The current site of Yunnan University (云南大学) was originally the Gongyuan (贡院) of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, serving as the examination hall for the provincial imperial examinations (乡试). The Gongyuan hosted these examinations every three years, with examination rooms arranged on either side of the Zhi Gong Tang (至公堂), organized in neat rows and numbered using the “Thousand Character Classic” (千字文). The entrance was equipped with a gate for locking purposes. The eastern examination area had 900 rooms, of which 40 remain today, designed as two-story brick-and-wood structures, featuring corridors both inside and out. It has always been the cultural and educational center of Yunnan.
Chinese Name: 云南贡院旧址
Geographical Location: Yuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province (云南省昆明市五华区)
Dynasty: Ming (明) – Republic of China (民国)
Type: Ancient Architecture and Historical Memorial
Main Attractions
- Hui Ze Yuan (会泽院)
- Feng Jie Pavilion (风节亭)
- Ying Qiu Yuan (映秋院)
Introduction
The Gongyuan was the examination hall for the provincial imperial examinations (乡试) in ancient China. The Yunnan Gongyuan is situated within the current Yunnan University campus, including the Zhi Gong Tang, Donghao Building (东号舍), Hui Ze Yuan, Ying Qiu Yuan, Bell Tower (钟楼), and other buildings. Among these, only the Zhi Gong Tang and Donghao Building are original structures from the Gongyuan; the others were built during the Republic of China era. In the early Ming Dynasty, candidates from Yunnan had to travel to the far-off Ying Tian Fu (应天府, now Nanjing) to take the provincial examinations. In the ninth year of the Yongle era (公元1411年), the court ordered Yunnan to hold its own examinations and began constructing the Gongyuan. The earliest Gongyuan was built east of the Yunnan Provincial Administration, around the current Changchun Road and Weiyuan Street. Due to overcrowding, it could not meet the cultural development needs of Yunnan, so in the twelfth year of the Hongzhi era (公元1499年), a new Yunnan Gongyuan was built at the current location of Yunnan University’s East Lu Garden. This site is described as “supported by city walls, facing the emerald lake, perched high for a commanding view, like a crouching tiger,” a rare and auspicious place. It is one of the remaining physical representations of over 1,300 years of imperial examinations.
The Gongyuan, Zhi Gong Tang, Lun Cai Tang (now Ze Qing Tang), Hao She, Hui Ze Yuan, Ying Qiu Yuan, and related inscriptions are important empirical evidence for studying the imperial examination system in Yunnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as modern higher education in Yunnan. In 1987, it was listed as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit.
Layout
The layout of the Gongyuan is rigorous, with the central hall, Zhi Gong Tang, being the place that determined the fate of the candidates. This building features a two-slope single-eaved hard mountain-style architecture, with doors on the north and south sides. The southern entrance is lined with windows, while the central section has decorative carved wooden doors adorned with gold powder. Above the main entrance hangs a horizontal plaque inscribed with “Zhi Gong Tang,” written by the Ming Dynasty scholar Yan Menghang (严孟衡). On either side of the entrance, there are couplets; the inner couplet is an old line from the Qing Dynasty, “Establishing governance waits for talented individuals, be cautious in your responsibilities, knowing people brings wisdom; sharing high positions with the virtuous, encouraging many scholars, observing the light of the nation.” The outer couplet, composed by the top scholar Na Wenfeng (那文风原) in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (公元1794年), reads: “The literary tide opens to heaven, winds of tigers and dragons meet; the worthy await behind the blue chicken and golden horse shines.” On the outer eastern wall is embedded a stele from the third year of Kangxi (公元1664年), written by the Governor of Yunnan Bian San (卞三), which is the “Record of the Reconstruction of the Gongyuan.” The entire structure is solemn and elegant, with Hui Ze Yuan positioned both in front and behind, creating a harmonious interplay. It was refurbished in 1983.
Behind Zhi Gong Tang was Heng Jian Tang (衡鉴堂), which was demolished during the construction of the library. This hall was where the examination papers were evaluated, followed by rooms for supervisors, examiners, and four additional rooms designated for paper distribution, collection, and registration during the examinations. In front stood Ming Yuan Lou (明远楼), which was also demolished during the construction of Hui Ze Yuan. On either side of the building were the examination areas where candidates stayed and took the exams. There were tall towers at each corner, and further south lay the “Ke Jia Ying Cai” Archway (科甲英才坊), which was destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The entrance featured a flagpole, with an archway on each side; the left one was “Teng Jiao” (腾蛟), inscribed with “Seeking Talent for the Nation,” while the right one was “Qi Feng” (起凤), inscribed with “Studying for the Scholars.” These archways were demolished during the Cultural Revolution. The Gongyuan has undergone several renovations but has maintained this layout while expanding.
Historical Changes
In 1999, renovations occurred, adding 775 rooms in the western examination area in front of the bell tower. Each examination room was designed to eight feet in size, with five feet for the students and three feet for the street. The interior was originally mud, which became muddy during rain, so it was later paved with clam shells. In the sixth year of Daoguang (公元1821年), the examination rooms were rebuilt with brick flooring. During the third year of Kangxi (公元1664年), there were more than 2,800 rooms, which increased to 4,865 rooms by the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (公元1708年) and further expanded in the sixth year of Jiaqing (公元1801年) with the addition of the western examination rooms near the Physics Building (物理馆). The provincial examinations began on the ninth day of the eighth month, with three sessions lasting three days each, with candidates entering the examination rooms on the eighth day. Each candidate received a room, and a cannon signaled the closing of the dragon gate and entrance, which only opened when papers were submitted, with a gong used for timekeeping. In addition to the Yunnan candidates, those from Guizhou also participated in examinations at the Gongyuan. As the feudal system declined, the Yunnan Gongyuan gradually fell into disuse. During the Xianfeng era (公元1851—1861年), the Gongyuan was temporarily occupied by military troops. In the second year of Tongzhi (公元1863年), during the Lantern Festival incident, the army led by Ma Rong occupied the provincial capital, taking over the north gate tower and Gongyuan. The imperial examinations were abolished in the late Qing Dynasty, giving way to modern education, and the last two provincial examinations were held at the Gongyuan in the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu (公元1903年). In the first year of the Xuantong era (公元1909年), the Intermediate Agricultural School (中等农业学堂) was moved to the Gongyuan, marking the end of the history of Yunnan Gongyuan.
Three significant events in the history of the Gongyuan are worth mentioning.
