Overview
Walnut Garden (Hetaoyuan) Scenic Area is located in Hetaoyuan Village (核桃园村), which is part of Shuanghe Yi Ethnic Township (双河彝族乡) in Jinning District (晋宁县). It is situated in the southern part of Kunming (昆明), approximately 10 kilometers from the Shuanghe Township government and 43 kilometers from the county seat of Kunyang (昆阳). The area is accessible via a cement road, making transportation convenient. To the east, it borders Yuxi New Village (玉奚新村); to the south, it is adjacent to Yuxi Houhe (玉奚后河); to the west, it neighbors Yuxi Laoguangqing (玉奚老光箐); and to the north, it is close to Shuanghe Township (双河). The jurisdiction consists of a natural village functioning as a village committee. Currently, there are 176 farming households with a population of 602 people, all of whom are agricultural residents. The labor force here comprises 385 individuals, making it an ethnic settlement.
Yi Family Happiness Eco-Tourism Scenic Area
The “Yi Family Happiness” Eco-Tourism Scenic Area (彝家乐生态旅游景区) is about 90 kilometers from Kunming, offering convenient transportation. The average altitude is 2,148 meters, and the total area covers 23,440.5 acres, with a high forest coverage rate of 78.7%, making it one of the few such areas near Kunming. This picturesque locale features clear mountains and beautiful waters, along with a superior natural ecological environment that retains a strong traditional Yi (彝族) cultural flavor.
Attractions
Within the scenic area, there are attractions such as:
- Walnut Qings (核桃箐)
- Camellia Qings (茶花箐)
- Deer Pond (麂子塘)
Entertainment facilities have been established, including a bullfighting arena and swings. A welcoming song and dance troupe performs Yi folk dances for tourists, and the Torch Festival (火把节) is celebrated daily. Visitors can also organize a variety of outdoor activities, such as hiking and fishing, allowing for a close encounter with nature.
Visitor Experience
This area attracts numerous tourists with its economical services, stunning natural scenery, vibrant ethnic customs, and authentic farm dishes. Here, one can fully experience the joys of rural life and enjoy all that nature has to offer, creating a fresh and tranquil feeling that is hard to find in the bustling modern metropolis.
Travel Guide to Walnut Garden (Hetaoyuan) in Jinning Shuanghe Township
To reach Walnut Garden Scenic Area from Kunming city center, take Dongjiao Road (东郊路) and exit at the first exit at the roundabout. Proceed to the Second Ring East Road (二环东路) auxiliary road ramp, then merge onto the Second Ring East Road. After exiting, continue on the Kunming-Shijiazhuang Expressway (昆石高速), then take the Kunyang exit onto the Kunyu Expressway (昆玉高速) toward Yuxi. After exiting at Kunyang on the 102 Provincial Road (102省道), turn right and then left, continuing along the 102 Provincial Road for 2.3 kilometers. Then, turn right onto the 215 Provincial Road (215省道), and a left turn will take you to Jinning (晋宁).
Natural Environment
The area boasts a forest coverage rate of 78%, with clear mountains and beautiful waters, along with a well-preserved natural ecological environment. It also maintains the traditional and simple Yi cultural charm.
Attractions and Activities
The “Yi Family Happiness” agritourism (彝家乐农家乐) leverages the nearby attractions of Walnut Qings, Camellia Qings, and Deer Pond, providing entertainment facilities like a bullfighting arena and swings. The welcoming song and dance troupe performs Yi folk dances, hosting the “Daily Torch Festival” (天天火把节), where visitors can hike and fish.
Culinary Delights
Here, visitors can enjoy economical and affordable rural experiences, savoring authentic Yi cured meats and free-range chicken, as well as other ecological delicacies. This offers an alternative experience that cannot be found in the noisy modern city.
Chinese Name: 晋宁区石寨山古墓群
English Name: Ancient Tombs of Shizhaishan in Jinning District, Kunming
Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs, located in Shizhaicun Village, Shangsuantown, Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, are a group of tomb sites belonging to the ancient Dian Kingdom kings and their relatives from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. From 1955 to 1996, the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs underwent five excavations, uncovering 86 ancient tombs dating from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. Nearly 5,000 cultural relics were unearthed, including bronze, gold, silver, iron, jade, and agate artifacts. The bronze artifacts are well-crafted with exquisite patterns, reflecting strong local ethnic characteristics and showcasing the social development of the ancient Dian Kingdom.
The Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs served as burial grounds for the Dian kings and their clans, representing the center of Dian culture and symbolizing the cultural history of Yunnan and southwestern China from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. It is also a representative site of Bronze Age culture in Southeast Asia and world civilization history. On June 25, 2001, the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs were designated as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
Historical Evolution
The history of the ancient Dian Kingdom is sparsely documented in written records, mainly found in Sima Qian’s “Records of the Grand Historian – Treatise on the Southern Barbarians.” Therefore, the construction period of the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs is estimated to be from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. From 1955 to 1960, archaeologists from Yunnan Province conducted four excavations at the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs. The first excavation took place from March 3 to 23, 1955, as a trial excavation. The second excavation, which yielded significant results with over 4,000 cultural relics unearthed, occurred from November 1956 to January 1957. Subsequent excavations were carried out in 1958 and 1960. Additionally, a rescue excavation was conducted in 1996.
Burial Patterns
The burial structure at Shizhaishan is relatively simple, with graves dug between natural rocks or on flat ground. Large graves contain wooden coffins with burial objects, where human bones are placed inside, and accompanying burial items are found on top of the coffins or second-tier platforms and around the bones. Large tombs are generally 3-4 meters long and about 2 meters wide, while small tombs measure approximately 2 meters long and 1 meter wide, with depths ranging from 0.9 to 3 meters. There are no visible mounds on the surface. The coffins are rectangular in shape, coated inside and out with black, green, and vermilion lacquer, adorned with patterns. The burial posture is supine with straight limbs. In Tomb No. 9, the skeleton was found with the waist broken, separated into two piles, with the skull placed between the upper limbs. The clear and organized fractures of the upper and lower limbs suggest a sacrificial victim.
Cultural Relics
Overview
Excavations at the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs unearthed over 5,000 artifacts, including precious items like the “Seal of the Dian King” and the “Golden Knight Bronze Storage Vessel with Four Oxen,” all finely crafted with beautiful decorations that vividly depict the social history of the ancient Dian Kingdom. The bronze artifacts discovered at Shizhaishan are diverse and finely crafted, including weapons, tools for production, daily utensils, musical instruments, and decorative items. Weapons include daggers, spears, swords, axes, adzes, polearms, crossbows, arrowheads, helmets, armguards, and leg armor; production tools consist of hoes, spades, sickles, chisels, scrapers, fish hooks, needles, and awls; daily utensils range from pots, basins, kettles, and wine vessels to earrings, cases, boxes, pillows, mirrors, belt hooks, and umbrella covers; musical instruments include bronze drums, bells, and gourd flutes. Additionally, various ornaments found on bodies, utensils, and coffins are beautifully crafted and rare ancient artifacts.
Seal of the Dian King
The Seal of the Dian King is cast in pure gold, with a snake-shaped knob, the head raised, the body coiled, and scales on the back. The knob and the seal body were separately cast and then welded together. The characters are chiseled, with visible chisel marks on both sides, in seal script, with four characters in white reading “Seal of the Dian King.”
Golden Knight Bronze Storage Vessel with Four Oxen
The Golden Knight Bronze Storage Vessel with Four Oxen measures 50 cm in height and 25 cm in diameter. In the center of the vessel cover is a knight with a chignon hairstyle, wearing a long sword with exquisitely decorated scabbards, entirely gilded. The knight is seated on a steed, its head held high, mouth open and tail curled up. The four legs of the steed stand on a rectangular platform, beneath which is a pillar, emphasizing the knight’s status and contributing to the overall aesthetic composition. Four sturdy bulls are sculpted around the knight, their heads and tails interlocking. On either side of the vessel body are tiger-shaped ears, symmetrical and tightly gripping the waist of the artifact, appearing to climb upwards. One tiger’s tail curls upward, while the other curls downward. Both tigers are depicted with astonishing realism in terms of overall shape and detailed portrayal. The bottom of the vessel is in the shape of tiger claws with three legs.
Value of Cultural Relics
The Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs yielded a large number of bronze artifacts with distinctive local ethnic characteristics. The figurative sculptures on bronze ornaments and storage vessels provide important material evidence for identifying and understanding the ethnic composition of the Dian people, reflecting various aspects of social production, life, and external exchanges such as sacrificial rituals, warfare, hunting, planting, granary filling, and tribute offerings. These relics provide valuable physical evidence for understanding the culture of Shizhaishan and the history of the ancient Dian Kingdom.
Protection Measures
In 1965, the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs were designated as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On June 25, 2001, they were listed as the fifth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. On October 12, 2021, the National Cultural Heritage Administration announced the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs as one of the “14th Five-Year Plan” major sites. On December 29, 2022, the Shizhaishan Archaeological Site Park in Jinning was included in the fourth batch of national archaeological site park project lists by the National Cultural Heritage Administration.
Honors Received
In March 2001, the fifth excavation of Shizhaishan was selected as one of the “100 Great Archaeological Discoveries of 20th Century China” by Archaeology magazine. On October 18, 2021, the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs were announced as one of the “100 Great Archaeological Discoveries of the Century” by the Chinese Archaeological Society and the China Cultural Relics News.
Tourist Information
Geographical Information
The Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs are located in Shizhaicun Village, Shangsuantown, Jinning District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province.
Details of Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs
Approximately 240 meters southeast from the intersection of Huanhu South Road and Niuguang Line in Jinning District, Kunming City.
Driving Directions
Starting from the Jinning District People’s Government, travel via Yongle Street and Huanhu South Road to reach the Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs.
Overview
Panlong Temple (盘龙寺) is one of the most popular temples in Kunming (昆明), located on the eastern shore of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in Jining District (晋宁区), approximately 40 kilometers from downtown Kunming. Along with Xishan (西山) and Jizu Mountain (鸡足山) in Binchuan (宾川), it is known as one of the three major Buddhist sacred sites in Yunnan (云南).
Established in 1983 as a key cultural heritage site in Kunming, Panlong Temple was closed to the public on November 28, 2022, with the reopening date yet to be announced.
- Chinese Name: 盘龙寺
- English Name: Panlong Temple
- Location: On Panlong Mountain (盘龙山), 5 kilometers east of Jincheng Town (晋城镇), Jining District, Kunming
- Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate
- Opening Hours: Year-round, 7:30 AM – 5:30 PM
- Ticket Price: 8.0 RMB
- Major Attractions: Tianguan (天门), Yinxian Bridge (迎仙桥), Sleeping Buddha Hall (睡佛殿), Luzu Hall (吕祖殿), Master Hall (祖师殿), Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿)
- City: Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市)
- Country: China (中国)
- Best Seasons to Visit: All year round
- Official Phone Number: 0871-67811064
Historical Development
Panlong Temple was established in the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (元至正七年, 1347 AD) by the monk Lianfeng (莲峰和尚). Over its more than six hundred years of history, the temple has endured significant hardships. In the seventeenth year of the Daoguang Emperor’s reign (公元1837年), an 8.0 magnitude earthquake devastated most of the temple’s buildings. Additional destruction occurred during the Xianfeng (咸丰) and Tongzhi (同治) periods due to military conflicts.
In the fifth year of the Guangxu Emperor’s reign (公元1879年), local communities raised funds to rebuild the temple. After suffering further calamities in the late 1960s, Panlong Temple began restoration efforts in the 1980s and gradually regained its former glory.
During its peak in the Ming Dynasty (明代), Panlong Temple had dozens of structures, 450 rooms, and over 1,000 Buddha statues. Today, the temple features pavilions, towers, ancient bells, and numerous steles, showcasing exquisite architecture and a variety of styles, making it one of the top cultural heritage sites in Yunnan.
Temple Collections
Many renowned poets and scholars have left behind poems, calligraphy, couplets, horizontal plaques, and inscriptions at Panlong Temple. The works of Emperor Yongli (永历帝), King Liang of the Yuan Dynasty (元梁王), the great traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客), and other prominent figures such as Dan (担当), Qian Nanyuan (钱南园), and Yuan Jiagu (袁嘉谷) are particularly valuable.
There are over a dozen ancient steles with significant cultural value, including the “Inscription on the Baoyun Pagoda of Master Dajue” (《大盘庵大觉禅师宝云塔铭》), “Record of the Complete Zen Monastery” (《具足禅院碑记》), “Initial Establishment Stele of Panlong Temple” (《盘龙寺初立常住碑》), and “Imperial Edict Stele of Emperor Yongli” (《永历帝敕文碑》), which have all been classified as Kunming municipal cultural heritage.
