Overview

The Stone Coffin of Chen Zuocai (陈佐才石棺) is located in Mingshi Village (盟石村), Miaojie Township (庙街乡), Weishan County (巍山县), Yunnan Province (云南省). It serves as the tomb of the patriotic elder and poet Chen Zuocai (陈佐才), dating back to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

Structure and Dimensions

The stone coffin is carved from a massive boulder, measuring over 10 meters in length, 8 meters in height, and approximately 2 meters in width. The coffin is located at the front of the boulder and is covered with a stone lid, resembling a traditional wooden coffin.

Historical Inscriptions

Two steles stand in front of the boulder:

1. Tombstone by Li Shiyang (李士扬): Inscribed in the 44th year of Qianlong (1779), titled “Tomb Inscription of the Loyal Scholar Chen.”
2. Tombstone by Zhao Shuliang (赵叔良): Established in the 25th year of the Republic (1936), titled “Tomb Inscription of the Loyal Chen.”

On either side of the coffin, stone pens are erected with couplets inscribed by the local scholar Rao Zhi (饶着):

• Upper Couplet: “指地誓黄泉，溪流犹带南迁恨” (“Swearing by the earth to the Yellow Springs, the creek still carries southward regrets.”)
• Lower Couplet: “凿棺盟白石，墓木曾无北向枝” (“Carving the coffin with a vow on white stone, the tomb’s trees have never grown branches to the north.”)

To the right of the coffin is a stone pavilion, where another couplet is inscribed:

• Upper Couplet: “其生明臣其死明鬼” (“In life, a loyal minister; in death, a clear spirit.”)
• Lower Couplet: “不葬清土不戴清天” (“Not buried in clear soil, not wearing the clear sky.”)

The area around the coffin is covered with verses and writings praising Chen Zuocai.

Travel Tips

• How to Get There: The Stone Coffin is accessible by road from Dali (大理). Visitors can take a bus or drive to Weishan County and then to Miaojie Township. Local guides may be available to assist with transportation.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather and clearer views of the surrounding landscape.
• Local Etiquette: Visitors should be respectful of the site, as it holds cultural and historical significance. Avoid loud noises and littering.

Nearby Attractions

1. Weishan Ancient Town (巍山古城): A well-preserved ancient town with rich history and architecture.
2. Weibao Mountain (巍宝山): Known for its hiking trails and scenic beauty.

This site reflects the deep cultural heritage of Yunnan and the respect for its historical figures.

Introduction

Lingguan Temple (灵官殿) is a significant Taoist temple dedicated to Lingguan (灵官), the most revered protective deity in Taoism. The temple is also known by another name, Zhujun Pavilion (主君阁), and is situated at the foothills of Weibao Mountain (巍宝山) in Weishan County (巍山), Dali (大理), Yunnan Province (云南省).

The temple was established during the late Ming Dynasty (明末) and early Qing Dynasty (清初). However, it was destroyed during the Second Opium War in the years 1851-1874 and was later rebuilt during the Guangxu period (光绪年间, 1875-1908). Inside the temple, there was originally a bronze statue of Wang Lingguan (王灵官), weighing over 200 kilograms, but it was destroyed, and the current statue is a clay sculpture painted with bright colors.

A couplet hangs on the temple’s columns, which reads: “莫谓霹雳一声，若遇那贪官污吏，管教尔粉身碎骨；须知威灵有赫，果然是忠臣孝子，定许他增福延年。” This couplet was inscribed by Ling Yuying (岭毓英), the governor of Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty, and reflects the temple’s moral teachings.

Historical Significance

Lingguan Temple serves as a vital cultural landmark. It is unique in its layout, being a standalone structure rather than being part of a larger complex typically found in Taoist temples. It is aligned with the Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁) along the same axis, establishing Lingguan Temple as the entrance to the sacred site.

The temple has been a place for worship and spiritual reflection for centuries. In its early days, it housed a spectacular bronze statue of Wang Lingguan, which was impressive due to its size and craftsmanship. Unfortunately, the statue was lost during the Great Leap Forward in 1958. The current statue is a clay figure with a red face and three eyes, depicting Lingguan’s fierce and protective nature. Another significant figure in the temple is Prince Ling (炳灵太子), also known as Huaguang Dadi (华光大帝), who is considered a unique deity in southern Taoism and is popularly referred to as the “Fire God” among the locals.

The Ancient Camellia Trees

The temple grounds are home to ancient camellia trees, specifically the “Guiye Yin Hong” (桂叶银红) variety. Two of these trees were planted during the late Ming Dynasty, and now only one remains. This ancient camellia stands approximately 16 to 17 meters tall and has a diameter of about 15 centimeters, making it the tallest camellia tree in the world today. In spring, the tree blooms with hundreds of large, red flowers, resembling a cloud of rosy mist when viewed from afar. This spectacular sight has earned it the title of “Shancha Liuhong” (山茶流红), celebrated by ancient poets.

An ancient poem by the Suzhou scholar Chen Quanyu (陈全钰) praises the beauty of this camellia tree: “丛深春藏不闻莺，露下啼妆别有情，可惜琼葩因僻远，分心馨口独含颦。” This poem beautifully captures the shy and exquisite nature of the “Guiye Jiu Xin Shiba Ban” (桂叶九心十八瓣) camellia.

Features of the Camellia Tree

The ancient camellia tree, located within the temple grounds at an elevation of 2,283 meters, is protected due to its significant age and beauty. It has a grayish-white trunk that is round and straight, standing resilient despite centuries of wind and rain.

According to inscriptions at the pavilion, the tree was originally found deep within a forest. During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, it was transplanted to the temple, where it has thrived for approximately 400 years. It reaches a height that exceeds the roof of the temple, blooming vibrantly with red flowers that illuminate the entire structure during the flowering season.

The blooming period lasts about 60 days, with the first flowers appearing in mid-January, reaching full bloom in February, and finishing by early March. The best viewing spot for these flowers is on the observation platform behind the temple, where visitors can gaze at the stunning display of camellias.

Discovery and Conservation Efforts

In 1984, landscape engineers Li Duowen (李多闻) and plant specialist Xia Quan (夏泉) surveyed the area and discovered the ancient camellia tree in bloom. At that time, the tree stood at 17.5 meters high, with a chest diameter of 36 centimeters. Due to its beauty and rarity, there were plans to cut it down for timber. However, local researchers rushed to the county government to report the situation, prompting immediate action for its protection.

In 1989, Xia Quansheng published a paper documenting Yunnan’s camellias, listing this tree as the tallest cultivated camellia in the world. In 2008, experts from the International Camellia Society confirmed it as the tallest camellia tree globally during a visit to Weibao Mountain, with notable botanist Grigory Davis praising it as “the most beautiful camellia tree in the world.”

Recent Challenges and Recovery

Despite its past glory, the ancient camellia tree has faced significant health issues since the spring of 2016. The number of flowers dramatically decreased, and symptoms such as leaf drop and bark shedding became apparent. In March 2017, local forestry officials reported the tree’s declining condition, prompting immediate attention from the Weishan County government and the China Wild Plant Protection Association.

Experts determined that the tree’s age and declining resilience, along with severe pest infestations and poor soil drainage, were the main factors in its health issues. An urgent treatment plan was put in place, which included supporting the tree with scaffolding, treating it for pests, and improving soil conditions.

After five years of care, the tree has shown signs of recovery, with new growth appearing, and it has begun to bloom again, bringing back the breathtaking sight of “Shancha Liuhong” (山茶流红).

How to Get There

To reach Lingguan Temple of Weibao Mountain in Weishan County, Dali, visitors can take the following routes:

• By Car: From Dali City, take National Highway 214 towards Weishan County. The temple is approximately a one-hour drive from Dali.
• Public Transportation: Buses are available from Dali to Weishan County. Visitors can take a taxi or local transportation from Weishan to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to see the camellias in bloom is from mid-January to early March.
• What to Bring: Bring a camera to capture the stunning floral displays and a notebook to jot down thoughts and inspirations from the serene environment.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of the temple’s religious significance and follow any guidelines for visitors regarding photography and behavior.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide for a more enriching experience and deeper understanding of the temple’s history and cultural significance.

Introduction

Nestled in Yunnan Province’s Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Xiashankou Hot Spring (下山口温泉) is a magical area known for Putuo Spring (普陀泉). Legend has it that this spring is a remnant of Guanyin Bodhisattva’s (观音菩萨) jade bottle, with crystal-clear water resembling jade and an ethereal quality. The unique geographical setting makes the Putuo Spring Hot Spring Resort feel like a paradise.

The Xiashankou Hot Spring Resort fully utilizes the geothermal resources of the mountain pass and the picturesque Miqiao River (弥苴河). It features large and medium-sized hot spring swimming pools and rafting activities. The resort combines accommodation, dining, fishing, and cultural performances, making it a major tourist hotspot in Dali.

Location

Xiashankou Hot Spring is situated at the confluence of three rivers—Miqiao River, Fengyu River, and Haiwei River—serving as a crucial passage between Eryuan and Dengchuan. The western mountain belongs to Tianma Mountain (天马山), while the eastern one is the Lingying Mountain (灵应山) range. The gorge between these two mountains is known as Putuo Kong (普陀崆), also referred to as Longma Canyon (龙马涧).

Attractions

• Putuo Spring (普陀泉): Located in Xiashankou Village, known for its Japanese-style forest hot springs. The water is naturally weak alkaline, continuously gushing from geothermal sources filtered through the Cangshan Mountains (苍山).
• Flame Mountain Hot Spring (火焰山温泉): Adjacent to the mysterious Haixi Sea (海西海) and the beautiful Laojun Mountain (老君山), this hot spring features an outdoor bathing area over 400 square meters, rich in beneficial minerals like potassium, sulfur, magnesium, and iron.

Travel Information

Address

Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Eryuan County (云南省大理白族自治州洱源县)

How to Get There

• By Road: It is located 0.5 km from the village committee and 5 km from the town. The area is accessible via local transportation from major cities in Yunnan.
• Nearby Cities: The resort is within reasonable distance from Dali Ancient Town (大理古城), making it a perfect day trip or weekend getaway.

Best Season to Visit

The optimal time to enjoy the hot springs is from August to December, as the rainy season in Eryuan is concentrated between May and October. