Profile
Cao Mingkuan(曹明宽,1943-),male, Achang nationality(阿昌族), born in 1943, is the presider of Sacrificial Activities of Achang Ethnic Minority(阿昌族宗教祭祀活动) in Lianghe County(梁河县), Dehong(德宏). He is also the inheritor of Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima– Ethnic Progenitor Myths of the Achang Ethnic Minority(阿昌族创世史诗遮帕麻和遮咪麻) which is the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in Yunnan.
Personal Experience
The Achang Nationalities call the person who presides over the sacrificial activities as Huopao(活袍). The Huopao is the main representative inheritor and disseminator of Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima. It is the incarnation of the Achang ethnic people‘s religion, etiquette and morality, and has a high position among the Achang ethnic groups.
Nowadays, with the rapid weakening and disappearance of the Achang ethnic language, the Huopao has become a living carrier for the study of the ancient language of the Achang ethnic people.
Cao Mingkuan has been presiding over various sacrificial activities since he was 30 years old. He is the most famous of the three remaining Huopao of the Achang nationality in Lianghe County.He can recite Zhe Pama and Zhe Mima in a complete way. He is proficient in various sacrificial rituals, taboos and customs of Achang ethnic culture. He can speak Chinese, Dai ethnic language(傣语), Achang ethnic language(阿昌语) and Jingpo languages(景颇语).
Chinese Version:http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-13110-802.html
Translated by Olive/张银芳
Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
Profile
Li Zhage(李扎戈), male, Lahu nationality(拉祜族), born in 1939, is a member of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County(澜沧拉祜族自治县), Puer City(普洱市). He is known as Gakouba(嘎叩巴) which means Prince of Lusheng Dance in Lahu ethnic language. Li Zhage and his brother, Li Zhaluo(李扎倮) are the inheritors of Lusheng Dance of Lahu Ethnic Minority(拉祜族芦笙舞) and Epic of Creation-Mupamipa (牡帕密帕) in Jiujing Town(酒井乡) of Lancang County, Puer.
Personal Experiences
Li Zhage and his brother were born in a family of singing and dancing. Their predecessors have a history of singing and dancing inheritance for generations. Some of their younger generations are well-known for their singing and dancing creation and performance.
Li Zhage and Li Zhaluo began to learn Lahu ethnic song and dance when they were 13 years old. They learned the traditional movements and routines of Lusheng dance and the national epic Mupamipa. When there were major festivals or sacrificial activities, they would follow the master to participate in.
After more than 10 years of study, they have mastered the skills of Lusheng dance and the ability of choreography. They have learned the speaking and singing of Mupamipa, and become a very few artists who can fully speak and sing this epic.
Chinese Version:http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-13110-803.html
Translated by Olive/张银芳
Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
Profile
Li Zhaluo(李扎倮), male, Lahu nationality(拉祜族), born in 1943, is a member of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County(澜沧拉祜族自治县), Puer City(普洱市). Li Zhaluo and his brother, Li Zhage(李扎戈) are the inheritors of Lusheng Dance of Lahu Ethnic Minority(拉祜族芦笙舞) and Epic of Creation-Mupamipa (牡帕密帕) in Jiujing Town(酒井乡) of Lancang County, Puer.
Personal Experiences
Li Zhaluo and his brother were born in a family of singing and dancing. Their predecessors have a history of singing and dancing inheritance for generations. Some of their younger generations are well-known for their singing and dancing creation and performance.
Li Zhaluo and Li Zhage began to learn Lahu ethnic song and dance when they were 13 years old. They learned the traditional movements and routines of Lusheng dance and the national epic Mupamipa. When there were major festivals or sacrificial activities, they would follow the master to participate in.
After more than 10 years of study, they have mastered the skills of Lusheng dance and the ability of choreography. They have learned the speaking and singing of Mupamipa, and become a very few artists who can fully speak and sing this epic.
Achievement
In 1989, Mupamipa sung by Li Zhaluo was published by Yunnan National Culture Press(云南民族文化出版社).