- At the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Gongyuan briefly became the center of resistance against the Qing Dynasty in Southwest China. In the tenth year of the Southern Ming Dynasty (公元1656年), the Yongli Emperor arrived in Kunming, using the Gongyuan as his temporary imperial palace to organize the resistance against the Qing, relocating to the Tai Wang Fu established by Sun Kewang on Wuhua Mountain the following August.
- In the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing era (公元1819年), Lin Zexu was appointed as the chief examiner for the Yunnan provincial examination. After the examinations, he compiled 14 elegant pieces from the examination papers and wrote the “Preface to the Records of the Yunnan Provincial Examination” and “Interim Examination Papers for Yunnan,” reflecting his concern for education in Yunnan.
- On July 15, 1946, at a report meeting on the martyrdom of Mr. Li Gongpu, held in Zhi Gong Tang, Mr. Wen Yiduo stood up angrily and denounced the atrocities of the Kuomintang.
Main Buildings
Hui Ze Yuan
Directly in front of Zhi Gong Tang is Hui Ze Yuan (会泽院), established when Donglu University (now Yunnan University) was founded by Yunnan Provincial Governor Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) in the eleventh year of the Republic (公元1922年), completed in the thirteenth year (公元1924年). Hui Ze Yuan is shaped like an “H,” originally comprising two floors and a basement, with doors on all sides on the first floor. The walls of the entire courtyard are surrounded by stone strips, giving it a unique character. The roof features an open terrace for expansive views; later, the eastern terrace became a flower garden, while the western terrace was developed into an office area, with the foundation still visible today.
Ying Qiu Yuan
Ying Qiu Yuan (映秋院), located at the back of the Zhi Gong Tang, was built in the early years of the Republic of China (公元1912—1949年) and has undergone various renovations. The yard features a dense cover of trees, offering a unique tranquility. The walls are thick, and the entire courtyard is low, resulting in an overall sense of warmth, making it an excellent place for introspection and study.
Ming Yu Lou
Ming Yu Lou (明育楼), which is located on the side of Hui Ze Yuan, was built in the first year of the Republic (公元1912年), with a rectangular building resembling a pagoda. The upper floor features an open balcony, while the lower floor serves as a storage area. The building has a concrete foundation and brick walls, allowing the roof to be constructed with thick wooden beams to accommodate large crowds during lectures. Today, the building continues to serve educational purposes.
Bell Tower
The Bell Tower (钟楼) stands to the right of Zhi Gong Tang, a three-story building housing a bell made from a special alloy of brass. It is used for significant ceremonies, often tolling to mark the passing of important events and public gatherings, reflecting the historical significance of the Gongyuan.
Visiting Information
- Visiting Hours: Open to the public. Specific opening hours may vary, so check in advance.
- Location: The Gongyuan is situated within the campus of Yunnan University, easily accessible from central Kunming.
- Transportation: Public transportation options are available, including buses and taxis, making it convenient to reach the site.
The Yunnan Gongyuan is not only a historical site but also a cultural hub, reflecting the educational traditions of the region. Visitors can explore the architecture and gardens while appreciating the rich history that shaped Yunnan’s academic landscape.
Overview
The former residence of Xiong Qinglai (熊庆来) and Li Guangtian (李广田), both presidents of Yunnan University, is located in East Lu Garden at Yunnan University. The residence features traditional Chinese architectural style, spans two stories, and covers an area of 200 square meters. Its red corridors, window frames, and yellow exterior walls complement the surrounding greenery, giving the building a charming and timeless appearance.
In April 2006, it was recognized as one of the “Eight Most Beautiful Former Residences of Masters in Chinese Universities” by National Human Geography magazine. Designated as a cultural relic protection unit by Yunnan Province, the residence is significant for its historical importance and the influential figures associated with it.
Historical Significance
- Construction and Purpose: Built in 1937, the residence was home to Xiong Qinglai on the first floor, while the second floor served as a bedroom or office. After 1968, it housed Li Guangtian, a renowned educator and poet, who contributed significantly to the development of Yunnan University in the 1960s.
- Cultural Heritage: The building is a crucial resource for documenting the achievements and struggles of Yunnan University throughout its history. It has been preserved thanks to advocacy from the Cultural Relics Office and the support of faculty and experts.
Key Events
- 2001: Designated as a district-level cultural relic protection unit after evaluations by an expert group.
- 2004: Recognized as a provincial-level key cultural relic protection unit.
- 2006: Selected as one of the “Eight Most Beautiful Former Residences of Masters in Chinese Universities.”
Xiong Qinglai (熊庆来)
- Life: Born on September 11, 1893, in Mile City, Yunnan Province, Xiong was a pioneer of modern mathematics in China and a key figure in function theory, known for “Xiong’s infinite numbers.”
- Education: Studied in Belgium and France, where he earned a Master’s degree in science. He published influential papers in French, contributing to the international mathematical community.
- Career: Taught at various universities, represented China at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1932, and served as president of Yunnan University from 1937 to 1949.
Li Guangtian (李广田)
- Life: Born on October 1, 1906, in Xiaoyangjia Village, Li was a prominent educator, poet, and revolutionary writer in China.
- Education and Early Career: Studied at the First Normal School of Shandong Province and later at Peking University. He published significant literary works during this time.
- Contributions: After moving to Yunnan during the Anti-Japanese War, he helped found the Yunnan Provisional Committee of the Chinese Writers’ Association and served as president of Yunnan University post-1949. His works, including Yunnan Poetry and Yunnan Essays, are essential references for studying Yunnan literature.
Visiting Information
- Public Access: The residence was officially opened to the public in 2003 and has since received over 4,000 domestic and international guests.
- Cultural Relevance: The residence stands as a testament to the rich educational history of Yunnan University and the significant contributions of its leaders.
Huguo Bridge (护国桥) is located in the middle section of Huguo Road in Kunming, Yunnan Province. With a length of 23 meters and a width of 17.5 meters, this dual-arch stone bridge showcases a blend of Chinese and Western architectural styles, exuding an ancient and elegant charm. Huguo Bridge is a historical commemorative building related to the significant historical event known as the Huguo Movement. Along with Huguo Gate (护国门) and Huguo Road (护国路), it was built in 1919 and is considered one of the three major projects commemorating the victory of the Huguo War in Yunnan. Huguo Bridge not only serves as a commemorative structure but also reflects the architectural style of traditional dual-arch stone bridges in China while incorporating influences from Western architectural culture. In 2003, it was designated as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.
