leading to the destruction of several parts of the temple. In 1958, the temple was repurposed again for Yiliang Fourth Middle School, and later for Tangchi Elementary School until the 1970s. The temple was eventually closed due to safety concerns, though cultural relics such as Neolithic artifacts were discovered on Yongjin Mountain, including red pottery fragments, carbonized grains, and shell mounds.

Buddhist Activities

On June 17, 1986, the temple was approved for renovation by the Yunnan Branch of the China Buddhist Association, with support from various levels of government. The temple was restored and reopened as a center for Buddhist activities.

Cultural Preservation

In July 1987, Wanfu Temple was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit by the county government.

Folk Festivals

In 1863, the descendants of the Hong Family (洪氏) erected the Tomb of Lady Hong (《洪氏圣母坟》) in the temple grounds. The “March 3rd” Temple Fair resumed and continues to be held annually, drawing over 50,000 participants, contributing significantly to the local economy and culture.

Restoration and Development

In 1991, the Yiliang County Government approved Wanfu Temple as an open temple. Subsequent investments led to the reconstruction of the Mountain Gate, Fortune Hall, and Theater Stage. Famous inscriptions such as “Yongjin Park” (涌金公园) and “Gathering Wealth” (聚金源) were added by notable individuals.

Notable Events:

• In 1993, Zhang Jingru (张景儒), a Chinese national residing in Myanmar, donated a jade Buddha statue to the temple.
• In 1996, a new copper bell was cast for the temple, standing 1.9 meters tall and weighing 1.4 tons.

Publications:

In 1998, a local former county governor, Na Kaigui (那开贵), compiled and published The Stories of Tangchi (《汤池民间故事–粗糠宝》), with financial support from various contributors.

Land Area

• The temple covers 21,071.9 m² of land on Yongjin Mountain.
• The temple also includes a pickle factory site of 1,094.7 m² and a parking lot of 909.84 m².
• The highest elevation of the temple is 1,813 meters.

Overview of Miaowang Valley Scenic Area (苗王谷风景区)

Located 80 kilometers from Kunming’s main city, the Miaowang Valley Scenic Area (苗王谷风景区) is a comprehensive tourist destination that blends natural scenery, cultural heritage, Miao ethnic customs, and the Nanpanjiang River (南盘江) rafting experience. The total rafting route on the Nanpanjiang River is 10 kilometers long, offering two main rafting options: the leisurely bamboo raft ride or the more adventurous inflatable raft for thrill-seekers. Along the river, you may spot cormorants, adding a touch of nature’s charm to the rafting journey. As you glide downstream, the experience evokes a mix of tranquility and excitement.

Apart from rafting, visitors can explore Miaowang Village (苗王寨) and Yonglian Cave (永恋洞), both notable natural attractions. The area also offers a unique cultural experience where you can enjoy ethnic Miao cuisine, performances, and even camp under the stars—a rare and ideal getaway near Kunming.

Scenic Development and Attractions

The Nanpanjiang River rafting route, part of the Chaishitan Scenic Area (柴石滩风景区), has long been popular among tourists. With the continuous development of the region, new core attractions like Miaowang Village and Yonglian Cave were added, enriching the scenic experience. The official name of the area has been updated to Miaowang Valley Scenic Area to better reflect its cultural and natural essence.

Main Attractions

• Nanpanjiang River Rafting (南盘江漂流): The 10-kilometer-long rafting course on the upper Pearl River (珠江) passes under the modern marvel Nanpanjiang Bridge (南盘江大桥) and ends at the centuries-old Pujing Bridge (普济桥), built during the Qing Dynasty over 280 years ago. The rafting experience offers a unique sense of time travel, as the journey flows from modern times back into ancient history.
  • The river’s water temperature remains between 19-20°C year-round, making it suitable for rafting in any season. The water is crystal clear, a rarity in the Kunming area, and the rafting process is safe, offering options for bamboo or inflatable rafts.
  • The experience is interactive, as visitors often engage in playful water battles along the route, with the sounds of splashing water and laughter echoing across the river.
• Miaowang Village (苗王寨): Reconstructed on the original site of a historical Miao king’s residence, this village sits majestically along the riverbank, featuring towering gates, fortress-like walls, and colorful banners. Inside the village, you’ll find lush greenery, flowing streams, and traditional Miao-style architecture. The village is divided into different zones for dining, performances, camping, and recreational activities like fishing, barbequing, and participating in a lively evening bonfire.
• Yonglian Cave (永恋洞): A spectacular natural karst cave, Yonglian Cave has two entrances—one dry cave (阳洞) and one water cave (阴洞). The dry cave is cool and dry, offering a refreshing atmosphere year-round, while the water cave features flowing streams and schools of wild fish. The two caves converge into a majestic hall with a natural ceiling of stacked rock layers. According to Taoist interpretations, the cave symbolizes the union of yin and yang, and locals believe it is a place of good fortune, where couples can pray for everlasting love. The hall is also said to be the bridal chamber of the Dragon King’s daughter, making it a sacred site for Miao people to seek blessings for love and marriage.
• Fruit Orchard Leisure Area (果园休闲区): Located about 300 meters behind Yonglian Cave, this 300-acre orchard is crisscrossed by streams fed by 36 natural springs. Visitors can pick and eat fresh fruits like winter peaches, honey dates, and green pears directly from the orchard. The scenic area also offers outdoor activities such as ziplining, rock climbing, and CS battle simulations.