Related Legends
The “Inscription on the Baoyun Pagoda of Master Dajue,” established at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (元朝末年), is located under the left corridor of the Master Hall and commemorates Master Chongzhao’s (崇照大师) achievements in spreading Zen Buddhism and establishing Panlong Temple.
According to legend, when the temple was founded, this area was a dragon pond hidden in a valley. A dragon lived here, and Master Lianfeng chanted incantations to drive it away. Afterward, the pond dried up, and he built the temple, naming it Panlong Temple. Another version of the story suggests that there were originally six dragons in the pond, five of which were driven away, while one dragon remained and caused disturbances. Master Lianfeng subdued it, making it his steed. As the number of followers grew, so did the temple’s incense offerings, and soon after, Master Lianfeng passed away, being revered as “Master Panlong.”
In the early Ming Dynasty (明朝), the founder Monk Yuanzu (祖源和尚) expanded Panlong Temple, adding the Scripture Building (藏经楼) and Guanyin Hall (观音殿), giving it a more substantial form. According to the travel notes of Xu Xiake, “Master Lianfeng of Panlong Mountain, named Chongzhao, attained Nirvana on the 18th of August during the Yuan Zhizheng era… to this day, this has become the Panlong Festival” (《徐霞客游记》记载：“盘龙山莲峰祖师，名崇照，元至正间以八月十八日涅槃……至今日以此为盘龙会。”).
Visiting Routes
Nestled in the tranquil surroundings of Panlong Mountain, reaching this Buddhist sanctuary requires passing through “Four Gates.” Start from the eastern gate of Jincheng, marked by the “South Yunnan Spiritual Realm” archway, the “Entrance” gate. Next, proceed past the remnants of the Xiangshan Academy (象山书院) to reach the mountain gate, known as the “Mountain” gate. After passing Yingshan Lake (映山湖), ascend further and go through three heavenly gates, representing the “Heaven” gate. Finally, passing the Sleeping Buddha Hall and Luzu Pavilion (吕祖亭), you will arrive at the temple gate, the “Buddha” gate, which also serves as the “Tao” gate and “Holy” gate. Entering these four gates, one transcends the mundane, as if stepping into a realm of immortality, where the gifted and the divine converge at Panlong.
Panlong Temple Fair
Every year on the first day of the eighth lunar month, the Panlong Temple Fair (盘龙庙会) takes place. On this day, thousands of pilgrims and tourists flock to the temple to worship and celebrate, with most visitors coming from Kunming, Chenggong (呈贡), Kunyang (昆阳), and Yuxi (玉溪). The atmosphere is lively and bustling, unmatched by any other temple fair in the Kunming area.
Scenic Features
Panlong Temple is home to centuries-old trees and flowers, including tea flowers from the Yuan Dynasty, red plums from the Ming Dynasty, and silver osmanthus from the Qing Dynasty (清代). These trees continue to bloom every year, attracting countless flower enthusiasts.
Within the temple, there is a small courtyard known as the “Tea Flower Hall” (茶花殿), featuring two camellias purportedly planted by Master Lianfeng, which are over 600 years old. One tree produces large flowers, known as “Lion’s Head” (狮子头), which are bigger than a bowl and display vibrant colors. Another tree, “Soft Branch Pine Cone” (软枝松子鳞), stands over two meters tall, showcasing prized varieties.
Temple Scenery
Panlong Mountain spans several dozen miles, with its majestic main peak surrounded by mountains, the sound of pines echoing, and the towering central peak named “Panlong.” The name of the mountain reflects its form, as described by Qing Dynasty poet Zhou Hualin (清代周华林): “The winding mountain seems to coil like a dragon, with treetops concealing the temple and clouds veiling the exquisite peak” (蜿蜒山不断，作势欲盘龙，树杪藏箫寺，云根隐秀峰).
Transportation Information
- Take a minibus from East Station (东站) to Jiangchuan or Tonghai, getting off at Jincheng Panlong Temple (票价约15元).
- Direct buses to Panlong Temple depart from under the Kunming Chrysanthemum Interchange Bridge (昆明菊花立交桥), with tickets priced between 15 RMB and 20 RMB.
Major Attractions
Panlong Temple is constructed in accordance with the mountainous terrain, featuring the Three Heavenly Gates (一、二、三天门), Yinxian Bridge, Sleeping Buddha Hall, Luzu Hall, Master Hall, Mahavira Hall, Jade Emperor Pavilion (玉皇阁), Kṣitigarbha Hall (伽蓝殿), and Medicine Buddha Hall (药师殿), among over 20 courtyards. It serves as a sanctuary for the deities of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, with the Master Panlong Hall, Medicine Buddha Hall, and Guanyin Hall being particularly popular. The temple’s surroundings are rich in lush vegetation, renowned for its tea flowers and cypress trees. Originally home to Wansong Temple (万松寺), it now features the tall Guanhai Pavilion (观海楼), where visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Dianchi Lake and the distant Xishan Mountain.
Highlights:
- Discover the cultural relics and ancient inscriptions in the temple.
- Explore the lush gardens and majestic ancient trees.
- Experience the peaceful atmosphere ideal for meditation and reflection.
- Participate in the annual Panlong Temple Fair for a local cultural experience.
Travel Tips
- Best Time to Visit: Early mornings are ideal for tranquility and meditation.
- What to Wear: Comfortable clothing and shoes for walking.
- Food and Drink: It is advisable to bring water and snacks, as local food options may be limited.
Chinese Name: 富民县龙纳河
English Name: Longna River in Fumin County, Kunming
The Longna River (龙纳河) is located in Xihe Village (西核村), Luomian Township (罗免乡), Fumin County (富民县), approximately 20 kilometers from the county town. The area is easily accessible, featuring beautiful scenery, with scattered villages along the way. The local Yi (彝族) gardens are fragrant with fruit, and the scenic area is rich in forests. The streams are clear and pristine. The Longna River, also known as Longzha Dam (龙闸坝), attracts many visitors, earning it the nickname “Little Jiuzhaigou of Fumin” (富民的小九寨).
The Beauty of the Longna River
Water nourishes trees, and trees, in turn, nurture water. Under the nourishing sun and rain, the river valley is lush and green, with vibrant hues covering the landscape. Water springs from the roots, filtered through black soil and fallen leaves, gathering into a vast reservoir without leaving any traces, showcasing its unique resilience as it quietly forms a magnificent water body.