Geographical Location:
- Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Huguo Road (云南省昆明市护国路中段)
- Length: 23 meters
- Width: 17.5 meters
Overview
The Huguo Gate, Huguo Bridge, and Huguo Memorial Monument together form Huguo Square, located at the intersection of Huguo Road and Dongfeng Road in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The square consists of two parts: Huguo Bridge Square and Cultural Square.
Huguo Bridge Square
- Covers an area of 31,111.56 square meters, including a green space of 620 square meters.
- Centered around the 17.5-meter wide Huguo Bridge, with sunken squares on either side measuring 32.5 meters in length, 23 meters in width, and 4 meters in depth.
- Each side features 29 steps leading to the bottom of the square, utilizing the two bridge openings as pedestrian passages.
Cultural Square
- Located to the west of Huguo Bridge Square, covering an area of 2,029.01 square meters.
- Styled in ancient architecture, with 1,441 square meters underground and 3,283.5 square meters above ground.
Huguo Gate, Huguo Bridge, and Huguo Memorial Monument were built to commemorate the Huguo Army, formed in December 1915 when figures such as Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) and Cai E (蔡锷) issued a telegram in Yunnan to mobilize against Yuan Shikai.
The Huguo Gate features an iron gate supported by four columns with three openings, measuring 18 meters in length and 5 meters in height, with a lattice structure on the upper part and cast patterns on the lower part. The gate was dismantled during the 1950s when the Ming Dynasty brick city of Kunming was demolished and was relocated to the entrance of the Workers’ Cultural Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, it was removed again for the construction of “Red Sun” Square. In 1995, a new foundation and railing were built, and the Huguo Gate was reconstructed at its original site, covering approximately 700 square meters.
Development History
Huguo Bridge was constructed in 1919 as an elegant dual-arch stone bridge that reflects both Chinese and Western architectural styles, measuring 23 meters in length and 17.5 meters in width. The arch rings, water divider, bridge edges, and railings exhibit a graceful European style. The dragon head, dragon tail, and elephant head showcase strong ethnic characteristics and local features, demonstrating high craftsmanship and artistic value. The bridge was filled in during the urban renewal of 1952. However, it was uncovered on January 20, 1999, during cable tunnel construction.
The monument stands as a three-sided pyramid shape, made of bronze, with a total height of 8.4 meters. It features the inscription “Huguo Uprising Memorial” on its side. The square stone base measures 2 meters on each side and 1.5 meters in height, engraved with the inscription and relief depicting the Huguo Uprising’s events.
In June 1999, the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party and the city government decided to restore Huguo Bridge. The construction was overseen by Panlong District. A project command group was formed to fully implement the work. The square construction required the use of 5,140.57 square meters of land, involving land from various entities, including Tianheng Hotel, Yunnan Provincial Postal Savings Bureau, and Nanping Garment Factory, as well as some private residences. Through multiple efforts, 26 households were relocated from August 10 to September 10, 1999, and 5,600 square meters of dilapidated houses were demolished.
The construction of Huguo Bridge Square was put to tender, with the main construction carried out by the Fourth Engineering Department of the Fifteenth Bureau of the Ministry of Railways. The Lu Liang Dadi Stone Material Company handled the stone masonry, while Kunming Jianlong Supervisory Company provided project supervision. The municipal quality inspection station and the city quality inspection station conducted quality oversight for the project, and the Panlong District Greening Office was responsible for the associated landscaping work.
Greening Design
The greening design for Huguo Bridge Square aimed to create a cohesive landscape with the green space adjacent to Tianheng Hotel, achieving a harmonious and natural aesthetic. The design preserved a landscape tree, a small leaf privet (小叶女贞), from the former Chunman Park and introduced two osmanthus trees, two apricot trees, three cycas trees, twelve boxwood balls, 4,100 golden cypress plants, various flowering plants, and 4,000 colorful grass plants. It also included 440.37 square meters of early-maturing grass and 20.07 square meters of lotus grass, utilizing a three-dimensional planting method to create a unique landscape that showcases the beautiful transformation of Huguo Bridge Square.
The sunken square beneath Huguo Bridge was completed on April 11, 2000, and the Cultural Square was finished in October 2000, with a total investment of 40 million RMB. The municipal government covered 5 million RMB, while the remaining expenses were borne by the Panlong District government.
Huguo Square serves as a memorial site for Kunming’s historical cultural landmark, the “Huguo Uprising,” as well as a city green space.
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Overview
The Tomb of Tang Jiyao (唐继尧墓) is situated within the Kunming Zoo (昆明动物园) in Wuhua District (五华区), Kunming (昆明), Yunnan Province (云南省). Covering an area of approximately 1,500 square meters, the tomb features a burial mound constructed from stone, shaped like a round hill, standing about 6 meters tall with a diameter of 16 meters. In front of the tomb are 14 classical European-style stone pillars that support seven flat-roofed pavilions, with the central pavilion protruding, showcasing intricately carved reliefs.
The central inscription on the tomb reads “Tomb of Tang Gong from Huize” (会泽唐公冥墓), accompanied by significant couplets. Flanking the platform are stone lions and ornamental columns, creating an impressive and luxurious atmosphere that makes this tomb one of the grandest in the Kunming area.
Architectural Features
- Construction: Began in 1930, completed in 1932.
- Design: The tomb features a round mound 6 meters high and 22 meters in diameter. It includes a stone pavilion measuring 17.6 meters in width, supported by 14 stone pillars and adorned with eight large stone tablets inscribed with important historical documents.
- Notable Inscriptions: Include the appointment of Tang Jiyao as Commander of the National Protection Army by President Li Yuanhong (黎元洪) and other significant documents from the National Protection War.
- Surroundings: The tomb features stone lions and ornamental columns, with lush greenery adorning its structure.
Biography of Tang Jiyao
- Birth: 1883 in Huize (会泽), Yunnan.
- Education: Studied at a Japanese military academy, graduating early and later serving as an instructor at the Yunnan Military Academy (云南陆军讲武堂).
- Career: Held various positions post-Xinhai Revolution, including Governor of Guizhou and Yunnan, military commander, and provincial governor. He played a significant role in the National Protection Movement and was a key leader of the National Protection Army.
- Death: Died on May 23, 1927, due to illness, at the age of 44. His tomb was constructed under the direction of Long Yun (龙云) in 1932, following his death.