Getting There

• Route A: From Kunming, take the Kunshi Highway and exit at the Shilin (石林) station. Continue on the Shilin-Jiuxiang Scenic Route to reach the Chaishitan Scenic Area (柴石滩风景区) and the Nanpanjiang River rafting site. Return via Yiliang (宜良) to Kunming.
• Route B: From Kunming, take the Kunshi Highway and exit at the Yiliang station. Follow the Yiliang-Jiuxiang road to the Chaishitan Scenic Area, then head back to Kunming via Yiliang.

The Miaowang Valley Scenic Area (苗王谷) is a captivating blend of natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and exciting outdoor activities. Its unique geographical location, nestled between the famous Shilin Scenic Area (石林风景区) and Jiuxiang Scenic Area (九乡风景区), makes it easily accessible, offering visitors a perfect escape from city life. Whether you are seeking the thrill of rafting, the allure of historical villages, or the tranquility of a fruit orchard, Miaowang Valley offers an unforgettable experience.

The scenic area encapsulates the essence of Yunnan’s natural splendor and cultural richness, inviting tourists to explore its rivers, caves, and ethnic traditions.

Nanpanjiang River Rafting: Pearl River’s First Drift

Nanpanjiang River Rafting, known as the “First Drift of the Pearl River’s Headwaters,” has recently relaunched. The project, located in Yiliang County, Kunming (昆明宜良县), has undergone improvements, including upgrading tourist facilities, purchasing yachts, and modifying the watercourse. With enhanced services, more beautiful scenery, and better management, Nanpanjiang River is now ready to welcome visitors from all over.

Location and Overview

Nanpanjiang River Rafting is situated in the upper reaches of the Nanpanjiang River (南盘江), a part of the Pearl River Basin, in Chai Shitan Village (柴石滩村), Beigucheng Town (北古城镇), Yiliang County (宜良县), Yunnan Province. This rafting project is a major adventure tourism feature of the Mingyue Lake National Water Conservancy Scenic Area (明月湖国家级水利风景区), which was established in November 2015 with the approval of the Ministry of Water Resources.

The scenic area integrates natural landscapes, rural customs, and modern outdoor sports, leveraging the market advantages of nearby attractions like the Stone Forest (石林) and Jiuxiang (九乡). It preserves the primitive beauty of nature, including pure, expansive, colorful, and dynamic natural landscapes.

The area’s most striking features include the Nanpanjiang Grand Bridge (南盘江大桥), standing 167 meters tall, and the Chai Shitan Reservoir Dam (柴石滩水库大坝), rising 108 meters. These man-made marvels blend harmoniously with the surrounding mountains, water, and forests, showcasing a fusion of natural beauty and technological achievement.

Key Highlights of Nanpanjiang River Rafting

Clear Water and Natural Watercourse

The most captivating aspect of Nanpanjiang River Rafting is its crystal-clear water and the natural river channel. The water flows smoothly and safely, making it suitable for visitors of all ages. The total length of the rafting journey is 10 kilometers, which takes about 1 hour and 20 minutes. Along the way, the route passes through several quaint and ancient villages, including Dalongdui Village (大龙兑村), Dagangou Village (大干沟村), Xiaogangou Village (小干沟村), and Daguojian Village (大过枧村).

Rafting Experience

The river has an average depth ranging from 1.1 meters to 1.5 meters. The course features 16 bends and 5 rapids, offering a thrilling and enjoyable “wet adventure” for visitors who want to experience the excitement of navigating the rapids. The rafting experience is both safe and fun, making it suitable for families and adventure seekers alike.

Pricing and What’s Included

The current price for Nanpanjiang River Rafting is 160 RMB per person. This fee includes the full rafting journey, a meal, and entrance to the scenic area. After the adrenaline-filled rafting adventure, visitors can enjoy local delicacies such as fresh reservoir fish and authentic Yunnan pig blood tofu (猪血旺).

Additional Attractions in the Scenic Area

Mingyue Lake National Water Conservancy Scenic Area (明月湖国家级水利风景区)

This area, set against a backdrop of mountains and lakes, retains its natural beauty while offering opportunities for water-related activities, rural tourism, and outdoor sports. It features the majestic Nanpanjiang Grand Bridge and the Chai Shitan Reservoir Dam, providing a scenic blend of nature and human engineering.

Villages and Cultural Immersion

As visitors drift down the river, they will pass by traditional villages, allowing them to immerse themselves in the rural culture of Yiliang County. These villages maintain a simple and traditional way of life, providing a glimpse into the local customs and natural charm of the region.

Conclusion

Nanpanjiang River Rafting in Yiliang County offers a unique combination of adventure, stunning scenery, and cultural immersion. Whether you’re seeking a thrilling rafting experience, a chance to appreciate the untouched natural landscapes, or a taste of local Yunnan cuisine, this destination has something for everyone.

Directions to Nanpanjiang River Rafting

• Route A: From Kunming, take the Kunshi Expressway and exit at Shilin (石林). Follow the Stone Forest to Jiuxiang Scenic Road and proceed to Chai Shitan Scenic Area (柴石滩风景区) for Nanpanjiang River Rafting.
• Route B: From Kunming, take the Kunshi Expressway and exit at Yiliang (宜良). Follow the Yiliang to Jiuxiang Road to Chai Shitan Scenic Area for Nanpanjiang River Rafting.

This scenic and well-managed rafting destination is an ideal spot for visitors looking for outdoor fun and relaxation near Kunming.

Location

The Tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar (赛典赤·赡思丁墓) has two sites: the actual tomb is located in Majiayan Village (马家庵村), northern suburbs of Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省); the commemorative mound is situated southwest of Minhang Road Primary School (民航路小学) in Guandu District (官渡区), Kunming, near the intersection of Minhang Road (民航路) and South Ring Road (环城南路).

Tomb Description

The actual tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar is rectangular, oriented south-north, with a stone base and an earthen top. It is 1.8 meters high, 2.6 meters long, and 1.4 meters wide. The commemorative mound is also rectangular, built of stone, approximately 2.7 meters high, 2.3 meters long, and 1.3 meters wide. It features a stone eave cover and stone inscriptions on all sides. The tomb serves as an important red resource in Yunnan and provides valuable material for studying and inheriting the spirit of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar.

On October 7, 2019, the tomb was announced by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院) as one of the Eighth Batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units (第八批全国重点文物保护单位).

General Information

• Chinese Name: 赛典赤·赡思丁墓
• Geographical Location: Majiayan Village (马家庵村), northern suburbs of Kunming City (昆明市); southwest of Minhang Road Primary School (民航路小学), Guandu District (官渡区), Kunming.
• Historical Period: Yuan (元), Qing (清) to Republic of China (民国)
• Protection Level: Eighth Batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units (第八批全国重点文物保护单位)
• Approval Unit: State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院)
• Number: 8-0189-2-022

Historical Background

In the sixth year of the Republic of China (民国六年, 1917), Yunnan military and political officials, led by Tang Jiyao (唐继尧), rebuilt the commemorative mound on the original tomb site established during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (清康熙年间) to honor Ajall Shams al-Din Omar.

In 1981, Wuliduo Primary School (五里多小学) contributed funds for renovations, restoring the base and stone steps of the commemorative mound and planting flowers around it. In 1984, the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government (云南省人民政府) allocated 30,000 yuan for the restoration of the tomb, completed in February 1986.

Site Characteristics

The Tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar consists of two sites: the actual tomb located in Majiayan Village (马家庵村) in the northern suburbs of Kunming and the commemorative mound located southwest of Minhang Road Primary School (民航路小学). The commemorative mound was rebuilt in 1917, based on the original tomb from the Kangxi era.

In February 1986, after restoration, the actual tomb was surrounded by stone, measuring 2.9 meters in length, 1.4 meters in width, and 1.8 meters in height. The top of the tomb is rounded, with a gravestone on the south side. The upper part of the gravestone is semicircular, engraved with Arabic script, while the lower center features the inscription “Tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar, King of Xianyang, Yuan Dynasty” (元咸阳王赛典赤赡思丁墓) in Chinese. On the upper left, there are two small lines stating “Born in 1210, died in 1279” (生于一二一O年，卒于一二七九年), and on the lower right, it reads “Established by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government in February 1986” (云南省人民政府，一九八六年二月立). The area is surrounded by a fence, and various trees and flowers are planted around the tomb.

The commemorative mound, rebuilt in the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), is a rectangular stone structure about 2.7 meters high, 2.3 meters long, and 1.3 meters wide, featuring a stone eave cover and stone inscriptions on all sides. In 1981, Wuliduo Primary School funded further restoration of the mound’s base and steps, enhancing its surroundings with flowers.

Cultural Relics

The commemorative mound of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar features stone inscriptions on all four sides. The front inscription reads “King Shams al-Din of Xianyang, Yuan Dynasty” (元咸阳王赡思丁). The left side contains excerpts from the “History of the Yuan” (《元史·赛典赤赡思丁传》), while the right side features a record of the rebuilding, written by Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷) in the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), stating, “Recently, the people of Yunnan yearn for the King, often coming to pay respects, lingering under the mound, reluctant to leave” (近，滇人思慕于王，瞻拜凭眺，往往徘徊陵下，不忍去).

Historical and Cultural Significance

Ajall Shams al-Din Omar (赛典赤·赡思丁, 1211-1279) was a prominent politician during the early Yuan Dynasty (元朝). Also known as Wumaar (乌马儿), he was of Hui ethnicity, originally from Bukhara (布哈拉), Uzbekistan (乌兹别克斯坦). His family was influential (the Arabic term “赛典赤” means “noble holy offspring”), and he was highly regarded by Kublai Khan (忽必烈). During the reign of Emperor Yingzong (宪宗), he served as the chief governor of Yanji Road (燕京路), where he significantly aided Kublai Khan in pacifying Yunnan.

In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (至元元年, 1264), he was appointed as the chief minister of Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces (陕西四川行省平章政事), preparing the Yuan army for the campaign against the Southern Song (南宋). His three years in office were marked by outstanding achievements. By the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (至元十一年, 1274), he served as the chief minister of Yunnan Province (云南行省平章政事). During his five years in Yunnan, he reorganized the administration, promoted cultural governance, reformed local customs, encouraged agriculture, developed water conservancy, and improved relations with neighboring countries such as Annan (安南) and Myanmar (缅甸). After his death, Kublai Khan posthumously honored him with the title King of Xianyang (咸阳王).

Research Value

The tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar is an important red resource in Yunnan, providing valuable material for studying and inheriting the spirit of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar.

Protection Measures

On October 7, 2019, the tomb was designated as one of the Eighth Batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units (第八批全国重点文物保护单位) by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Tourist Information

Geographical Location

The actual tomb of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar is located in Majiayan Village (马家庵村), northern suburbs of Kunming City (昆明市); the commemorative mound is situated southwest of Minhang Road Primary School (民航路小学) in Guandu District (官渡区), Kunming.

Travel Information

• By Car: From the People’s Government of Kunming City (昆明市人民政府) to the actual tomb, it is approximately 47.9 kilometers and takes about 48 minutes. To reach the commemorative mound, it is about 22.9 kilometers and takes about 38 minutes.

Overview

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu is located in Xiaoshizhuang Village (小石庄村), Mingyi River Township (鸣矣河乡), 20 kilometers south of Anning City (安宁市), Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省). The tablet was erected by Wang Shanbao (王善宝) on October 10, 698 AD during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian (武则天). In 1992, to enhance its protection, a cemetery was built over 300 meters north of the tablet, and the tablet was relocated to a pavilion within this cemetery.

Physical Description

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu is made of shist stone, with a total height of 4.01 meters, a tablet body height of 2.03 meters, a width of 1.17 meters, and a thickness of 0.36 meters. The base is 2.6 meters long and 0.89 meters high. The ancient tablet, carved from sandstone, is 2.81 meters high and 1.50 meters wide, supported by a large stone turtle. The inscription was penned by the famous writer Lu Qiu Jun (闾丘均) from Chengdu (成都), and Wang Shanbao wrote the calligraphy, inscribing the title “Tablet of the Former Inspector of Hedong Prefecture” (大周故河东州刺史之碑). The inscription consists of 34 lines, each containing 53 characters, written in regular script. It includes a title with 10 characters, and features bas-reliefs of two dragons and a niche with a Buddha statue. The total word count is 1,638, including the title.

In 1961, the Tablet of Wang Renqiu was designated as one of the first provincial-level cultural relic protection units by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On May 25, 2006, it was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Location

• Geographical Location:
  • Mingyi River Township (鸣矣河乡), Xiaoshizhuang Village (小石庄村), Anning City (安宁市), Yunnan Province (云南省).
• Historical Period: Tang Dynasty (唐).
• Protection Level: Sixth batch of national key cultural relic protection units.
• Approval Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
• Number: 6-0862-4-52.

