Overview

The West Slope of Cangshan Mountain (苍山西坡) in Yangbi County (漾濞县), Dali (大理), features the Grand Garden of Cangshan (苍山西坡大花园). Located at the Biqia Peak (笔架峰) on the western slope, this area boasts a high mountain meadow where vibrant red, purple, and white rhododendrons (杜鹃) bloom in spring. Covering over 300 acres, these native large rhododendrons, also known as azaleas or “Ying Shan Hong” (映山红), create a stunning spectacle reminiscent of an original forest or a sea of blossoms, breathtaking for all who visit. The best time to experience this phenomenon is from late February to mid-April.

The West Slope of Cangshan has a more extensive climatic range than the East Slope, resulting in clearly defined vertical vegetation zones. It encompasses a variety of plant types, including all varieties from the subtropical to desert belts, making it the richest area in terms of plant species on Cangshan. This region brings together components from various plant zones, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (青藏高原), the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (云贵高原), the western Yunnan canyon (滇西峡谷), and the upper reaches of the Lancang and Yuan rivers (澜沧江元江). Cangshan is home to over 6,000 plant species, with 2,849 species identified across 927 genera and 182 families. Among these, nearly 40 species belong to the rhododendron genus, with 26 species classified as endangered plants by the national government, including 4 species under Class II protection and 10 under Class III. There are 3 endemic species to China, 4 endemic to Yunnan, and 5 endemic to Cangshan.

Plants

• Rhododendrons (杜鹃花): Including Blood Rhododendron (似血杜鹃), Dense Branch Rhododendron (密枝杜鹃), Dali Rhododendron (大理杜鹃), and Fire Red Rhododendron (火红杜鹃).
• Cangshan Fir (苍山冷杉)
• Rhodiola (红景天)
• Cold Arrow Bamboo (冷箭竹)
• Curved Branch Cypress (曲枝柏)
• Yunnan Iron Fir (云南铁杉)
• Red Bean Fir (红豆杉)
• Maple (槭)
• Wild Cherry (野樱)
• Hawthorn (花楸)
• Wild Star Anise (野八角)
• Lead Spring Wood (领春木)
• Yunnan Pine (云南松)
• Silverwood (银木荷)
• Rock Oak (石栎)
• Qinggang Oak (青冈栎)
• Yuanjiang Oak (元江栲)
• Charming Rhododendron (迷人杜鹃)
• Dewdrop Rhododendron (露珠杜鹃)
• Thin Leaf Rhododendron (薄叶杜鹃)
• Camellia (山茶花)
• Big White Flower Rhododendron (大白花杜鹃)
• Banyan (榕)

Historical Development

In 1933, the Provincial People’s Government (云政发(1993)199号) designated the Shimen Pass (石门关) of Cangshan as a provincial scenic area. In 1994, the State Council (国发(1994)26号) recognized Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海) as a national nature reserve.

Glacial Features

The glacial remnants of Cangshan are key objects of protection in this nature reserve. In 1937, H. Feismont proposed the theory of the Dali Ice Age. Renowned geologist Li Siguang (李四光) pointed out in 1972 that there was another ice age in China following the Quaternary Lushan Ice Age. This perspective has since gained widespread acceptance and is recognized as the last ice age of the Quaternary, holding significant value for research, education, exploration, and tourism regarding Earth’s evolution, environmental ecology, and geological landscapes.

Yangbi County Overview

Yangbi County (漾濞彝族自治县) is known as the “Hometown of Chinese Walnuts” (中国核桃之乡) and a “Provincial Historical and Cultural City” (省级历史文化名城). This region is often described as Dali’s hidden paradise.

Shimen Pass (石门关) in Dali

The entrance to the West Slope of Cangshan is marked by the natural Shimen Pass, which resembles a massive axe hewn from rock. This stunning geological formation welcomes visitors as they journey along the picturesque Cangshan waters into Yangbi.

Literary Heritage

Famous literary figures such as Xu Xiake (徐霞客) and Yang Shen (杨慎) have paused here, composing beautiful verses inspired by the surroundings. This area encompasses a blend of natural scenery, hot springs for health, and outdoor activities, being a national AAAA-rated tourist attraction.

Nature and Culture

The area showcases a variety of natural wonders characterized by its majestic, dangerous, unique, beautiful, and secluded landscapes, alongside distinct historical culture, ethnic customs, and local traditions. It forms an integral part of the Cangshan World Geopark, the national scenic area, and a national nature reserve.

Yunshang Village (云上村庄)

For those seeking the beauty of rural landscapes, a visit to Yunshang Village (光明村) in eastern Yangbi County is a must, located just 7 kilometers from Shimen Pass. Nestled among ancient walnut trees, this village exemplifies the phrase “a village in the forest, a courtyard amidst greenery, and people among the scenery.” Visitors can enjoy the sound of cicadas and the stories whispered by ancient trees.

Yunlong Bridge (云龙桥)

Yunlong Bridge in Yangbi is the only surviving ancient bridge on the Southern Silk Road (南方丝绸路). Legend has it that a cloud resembling a dragon appeared here, leading to the bridge’s name. The bridge is an iron chain suspension bridge, with pavilions built at both ends, celebrated for its beauty, referred to as “Flying Rainbow over Yang River” (漾江飞虹). Today, Yunlong Bridge has weathered over a thousand years of storms and remains a remarkable historical site.