Historical Significance
The Tomb of Tang Jiyao is a vital cultural and historical site, symbolizing the impact of Tang’s contributions to the National Protection Movement and the modernization of Yunnan Province. It remains a significant attraction for history enthusiasts and visitors interested in Yunnan’s modern history.
Visiting Information
- Location: Yuantong Mountain (圆通山), Kunming Zoo.
- Admission: Included with zoo entrance fees.
- Nearby Attractions: Kunming Zoo, Yuantong Temple, and scenic areas around Yuantong Mountain.
The Tomb of Tang Jiyao is a grand architectural structure reflecting the legacy of Tang Jiyao, a key figure in Yunnan’s modernization and the National Protection Movement during the early 20th century. Visitors to the tomb can explore its historical significance while enjoying the surrounding natural beauty.
Overview
Chinese Name: 云南第一天文点石标
Location: Taohua Mountain (太华山顶), Kunming West Hill National Scenic Area (昆明西山国家级风景名胜区)
Era: Modern
Museum: Yunnan Meteorological Museum (云南气象博物馆)
Region: Kunming, Yunnan (云南昆明)
The Stone Mark of Yunnan First Astronomical Point is a provincial-level cultural relic that commemorates the first accurate measurement of latitude and longitude in Yunnan. This significant site marks the beginning of geodetic surveying in China, initiated during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. In 1934, Chen Yide (陈一得) successfully led a re-measurement of Kunming’s (昆明) latitude and longitude, establishing the site as Yunnan’s first astronomical point. A stone mark was erected, which contains original measurement data sealed within it.
This site is the only accurate original latitude and longitude measurement point in China, apart from the Beijing Observatory (北京观象台), and represents the earliest and most accurate base measurement of Kunming’s latitude and longitude using new surveying methods, thus holding significant scientific research and historical value.
Introduction to the Relic
A stone tablet inscribed with “Yunnan First Astronomical Point” stands prominently along Shilin Road (士林道) on the campus of Yunnan University (云南大学). Erected by the Kunming Municipal Government (昆明市人民政府) in September 1997, the tablet states that the earliest geodetic survey in Yunnan was conducted from the 49th to 57th year of the Kangxi reign (1710-1718). The initial data indicated that Kunming County (昆明县) was located at a northern latitude of 25°6′ and a western longitude of 13°38′ from the capital.
In 1934, the Yunnan Provincial Education Department (云南省教育厅), Yunnan University, and the Kunming Yide Observatory (昆明一得测候所) organized a re-measurement. The new data showed the coordinates as 102°41′58.88″ east longitude and 25°3′21.19″ north latitude. This site remains unique in China for its accurate original measurements outside of Beijing, marking a significant advancement in geodetic surveying.
The stone tablet is accompanied by a base stone measuring 240 cm in length, 180 cm in width, and 50 cm in height, resembling an upside-down turtle. This site has quietly stood in front of the Wendaizi Building (云大会泽楼) and Wenjin Building (文津楼) for over eighty years, becoming a well-known cultural landmark within Yunnan University.
Inscriptions and Observations
On the southern side of the stone mark, an inscription written by then-president He Yao (何瑶) of Yunnan University reads “Yunnan University Astronomical Point.”
On the northern side, there is a brief record of the observations, originally inscribed as follows:
云XX (字迹模糊-笔者注) 地经纬度自二百二十四年前初测云南府昆明县北极高二十五度六分京师偏西十三度三十八分至今中华民国二十三年冬由云南省政府教育厅云南省教育经费委员会云南通志馆云南省立云南大学昆明市一得测候所发起复测大学校长何瑶主其事十二月十九日夜七时起在大学体育场用六十度等高仪天文时计无线电收音机实行试测是后四夜正式测量“观镜者沈文候，纪录者浦光宗，读表者陈秉仁，共计测星二百，结果较前精密并测真子午线——测处定为云南第一天文点特立石标为志”。
Inside the stone mark, a subterranean chamber was constructed to preserve the original observation records. The entrance to the chamber is circular and located at the center of the stone mark. Lifting the concrete cover reveals a copper lid, inscribed with the re-measured latitude and longitude data of Kunming.
Historical Events
In 1934, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government (国民政府外交部) dispatched Shen Wenhou (沈文候) and others, equipped with valuable instruments, to survey the border between China and Myanmar. Chen Bingren (陈秉仁), upon hearing of this, proposed to the Yunnan Provincial Education Fund Committee (云南省教育经费委员会) to request the Provincial Education Department to oversee the determination of the provincial latitude and longitude to correct maps, which was unanimously approved.
The Education Department subsequently organized the measurement at the Yunnan University stadium under the leadership of President He Yao. They invited Shen Wenhou to bring instruments for observation. Chen Yide represented the Provincial Education Fund Committee, the Yunnan Gazetteer Institute (云南通志馆), and the Yide Observatory, while Pu Guangzong (浦光宗) represented Yunnan University in the observation work.
Starting at 7 PM on December 19, the team used a 60-degree theodolite, astronomical clock, and radio receiver for a trial measurement, followed by formal measurements over the next four nights. The results, with observers Shen Wenhou, recorder Pu Guangzong, and reader Chen Bingren, involved measuring 200 stars, resulting in more precise coordinates, and establishing the site as Yunnan’s First Astronomical Point.
Upon completion, Chen Bingren authored “Detailed Report on the Actual Measurement of the Latitude and Longitude of Yunnan,” published in the journal Education and Science (教育与科学) (1938, Issues 8 and 9).
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51ec9abf0102w3so.html
The Former Residence of Luhan (昆明卢氏公馆), originally named Luhan Mansion, is located at 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. It was built in the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930).
Overview
The residence consists of two parts: the New Mansion and the Old Mansion. The total area covers 5,600 square meters, with a building area of 1,500 square meters. The structure is two stories high, featuring brick walls, wooden frameworks, and some reinforced concrete components. The steep, hard-slope roof has triangular gables, and the building exhibits a sophisticated geometric composition in its wall and window designs, including protruding bay windows on the east and west sides. The architectural style of the Old Mansion is primarily French, showcasing a typical French villa design. The site retains its original layout, including Luhan Mansion’s Old Mansion, New Mansion, water tower, enclosing wall, trees, and surrounding spaces, giving it significant artistic value.
In 2003, the Former Residence of Luhan was recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On October 7, 2019, it was announced as one of the eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
Location: 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
Era: Established in 1930
Area: 5,600 m²
Protection Level: Eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units
Registration Number: 8-0717-5-201
Approving Authority: State Council of the People’s Republic of China
Historical Development
The Former Residence of Luhan was constructed in 1930. In the late period of the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), Luhan built a new two-story Western-style building adjacent to the mansion. In 2019, according to the minutes from the April 29, 2019 meeting of the Yunnan Provincial Office Administration Bureau, the Wuhua District Government prepared for an exhibition titled “Yunnan Uprising” in the Old Mansion. This exhibition opened to the public for free on July 1 of the same year.
Architectural Layout
The Former Residence of Luhan consists of two parts: the New Mansion and the Old Mansion, covering a total area of 5,600 square meters and a building area of 1,500 square meters. The buildings are connected vertically, with the northern section shaped like a “工” (work) and the southern section shaped like a “一” (one), resulting in a total of five roofs and sixteen wall facades, creating a rich sense of layering. The Old Mansion primarily adopts French architectural styles and is characterized by typical French villa design. The New Mansion is finely crafted and represents high architectural art, typical of French villa architecture.
Main Buildings
Old Mansion
The Old Mansion of the Former Residence of Luhan is a French-style building. It has two stories, featuring brick walls, wooden frameworks, and some reinforced concrete structures. The roof has a steep slope with triangular gables. The wall surfaces and windows are carefully designed with geometric compositions, with protruding bay windows on the east and west sides that are simple yet varied. The exterior has red tiles and white walls, complemented by gray trim lines, creating a harmonious and beautiful appearance. The interior decoration is elegant and luxurious, with a fireplace in the living room and floor-to-ceiling doors and windows connecting the main and guest bedrooms with balconies.
New Mansion
Luhan constructed the New Mansion next to the Old Mansion. Its main entrance originally faced Qinglian Street and is internally connected to the Old Mansion. The New Mansion’s architectural style adopts a Soviet-style design, featuring the layout typical of Soviet residential buildings.
Cultural Significance
The Former Residence of Luhan is a private residence of a famous modern figure in Yunnan and has witnessed significant historical events during the Kunming Uprising, giving it high historical value. The Old Mansion, New Mansion, water tower, enclosing wall, trees, and surrounding space have all been well-preserved, providing significant architectural artistic value.
Notable Figures
Luhan (卢汉, 1895-1974), originally named Banghan, was a member of the Yi ethnic group from Yanshan, Zhaotong, Yunnan. He graduated from the Yunnan Military Academy. Over his career, he held various positions, including brigade leader, division commander, and financial director of the Yunnan provincial government. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he served as commander of the 60th Army and other significant military roles. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, he was ordered to lead his troops to Vietnam for the surrender process. In December of the same year, he succeeded Long Yun as the provincial government chairman. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, he held several important positions, including director of the Yunnan Provincial Military and Political Committee and member of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
Kunming Uprising
On December 9, 1949, during the Kunming Uprising, Luhan detained several key Nationalist leaders, including General Li Mi of the Eighth Army, General Yu Chengwan of the 26th Army, and Shen Zui, head of the military intelligence in Yunnan, at the Former Residence of Luhan. At midnight, he declared the uprising.
Protection Measures
In 2003, the Former Residence of Luhan was recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Government. On October 7, 2019, it was announced as one of the eighth batch of national key cultural relic protection units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.
Tourism Information
Location: The Former Residence of Luhan is located at 4 Cuihu South Road, Cuihu Community, Huashan Street Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China.
Transportation: You can reach the Former Residence of Luhan by taking a bus to the Huashan Street area in Wuhua District, Kunming.
The Martyr’s Tombs of Wang Desan (王德三), Wu Cheng (吴澄), and Ma Dengyun (马登云) are located on the southeastern hillside of Heilongtan (黑龙潭) in Kunming. These tombs honor three significant figures in the Chinese Communist movement who made great sacrifices for their revolutionary ideals.
Background of the Martyrs
Wang Desan
Wang Desan was a key leader in the Chinese Communist Party and the first secretary of the Yunnan Provincial Committee, appointed in January 1930. He played a crucial role in organizing revolutionary activities in Yunnan, including efforts to spread Marxism and mobilize local youth for the communist cause. Sadly, due to betrayal, he was executed on December 31, 1930, at the young age of 32. Before his death, he wrote a heartfelt letter to his father, expressing his unwavering commitment to the revolutionary cause, stating, “If I must perish, let it be for the greater good of humanity.”
Wu Cheng
Wu Cheng was the eldest daughter of the calligrapher Wu Xizhong and an active participant in the student movements of the 1920s. She joined the Communist Youth League while studying at Kunming Women’s Normal School and later became a member of the Communist Party in 1926. Wu Cheng organized anti-feudal and anti-Japanese campaigns, and her activism included leading a women’s march in 1927. Tragically, she was arrested alongside her husband, Li Guozhu, also a communist, and both were executed on December 31, 1930. In her final moments, she symbolically tore a red handkerchief to share with her husband as a gesture of solidarity.
Ma Dengyun
Ma Dengyun, born in 1910, was the first Hui (回族) communist in Yunnan. He was a student at the Yunnan United Normal School and actively engaged in patriotic student movements. He joined the Communist Party in 1927 and became a school principal in 1928. In 1929, during a period of civil unrest, he courageously distributed flyers to expose the Nationalist government’s attempt to shift blame for a disaster onto the communists. He was arrested and executed in October 1930 at just 20 years old, exemplifying the youthful dedication to the revolutionary cause.
The Martyr’s Tombs
The Martyr’s Tombs are situated in a tranquil setting surrounded by towering cypress trees, symbolizing the enduring spirit of these martyrs. The tombs, built in a circular fortress style, face east, with Wang Desan’s tomb at the center. Each grave is marked with a stone tablet detailing the martyrs’ contributions and sacrifices.
Visiting Information
- Location: Southeastern hillside of Heilongtan Park, Kunming
- Opening Hours: 24 hours
- Ticket Price: Free
- Transportation: Accessible via public transport to Heilongtan Park
- Nearby Attractions: Heilongtan Park, Black Dragon Pool, Yunnan Nationalities Village
Visitors to the Martyr’s Tombs can reflect on the courage and legacy of these revolutionary figures while enjoying the serene environment of Heilongtan Park. The site stands as a testament to their contributions to the fight for equality and social justice in China.
Overview of the Poetry Tablet
The “Poetry Tablet to Ying Kong Monk Presented by Zhu De” (朱德赠映空和尚诗文碑) is located in the front garden of Tanhua Temple (昙华寺), at the base of Jinma Mountain (金马山) in the eastern suburbs of Kunming. The tablet is situated to the right of the Dayi Hall (大义厅) within a small garden. Standing 1.2 meters tall and 0.5 meters wide, the inscription is written in regular script, comprising 15 lines with 30 characters per line. This tablet is recognized as a protected cultural relic in Yunnan Province.
Historical Background of the Tablet
Tanhua Temple (昙华寺), located at the foot of Jinma Mountain (金马山) in eastern Kunming, houses the tablet which reflects Zhu De’s (朱德) progressive thoughts from his early years. The tablet’s material is made of a specific kind of stone, with a bluish core.
In the year of Renxu (壬戌年, 1922), Zhu De had served in the Yunnan military for 13 years. He experienced the Double Ninth Uprising (重九起义) during the Xinhai Revolution, participated in the National Protection War (护国战争), and fought fiercely on the battlefield to overthrow imperial rule, contributing to the restoration of civil rights. Later, he held the positions of Commander of the Yunnan Military Police and Chief of Police.
Although Yuan Shikai (袁世凯) had already fallen, the country remained embroiled in warlord conflicts, leaving civilians in despair. Zhu De, filled with frustration and concern for the fate of the nation, strolled through the temple’s garden. It was during this time that he composed the poem for Monk Ying Kong (映空和尚), expressing admiration for the monk’s tranquil lifestyle, while also conveying his own inner turmoil over the country’s fate. Shortly after, Zhu De left Kunming for Germany in search of a new revolutionary path, marking a turning point in his life.
The Inscription on the Tablet
The full text of Zhu De’s poem is as follows:
Respectfully Presented to Ying Kong the Great Monk for His Esteemed View
I have always loved the serenity of springs and woods, and loathed the hustle and bustle of the mundane world. In the waning years of the Qing dynasty, internal strife had not ceased, and external threats were constant. Born into this era, it would be a disgrace to stand idly by and observe, lest we follow the footsteps of the collapse of Vietnam. Reluctantly, I entered the military to help alleviate the nation’s suffering. My original intention was to eliminate despotism, restore civil rights, and then retire. However, to my dismay, the nation’s affairs worsened, and I have been burdened for over a decade.
In the winter of Gengshen (庚申冬), I returned to Yunnan to assume the role of Commander of the Military Police, striving to maintain order amidst chaos. Though I have not yet retired to the fields, compared to the perilous days of bloodshed on the battlefield, the current hardships feel worlds apart.
In my spare time, I often strolled with friends to Tanhua Temple, where I found solace in its blossoming flowers and perennial greenery. Upon inquiry, I learned that all the plants were meticulously cared for by the great monk, Ying Kong. He also oversaw the restoration of the temple, creating an environment that was both tranquil and elegant, a labor of love indeed.
In our conversations, I found his words to be strict yet righteous, free from any impurity—a rare quality in the Buddhist realm. I offer these few words as a mark of my deep admiration:
Monk Ying Kong, with a heart so pure, Carefree in spirit, transcendent in poise. Worldly matters float like clouds,** While the body roams freely, unbound by the world. He plants flowers and grows bamboo, dispelling evil and cleansing the soul.** With wild birds as friends, and solitary clouds as companions,** He lays stones as his bed and reads scriptures under the moonlight.** The glory and disgrace of life seem distant now,** The life and death of man fade into insignificance.** Chill depends on the sun, heat relies on the wind,** When thirsty, he thinks of drink; when hungry, he thinks of food.** Unconcerned with the nation’s rise and fall,** What matters the gathering and parting of the world?** No self, no others—form and formlessness intertwined.** The state of the world, such as it is, brings contemplation to mind.**
Republic of China, Renxu Year, Spring
Respectfully Presented by Zhu De of Xishu (西蜀朱德)
Original Chinese Text:
敬赠
映空大和尚 雅鉴
余素喜泉林，厌尘嚣。清末叶，内让未息，外患频来。生当其时，若尽袖手旁观，必蹈越 南覆辙。不得已，奋身军界，共济时艰。初意扫除专制，恢复民权，即行告退。讵料国事日非，仔肩难卸，我马连绵，转瞬十余捻。庚申冬，颁师回滇，改膺宪兵司令，维持补救，百端待理，虽未获解甲归田，较之枪林弹雨，血战沙场时，劳逸吴育天渊。公余尝偕友游县华寺，见夫花木亭亭，四时不谢，足以娱情养性。询，皆映空大和尚手植，且募修庙宇，清幽古雅，实为煞费苦心。与之接谈，词严义正，一尘不染，诚法门所罕觏，爱为但言，以志钦慕：
映空和尚，天真烂漫。豁然其度，超然其逸。世事浮云，形骸放浪。栽花种竹，除邪涤荡。与野鸟为朋，结孤云为伴。砌石作床眠，抄经月下看。身之荣辱今茫茫，人之生死今淡淡。寒依日今暑依风，渴思饮今饥思饭。不管国家存亡，焉知人间聚散。无人无我有相无相，时局如斯令人想向。
中华民国 壬戌 年 孟春 月 西蜀朱 德敬赠
Buddhist Philosophical Elements in the Poem
The phrases “no self, no others—form and formlessness intertwined” (无人无我，有相无相) are rooted in Buddhist teachings. Zhu De’s usage of such concepts in his poem indicates his profound understanding and resonance with Buddhist philosophy. His admiration for Monk Ying Kong is evident, particularly in the lines “he lays stones as his bed and reads scriptures under the moonlight,” which reflect the monk’s enlightened detachment from worldly concerns.
Monk Ying Kong
Monk Ying Kong (映空和尚) was highly skilled in horticulture and knowledgeable in both poetry and Buddhist teachings. His diligent efforts in restoring Tanhua Temple (昙华寺) and cultivating its gardens are still visible today, with the flowers and plants he nurtured continuing to thrive. His close friendship with Zhu De is memorialized by the poetry tablet. Sadly, Ying Kong passed away just two months after Zhu De presented him with the poem, yet their bond remains eternal in the serene surroundings of the temple.