Historical Background

In the first year of the Tang Dynasty (唐) under the reign of Emperor Gaozu (高祖), the Yao Prefecture (姚州) was established to unify the command against the struggles of various tribes resisting the Tibetan nobility. Later, Meng Jian (蒙俭), the inspector of Yangguazhou (阳瓜州), rebelled against the Tang, gathering tribal leaders from the Erhai (洱海) area to launch a major offensive against Yao Prefecture. The Tang appointed Wang Renqiu (王仁求) to quell this rebellion, which severely impacted the pro-Tibetan forces in the Erhai area. However, the Tang army suffered heavy losses and had to temporarily abandon Yao Prefecture.

In the first year of the Tang Dynasty’s Chui Gong (垂拱) era, under the advice of Wang Renqiu’s son, Wang Shanbao (王善宝), the Tang Dynasty reinstated Yao Prefecture and established seven towns with stationed troops, eventually driving away the Tibetan invading forces.

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu was erected by Wang Shanbao on October 10, 698 AD during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian.

In 1982, during a cultural relic survey in Anning County, patterned bricks were discovered in a gully 20 meters east of the Wang Renqiu family tomb. Due to soil erosion, a brick tomb seat was exposed on a cliff. Farmers took bricks to build walls, causing damage.

In March 1989, members from the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming Municipal Cultural Heritage Committee, and Anning County Cultural Bureau conducted excavations at the Tablet of Wang Renqiu and the family tomb.

In 1992, to enhance protection, a cemetery was built 300 meters north of the tablet, and it was moved into a wooden hexagonal pavilion for preservation. Behind the pavilion, a replica of Wang Renqiu’s tomb was constructed, also with a pavilion. The cemetery is surrounded by a wall with an entrance facing southeast, flanked by restrooms and guard accommodations. About 20 meters in front of the entrance, there is a restored stone-carved beast, and a hexagonal pavilion is situated 20 meters across from the gate.

Architectural Layout

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu is made of shist stone, with a total height of 4.01 meters, a tablet body height of 2.03 meters, a width of 1.17 meters, and a thickness of 0.36 meters. The ancient tablet is carved from sandstone, measuring 2.81 meters in height and 1.50 meters in width, supported by a large stone turtle. The inscription, penned by Lu Qiu Jun, states “Tablet of the Former Inspector of Hedong Prefecture” (大周故河东州刺史之碑). The inscription consists of 34 lines, with each line varying between 17 and 51 characters, totaling 1,628 characters, plus the title of 10 characters, making a total of 1,638 characters.

Cultural Heritage

In the 52nd year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (清乾隆五十二年, 1787 AD), renowned epigrapher Wang Chang (王昶) served as the Governor of Yunnan. He dispatched people to seek out the tomb of Wang Renqiu, leading to the discovery of the tablet, prompting the reconstruction of the tomb for Wang and his son. A stone tablet titled “Record of the Reconstruction of the Tomb of Wang Renqiu, Inspector of Hedong Prefecture” (修唐河东州刺史王公墓记) was also erected beside the Tablet of Wang Renqiu.

Located about 200 meters north of the tablet is a gentle slope known as “Wangguan Fen” (王官坟), which contains the reconstructed tombs of Wang Renqiu and his son from the 53rd year of the Qianlong reign.

Historical Culture

Inscription Content

The inscription on the Tablet of Wang Renqiu praises his service as the inspector of Hedong Prefecture, during which he proposed the establishment of over 20 prefectures west of Yao Prefecture and managed their development. He also assisted the Tang generals in quelling the rebellion led by Meng Jian and the local chief He She, achieving military success. The inscription includes characters created during Wu Zetian’s reign. The establishment of Hedong Prefecture is not recorded in the New and Old Books of Tang, but it likely refers to the area around present-day Fengyi Town (凤仪镇), Dali City (大理市), situated between the territories of Xicuan Bai Miao and Yangguazhou. The historical facts recorded in the inscription supplement historical records and prove the Tang Dynasty’s governance and implementation of orders in the Yunnan frontier, reflecting Wang Renqiu’s loyalty to the Tang court.