Yangbi Walnuts (漾濞核桃)

Yangbi is recognized as the first hometown of walnuts in China, with Yangbi walnuts being a specialty product of the Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县). They are also a national geographical indication product. These walnuts are known for their large fruit, thin shells, white kernels, and fragrant taste, packed with nutrients. They have earned a reputation as the best in their class, exemplifying the saying: “Yangbi walnuts are unrivaled across the land, leading the way for three thousand years.”

How to Get There

By Bus

• From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County, which takes about 1-1.5 hours.
• From Yangbi County: Local transportation such as taxis can take you to various attractions.

By Car

Renting a car in Dali is an excellent option. The distance to the West Slope of Cangshan is approximately 70 kilometers, around a 1.5-hour drive. Follow signs to Yangbi County and then to the Cangshan area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Late February to mid-April for the rhododendron blooms.
• Hiking Gear: Wear comfortable footwear suitable for hiking and exploring the mountainous terrain.
• Respect Local Customs: Acknowledge the cultural significance of the area while enjoying your visit.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and vibrant flowers.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting Yunlong Bridge and Yunshang Village for a comprehensive experience.

Overview

Yunlong Bridge (云龙桥) is located over the Yangbi River Canyon (漾濞江峡谷) in Yangbi County (漾濞县), Dali (大理). Locally known as the “Tie Chain Bridge” (铁链子桥) or “Suspension Bridge,” it is the only surviving ancient iron chain suspension bridge on the Bunan Ancient Road (博南古道) and is recognized as the oldest existing suspension bridge in China. Yunlong Bridge is situated approximately 40 kilometers northwest of Dali City (大理市), spanning the Yangbi River, a tributary of the Lancang River (澜沧江). It is located south of Yangbi Shangjie Town (漾濞上街镇). The bridge was built during the Ming Dynasty (明代) and has a history of over 500 years. It continues to connect both banks of the river with its old, rough iron chains. At the entrance of the bridge, there is a newly erected stone tablet that recounts the history of Yunlong Bridge.

A legend tells that one morning, a streak of colorful clouds appeared at the western corner of Yangbi Ancient Town (漾濞古镇), stretching across the river like a dragon crossing the waters. The locals believed it was a divine dragon revealing itself, indicating a new bridge site. Consequently, they built the iron chain bridge on that spot, which became a notable sight known as “Iron Lock Cloud Dragon” (铁锁云龙). After enduring over 500 years of weathering, Yunlong Bridge silently preserves the memories of travelers and merchants who once rested here along the ancient Bunan trading route, watching the clouds rise and fall.

Structure

Yunlong Bridge is oriented east to west and features eight long iron chains parallel on both banks, supporting the bridge deck. The total length of the bridge is 40 meters, with a width of 3.2 meters and a height of 12.7 meters. Pavilions are installed on the bridge piers. Historical evidence from the Dong family genealogy (董氏家谱), which was relocated from Xizhou (喜州) to Yunlong County, confirms that the bridge was constructed after the Ming Chenghua period, specifically during the Hongzhi period (公元1488～1505年).

Historical Development

Yunlong Bridge is documented in Yang Shen’s (杨慎) “Records of Yunnan Journey” (滇程记) and Xu Xiake’s (徐霞客) “Travel Notes.” According to the “Chronicles of Yongchang Prefecture” (永昌府志), the bridge underwent repairs in the 13th year of the Kangxi era (公元1674年) and the 3rd year of the Guangxu era (公元1870年) by Governor Nuomutu (诺穆图) and General Jiang Zonghan (蒋宗汉) from Tengchong (腾越).

On August 24, 1966, a devastating flood destroyed the eastern bridge pier. The bridge was restored from winter 1994 to spring 1996. Following its restoration, a continuous stream of merchants and horse caravans traversed through Yangbi, and Yunlong Bridge remains a vital passage on the Bunan Ancient Road, playing an irreplaceable role in the daily lives of local residents. Legend has it that every 30 to 50 years, the bridge requires major repairs.

In 1993, Yunlong Bridge was designated as a key provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Legend

A beautiful legend surrounds the Yunlong Ancient Bridge: it is said that people attempted to build multiple large bridges over the Yang River (漾江) for easier transportation, but all collapsed due to the swift river currents and mountain floods. Just when the locals were despairing of ever constructing a bridge, they saw a rainbow rise over Cangshan (苍山), resembling a giant dragon arching over the Yangbi River. A fairy crossed the river on the rainbow, inspiring the people to build the bridge where the rainbow touched down, leading to their success. Thus, the bridge was named “Yunlong Bridge” (云龙桥).

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County, which takes about 1-1.5 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Use local transport like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Yunlong Bridge.

By Car

If driving, renting a car in Dali is a viable option. The distance from Dali City to Yunlong Bridge is about 70 kilometers, approximately a 1.5-hour drive. Follow signs to Yangbi County and then to the bridge location.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture stunning views of the bridge against the backdrop of the canyon.
• Respect Local Customs: Acknowledge the cultural significance of the site.
• Comfortable Footwear: Prepare for walking and exploring the surrounding area.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other historical sites along the Bunan Ancient Road for a fuller experience.

Overview

Located along the banks of a river behind Cangshan Mountain (苍山), Stone Gate Pass features two towering cliffs resembling massive stone doors. The area is marked by cascading streams and waterfalls, creating a stunning natural landscape. Surrounded by steep cliffs, the gorge is deep, with rapid streams flowing through it. Stone Gate Pass is described as a divine creation, embodying the phrase, “一夫当关，万夫莫开” (One man guards the pass, ten thousand cannot open it).

Stone Gate Pass, also known as “Dali Cangshan Stone Gate Pass” (大理苍山石门关), is an essential part of the Cang’er Scenic Area (苍洱景区), which includes Cangshan National Geopark (苍山国家地质公园), a national nature reserve, and a national scenic area. It is located approximately 399 kilometers from Kunming (昆明), 24 kilometers from Dali (大理), and 8 kilometers from Yangbi County (漾濞县). The scenic area spans 28.2 square kilometers and was recognized as a provincial scenic area in 1993 and upgraded to a national AA-level tourist site in 2001.

Notable attractions include:

• Fog Locking Stone Gate (雾锁石门)
• Bell of Fortune (福国晚钟)
• Clear Valley (澄明虚谷)
• Orchid in the Cliff Gorge (崖涧幽兰)
• The Sunset on Cangshan (苍山夕照)

Geographical Features

Stone Gate Pass features a classic canyon landscape, originating from the Jinzhan River (金盏河) at the peak of Cangshan’s Yujufeng (玉局峰). The V-shaped gorge is approximately 1,200 meters long, with the Stone Gate (石门) section extending about 600 meters. The highest points reach elevations of 2,321.8 meters (金盔寺) on the northern cliff and 1,760 meters on the southern cliff.

The rocky formations consist of gneiss and marble, with the southern side known as Cuiping Mountain (翠屏山) and the northern side as Qingliang Mountain (清凉山). The vegetation is primarily composed of secondary Yunnan pine (云南松), oil cedar (滇油杉), and various subtropical broadleaf trees. Stone Gate Pass is recognized as one of the “Sixteen Scenic Views of Yangbi” (漾濞古十六景).

Historical Records

The famous Ming Dynasty traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) described his visit to Stone Gate Pass, noting its breathtaking views: “因矫首东望，忽云气迸坼，露出青芙蓉两片，插地…” (As I gazed east, the clouds suddenly parted to reveal the blue hibiscus, standing proudly).

Local Cuisine

The Bai (白族) people have a distinct culinary style characterized by flavors of sour, spicy, sweet, and a hint of numbness. Influenced by Han cuisine and Buddhist vegetarian practices, popular dishes include:

• Stir-fried Fish (炒锅鱼)
• Dali Rice Cakes (大理饵块)
• Braised Meat in Willow Baskets (柳条蒸肉)

The Bai people also practice a unique tea ceremony known as “Three Courses of Tea” (三道茶), which features a progression of flavors: bitter, sweet, and lingering. Renowned restaurants in Dali’s ancient city are concentrated along Huguo Road (护国路), offering both local and international cuisine.

Accommodation

Dali Yaxing Hotel (大理亚星大饭店)

Constructed to international five-star standards, this hotel features a smoke-free floor and dedicated rooms for female guests. Located close to Cangshan and Erhai Lake (洱海), it is just a ten-minute walk from the ancient city of Dali. The hotel boasts ethnic decor, 310 guest rooms, and a restaurant that can accommodate 600 diners.

How to Get There

From Dali (下关) to Yangbi (漾濞), the distance is approximately 38 kilometers. Take a minibus from the Xiguan West Bus Station (下关西站) for a fare of about 10 RMB.

Travel Tips

• The scenic area is open year-round, Monday to Friday, from 08:00 to 18:30.
• Be sure to explore nearby attractions like Gantong Temple (感通寺) and Qingbi Creek (清碧溪) along the specially designated tourism route.
• Don’t miss out on local walnut products when visiting Yangbi, famous for their large size and rich flavor.

Overview for the Mosque

Overview

Yongan Ancient Bridge (永安古桥) is a historic stone arch bridge located near Wawu Village (瓦午村) in Leqiu Township (乐秋乡), Nanjian County (南涧县). Built during the late Ming Dynasty (明末) to early Qing Dynasty (清初), this bridge is renowned for its architectural significance and historical value.

Structure and Dimensions

The bridge spans approximately 15 meters in length, stands 5 meters high, and is 2.5 meters wide. Its surface is bordered by stone railings that rise 0.5 meters on either side. Nearby, there is a square tower, and at both ends of the bridge, there are small temples. The southern temple remains well-preserved, featuring an elegant and quaint design.

Yongan Bridge consists of stone piers and a brick arch, measuring 27.8 meters long, 5 meters high, and 2.5 meters wide, with a span of 9.27 meters. The bricks and stones used for construction were locally sourced. Ancient builders used glutinous rice mortar to bond the bricks, which has allowed the bridge to withstand hundreds of years of weathering while remaining intact over the vast Leqiu River (乐秋河).

Historical Significance

According to legend, the bridge was originally a simple footbridge. It was later transformed into a permanent structure by a high-ranking official during the Ming Dynasty who traveled through the area. Recognizing the strategic importance of the location, he commissioned the construction of a lasting bridge and named it “Yongan,” symbolizing the hope for lasting peace and safety in the region.

In 1987, Yongan Bridge was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Nanjian County.

Current Context

Currently, a large reservoir is under construction on the Leqiu River, which will soon require the relocation of Yongan Bridge. In the near future, this area is expected to be submerged under water.

Cultural Context

Local folklore suggests that this area was once part of the ancient “Shu Yi Fang” (走夷方) postal route in Nanjian. The serene surroundings of Yongan Ancient Bridge, embraced by green mountains and flowing streams, continue to captivate visitors, making it a significant attraction within Nanjian County.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County, which takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use local transportation options like taxis or motorbike taxis to reach Wawu Village, where the bridge is located.

By Car

For those who prefer driving, renting a car in Dali is an option. The distance from Dali City to Yongan Ancient Bridge is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1-1.5 hours. Follow signs to Nanjian County and then to Wawu Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn provide the most pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Photography: Capture the bridge’s historical beauty, particularly during golden hour.
• Local Customs: Respect the local traditions and the historical significance of the site.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Be prepared for some walking, especially if exploring the surrounding areas.
• Local Cuisine: Enjoy local dishes in nearby villages, adding to your cultural experience.

Overview

Baiyun Temple (白云寺) is a renowned ancient temple located in Nanjian County (南涧县). It is one of the well-preserved ancient temples in the area and is designated as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Location and Environment

Baiyun Temple is situated on a natural terrace at the foot of a mountain in Dapingdi Village (大平地村), Baiyun Village Committee (白云村委会), northwest of Nanjian Town (南涧镇), approximately 23 kilometers from the county seat. The temple is nestled amidst majestic mountains and enjoys an elevation of 1,620 meters. Surrounded by clear waters and beautiful scenery, it is often shrouded in white clouds and purple mist, which gives it its name.

Historical Background

The temple was first established in the 29th year of the Jiajing reign (公元1550) of the Ming Dynasty. Under the guidance of the high monk Wutong (悟通和尚) of Taijiding Bamboo Sweep Temple (太极顶竹扫寺), construction began. The architectural design is a traditional wooden structure with three levels and two courtyards, including the main hall, side halls, and other significant buildings.

During the Kangxi reign (1662–1721) of the Qing Dynasty, Baiyun Temple underwent renovations. Nine Buddhist and divine statues were cast in a copper-lead alloy. The main hall was adorned with three lattice doors, each featuring intricate designs, such as “Hundred Birds Paying Homage to the Phoenix” (百鸟朝凤) and “Phoenix Pecks the Peony” (凤啄牡丹). Major repairs were also conducted during the Jiaqing reign (1801–1810). Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the temple has seen five renovation projects, and a new Caishen Hall (财神殿) was built about 50 meters to the right of the main temple in November 2009.

Current Condition

Baiyun Temple has a history of over 470 years. It houses ancient relics such as stone tablets, ancient bells, drums, and plaques from the Qing Dynasty. The temple currently consists of seven wooden structures, divided into front, rear, left, and right halls, each housing various Buddhist statues. An ancient bell, cast during the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty, remains well-preserved and is considered a treasure. The architectural details, including bracket sets, painted beams, horizontal plaques, and stone carvings, are meticulously arranged, showcasing elegance and charm.

The surroundings of the temple are adorned with ancient cypress and towering pines, complemented by an orchard of over 30 acres. In spring, the area is filled with the sounds of birds and blooming flowers, while in autumn, it bears abundant fruit. Visitors are often enchanted by the beauty described in the verse: “In the purple bamboo forest, one gazes at the wondrous images; in the depths of the white clouds, one finds the kunlu,” (紫竹林中瞻妙相，白云深处现琨垆) capturing the essence of this picturesque landscape.

Cultural Significance

The ancient temple, exquisite murals, rising incense, and a century-old walnut tree that can be embraced by several people make Baiyun Temple feel like a long-lost history book, inviting visitors to savor its richness. The gentle breeze makes the flower-protecting bells ring softly, while birds sing joyfully. A mural on the wall depicts a fierce tiger that seems to gaze intently at onlookers, as if judging the goodness or evil of humanity.

Following the winding path up the mountain, visitors can find homes even in the depths of the white clouds. This is reminiscent of the famous poem “Mountain Travel” by Du Mu (杜牧) from the Tang Dynasty: “The stone path leads up the cold mountain, where white clouds hide a human home. I stop to admire the maple forest at dusk, where frost leaves are redder than flowers in February.” (远上寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家。停车坐爱枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花) Whether the great poet Du Mu ever visited Baiyun Village (白云村) remains a mystery, but the beauty of autumn here mirrors the poem’s imagery, attracting many admirers.

Flora and Fauna

The cultural scenery, alongside the vibrant blossoms of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, makes entering Baiyun Temple feel like stepping into a garden of perpetual blooms. Notably, an ancient magnolia tree stands tall, symbolizing: “In Baiyun Ancient Temple, the ancient magnolia shines like jade in summer and becomes frost in winter.” (白云古寺古玉兰，夏如碧玉冬成霜) This tree complements the ancient temple, enhancing its beauty.

Present-Day Baiyun Temple

Today, Baiyun Temple features neatly arranged horizontal plaques, murals, stone carvings, and wooden sculptures. Ancient trees tower above, and fruit trees abound. Enveloped in swirling white clouds and shaded by ancient trees, the temple offers a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life. The enchanting Baiyun Temple has become a favored destination for tourists seeking tranquility and historical exploration.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County. The journey takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: You can take a local taxi or hire a motorcycle taxi to reach Baiyun Temple, which is about 23 kilometers away.

By Car

If you prefer driving, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Baiyun Temple is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1-1.5 hours. Follow the signs to Nanjian County and then to Baiyun Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are the ideal seasons due to pleasant weather and stunning scenery.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs and the sacredness of the temple.
• Photography: Capture the unique beauty of the temple and its surroundings, especially during sunrise or sunset for the best lighting.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Prepare for some walking on uneven paths as you explore the area.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to try local dishes available in nearby villages.

Overview

Shidong Temple (石洞寺) is located on the sheer cliffs of a deep ravine, 39 kilometers south of Nanjian County (南涧县) along National Route 214 (214国道). According to the ancient “Dingbian County Gazetteer” (《定边县志》), the temple features a stone Buddha sitting amidst the cliffs. The scenic view known as “Shidong Condensing Autumn” (石洞凝秋) is one of the eight famous landscapes of ancient Dingbian. Shidong Temple is truly a hanging temple, showcasing ancient architectural styles with its unique features.

Once a flourishing Buddhist and tourist destination, the area was characterized by murmuring streams, dense woods, and a fragrant atmosphere, attracting countless visitors throughout the seasons. The serene beauty of the temple was enhanced by the interplay of light and shadow from the trees and the curling smoke from incense offerings.

Historical Background

Despite the passage of time, which has dimmed the former glory of Shidong Temple, its rugged stones, steep cliffs, and winding paths still evoke a sense of wonder. The temple remains a testament to its historical and cultural significance.

Current Status

Although Shidong Temple has lost some of its former splendor over the years, the stunning natural landscape continues to draw visitors. The majestic cliffs and winding pathways around the temple maintain their enchanting charm, inviting explorers to experience the beauty of this remarkable site.

Key Attractions:

• Shidong Temple (石洞寺)
• Shidong Condensing Autumn (石洞凝秋)

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus heading towards Nanjian County. The journey takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use a local taxi or motorcycle taxi to reach Shidong Temple, which is about 39 kilometers away along National Route 214.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Shidong Temple is approximately 60 kilometers and will take around 1-1.5 hours. Follow the signs to Nanjian County and continue along National Route 214 until you reach the temple.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The best seasons to visit are spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November), when the weather is mild and the natural surroundings are particularly beautiful.
• Local Attractions: Take time to explore the stunning landscapes surrounding the temple, which may include other historical and cultural sites in the Dali region.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of the local customs and the sacredness of the temple.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for hiking, as some trails may be steep and uneven.
• Photography: Capture the unique beauty of Shidong Temple and its dramatic surroundings, especially during the early morning or late afternoon when the lighting enhances the scenery.

Overview

Lumoshan Temple (碌摩山古寺) is located just 3 kilometers from the county seat of Nanjian (南涧县) in Dali (大理), Yunnan Province (云南). It is situated on Lumoshan Mountain (碌摩山), which is renowned for its majestic appearance, often described as having the “heroic spirit of a tiger and the ethereal aura of a dragon.” The temple’s stunning scenery attracts thousands of visitors each year, who come to explore the beauty of the mountain.

Historical Background

According to historical records, Lumoshan Temple was originally built during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) in the Dali era (大历年间, 766—779) under the governance of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) led by the ruler Ge Luofeng (阁罗凤). During the late Ming Dynasty (明朝) and early Qing Dynasty (清朝), particularly in the Kangxi era (康熙年间), the temple complex was expanded to include grand structures like the Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁) and other ancient halls.

Today, the Lumoshan Temple complex includes several important halls such as:

• Yuhuang Hall (玉皇大殿)
• Laojun Hall (老君殿)
• Caishen Hall (财神殿)
• Zhenwu Hall (真武殿)
• General Hall (将军殿)
• Mawang Hall (马王殿)
• Leigong Hall (雷公殿)

From a distance, the temple appears to be nestled among the green mountains, with overlapping eaves and ethereal mist curling around it. Upon closer inspection, visitors can admire the intricately carved eaves and elegant structures that exude a sense of ancient charm and solemnity. Inside the halls, the lifelike Buddhist statues create a vivid and immersive spiritual experience.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus heading towards Nanjian County. The journey takes about 1-1.5 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Use a local taxi or a motorcycle taxi to reach Lumoshan Temple, which is approximately 3 kilometers away.

By Car

If you prefer driving, you can rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Lumoshan Temple is about 60 kilometers, taking around 1 hour. Follow the route towards Nanjian County, and look for signs directing you to Lumoshan Mountain.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal seasons for visiting, offering pleasant weather for hiking and exploration.
• Local Attractions: Don’t miss exploring the surrounding natural landscapes and other historical sites in the Dali area while visiting Lumoshan Temple.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of the religious practices and traditions observed at the temple.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for hiking, as the terrain may be uneven in some areas.
• Photography: Capture the scenic beauty of the temple and its surroundings, especially during sunrise or sunset when the lighting is particularly beautiful.

Overview

Turtle Mountain (乌龟山) is located at the banks of the Bian River, 53 kilometers from Nanjian County (南涧县) at the foot of the Ailao Mountains (哀牢山). This small hill resembles a turtle crawling and carries a poignant historical narrative within Chinese history.

Historical Significance

In 1856, influenced by the Taiping Rebellion (太平天国革命运动), Li Wenxue (李文学), a Yi ethnic leader, rallied over 5,000 impoverished farmers from various ethnic groups to gather at Tiansheng Camp (天生营) on the back mountains of Walou (瓦卢). They swore to revolt, declaring their revolutionary program: “Eliminate the corrupt Qing officials, eradicate the Han landlords, support the Heavenly Kingdom, and expel the Qing bandits.”

Li Wenxue was elected as the “Supreme Commander of the Yi Army” by the uprising forces. The rebels established their base in the Ailao Mountains and formed a revolutionary government—known as the Commandery (帅府)—in Midi (密滴), which is now part of Midu County (弥渡县). They set up the Left and Right Supervisory Offices (左、右、南督府) surrounding the commandery, controlling the western regions of Mengle Mountain (蒙乐山) and the middle and lower reaches of Lishe River (礼社江).

Under the leadership of Li Wenxue, the peasant revolutionary government fiercely opposed the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty (清王朝) and the feudal system, implementing policies like “military farming” on the lands of nearby landlords and “exemptions from rent and light taxes.” Consequently, a government emerged in the Ailao Mountain area characterized by “wealth for the people and substantial governance.”

After ten years of struggle, the base expanded to cover most of the areas in more than ten counties, including Nanjian, Midu, Nanhua, Chuxiong, Shuangbai, Jingdong, Zhenyuan, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and Mojiang. The number of supervisory offices increased from three to eight. Within the established base, various ethnic groups such as Yi (彝), Han (汉), Hui (回), Bai (白), Miao (苗), Dai (傣), Blang (布朗), Hani (哈尼), and Lisu (傈僳) coexisted, with a total population exceeding 500,000 across an area of over 30,000 square kilometers.

By the 13th year of the Tongzhi era (同治十三年, 1874), following the uprising’s failure, Li Wenxue was betrayed and brutally executed at Turtle Mountain. This struggle lasted for 18 years and has had a profound influence on Chinese history.

Memorialization

In honor of Li Wenxue’s indelible achievements and heroism, the local Yi people built a small temple at Turtle Mountain to express their sorrow. Even today, on the 25th day of the third lunar month, people from various ethnic groups in the Ailao Mountain region gather here to hold solemn commemorative activities.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Nanjian County. The journey typically takes around 2 hours.
2. From Nanjian County: Hire a local taxi or use a motorcycle taxi to reach Turtle Mountain.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Turtle Mountain is about 53 kilometers, taking approximately 1 hour. Follow the route towards Nanjian County, then look for signs directing you to Turtle Mountain.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) offer the best weather for exploring.
• Local Attractions: Explore nearby historical sites and natural landscapes while visiting Turtle Mountain.
• Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of local customs, especially during memorial activities.
• Safety Precautions: Wear comfortable shoes and be cautious of uneven terrain while hiking around the mountain.
• Photography: Capture the beautiful scenery and historical monuments, especially during sunrise or sunset for stunning lighting.

Overview

The Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge (平坡石拱桥) is located at K3200+481 along the Dian-Burma Road (滇缅公路, 昆畹线). This bridge spans a narrow and turbulent stretch of river and marks the starting point where the old route of the Dian-Burma Road (320国道) transitions into the new Kunming-Xin Road (昆新线). Completed in 1973 by the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Corps (云南省公路工程总队), the bridge is a single-span stone arch structure, measuring 95.2 meters in length, 7 meters in width, and 25.5 meters in height, with a clear span of 50 meters.

Historical Reconstruction

On April 4, 1980, the Yunnan Provincial Highway Engineering Office No. 2 (云南省公路工程二处) undertook reconstruction of the Kunming-Wantian Road (昆畹公路) segment from Yangpingpo (漾平坡) to Yongping Meihuapu (永平梅花铺). This project spanned 14 years, resulting in a total length of 75.94 kilometers, including 2.46 kilometers of additional lines. Following the realignment of the road, the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge was reinforced, and in 2009, a new route was established 17.71 kilometers from the bridge.

Due to the increased traffic load following the realignment, the bridge operated under excessive load for ten years. By 1982, cracks began to appear at the vertical joints of the abutments, which progressively widened. In 1990, a new bridge was constructed downstream at K3200+410, designated as Bridge No. 1450. This new structure is a T-beam, single-column gravity-type bridge with an asphalt concrete deck. The new Pingpo Highway Bridge measures 98 meters long, 9.6 meters wide, and 7.5 meters for the roadway, with a clear height of 12.1 meters. It was designed for a load classification of Level 11, accommodating vehicles up to a weight of 100 tons.

Historical Background of Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge

To understand the history of the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge, it is essential to consider its predecessor, the Pingpo Vine Bridge (平坡藤桥), which exemplified the transformation of the rugged terrain into a passageway. The lower reaches of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) feature steep cliffs and deep valleys, with turbulent waters roaring through narrow gorges.

Historically, while several ancient postal roads wound their way through the area to Weishan (巍山) and Yongping, there were no bridges connecting the two banks of the Yangbi River. As a result, trade and local villagers relied primarily on bamboo rafts for crossing the river. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era, three vine bridges were constructed between Pingpo and Wanchang over the Yangbi River, with the Pingpo Vine Bridge being the most significant.

Located at the confluence of the Xie River (西洱河) and the Yangbi River, the Pingpo Vine Bridge was situated 200 meters east of Pingpo Street (平坡街), serving as a critical crossing for the southern region leading into Lower Yangbi. The exact date of construction remains unclear, but early in the 1980s, a stone tablet inscribed with “The Everlasting Bridge” was discovered in Pingpo Stone Village (平坡石坪村). The inscription notes:

“若平坡街场，东接龙关孔道，西通石地坪一带山寨，居民行客，往必由之路。而漾濞大江径流其中，水流湍急，地势险阻，舟不能行，桥梁不能架，昔人藤为桥，每岁一换。”

This translates to: “At Pingpo Street, east connects to Longguan Pass, west leads to the mountainous areas of Shidi Ping. The river flows rapidly, the terrain is dangerous, boats cannot pass, and bridges cannot be built. In the past, vines served as bridges, replaced annually.”

The tablet also mentions that local philanthropists, including Yang Chengtian (杨丞天), Lu Shichang (卢士昌), and Su Yongfang (苏永芳), contributed funds to purchase two acres of land to generate income for bridge maintenance. Unfortunately, the date inscribed on the tablet is damaged, preventing us from determining when it was erected.

Despite its historical importance in facilitating river crossings, the Pingpo Vine Bridge suffered tragedies. According to records from the Dali Autonomous Prefecture Traffic Chronicle (《大理自治州交通志》), there were several incidents of bridge collapses, including a tragic event over 100 years ago. In July 1922, as people rushed to cross the bridge, over 40 individuals were on it at once, and the bridge collapsed under the excessive weight, resulting in 18 to 19 fatalities and multiple injuries—one of the most catastrophic bridge incidents in history.

Current Status

After the construction of the new Pingpo Highway Bridge, the old Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge has endured decades of weathering, witnessing dramatic changes in transportation in western Yunnan. Although it has remained largely unused for 15 years, it stands as an important cultural landmark, allowing locals to reflect on their rich history and providing travelers on National Highway 320 (320国道) with an opportunity to appreciate its significance.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The journey takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: After arriving, take a taxi or motorcycle taxi directly to the Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge.

By Car

You can also rent a car in Dali. The distance from Dali City to Pingpo Stone Arch Bridge is approximately 80 kilometers, taking around 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for a straightforward route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
• Local Attractions: Explore the scenic area surrounding the bridge, including nearby temples, local markets, and natural landscapes.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs when visiting historical sites, and dress modestly when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking near the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you have enough water and wear comfortable footwear if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the picturesque views and rich cultural heritage surrounding the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for optimal lighting.

Overview

The Shunbi Bridge (顺濞桥) is located in the middle reaches of the Shunbi River (顺濞河) beneath Dashaizi Mountain (大哨子山) in Taiping Township (太平乡). This bridge is historically significant and serves as a critical crossing on the Bonan Ancient Road (博南古道). The river serves as a natural boundary, with Yongping (永平) to the west and Yangbi (漾濞) to the east.

The bridge, originally named Shengbei Bridge (胜备桥) and also referred to as Qinglian Bridge (清涟桥), features in the Yongchang Prefecture Gazetteer (《永昌府志》) with a description stating, “located in the northeast of Yongping County, it is a thoroughfare for Yongshun (永顺), Longling (龙陵), and Tengyue (腾越).”

Historical Significance

The bridge measures 44 meters in length and 3 meters in width, with abutments on both sides measuring 7 meters long, 4.5 meters wide, and 4.5 meters high. Notable features include octagonal guard walls constructed at the base of the abutments, which provide both protection and aesthetic value. A pavilion, 7 meters long and 3 meters wide, is built atop the abutments, offering a resting spot with scenic views.

Beneath the bridge, eight iron chains are aligned in parallel, with additional chains suspended on either side, creating a robust structure designed to withstand natural forces. Historically, the bridge faced destruction by fire in March 1826 during the Daoguang Emperor’s reign (道光六年) but was reconstructed with funding from local officials. After the establishment of the Dian-Burma Highway (滇缅公路), a new road bridge was constructed 10 meters downstream, leading to the Shunbi Bridge no longer being used.

Taiping Township (太平乡)

Taiping Township is located in the central part of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州), particularly in the southwest of Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县). It is bordered to the east by Shunbi Township (顺濞乡), with the Shunbi River separating it from Longtan Township (龙潭乡) to the south. To the west, it is separated from Yongping County’s Beidou Township (北斗乡) and Longjie Town (龙街镇) by the river, while Cangshan Xizhen (苍山西镇) and Fuheng Township (富恒乡) lie to the north.

Cultural and Natural Features

Taiping is one of the nine stopping points on the Bonan Ancient Road, and National Highway 320 (320国道) traverses its territory. The township government is located 60 kilometers from the state capital of Xiaguan (下关) and 24 kilometers from the county seat.

Taiping Township is often referred to as a “green treasure land” due to its rich biodiversity, including:

• Flora: The area is home to abundant mountain camellias (山茶花), azaleas (杜娟), and rare orchids (名贵兰花), which bloom seasonally, attracting visitors and nature enthusiasts.
• Geography: Surrounded by scenic mountains and rivers, the area provides opportunities for hiking, photography, and exploring local flora and fauna.

In addition to the natural beauty, Taiping is rich in cultural heritage, featuring various temples and local festivals. It is a perfect destination for those seeking leisure and relaxation amidst nature.

How to Get There

By Bus

1. From Dali City (大理市): Take a bus to Yangbi County (漾濞县). The bus ride typically takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. From Yangbi County: Once you arrive, hire a local taxi or take a motorcycle taxi to Taiping Township, where the Shunbi Bridge is located.

By Car

If you prefer to drive, you can rent a car in Dali. The journey from Dali City to Taiping Township is approximately 80 kilometers and takes about 1.5 hours. Follow National Highway 320 for the most direct route.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal times to visit are in spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) when the weather is mild and flowers are in bloom.
• Local Attractions: In addition to the Shunbi Bridge, explore nearby temples, local markets, and scenic viewpoints. The natural beauty of the area makes it ideal for photography.
• Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs, especially when visiting temples. Dress modestly and remove shoes when entering sacred spaces.
• Safety Precautions: Be cautious when walking on the bridge and surrounding areas. Ensure you stay hydrated and wear comfortable shoes if you plan to hike.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and cultural sites around the bridge, especially during sunrise or sunset for the best light.

Overview

The Stone Arrow (石箭) is located approximately 60 kilometers west of Nanjian County (南涧县). According to the Kangxi-era Menghua Prefecture Gazetteer (《蒙化府志》), it is said, “Zhuge Liang marked this town,” with a square tower nearby referred to as the Arrow Tube (箭筒). The Stone Arrow stands 1.5 meters tall and is inscribed with the words “This divine object penetrates the earth” (此神物穿地穴). This site is one of the remarkable ancient relics in Nanjian, possessing significant archaeological value.

Gonglang Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (公郎石箭和鬼魔石)

The Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone (鬼魔石) are surrounded by many legends in the Gonglang area.

Legend of the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone

Long ago, the area around the Stone Arrow was shrouded in poisonous smoke and calamity, with monstrous creatures causing havoc and endangering the people. Upon learning of this, the Yellow Emperor (黄帝) informed Hou Yi (后羿), who then used his divine power to shoot three arrows towards the southwest using the remaining arrows from his conquest against the sun.

• One arrow landed at the head of the Xier River (西洱河) and the tail of Erhai Lake (洱海), forming what is now known as the Natural Bridge (天生桥).
• The second arrow fell into Gonglang Cizai (公郎槽子), now the location of the Stone Arrow.
• The third arrow landed in the mountains of Gonglang Mafang Village (公郎马房村), known locally as the Ghost Stone.

It is said that after the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone landed, they subdued the demons, and the calamity dragon returned to its domain to manage the water flow. Creatures such as the Great Black Dragon (黑龙), Nezha River Dragon (哪吒河龙), and Longfang River Dragon (龙房河龙) were responsible for water distribution and would gather at the Stone Arrow to pay their respects.

Dialogue Between the Stones

One night, the Stone Arrow said to the Ghost Stone, “I have subdued the evil here and accomplished great deeds for the world. I want to use my ability to grow tall and pierce the heavens to receive my reward, but I fear the heavenly family will send golden boys and jade maidens to take me back to the Arrow Tube.” The Ghost Stone replied, “I have no other ability besides assisting you in this task; I merely detest dog urine and blood. Upon encountering them, I lose my spirit and cannot shine.”

These words were overheard by the demons, who covered themselves in dog urine and blood, planning to throw the Ghost Stone into the Lancang River (澜沧江). As they carried the Ghost Stone from the mountaintop to the foothills, a rooster crowed, heralding dawn, and they were forced to leave the Ghost Stone halfway down the mountain.

The Stone Arrow gradually grew taller, and the water level began to rise. Fearing flooding and that the Stone Arrow would pierce the heavens and cause a leak, the people invited Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮) to build an arrow tube filled with boys and girls and ritual implements on a hill several dozen zhang away from the Stone Arrow. This structure is known as Shizhenzi (石镇子). The top part of the Stone Arrow, which continued to grow, was shaped into a crescent, with the inscription “The symbol to pierce hell” (七刹穿地狱之符) carved at the base to subdue it.

Beliefs Today

Today, people still believe that the Stone Arrow and Ghost Stone are treasures with spiritual significance. Locals hope for safety, health, and good fortune from these stones, naming their children with names such as Shun Shi (石顺), Zhu Shi (石柱), and De Shi (石德).

How to Get There

To reach the Stone Arrow in Nanjian County, you can take a bus from Dali City (大理市) to Nanjian County. From there, hire a local taxi or use a motorcycle taxi to get to the Stone Arrow site.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for visiting, offering pleasant weather for outdoor exploration.
• Local Culture: Respect local customs and traditions when visiting sacred sites.
• Safety Precautions: Wear sturdy shoes for hiking, as the area may have rugged terrain.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the unique scenery and relics of the area.

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2018 年

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