Overview of Longquan Taoist Temple
Longquan Taoist Temple (龙泉观) is a historic Taoist temple located at the foot of Longquan Mountain (龙泉山), about 12 kilometers north of Kunming City, Yunnan Province. The temple’s history dates back to the Hongwu Era in 1395 during the Ming Dynasty. According to the “Record of Longquan Mountain Taoist Monastery” (《龙泉山道院记》), the temple was constructed on the orders of Mu Ying (沐英), the Duke of Xiping. He chose the elevated terrain for the temple and appointed the Taoist priest Xu Rixian (徐日暹) as its head. Later, the renowned Taoist master Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然), also known as Changchun Zhenren (长春真人), came to Yunnan and stayed at Longquan Temple to promote Taoist teachings.
During the Qing Dynasty, the temple underwent several major renovations. Under the reign of Emperor Kangxi, high-ranking officials such as Fan Chengxun (范承勋), the Governor of Yunnan-Guizhou, Wang Jiwen (王继文), the Provincial Governor, and Xu Hongxun (许弘勋), the Provincial Judicial Commissioner, oversaw the temple’s restoration. Later, during the reign of Emperor Guangxu, additional repairs were carried out by the Governor Cen Yuying (岑毓英) and Provincial Governor Du Ruilian (杜瑞联).
The temple complex includes several notable halls, such as the Patriarch Hall (祖师殿), dedicated to Bai Yuchan (白玉蟾), the Hall of the Northern Pole (北极殿), the Thunder God Hall (雷神殿), the Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿), the Jade Emperor Pavilion (玉皇阁), and the Doumu Pavilion (斗姥阁).
Notable Features of Longquan Taoist Temple
One of the most remarkable features of Longquan Temple is its collection of ancient trees, which include the Tang Dynasty plum trees (唐梅), Song Dynasty cypresses (宋柏), Yuan Dynasty fir trees (元杉), and Ming Dynasty tea trees (明茶). These trees reflect the long history of the temple and its surroundings.
Another notable artifact is a bronze cauldron weighing over 2,000 jin (about 1,200 kilograms), cast during the Daoguang Era of the Qing Dynasty. The temple also houses a pavilion containing over 20 stone steles from the Ming Dynasty onward. Some of the most famous inscriptions include the “Tang Mei Stele” (唐梅碑) by Li Shiyao (李侍尧) from Korea, the “Biography of Zhang Sanfeng” Stele (张三丰行状碑), and the “Talisman Stele” (符箓碑) by Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然). These inscriptions are precious historical records and offer a glimpse into the rich cultural and religious heritage of Longquan Temple.
Key Details
- Name: Longquan Taoist Temple (龙泉观)
- Location: 12 km north of Kunming, at the foot of Longquan Mountain (龙泉山)
- Built: 1395, Hongwu Era of the Ming Dynasty
- Founder: Mu Ying (沐英), Duke of Xiping
- Significant Figures: Xu Rixian (徐日暹), Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然), Fan Chengxun (范承勋), Wang Jiwen (王继文), Cen Yuying (岑毓英), Du Ruilian (杜瑞联)
Attractions Within the Temple
Historical Halls and Pavilions
- Patriarch Hall (祖师殿): Dedicated to Bai Yuchan (白玉蟾), a renowned Taoist figure.
- Hall of the Northern Pole (北极殿): Dedicated to the god of the North Star.
- Thunder God Hall (雷神殿): Honors the Thunder God, an important figure in Taoist mythology.
- Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿): Devoted to the Three Pure Ones, the highest deities in Taoism.
- Jade Emperor Pavilion (玉皇阁): Dedicated to the Jade Emperor, the ruler of heaven in Taoism.
- Doumu Pavilion (斗姥阁): Honors Doumu, a goddess in Taoism associated with the stars.
Ancient Trees and Artifacts
- Ancient Trees: Tang Dynasty plum trees, Song Dynasty cypresses, Yuan Dynasty fir trees, and Ming Dynasty tea trees are all part of the temple grounds.
- Bronze Cauldron: A 2,000-jin bronze cauldron cast during the Daoguang Era, a rare and impressive artifact.
- Stele Pavilion: Houses over 20 steles from various periods, including:
- “Tang Mei Stele” (唐梅碑) by Li Shiyao (李侍尧)
- “Biography of Zhang Sanfeng” Stele (张三丰行状碑)
- “Talisman Stele” (符箓碑) by Liu Yuanzhen (刘渊然)
Travel Information
How to Get There
- Address: South gate of Heilongtan Park (黑龙潭公园), 100 meters from the entrance, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province
- Public Transportation: Take bus routes 9 or 79 and get off at Ganxiusuo Station (干休所站).
Temple Highlights
Longquan Temple is recognized as the oldest Taoist temple in central Yunnan, known as the “First Ancient Shrine of Central Yunnan.” The temple is built along the mountain’s natural terrain, with each hall carefully integrated into the landscape. From the majestic Ziji Xuandu Gate (紫极玄都山门) to the sacred Three Pure Ones Hall (三清殿), every corner of the temple reflects the profound cultural and spiritual essence of Taoism. The temple’s rich history and stunning architecture make it a must-see destination for anyone visiting Kunming.
Overview of Fading Temple
Fading Temple (法定寺) is situated in the southeastern outskirts of Kunming, within the historic Guandu Old Town (官渡古镇). Built during the Dali Kingdom by the Gao family (高氏), it became an important center for the development of Tantric Buddhism in the region. The temple also served as a significant educational institution at the time. The area is lush with trees, giving it a serene atmosphere, which earned the site the poetic name “Luofeng Diecui” (螺峰叠翠), meaning “Layered Green Peaks.” It is one of the famous attractions in Guandu.
Although the temple is not large in scale, its architecture is notably tall. The main structure of Fading Temple is unique for its use of 45-degree wing-shaped dougong brackets, which are richly decorative. The front eaves are ornately adorned, with a double phoenix motif carved beneath the central eave, symbolizing the rising sun. The eave columns are topped with wooden carvings of qilin (麒麟), a mythical creature, and the ends of the roof beams are carved into lively phoenix shapes. These features retain the style of Song Dynasty architecture, making the temple a valuable example of ancient architectural artistry.
Key Details
- Name: Fading Temple (法定寺)
- Location: Guandu Old Town, southeastern outskirts of Kunming
- Architectural Style: Song Dynasty characteristics
- Main Attractions: “Luofeng Diecui” (螺峰叠翠) scenic view, ornate eave decorations, Song Dynasty-style dougong brackets
Temple’s Significance
In 2008, Fading Temple, along with three other temples in Kunming—Tuzhu Temple (土主寺), Miaozhan Temple (妙湛寺), and Guanyin Temple (观音寺)—signed an agreement with Shaolin Temple (少林寺). According to this agreement, Shaolin Temple would send a group of monks to manage these temples following Shaolin’s management principles, which emphasize culture, education, regional ties, charity, and the integration of Zen and martial arts. Abbot Shi Yongxin (释永信) of Shaolin Temple noted that this collaboration would bring spiritual and cultural enrichment to the local area, increase the temple’s prominence, and attract more visitors.