On the grassy areas by the reservoir, small frogs can be found in abundance, easily caught if one is not careful. I managed to catch one, took a picture, and released it back to see it happily hopping around. This is their territory, and we should not disturb these little spirits too much.
With my companions, I played by the water, throwing stones to create ripples. The beautiful circles of ripples danced on the azure surface.
Scenic Features
Mingjing Pool (明镜池), Bi-Lv Pool (碧绿潭), Happy Spring (开心泉), Qinqutang (情趣塘), Mysterious Pool (神秘潭), and Dream Pool (梦幻池) are like pearls scattered throughout the valley, making it vibrant and colorful. The primeval forest is a pure, bright green, resembling a celestial tapestry that has fallen into the pools, creating beautiful landscape paintings on the red soil plateau.
Have you ever seen traditional weaving? While hiking in the mountains, I chanced upon local Yi villagers herding their livestock. During their free time, they skillfully wove cloth, a rare sight of this ancient weaving method. The hardworking Chinese can create a piece of sky with their hands. Seeing the elderly woman smiling so joyfully made me happy as well. My companions and I took turns to take photos with her.
The stream flows down the winding valley, sometimes rushing, sometimes gently flowing. The crystal-clear water allows one to see the pebbles at the bottom. The stream emits a melodious sound, seemingly singing the joy of life and the brilliance of love.
After climbing the mountain, we descended to pick cherries. The cherry tree belonging to the owner was so tall that I couldn’t reach the fruit. The owner actually sawed the tree down for us to pick, leaving me astonished. We filled an entire basket with cherries!
Longna River Health Valley Scenic Area
The Longna River Health Valley Scenic Area (龙纳河养生谷风景区) is located in Xihe Village, Luomian Township, about 20 kilometers from Fumin County. With convenient transportation and beautiful scenery, the area features scattered villages along the route, where the homes of the Yi and Miao (苗族) people waft fragrant smoke from cooking. The scenic area is dense with forests, with streams flowing gently and fish swimming leisurely. The combination of lakes and mountains is stunning, resembling a paradise on earth that makes visitors linger and forget to leave, earning it the reputation of being “Little Jiuzhaigou of Fumin.”
Chinese Name: 龙纳河养生谷 (Longna River Health Valley)
Alias: 富民的小九寨沟 (Fumin’s Little Jiuzhaigou)
Location: 罗免乡西核村 (Xihe Village, Luomian Township)
Related Attractions: 明镜池 (Mingjing Pool), 碧绿潭 (Bi-Lv Pool), 开心泉 (Happy Spring)
The valley is filled with the sounds of trickling springs and babbling brooks, and the mountains and waters are clear and beautiful. Mingjing Pool, Bi-Lv Pool, Happy Spring, Qinqutang, Mysterious Pool, and Dream Pool are scattered like pearls, bringing life and color to the entire valley. The primeval forest is a brilliant green, resembling a celestial tapestry that has fallen into the pools, creating beautiful landscape paintings on the red soil plateau.
The picturesque lake, with its stunning reflections and swimming fish, is breathtaking. The ecological fishing farm also has its own unique charm, shaded by greenery and accompanied by clear waters, recreating a poetic scene of “small bridges and flowing water in harmony with homes.” Fishing from the bank, one can catch lively yellow fish and catfish, constantly bringing surprises. Wandering through the area allows one to forget worldly matters and completely immerse themselves in nature.
“Fumin’s Little Jiuzhaigou” offers an ethnic-style farmhouse that is nestled by the mountains and water, creating a paradise on earth that leaves visitors enchanted.
Activities in the Longna River Valley: Water Crossing, Hiking, and Climbing
Activity Introduction
The Longna River Valley is located in Xihe Village, Luomian Township, Fumin County, about 20 kilometers from the county town. The canyon is dense with forests and has gently flowing streams. The area is home to the Yi and Miao villages, where the villagers are simple and hospitable. If you encounter enthusiastic villagers in the mountains, they might even perform a duet of mountain songs for you.
Activity Example:
Total Distance: 10 kilometers
Estimated Time: 4-5 hours
We gather at the E exit of Line 3 or Line 4 of Dazhu Camp, take a bus for about 47 kilometers to Longzha Dam (龙扎坝水库), and enter the Longna River Valley from the right side of the dam for approximately 10 kilometers of hiking, photography, and crossing small streams. After having lunch in the valley, we return to the dam in the afternoon and then take a bus back to Kunming (昆明).
Itinerary: Longna River Ecological Park – Longzha Dam – Longna River Valley
Necessary Items
- Essential Gear: Hiking shoes or military rubber boots (essential), a backpack (essential), trekking poles, rain gear (essential), gloves, a trash bag, a sun hat, sunscreen, and a mobile phone (with a portable charger).
- Medicines: Ten Drops of Water (十滴水), Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid (藿香正气口服液), Yunnan Baiyao (云南白药), adhesive bandages, and any special items you may need.
- Lunch: Bring your own lunch, along with at least 2 liters of drinking water and 1 liter of sports drinks. You may also bring a small amount of pickled vegetables, fruits, milk candies, dried beef, or other snacks.
Chinese Name: 宜良九乡溶洞神田
English Name: Magical Stone Terraced Fields of Jiuxiang Caves in Kunming
The Jiuxiang Caves (九乡洞), located in Kunming (昆明), are surrounded by extensive carbonate rock formations that date back to the Sinian period, approximately 600 million years ago. These carbonate rocks spread across the Jiuxiang Maitian River (麦田河) region, covering an area of about 100 square kilometers. Since the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago), the Yunnan Plateau has been uplifted along with the Tibetan Plateau, and the erosion of the Nanpan River (南盘江) has carved the eastern Yunnan Plateau, creating the stunning Nanpan River Canyon (南盘江峡谷). The first-level tributary, the Maidian River (麦囚河), deeply cuts through the Jiuxiang area.
Through the powerful interactions of surface water flow and groundwater flow, a unique and spectacular karst cave group and lush canyons have formed in Jiuxiang. The intermittent uplift of the earth’s crust has led to the evolution of a multi-layered karst cave system, resulting in an impressive and distinct system of caverns.
The Divine Fields of Jiuxiang
Inside the Jiuxiang Caves, there is a remarkable area known as the “Divine Fields” (神田), scientifically referred to as the Bianshi Dam (边石坝). This is a rare landscape formed by chemical sedimentation in karst caves. The cave walls are permeated by saturated karst water rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonate, which flows gently to form sheet-like water flows. Upon encountering obstacles, sedimentation occurs, leading to the creation of a natural wonder formed over billions of years—the Bianshi Dam group, which is the largest of its kind among the over 2,000 open cave scenic spots in the world.
The Divine Fields are a large Bianshi lake group, covering an area of over 100 square meters and reaching depths of more than 10 meters. They exhibit a staggered arrangement and breathtaking landscapes, making them a rare wonder praised by international cave experts as one of the world’s greatest natural marvels.
Like the terraced rice fields of Yuanyang (元阳梯田), the Divine Fields are characterized by accumulations of calcium carbonate, making them the most distinctive landscape within the Jiuxiang cave group.
The largest area of the Divine Fields spans hundreds of square meters, with a maximum depth of 3 to 4 meters. Their graceful and staggered shapes create an impressive sight. In Jiuxiang, the groundwater flows sheet-like along the sloped cave walls. When it encounters obstacles, the hydrodynamic conditions change, leading to the release of carbon dioxide gas from the water, resulting in calcium carbonate accumulating to form barriers, known as the Bianshi Dam group. The Jiuxiang Divine Fields represent a rare large-scale cave Bianshi dam group in China, known for its beautiful and staggered formations.
The Tomb of NiE is located in a gently sloping area between Taihua Temple (太华寺) and Longmen (龙门) in the Western Hills (西山) of Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省). It covers an area of approximately 1,200 square meters and was relocated to this site in 1980.
The layout of the tomb is designed to resemble a moon lute, with the platform representing the body of the lute and the tomb positioned at the head. The tomb pit is constructed from stone slabs and has two levels, approximately 1 meter deep. The Tomb of NiE reflects the admiration and remembrance from people of various ethnicities and backgrounds in China and international friends, providing a beautiful space that merges with the surroundings for those who come to pay their respects.
On January 13, 1988, the Tomb of NiE was announced as a key national cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
Location Information
- Geographical Location: Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省)
- Established: 1980
- Area: Approximately 1,200 m²
- Protection Level: Third batch of national key cultural relic protection units
- Approving Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China
- Number: 3-0041-1-041
Historical Background
On October 1, 1937, NiE’s ashes were interred at the foot of the Western Hills in Kunming. His mother and family, along with cultural figures such as Chu Tunan (楚图南), Xu Jiarui (徐嘉瑞), Zheng Yizhai (郑一斋), and Lin Zhiyin (林志音), attended the burial ceremony. Xu Jiarui wrote the tomb’s name and inscription titled “The Tomb of the Epoch-Making Musician NiE.”
In February 1954, the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Bureau conducted a renovation of the tomb, adopting an inscription written by Guo Moruo (郭沫若) and changing the wording on the tombstone from “The Tomb of the Epoch-Making Music Composer NiE” to “The Tomb of the People’s Musician NiE.”
In March 1973, the Kunming Municipal Party Committee decided to relocate the tomb to a gently sloping area above the parking lot between Taihua Temple and Longmen. The relocation ceremony took place on May 13, 1980. The tomb underwent renovations and environmental improvements in 1985, 1992, and 2005.
Site Features
The design of the Tomb of NiE resembles a moon lute, with the platform acting as the lute’s body and the tomb positioned at the head. The tomb pit is built with stone slabs and features two levels, about 1 meter deep. The urn containing his ashes is placed on a circular base, with a three-tiered square stone platform underneath. On this platform rests a black stone tombstone. The front of the tombstone reads “The Tomb of the People’s Musician NiE,” while the back bears the epitaph written by Guo Moruo. In front of the tombstone is a high-relief white marble wreath of mountain camellias, inscribed with NiE’s birth and death years. The twenty-four stone steps leading to the tomb symbolize the twenty-four years of NiE’s life.
Cultural Relics
Statue of NiE
The statue of NiE is located in front of the tomb. It is a round sculpture made of white marble, standing 3.2 meters tall and weighing 3.7 tons, depicting him in a contemplative pose.
Screen Wall
The screen wall is situated behind the tomb of NiE, measuring 45 meters in length and slightly arched. The center features a high relief representing the heroic struggle of Chinese military and civilians during the war. The upper sides depict the Great Wall stretching across the sky, while the lower left showcases scenes of various Chinese ethnic groups singing the “March of the Volunteers” (《义勇军进行曲》).
Historical and Cultural Significance
Related Figures
- Burial Subject: NiE (聂耳)
- Biography: NiE (February 15, 1912 – July 17, 1935), originally named Nie Shouxin (聂守信), was born in Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南), and his ancestral home is in Yuxi (玉溪). In 1933, he joined the Communist Party of China (中国共产党). In the following three years, NiE composed several progressive songs, including “Spring Dawn at Cuihu” (《翠湖春晓》), “Graduation Song” (《毕业歌》), and “Pioneer” (《开路先锋》), earning him the title of “Pioneer of Chinese Revolutionary Music.” In February 1935, NiE composed the music for “March of the Volunteers” (《义勇军进行曲》) based on lyrics written by Tian Han (田汉) for the film “Children of the Storm” (《风云儿女》). During the lyric-writing process, Tian Han was imprisoned by Kuomintang agents. Hearing this, NiE voluntarily took on the task of composing the music and completed it after witnessing Japanese militarists advocating for “expanding China’s interests” while in Japan. Tragically, he drowned on July 17, 1935, at the age of 23 while swimming at the shore of the sea in Kanagawa Prefecture (神奈川县), Japan. In August 1935, his ashes and belongings were escorted back to Shanghai by his friends Zhang Tianxu (张天虚) and Zheng Ziping (郑子平). In 1936, NiE’s elder brother, Nie Xulun (聂叙伦), brought his ashes back to Kunming.
Literary Works
Epitaph of NiE Written by Guo Moruo (郭沫若) “Comrade NiE, the horn of the Chinese revolution, is also the drum of the people’s liberation. The music he composed for ‘March of the Volunteers’ has been selected as the national anthem. Those who hear its sound cannot help but feel a surge of patriotic thoughts, solemn and noble aspirations, and a united spirit. NiE, may your legacy endure forever alongside the nation! Comrade NiE, a member of the Communist Party of China, was born on February 14, 1912, in the beautiful Kunming, and tragically drowned on July 17, 1935, at the beach of Kanagawa, at the tender age of twenty-four. His death in an enemy country is an eternal regret, and the circumstances of his drowning remain unknown!”
Poem about NiE’s Tomb By Huang Zhaobi (黄兆碧) “The tomb stands serene beneath the everlasting sun,
Gentle breezes through the flowers and trees abound.
A lone hero’s spirit wanders without rest,
A young man’s heart, a sword of isolation, profound.
Questions of the cold depths, where tempests have blown,
Singing freely in verses long or short, profound.
Today the national anthem is sung with pride,
A glorious sound that resonates all around.”
Cultural Preservation
On January 13, 1988, the Tomb of NiE was listed as a third batch national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
Travel Information
Location
The Tomb of NiE is located in a gently sloping area between Taihua Temple (太华寺) and Longmen (龙门) in the Western Hills of Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省).
Transportation Information
Bus Routes:
- Take Metro Line 3 to Xishan Park Station and then transfer to the Western Hills scenic area shuttle bus to the final stop.
- Take buses 6, 51, or 94 to Gaoyao Station and then transfer to the Western Hills scenic area shuttle bus to the final stop.
Alternatively, take bus 183 in Kunming and get off at the Haigeng Tourist Cableway Station, then walk 4.0 kilometers to the tomb.
Overview of Diehongqiao Scenic Area
Diehongqiao Scenic Area (叠虹桥风景区) is located in Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省). The area stretches along the Maitian River (麦田河) from north to south and comprises four main scenic regions: Yincui Gorge (荫翠峡), Baixiang Cave (白象洞), Xianrendong Cave (仙人洞), and Wolong Cave (卧龙洞). Additionally, it features several other caves and attractions, including Zhushi Cave (珠石洞), Bat Cave (蝙蝠洞), Xiaogou Cave (小沟洞), Pianzui Cave (偏嘴洞), Zhangkou Cave (张口洞), Daku Pit (大窟坑), Upper Big Cave (上大洞), Lower Big Cave (下大洞), and Fangjia Stone Cave (方家石洞), covering an area of approximately 5 square kilometers.
Key Information
- Chinese Name: 叠虹桥风景区
- Geographic Location: Kunming City, Yunnan Province
- Climate: Subtropical plateau monsoon climate
- Ticket Price: 35 RMB
- Area: 5 km²
- Famous Attractions: Yincui Gorge (荫翠峡), Baixiang Cave (白象洞), Xianrendong Cave (仙人洞), Wolong Cave (卧龙洞)
Major Attractions
Yincui Gorge
Yincui Gorge (荫翠峡) is nearly 1,000 meters long, with 600 meters navigable by boat. The Maitian River flowing through Yincui Gorge originates from Malong County (马龙县) in Qujing (曲靖) and features ancient trees on both banks that remain evergreen throughout the seasons. The crystal-clear waters slowly overflow from the ancient riverbed, creating a picturesque and serene environment. It is a perfect destination for couples and lovers, praised by experts as “the first serene gorge of the Pearl River source” and also known as “the first serene gorge in central Yunnan.”
Baixiang Cave
Baixiang Cave (白象洞) features a natural bridge that spans across the Maitian River. The cave has multiple platforms, and beneath them are ancient caves with various layers, leading down to an underground river. The overlapping natural bridges extend up to 200 meters, with heights exceeding 100 meters, showcasing a magnificent and imposing view.
Xianrendong Cave
Xianrendong Cave (仙人洞) is another notable feature of the scenic area, distinguished by its unique geological formations.
Wolong Cave
Wolong Cave (卧龙洞) adds to the charm of the area, offering visitors a glimpse of its stunning natural beauty.
Other Caves
The scenic area also includes numerous other caves, such as Zhushi Cave (珠石洞), Bat Cave (蝙蝠洞), Xiaogou Cave (小沟洞), Pianzui Cave (偏嘴洞), Zhangkou Cave (张口洞), Daku Pit (大窟坑), Upper Big Cave (上大洞), Lower Big Cave (下大洞), and Fangjia Stone Cave (方家石洞).
Shentian
Shentian (神田), known as the “edge stone dam” in geology, is characterized by layers of rock that create shimmering waves, resembling terraced fields. This large Shentian is exceptionally unique, with the largest section spanning over 100 square meters and reaching depths of over 10 meters. It is formed by the gradual accumulation of minerals from the flowing water, creating a spectacular sight. After thorough investigations by domestic and international cave experts, it is recognized that the Shentian in the Jiuxiang Diehongqiao Scenic Area is the largest edge stone lake group among the more than 2,000 open karst cave scenic areas worldwide.
Lion Hall
Lion Hall (雄狮大厅) is an elliptical natural hall with a width and length of over 200 meters. It features a massive cave entrance, where a natural lion shape can be seen gazing upwards, giving the hall its name. Inside, there is a natural stage and audience area that can accommodate thousands of people for rest, entertainment, and performances.
Cimu Falls
Cimu Falls (雌雄瀑) features water cascading from two caves of different heights. The falls have a height of 30 meters, plunging into a clear pool that is over 10 meters deep. The roar of the water and the flying droplets create a breathtaking scene, located more than 100 meters underground.
Transportation
Visitors can reach the scenic area by taxi from Kunming Airport (昆明机场) or the train station (火车站), with round-trip fares ranging from 200 to 300 RMB. Alternatively, taking a bus from Kunming Train Station takes approximately 2 hours, with a fare of 15 RMB.
Minibuses are available near Kunming Train Station or Chayuan Hotel (茶苑宾馆) directly to Jiuxiang Scenic Area, with round-trip tickets priced between 30 and 40 RMB per person. From Kunming North Bus Station (昆明汽车北站), Juhua Village Bus Station (菊花村汽车站), and Eastern Bus Station (东部汽车站), minibuses to Yiliang County are available for about 8 RMB. After reaching Yiliang, visitors can transfer to another bus to Jiuxiang for an additional 6 RMB fare.
Accommodation and Dining
Within the scenic area, there are accommodations such as Jiuxiang Hotel (九乡宾馆) and Fulin Mountain Villa (富林山庄), both offering charming and elegant settings that blend harmoniously with the surrounding landscape. Standard room rates start at 80 RMB per night, while suites begin at 120 RMB.
Overview of Mingyuehu Lake Scenic Area
Mingyuehu Lake (明月湖) is a scenic area located in Yiliang County (宜良县), Kunming (昆明). It is situated approximately 10 kilometers from the Diehong Bridge (叠虹桥) scenic area and lies on the Nanpan River (南盘江), downstream of the Maitian River (麦田河). Mingyuehu Lake is currently being developed as part of a key water conservancy project in Yunnan Province, known as the Chaishitan Reservoir (柴石滩水库).