In February 2005, Li Zhaniluo performed Lusheng Dance in CCTV’s Charm 12 column(魅力十二栏目).
n 2006, he sang Mupamipa and performed Lusheng Dance in the First National Art Festival of Puer City(普洱第一届民族艺术节).
Chinese Verson:http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-13110-804.html
Translated by Olive/张银芳
Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
Profile
Zhu Xiaohe(朱小和), male, Hani Nationality, born in 1940, is a member of Yuanyang County(元阳县), Honghe Hani Autonomous Prefecture(红河哈尼族自治州). He is the inheritor of the Four Seasons Production Ditties of Hani Ethnic Minority(哈尼族四季生产调).
Mopi
Mopi(莫批) is a transliteration of Hani ethnic language, which means the elder with superb wisdom. Mo is the meaning of the elder. Pi is meaning of a wise man with broad knowledge. Mopi, also known as Beima(贝玛), refers to the priests of the Hani ethnic nationlity and is the host of various religious sacrifice activities in the Hani ethnic groups. He is also the inheritor of Hani traditional culture.
Mopi can be divided into three types: Yangpi(仰批), Wengpi(翁批) and Goupi(沟批). Yangpi is the highest priests of the Hani ethnic group. He knows the social history of the Hani ethnic group and religious sacrifices, and presides over the funeral activities of the highest rank of the Hani ethnic group.
Personal Experiences
Zhu Xiaohe and his family used to be a well-known family of Mopi in the area. Influenced by the family environment, he had a strong interest in Hani folk culture since childhood, and often followed his grandfather Zhu Houre(朱候惹) to learn to sing Hani folk songs.
In 1954, Zhu Xiaohe learned to sing Hani folk songs from Pu Keluo(普科罗). After years of hard study, his singing of Hani Haba(哈尼哈巴) has been widely recognized by the local Hani ethnic people, and has become a well-known singer on both sides of the Red River.
Achievement
From 1985 to December 2002, Zhu Xiaohe sang Hani folk oral literature such as Hani Apei Congpopo(哈尼阿培聪坡坡) and Hani Ancient Songs(哈尼族古歌) in Guangdong(广东), Shenzhen(深圳) and Kunming(昆明).
In 1995, Zhu Xiaohe won the first prize of the second Yunnan Literature and Art(第二届云南文化艺术大赛) Creation Award for his singing of epic of creation Woguoceniguo(窝果策尼果).
In 2002, he was named as Master of Yunnan Ethnic Folk Music(云南民间民族音乐大师) by Yunnan Culture Department and Yunnan Ethnic Affairs Committee(云南省民族事务委员会).
Chinese Version:http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-13110-805.html
Translated by Olive/张银芳
Keep Reading
- Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
- Yunnan National ICH
- National Inheritors of ICH
- Yunnan Provincial ICH
- Provincial Inheritors of ICH
- Protection Base of Yunan ICH
- Yunnan Ethnic Culture
- Yunnan Ethnic Festivals
- Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
- Yunnan Ethnic Minorities
He Jigui (和即贵)is a renowned inheritor of Dongba culture in Mingyin Township (鸣音乡), Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (玉龙纳西族自治县), Lijiang City (丽江市). From a young age, he studied Dongba culture under the guidance of his elders, systematically mastering Dongba script, scriptures, calligraphy, painting, and other related knowledge. As a prominent modern Dongba, He Jigui has a comprehensive understanding of Dongba rituals and cultural practices. His extensive knowledge, noble character, and unique artistic style in calligraphy and painting have earned him great respect.
Inheritance and Contributions to Dongba Culture
He Jigui has made significant contributions to the inheritance of Dongba culture by training numerous successors. His disciple, He Zhengwen (和正文), as the 24th generation hereditary Dongba and a representative inheritor of Yunnan Province’s intangible cultural heritage, has also achieved remarkable success in the transmission of Dongba culture. He Jigui’s dedication has laid a solid foundation for the continuation and development of Dongba culture.
Cultural Impact
Dongba culture is an essential part of the Naxi ethnic culture, with a history of over 1,000 years. It encompasses Dongba script, scriptures, painting, music, dance, ritual instruments, and various ceremonial practices. As a custodian of Dongba culture, He Jigui has revitalized this ancient tradition in modern society through his efforts.
Driven by his passion and dedication to Dongba culture, He Jigui continues to move forward on the path of inheritance and innovation, becoming an outstanding representative of Dongba cultural inheritance in Mingyin Township, Lijiang.
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-13111-2528.html
“Chuichui Qiang” Drama of Bai Ethnic Minority in Yunlong County, Dali 云龙县白族吹吹腔
Chuichui Qiang: a performance tone of Bai Drama
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1225.html
Dage Dance of Yi Ethnic Minority in Weishan County, Dali
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1226.html
Brocade of Dai Ethnic Minority in Mannuodian Village, Jinghong City 景洪市曼暖典傣族织锦
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1215.html
Purple Pottery Craftsmanship in Wanyao Village, Jianshui County 建水县碗窑村紫陶工艺
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1216.html
建水民间传统工艺品，始于元末明初。用建水近郊五色陶土制作成型，又经过书画装饰、阴刻阳填、入窑焙烧、无釉磨光等工序制作而成。
建水的陶制品一般有两种——白陶、紫陶，统称为建水紫陶。
建水紫陶品种繁多，在以前以实用器居多，如汽锅、炖锅，花盆等。现在以茶具，工艺品居多，如茶壶、茶罐、花瓶、香炉等，各种造型精致，古朴典雅。
走进滇南建水县城郊的碗窑村，乡路两侧破缸残瓶堆积如墙，瓦砾陶片蔓延四野。龙窑横亘在山坡上，山间蕴藏着丰富的五彩泥土，这就是紫陶的故里。
在碗窑村，至今可找到形迹可辨有名有姓的古窑遗址20多处。寻访这些遗迹，人们惊喜地发现了大量宋代青瓷、元代青花、明代粗陶和清代紫陶的残片。
紫陶工艺在元清一代得到辉煌发展并不是偶然的，只有底蕴深厚而神秘斑斓的滇南文化能够诠释它的前世今生。
这里产出的紫陶，泥质细腻，色泽鲜润，形制如金石古拙，敲击声似钟磬，品赏意境幽雅有味。
由于紫陶具有耐酸抗蚀、防潮、透气和保温的特点，花盆栽花不烂根，花瓶装水不发臭，茶壶泡茶味正香郁，碗缶盛食历时不腐。所以紫陶最初被用来制作生活用品，这也正是它扎根乡土的生命力所在。
紫陶源于生活，但它却俗不起来。哪怕是那百年的汽锅鸡，也当之无愧“雅食”，小锅层层又层层，梅兰竹菊绘刻其上，肉香泥香，气韵袅袅……
紫陶的文化韵味确实别具一格。不知哪个时代的文人才子，随手将几片写剩的残字破纸丢落地上，无意间发现了一种优雅闲适的缺憾美，于是造就了紫陶特点鲜明的残贴装饰风格。
无独有偶，现当代陶艺家独具匠心地将书法、国画及多种书画技法移植到紫陶上，让宋元国画、花鸟工笔、山水金石缩影于方寸陶体，较传统的线条画填刻作品更加内涵丰富而具色彩感，开拓了文人气十足的雅陶风格，成为所有陶瓷中仅限于建水紫陶的独特语言。
于是，紫陶艺术在这里潇洒地转了一折，而我们的心中越发温存起来，那一点点现代人心底余烬未燃的文化情节，在紫陶的身上升温，我们因一器而走进了文明的历史。
阴刻阳填，无釉磨光是建水紫陶艺术的最大特色。切莫认为紫陶作品上精美的图画是美术师描摹后直接烧制而成。
陶坯落墨后，刻工艺人将墨迹雕刻成模，填泥于其中，经反复多层多次刻填后，修坯、风干、焙烧、打磨，如此这般，陶器表面呈现出千年风蚀而斑驳陆离的肌理变化，颇具古拙之象，金石之韵。
这样的工艺有着极其复杂的流程，至少包括以下六个步骤：漂浆制泥，手工拉坯，湿坯装饰，雕刻填泥，高温烧制和无釉磨光。紫陶工艺无疑是一项源远流长的综合艺术。
泥浆要经五六次反复搅拌漂洗，凝土成菁，腻如膏脂，无丝毫砂料半点暴性。拉坯者漫不经心却轻车熟路的手艺，令人叹为观止。
而精雕细琢的滇南女子，于游龙走凤中完成了紫陶难能可贵的不拘一格，可是紫陶作品上从来没有留下她们的名字。
当我们手捧一件新鲜出炉的紫陶作品，难以想象怎样用一块小小的鹅卵石磨得光亮如镜。
也许，正是因了这一份磨陶如杵的意志和韧性，才最终成就了紫陶玉一般的品质。
书画是紫陶艺术的灵魂，而艺人们的灵魂千锤百炼最终就归属在这一方泥石之上，这种土地与人之间的关系世世代代羁绊着多少陶人的心，欲罢不能，欲割不舍。
烧制时，窑膛温度达到 1200℃的时候，紫陶呈色会出现奇异的变幻，或黑或绛紫或红紫相间，神秘莫测的窑变可遇而不可求。
紫陶的发展不仅仅是火中夺金，更是一个炼古融今的过程。
Lezuo Dance in Honghe County, Honghe
Red River County Lezuo Dance: A Cultural Gem of the Hani and Yi Peoples
Known as “Eastern Disco,” the Lezuo Dance is a national intangible cultural heritage created jointly by the Hani and Yi ethnic groups. Its unique charm and profound cultural roots immerse viewers in a celebration of ethnic art. Below is a comprehensive exploration of this dynamic cultural treasure:
Known as “Eastern Disco,” the Lezuo Dance is a national intangible cultural heritage created jointly by the Hani and Yi ethnic groups. Its unique charm and profound cultural roots immerse viewers in a celebration of ethnic art. Below is a comprehensive exploration of this dynamic cultural treasure:
I. Historical Roots: A Millennium of Living Memory
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Origins: The Lezuo Dance began in Azhehe Township, Di Shi Luo Meng area, as the Yi people’s “Cai Qiao Dance,” mimicking agricultural movements like harvesting buckwheat and planting rice.
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Evolution: Over a thousand years, it blended Hani polyphonic songs and Yi three-string rhythms, forming a complete system of 12 dance steps and 2 musical sets.
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Recognition: Designated as the “County Dance” in 2003, listed as a national intangible heritage in 2008, and earned Red River County the title “China’s Folk Art Hometown.”
II. Artistic Code: Cultural Symbols Through Movement
(1) Three Layers of Dance Language
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Labor Epic:
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Cai Qiao Step: Clockwise/counterclockwise “three steps forward, one back,” mimicking light buckwheat harvesting, skirts swirling like waves.
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Nian Diao Step: Quick-paced垫steps recreating ancestors’ agility in driving away wild animals, embodying survival wisdom.
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Emotional Code:
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Foot-Kicking Dance: Men and women kick feet in rhythm, expressing love through physical interaction.
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Back-Rubbing Dance: Dancers rub backs to symbolize community cooperation, reflecting the philosophy of “many hands make light work.”
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Nature’s Ode:
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You Diao: Bodies sway like mountain streams, embodying “harmony between humans and nature.”
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Snail Touch: Bending and reaching movements, inspired by terraced field labor, express the Hani’s “forest-village-terrace-water” ecosystem.
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(2) Sonic Spectacle
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Instrument Symphony: Flutes soar like eagles, bawu (bamboo mouth organ) trills like springs, three-string instruments pulse like Earth’s heartbeat, with grass leaves adding spontaneous harmonies.
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Vocal Patterns:
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Xun Ban Tune: Flute-led call-and-response between men and women, akin to the Book of Songs’s “Guanguan Zhujiu.”
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Ah Li Tune: Lullaby-like solo sung under moonlight, called the “Hani Night Song.”
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Boast and Scold Tunes: Playful duets during festivals, using humor to ease life’s pressures.
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III. Cultural Arena: From Fields to Global Stages
(1) Festival Frenzy
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October Festival: At Samaba’s ten-thousand-mu terraces, villagers in indigo Hani attire dance in hundreds of circles under moonlight, creating a “dance in the painting” spectacle.
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Torch Festival: In Yi villages, blazing torches light the night as Lezuo Dance intertwines with torch processions, a “tribute to fire.”
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Opening the Rice Fields: Spring plowing rituals at Jiatun terraces, where tourists join in planting, fishing, and dancing to celebrate “early spring diligence.”
(2) International Resonance
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2006 Netherlands Performance: Dutch dancers praised it as “Eastern modern dance with postmodern deconstructivist spirit.”
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2019 Lincoln Center Showcase: Audience marveled at its improvisational interactivity, exclaiming, “Dance can be so free!”
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2024 May Day Mass Dance: Attracted over 100 visitors from Zhejiang and Guangdong, with one noting, “This isn’t a performance—it’s living culture!”
IV. Immersive Cultural Journey
(1) Time-Travel Itinerary
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Morning: Visit Zuofu Village’s mushroom houses, learn “Cai Qiao Step” from master Li Apang, and craft a three-string instrument.
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Afternoon: Stroll through Mabang Ancient Town, listen to Nian Diao stories at Dongmen Tower, and trace horse hoof prints on ancient stone paths.
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Dusk: Capture the “golden terrace sunset” and Lezuo Dance at Samaba’s viewpoint.
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Night: Join the mass dance on Lotus Avenue, led by Yi elders, to feel the rhythm of “three-step string.”
(2) Cultural Decoding Tips
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Costume Code: Hani indigo shirts feature “terrace patterns,” Yi black vests have “flame motifs,” and silver bells on dancers create a dual audio-visual feast.
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Food Pairing: At long-table feasts, savor Hani bean paste and sour bamboo shoots with wine for an enhanced experience.
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Photography Tips: Use slow shutter speeds for dynamic skirt swirls; bring fill lights at night to capture fire-and-dance interplay.
V. Preservation and Modern Transformation
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Education: Lezuo Dance incorporated into school exercises in Baohua Town, where children dance “Nian Diao Step” with youthful energy.
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Tech Empowerment: Digital platforms in Red River County use 3D scanning and VR to let global audiences “dance virtually.”
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Cultural Tourism: Mabang Ancient Town offers “Lezuo Dance-themed homestays,” where visitors wear ethnic attire, learn night dances, and live as “Yi people for a day.”
VI. Practical Guide
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Best Viewing Times: April’s Opening the Rice Fields, October’s October Festival, and Lunar New Year’s Torch Festival.
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Transport: Take a bus from Kunming South Bus Station to Red River County (5 hours), then hire a car to Azhehe Township (1.5 hours).
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Accommodation: Yisa Ancient Town’s Mabang-themed guesthouse, with views of century-old arcades and dancing figures.
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Souvenirs: Lezuo Dance-themed tie-dye scarves, three-string keychains, or custom bamboo flutes engraved with names.
Red River County Lezuo Dance is not just a celebration of movement—it is a tangible expression of ethnic spirit. When you step onto this land, join the swirling crowd, let your body become a vessel of culture, and feel the pulse of a thousand-year civilization in the drumbeat. This is the finest tribute to intangible heritage.