Related Figures

• Wang Renqiu (王仁求): Year of birth unknown, hailing from Anning County (安宁郡), a prominent chief of the Xicuan Bai Miao. He held the position of commander of the military affairs of Hedong Prefecture and was also the inspector of Hedong. Despite being on the frontier, Wang Renqiu was concerned with the expansion of Tang territory. Around 662 AD, he suggested that the Tang Dynasty should establish counties in Yunnan due to the fertile land and abundant production. During the reign of Emperor Xianheng (咸亨), Meng Jian, the inspector of Yangguazhou, launched a military offensive against Yao Prefecture. Wang Renqiu bravely led his troops to fight for the Tang Dynasty. He died in the fifth year of Xianheng, at the age of 44. Twenty-four years after his death, his son Wang Shanbao buried him and erected the tablet. Wang Shanbao inherited his father’s position and gained the trust of the Tang court, serving as a guard in the capital.
• Wang Shanbao (王善宝): The eldest son of Wang Renqiu, served as a guard in the capital, later inheriting his father’s position. He held the title of General of Cloud Banner (云麾将军) and served as the left eagle guard in the Yang Wei general’s household, overseeing military affairs of Hedong Prefecture while concurrently serving as the inspector.
• Lu Qiu Jun (闾丘均): Year of birth and death unknown, from Chengdu, he served as a doctor during the Wu Zetian period. Afterward, he was demoted to a storage position in Xunzhou. He was later appointed as a record keeper in the Ninth Expedition of the Tang. Lu Qiu Jun was known for his literary talent and poetry, alongside poets like Du Shenyan (杜审言) and Chen Zi’ang (陈子昂). The inscription on the tablet was likely composed at the request of Wang Shanbao.

Cultural Value

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu, while written in honor of Wang Renqiu, addresses significant historical facts in Yunnan, providing valuable historical material. The inscription supplements historical records and demonstrates the Tang Dynasty’s governance and implementation of orders in the Yunnan frontier, reflecting Wang Renqiu’s loyalty to the Tang court. It serves as an essential piece of evidence for understanding Yunnan’s history during the Tang Dynasty.

Tourist Information

• Visiting Hours: Open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM.
• Ticket Price: Free entry.
• Transportation: Accessible by bus or taxi from Anning City.
• Nearby Attractions: Visitors can explore the scenic beauty of Mingyi River and other cultural relics in the vicinity.

The Tablet of Wang Renqiu is a significant cultural relic, illustrating the historical legacy of the Tang Dynasty in Yunnan and the loyalty of its officials. It serves as a testament to the region’s rich history and culture, attracting tourists and scholars interested in China’s historical narratives.

Overview

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan (升庵祠) is located at the foot of the Xishan Mountain (西山) and by the shores of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in the village of Gaoyao (高峣村), Kunming City (昆明市). Built during the Wanli period (万历年间) of the Ming Dynasty (明朝), the temple commemorates Yang Shengan (杨升庵) by transforming his former residence, “Biyao Jingxie” (碧峣精舍), into a shrine that houses his statue. This traditional Chinese courtyard features three courtyards and three halls, backed by Xishan Mountain, facing Dianchi Lake, with clear springs nearby and flourishing flowers, creating a serene and elegant atmosphere. The temple has been a protected cultural relic of Yunnan Province (云南省) since it was designated in 1987.

Nature of the Site

• Cultural Relic Status: Yunnan Province Protected Cultural Relic Unit (云南省文物保护单位)
• Location: Gaoyao Village, Kunming (昆明高峣村)
• Former Residence: Biyao Jingxie (碧峣精舍)

Introduction

Originally the garden of the local gentry Mao Yu (毛玉), who served as an official in the Ministry of Personnel (吏部), this site reflects his deep friendship with Yang Shen (杨慎). Mao Yu was imprisoned and tortured to death during a political struggle over the “Great Rites” (议大礼). The “Biyao Jingxie” was specifically prepared for Yang Shengan by Mao Yu’s son, Mao Yizhuan (毛沂专). The temple underwent renovations in 1986 and now occupies an area of 2,000 square meters, dedicated as the Yang Shengan Memorial Museum (杨升庵纪念馆). East of the temple originally stood the Puxian Temple (普贤寺), which was constructed in the early Ming Dynasty. The famous traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) visited this location during his travels in Yunnan and subsequently restored the temple, turning it into the Xu Xiake Memorial Museum (徐霞客纪念馆).

Geographical Location

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan is situated in Gaoyao Village at the foot of Xishan Mountain, facing Dianchi Lake. During the Wanli period (1573-1619) of the Ming Dynasty, the governor Liu Zhilong (刘之龙) first transformed the residence “Biyao Jingxie” into the “Taishi Shrine” (太史祠), serving as a memorial for the renowned scholar Yang Shen. In the 28th year of the Kangxi era (康熙二十八年, 1689), the governor of Yunnan, Fan Chengxun (范承勋), undertook renovations. The temple was rebuilt in the seventh year of the Xianfeng era (咸丰七年, 1857) and renamed the Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan. Among the many historical sites, the Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan in Kunming is well-preserved and frequently visited, contributing to its significant cultural impact.

Architectural Composition

The Ancestral Temple of Yang Shengan features a brick and wood structure, consisting of a gate tower, main hall, and side halls, forming a traditional siheyuan (四合院) layout. The main hall has a single-slope roof and consists of five bays, measuring 19.8 meters in length and 10 meters in width, covering an area of 200 square meters. The beam structure is a six-bracket type (六架式斗拱), and the eaves are adorned with dougong (斗拱) brackets. The six-shuttered doors are intricately carved with motifs of auspicious flowers and the Eight Immortals (暗八仙) design. The colors are vibrant and luxurious. In the courtyard, there are two fragrant cedar trees believed to have been planted by Yang Shengan himself; their fragrance fills the air during spring and summer. The temple also preserves two stone tablets: the “Inscription on the Original Lease of Boluo Village’s Fields for Taishi Shrine” (《规复太史祠原置波罗村田亩租石碑记》) and the “Haizhuang Tablet” (《海庄碑》). In January 1988, the temple was designated as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit and has been established as the “Yang Shengan Memorial Museum” (杨升庵纪念馆).

The Stone Sutra Pillar of Ksitigarbha Temple (地藏寺) is located at 93 Tuo Dong Road, Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省), within the Kunming Museum (昆明市博物馆), which was formerly known as Guchuang Park (古幢公园). This historical structure, built during the Song Dynasty (宋代) in the Dali Kingdom (大理国) period, is also known as the “Dali Kingdom Sutra Pillar” (大理国经幢) and is commonly referred to as the “Ancient Pillar” (古幢). It belongs to a type of decorative tower known as a Huata (花塔).

Description and Features

The Sutra Pillar is sculpted from sandstone, presenting a slight yellow hue. It has seven tiers and reaches a total height of 6.5 meters. The structure comprises four parts: the top (幢顶), the body (幢身), the base (幢座), and the platform (台基), with an octagonal cross-section. The entire pillar is adorned with 288 exquisitely carved Buddhist figures of various sizes, with inscriptions of Buddhist scriptures in both Sanskrit and Chinese on the blank walls between the statues.

The artistic value of the Stone Sutra Pillar is significant in the fields of research, preservation, culture, and appreciation. It serves as a precious historical artifact for studying the history of ethnic religions, cultural history, Buddhist art, and the socio-economic context of the Dali Kingdom during the Southern Song Dynasty (南宋) period.

On February 23, 1982, the Stone Sutra Pillar was designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院).

Name: Stone Sutra Pillar of Ksitigarbha Temple (地藏寺经幢)
Location: Kunming Museum (昆明市博物馆), Kunming City (昆明市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
Era: Late Southern Song Dynasty (绍兴年间晚期)
Protection Level: Second batch of National Key Cultural Relic Protection Units (第二批全国重点文物保护单位)
Approved by: State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院)
Cultural Relic Number: 2-0044-4-002

Historical Development

The Stone Sutra Pillar was constructed during the reign of Duan Zhengxing (段正兴) in the Dali Kingdom, approximately in the late Southern Song Dynasty (绍兴年间晚期). The creator of the pillar was Yuan Douguang (袁豆光), a high-ranking official in the Dali Kingdom serving as the chief minister (议事布燮).

In the early years of the Republic of China (民国), due to wars, parts of the Sutra Pillar were buried underground. In 1919, the cultural relic department excavated the entire structure from the ruins of Ksitigarbha Temple. By 1923, the Kunming Municipal Government had restored the temple and converted it into Guchuang Park, enclosing it with iron railings for public viewing.

In 1955, Premier Zhou Enlai (周恩来) praised the Sutra Pillar during an inspection in Kunming and instructed the construction of a pavilion for its protection. In 1987, local authorities carried out comprehensive maintenance and protection of the Sutra Pillar, raising it by 1.8 meters with the addition of a new base.

From 1997 to 2000, during the construction of the Kunming Museum, the Sutra Pillar was integrated into the museum’s overall planning and construction. A glass building was added for overall protection, and the relic was managed as part of the museum’s collection.

Architectural Features

The Stone Sutra Pillar is carved from sandstone, featuring seven tiers that ascend from smaller to larger dimensions. The structure showcases intricate round sculptures, high reliefs, and flat carvings of figures, floral and cloud motifs, animals, mock wooden structures resembling pavilions and palaces, and inscriptions. The overall form resembles an eight-faced conical tower and is well-preserved.

The body of the pillar consists of several segments, each sculpted separately and then stacked. The first segment is long and thick, while the upper four segments are shorter and thinner. The joints between each segment are designed with circular tenons, showcasing sophisticated craftsmanship. The Sutra Pillar’s body is the main component, with the interface between upper and lower layers resembling an octagonal umbrella cover.

The artistic design of the Stone Sutra Pillar, positioned between towers, creates a striking visual effect. While the overall structure appears pagoda-like, the spacing between each layer is unequal, arranged according to aesthetic needs with a combination of square, octagonal, and circular shapes. This orderly combination reflects the ancient artisans’ profound aesthetic thought and artistic skill.

Most of the figures on the Sutra Pillar are high-relief sculptures, exhibiting a strong three-dimensional quality. The proportions of the figures are precise, giving them a lifelike presence. The Buddhist figures have solemn expressions, while the Bodhisattvas appear kind and gentle, reflecting the artistic styles of the Tang (唐) and Song (宋) dynasties. The carvings of palaces and pavilions mimic wooden structures, and their intricate details complement the overall clarity of the piece. Particularly, the arrangement of the Buddha and attendant figures is precise, with distinct hierarchical relationships. The smooth and soft lines of the sculptures, along with their meticulous craftsmanship, make the Stone Sutra Pillar a treasure of ancient sculptural art in Yunnan.

Cultural Relics

The base of the Stone Sutra Pillar is constructed from eight-sided stone steps (added in 1987), comprising five layers, with a bottom width of 11.7 meters, a top width of 8.75 meters, and a height of 1.1 meters. Atop this base lies an octagonal Sumeru seat (须弥座), centrally located and divided into three layers. The top and bottom ends are decorated with eight-sided ridges, with each face featuring cloud motifs and a waist resembling a drum shape, sculpted with swirling clouds and eight dragons, symbolizing the protective heavenly beings known as the Eight Divinities (天龙八部).

The upper surface of the Sumeru seat bears inscriptions in Chinese, including the “Heart Sutra” (般若婆罗密多心经), “Vow of the Great Sun Tathāgata” (大日尊发愿), “Four Great Vows” (发四宏誓愿), and “Record of the Creation of the Sutra Pillar” (敬造佛项尊胜宝幢记).

Levels of the Pillar

• First Level: Sculptures of the Four Heavenly Kings (四天王) representing the four cardinal directions: North, South, East, and West, each holding protective weapons. Each figure stands over 1 meter tall, clad in armor and displaying a solemn demeanor.
• Second Level: Features Buddha statues and images of Shakyamuni, with clear facial expressions and realistic clothing folds.
• Third Level: Around the central Buddha seat, four groups of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are carved, including Avalokiteshvara (观世音菩萨) in the north and Ksitigarbha (地藏王菩萨) in the south.
• Fourth to Seventh Levels: The conical pillar narrows from large to small, depicting various Buddhas and attendants, along with motifs of palaces, pavilions, and lotus seats.

The apex of the pillar features a gourd-shaped finial (宝顶), intricately carved with Mani pearls, surrounded by lotus petals.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Ksitigarbha Temple (地藏寺)

Ksitigarbha Temple was established during the Dali Kingdom period. The Sutra Pillar was built by the monks Yongzhao (永照) and Yunzheng (云召) from Sichuan. In the fourth year of the Xuande reign (明宣德四年, 1429), it was renovated by monk Daozhen (道真). However, during the Xianfeng era (清咸丰七年, 1857), the temple was damaged in a war, leaving only the Sutra Pillar exposed among the remnants.

Historical Figures

Yuan Douguang (袁豆光) was a high-ranking official in the Dali Kingdom, serving as the chief minister and a senior official assisting in governance. He oversaw the construction of the Stone Sutra Pillar during the reign of Duan Zhengxing.

The “Record of the Creation of the Sutra Pillar” (造幢记) was written by Duan Jinquan (段进全), a disciple of Buddhism who also studied Confucianism, known in history as a “Ru Shi” (儒释).

Legends and Anecdotes

Long ago, five evil dragons resided in Dianchi Lake (滇池) in Kunming, destroying crops and homes. Zhang Sanfeng (张三丰) subdued the dragons with a magical bottle and instructed the villagers to build a demon-suppressing tower to imprison the dragons beneath a massive stone. This tale gives rise to the story of the ancient Sutra Pillar.

Cultural Relic Value

As a masterpiece of ancient Chinese stone carving art, the Stone Sutra Pillar holds substantial research, preservation, cultural, and aesthetic value. It is a critical artifact for studying ethnic religions, cultural history, Buddhist art, and the socio-economic context of the Dali Kingdom during the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Stone Sutra Pillar is a valuable treasure of historical and cultural significance in Yunnan Province, showcasing the skill and artistry of ancient craftsmen while contributing to the rich Buddhist heritage of the region.