Key Information
- Chinese Name: 明月湖景区
- Geographic Location: Jiuxiang Scenic Area (九乡风景区), Yiliang County, Kunming
- Opening Hours:
- Ticket Price: Free
- Nearby Attractions: Diehong Bridge Scenic Area (叠虹桥景区)
Transportation
- By Taxi: Visitors can take a taxi from Kunming Airport (昆明机场) or the train station (火车站) to the scenic area, with round-trip fares ranging from 200 to 300 RMB.
- By Bus: From Kunming Train Station, it takes about 2 hours to reach the scenic area by bus, with a fare of approximately 15 RMB.
- Minibus Services: Visitors can take a minibus directly to Jiuxiang Scenic Area from Kunming Train Station or the Chayuan Hotel (茶苑宾馆), with a round-trip ticket price of 30 to 40 RMB per person.
- Long-Distance Buses: At Kunming North Bus Station (昆明汽车北站), Juhua Village Bus Station (菊花村汽车站), and Eastern Bus Station (东部汽车站), minibuses to Yiliang County are available, costing around 8 RMB. Upon arrival in Yiliang, visitors can transfer to a bus to Jiuxiang for an additional 6 RMB fare.
Accommodation and Dining
Within the scenic area, there are accommodations such as Jiuxiang Hotel (九乡宾馆) and Fulin Mountain Villa (富林山庄), which are both quaint and elegant, blending seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. Standard room rates start at 80 RMB per night, while suites begin at 120 RMB.
The dining options within Jiuxiang Scenic Area predominantly feature wild mountain plants, varying with the seasons. In spring, visitors can taste dishes made with pear blossoms (棠梨花), sand pine tips (沙松尖), bitter thorn flowers (苦刺花), and dragon claw vegetables (龙爪菜).
During the summer and autumn, a variety of wild mushrooms, including chicken truffles (鸡枞), dried mushrooms (干巴菌), beef liver mushrooms (牛肝菌), and chicken oil mushrooms (鸡油菌), are available—over 20 different types in total.
In winter, guests can enjoy rural-style dishes such as cured meat (腌肉), roasted meat (烤肉), smoked meat (烟熏肉), and beef jerky (牛干巴), along with the ever-popular Yiliang roast duck (宜良烤鸭).
Shopping
Visitors can also purchase unique embroidered items from Jiuxiang Scenic Area, featuring designs such as Yincui Gorge (荫翠峡), Shentian (神田), and the dual waterfalls (雌雄双瀑). These embroideries, framed in red wood, exude a charming rustic elegance, with prices typically ranging from 600 to 800 RMB depending on the size.
Overview of Liulin Beach
Liulin Beach (柳林沙滩) is a scenic spot located in Chenggong District (呈贡区) along the eastern shore of Dianchi Lake (滇池) in Kunming (昆明). This area is known for its abundance of fish and rice, symbolizing prosperity.
At the entrance to Dou Nan (斗南) facing the lake, specifically in the area around Cailong Village (采龙村), visitors can find a 5-kilometer-long stretch of soft, delicate sandy beach. The clear and gentle waves of the lake, combined with a broad expanse of lush green willow trees, create a natural barrier along the eastern side of the beach. The lake reflects the greenery of the willows, making the scene both beautiful and enchanting. From across the lake, one can admire the peaks of the Western Hills (西山), which appear like a reclining fairy above the turquoise waters. This expansive and sunny stretch of sand at Liulin is regarded as the largest and most picturesque bathing area on Dianchi Lake.
Location and Accessibility
- Chinese Name: 柳林沙滩
- Geographic Location: Chenggong County (呈贡县) on the eastern shore of Dianchi Lake
- Opening Hours: Open year-round, from Monday to Sunday, 00:00 – 24:00
- Ticket Price: Free of charge
- Famous Attraction: Liulin (柳林)
Detailed Description of the Scenic Area
Chenggong County, located on the eastern bank of Dianchi Lake, is a rich agricultural area known for its bountiful fish and rice production. The road leading from the northwest of the county town connects to Dou Nan Village, which further leads to the picturesque Liulin Beach. The beach itself stretches gracefully along the lakeshore, providing a serene atmosphere that attracts many visitors.
Flower Market Near Dou Nan Village
Adjacent to Dou Nan Village is a large expanse of farmland where various flowers are cultivated. This area boasts the largest wholesale market for fresh-cut flowers in the country, where large quantities of blooms are sold daily to markets both within and outside the province, as well as to international destinations.
Transportation Tips
Visitors can take Bus No. 12 from Kunming (昆明) to Chenggong County. From there, they can switch to a minibus heading to the northwest of the county town, reaching Dou Nan Village. Traveling west from Dou Nan Village will lead directly to Liulin Beach.
Overview of the Achang Ethnic Minority
The Achang ethnic minority (阿昌族) is a unique group in Yunnan Province (云南省), primarily distributed in Dehong Prefecture (德宏州) across counties such as Longchuan (陇川), Lianghe (梁河), and Luxi (潞西). With a population of approximately 39,000, many Achang people adhere to primitive religions that worship ancestors and spirits, while some areas also practice Southern Theravada Buddhism. The Achang are descendants of the Di and Qiang ethnic groups, having entered the Nu River (怒江) basin in northwest Yunnan as early as the 2nd century AD. By the 13th century, some settled in Husa Bazi (户撒坝子) in Longchuan County, while others later moved to Lianghe.
Achang craftsmen are renowned for producing “Husa knives” (户撒刀), which include long knives, short knives, and concealed knives, characterized by their exquisite beauty and high quality. These products are sold not only within Yunnan but also in neighboring regions such as Sichuan and Tibet, as well as countries like Myanmar (缅甸), India (印度), and Pakistan (巴基斯坦).
Architectural Features of the Achang Village
The Achang village (阿昌寨) within the Village of Achang Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages features a courtyard-style main building that harmoniously connects with structures like the village gate and workshops. The buildings are adorned with blue tiles, brick walls, and stone foundations, showcasing distinctive architectural characteristics. The main structure, facing west, is a single-story building known for its unique design that emphasizes verticality.