Important Individuals
- Abbot of Fading Temple: Shi Yongxin (释永信)
- Signatory on behalf of Guandu District: Liu Yuejin (刘跃进), the District Mayor of Guandu
By maintaining Shaolin’s management philosophy, Fading Temple and its counterparts have grown in both cultural and spiritual significance, drawing a larger following and further enriching Kunming’s religious landscape.
The Shilongba Hydropower Station is located in Haikou Street (海口街道), Xishan District (西山区), Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. Situated next to Qingyutang Village (青鱼塘村) by the Tángláng River (螳螂川), it is 14 km from Haikou and 30 km from Kunming, covering an area of approximately 230 acres. The hydropower station is under the ownership of China Huadian Corporation (中国华电集团有限公司).
The construction of the first plant began in July 1910 during the Qing Dynasty and started generating electricity on May 28, 1912. Subsequent expansions saw the addition of a second workshop in 1935, a third workshop in 1943, and a fourth one in 1958. The station has become a key industrial and historical site in China, recognized by various national and provincial bodies for its heritage value.
Historical Development
Official Construction
In 1895, following the First Sino-Japanese War, France forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties. After the construction of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, France pressured the Qing government to allow the railway extension into China under the Treaty of Additional Articles on Boundary and Commercial Affairs (《中法续议界务商务专条》). In 1897, a French team entered Yunnan to conduct railway surveys, and they chose Shilongba as the site for a power station to supply electricity to the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway.
However, this plan was met with strong opposition from the local community, who advocated for “national salvation through industry” (实业救国). In 1909, Yunnan’s governor-general, Li Jingxi (李经羲), authorized the development of Tángláng River’s hydropower resources. This led to the formation of the privately-operated Yáolóng Electric Lighting Co. Ltd. (耀龙电灯股份公司), spearheaded by businessman Wang Hongtu (王鸿图). The station officially started construction on August 21, 1910.
Key Milestones
- 1910-1912: The first phase of the power plant was constructed, including a dam, intake structures, and a 1478-meter-long water channel. The plant initially installed two 240 kW water turbine generator units, producing electricity to power Kunming via a 32-kilometer transmission line.
- 1930-1945: Expansion works continued, including the construction of additional workshops and increasing the plant’s capacity. By the mid-1930s, the plant had an installed capacity of 1272 kW.
- 1958: The fourth workshop was completed, adding further capacity and upgrading the plant to keep up with modern demands.
Architectural Layout
Shilongba Hydropower Station uses the natural flow of Tángláng River and the elevation drop to generate power. The facility includes several important structures, such as:
- Middle Sand Pump Station (中滩抽水泵站): A crucial part of China’s first pumped-storage power station.
- Gǔnlóng Dam (滚龙坝): This dam helps to regulate water flow and store up to 255,000 cubic meters of water.
- Powerhouse: The main buildings include four plants (one built post-1949) and a substation.
The engineering marvels of Shilongba, from its intake structures to the advanced design of its water channels and sand filters, ensured efficient water utilization and high-quality electricity generation.
Key Attractions
First Workshop
The first workshop of the Shilongba Hydropower Station was completed in 1912. Initially equipped with 480 kW capacity, the station was later upgraded in 1930 to handle 1272 kW. In 1988, one of the original 240 kW units was restored, adding two additional 200 kW generators.
Second Workshop
Built in 1935, the second workshop added another 448 kW unit to the plant’s capacity.
Third Workshop
The third workshop was built in 1943 and went operational on August 1, 1945. It housed upgraded equipment to meet growing power demands.
Fourth Workshop
The fourth workshop was completed in 1954, and expanded further in 1957 to include additional generators. This phase helped modernize the plant’s operations, further cementing its place in China’s industrial history.
Shilongba Hydropower Museum
The Yunnan Shilongba Hydropower Museum (云南石龙坝水电博物馆) is housed in a traditional courtyard building. The museum displays important relics from the power station’s history, including an antique German-made safe, high-voltage switches, and control panels from the early 1900s. Stone steles documenting the achievements of key engineers and the station’s construction are also featured.
Historical Events
Shilongba has witnessed significant historical moments:
- 1927: The station was the site of the founding of the Shilongba Branch of the Communist Party of China (中共云南地下党石龙坝支部委员会), one of the earliest grassroots Party branches in Yunnan Province.
- 1940: On December 16, 1940, the plant was attacked by Japanese aircraft, causing damage to the first workshop and other parts of the plant. A pond built afterward was named “Feilai Pond” (飞来池) in memory of the attack.
Leadership Inscriptions
Shilongba Hydropower Station has received praise from various national leaders over the years:
- Li Rui (李锐), former Deputy Minister of Water Resources and Electric Power, inscribed the following during a 1957 inspection:
“The power plant resembles a temple, with couplets praising the moonlight. Kunming Shilongba, may you last as long as the 1911 Revolution.”
(“电厂似庵堂，楹联赞月光。昆明石龙坝，寿共辛亥长。”) - Li Peng (李鹏), Premier of the People’s Republic of China, offered the following words during the plant’s 80th-anniversary celebration in 1990:
“Promote the spirit of self-reliance, accelerate the construction of hydropower in Yunnan.”
(“发扬自力更生精神，加快云南水电建设。”)
Other notable inscriptions were made by prominent figures such as Song Renqiong (宋任穷), Qian Zhengying (钱正英), and many others, emphasizing the plant’s role as a pioneer of China’s hydropower industry.
Value and Significance
Shilongba Hydropower Station is recognized as China’s first hydropower plant and the first pumped-storage power station. It holds a special place in Chinese industrial heritage due to its innovative design, historical importance, and contributions to the development of Yunnan’s infrastructure and energy sectors.
It has been designated a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit (全国重点文物保护单位) and has been included in both the Industrial Heritage Protection List (中国工业遗产保护名录) and the National Industrial Heritage List (国家工业遗产名单), highlighting its continued legacy in Chinese history.
Location:
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The Shilongba Hydropower Station is located in Haikou Street (海口街道), Xishan District (西山区), Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. Situated next to Qingyutang Village (青鱼塘村) by the Tángláng River (螳螂川),...
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