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1217.html
Lusheng Dance of Miao Ethnic Minority in Yongshan County, Zhaotong 永善县马楠苗族芦笙舞
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1218.html
Baiwu Dance of Lahu Ethnic Minority in Lancang County, Puer 澜沧县拉祜族摆舞
http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1219.html
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Cao Mingkuan – Presider of Sacrificial Activities of Achang Ethnic Minority in Lianghe County, Dehong
Profile Cao Mingkuan(曹明宽,1943-),male, Achang nationality(阿昌族), born in 1943, is the presider of Sacrificial Activities of Achang Ethnic Minority(阿昌族宗教祭祀活动) in Lianghe County(梁河县), Dehong(德宏). He is also the inheritor of Zhe...
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Profile Li Zhage(李扎戈), male, Lahu nationality(拉祜族), born in 1939, is a member of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County(澜沧拉祜族自治县), Puer City(普洱市). He is known as Gakouba(嘎叩巴) which means Prince of Lusheng...
Li Zhaluo – Inheritor of Lusheng Dance and “Mupamipa” -Creation Myths of Lahu Ethnic Minority in Lancang County, Puer
Profile Li Zhaluo(李扎倮), male, Lahu nationality(拉祜族), born in 1943, is a member of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County(澜沧拉祜族自治县), Puer City(普洱市). Li Zhaluo and his brother, Li Zhage(李扎戈) are the inheritors of...
Zhu Xiaohe – Inheritor of Hani Four Seasons Production Ditties in Yuanyang County, Honghe
Profile Zhu Xiaohe(朱小和), male, Hani Nationality, born in 1940, is a member of Yuanyang County(元阳县), Honghe Hani Autonomous Prefecture(红河哈尼族自治州). He is the inheritor of the Four Seasons Production Ditties...
He Jigui – Inheritor of Naxi Dongba Culture in Yulong County, Lijiang
He Jigui (和即贵)is a renowned inheritor of Dongba culture in Mingyin Township (鸣音乡), Yulong Naxi Autonomous County (玉龙纳西族自治县), Lijiang City (丽江市). From a young age, he studied Dongba culture...
“Chuichui Qiang” Drama of Bai Ethnic Minority in Yunlong County, Dali
“Chuichui Qiang” Drama of Bai Ethnic Minority in Yunlong County, Dali 云龙县白族吹吹腔 Chuichui Qiang: a performance tone of Bai Drama http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1225.html...
Dage Dance of Yi Ethnic Minority in Weishan County, Dali
Dage Dance of Yi Ethnic Minority in Weishan County, Dali http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1226.html...
Brocade of Dai Ethnic Minority in Mannuodian Village, Jinghong City
Brocade of Dai Ethnic Minority in Mannuodian Village, Jinghong City 景洪市曼暖典傣族织锦 http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1215.html...
Purple Pottery Craftsmanship in Wanyao Village, Jianshui County
Purple Pottery Craftsmanship in Wanyao Village, Jianshui County 建水县碗窑村紫陶工艺 http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1216.html 建水民间传统工艺品，始于元末明初。用建水近郊五色陶土制作成型，又经过书画装饰、阴刻阳填、入窑焙烧、无釉磨光等工序制作而成。 建水的陶制品一般有两种——白陶、紫陶，统称为建水紫陶。 建水紫陶品种繁多，在以前以实用器居多，如汽锅、炖锅，花盆 ...
Lezuo Dance in Honghe County, Honghe
Lezuo Dance in Honghe County, Honghe Red River County Lezuo Dance: A Cultural Gem of the Hani and Yi Peoples Known as “Eastern Disco,” the Lezuo Dance is a...
Lusheng Dance of Miao Ethnic Minority in Yongshan County, Zhaotong
Lusheng Dance of Miao Ethnic Minority in Yongshan County, Zhaotong 永善县马楠苗族芦笙舞 http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1218.html...
Baiwu Dance of Lahu Ethnic Minority in Lancang County, Puer
Baiwu Dance of Lahu Ethnic Minority in Lancang County, Puer 澜沧县拉祜族摆舞 http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11111-1219.html...
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