Cultural Practices and Hospitality
The Achang people are known for their warmth and hospitality, placing great importance on respecting the elderly and caring for the young. When guests visit, hosts are expected to offer fine wine and tea. Dining etiquette is significant; guests may politely decline a prime seat if they are younger in age. When offering toasts or serving tea, it is considered impolite to accept without showing deference.
There are customs surrounding meal invitations; guests are expected to accept regardless of whether they drink alcohol or tea. During meal invitations, it is customary to receive food with both hands, showing respect, regardless of one’s hunger level.
Major Religious and Cultural Festivals
The Achang people celebrate several significant religious festivals, including:
- Jinwa (进洼)
- Chuwa (出洼)
- Bai Chai (白柴)
- Water Festival (水节)
In addition to these religious occasions, major festivals that are similar to those celebrated by the Dai people (傣族) include traditional market days, the annual “Dengwo Luo” (蹬窝罗), street fairs, the harvest festival (尝新节), and the Water Splashing Festival (泼水节).
Traditional Crafts and Heritage
The Achang people from Husa possess exceptional skills in blacksmithing and knife-making, creating durable iron tools. Their knives—long knives, pointed knives, cleavers, kitchen knives, scissors, and sickles—are known for their sharpness and aesthetic appeal. The “Husa knife” is famous throughout the region and is highly valued by the Dai, Han, Jingpo, and De’ang ethnic groups. The knife-making technique of the Achang has been listed as a national intangible cultural heritage.
Overview of the Yao Ethnic Minority
Yunnan Province (云南省) has a Yao ethnic minority (瑶族) population of approximately 220,000, making it the third largest concentration of Yao people in China, following Hunan (湖南) and Guangxi (广西). The Yao people are mainly distributed in counties such as Funing (富宁), Jinping (金平), Hekou (河口), Malipo (麻栗坡), Guannan (广南), and Mengla (勐腊).
The Yao ethnic group is composed of four branches: the Lanjing Yao (蓝靛瑶), Guoshan Yao (过山瑶), Shanyao (山瑶), and Jingdong Yao (景东瑶). There are different theories regarding the origin of the Yao people. One theory suggests that they descended from the ancient ethnic group “San Miao” (三苗) from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (长江). Another theory posits that they originated from one branch of the ancient “Baiyue” (百越). The large-scale migration of the Yao people into Yunnan began during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Both the Lanjing Yao and Guoshan Yao follow a belief system that emphasizes home practice of Yao Taoism (瑶传道教). This includes the folk custom of “dujie” (度戒), which serves as both a coming-of-age ceremony for Yao boys and an initiation ritual into Yao Taoism.
Traditional Festivals
The Yao people celebrate many traditional festivals, with small festivals occurring nearly every month, varying significantly across different regions. One of the grand traditional festivals is the “Jumping Pan Wang” (跳盘王), which commemorates their ancestor Pan Wang (盘王). Since 1984, the date for the Pan Wang Festival has been unified nationwide to the 16th day of the 10th month in the lunar calendar.
Architectural Features of the Yao Village
The Yao village in the Village of Yao Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages (云南民族村–瑶族村寨) is composed of a variety of architectural styles, including stilted houses (吊角楼), single-story dwellings (平房民居), Taoist temples (道观), granaries (粮仓), and village gates (寨门). The layout is well-organized and reflects the integration of cultural elements typical of Yao architecture.
Music and Dance
Yao music, dance, and folk songs have their origins in labor and religion. Some of the most famous dances include the Long Drum Dance (长鼓舞) and the Bronze Drum Dance (铜鼓舞), which are large-scale performances to honor Pan Wang and Muluo (密洛陀). Additionally, there are numerous popular folk dances, such as the Lion Dance (狮舞), Grass Dragon Dance (草龙舞), Flower Stick Dance (花棍舞), Incense Offering Dance (上香舞), and Master Seeking Dance (求师舞), among others.
Festivals and Ceremonies
Significant festivals include:
- Pan Wang Festival (盘王节)
- Spring Festival (春节)
- Danu Festival (达努节)
- Zhongyuan Festival (中元节)
- She Wang Festival (社王节)
- Qingming Festival (清明节)
The Pan Wang Festival, commonly referred to as “Jumping Pan Wang” (跳盘王) or “Returning Pan Wang’s Wish” (还盘王愿), occurs every three to five years on the 16th day of the 10th month in the lunar calendar. The main ceremonies typically involve a master shaman (师公) performing rituals, singing Pan Wang songs, dancing the Long Drum Dance, and praying to Pan Wang (盘瓠) for blessings and protection. This festival is particularly significant for the Yao people who identify themselves as “Mian Zhi” (勉支) and is celebrated with great solemnity.
Overview of the Hui Ethnic Minority
The Hui ethnic minority (回族) in Yunnan Province (云南省) has a population of nearly 700,000. They are distributed across almost every county (市、区) in the province, characterized by a pattern of “large dispersion with small concentration” and living in clusters around mosques (清真寺). In urban areas, Hui people tend to form neighborhoods, while in rural settings, they establish villages. Their primary residence areas include transportation lines, flatland regions, river valleys, and towns.
The ancestors of the Hui people migrated to Yunnan from various regions, including Arabia (阿拉伯), Central Asia (中亚), West Asia (西亚), and parts of China’s Central Plains (中原) and Northwest (西北) during several historical periods. The Hui people strictly adhere to the teachings and regulations of Islam, following the Quran (《古兰经》) and the Hadith (圣训). They practice the Five Pillars of Islam (五大功修) and have developed their unique customs and traditions.
Each year, the Hui people celebrate three significant festivals:
- Eid al-Fitr (开斋节)
- Eid al-Adha (古尔邦节)
- Mawlid (圣纪节)
These festivals are based on the Islamic lunar calendar.
Architectural Features of the Hui Village
The Hui village in the Village of Hui Ethnic Minority in Yunnan Ethnic Villages (云南民族村–回族村寨) is characterized by its unique architectural ensemble. It primarily consists of:
- Residential buildings (民居楼)
- Mosques (清真寺)
- Various blocks of architecture
The area is beautifully adorned with gardens and landscaping, which collectively showcase the architectural layout and characteristics of Hui residences in Yunnan.
The architectural style of the Hui people reflects their cultural identity and traditions, creating a harmonious blend of functional living spaces and aesthetic beauty. The community layout is designed to foster social interactions and a sense of belonging among residents. The incorporation of gardens and greenery enhances the village’s environment, promoting a peaceful and inviting atmosphere.
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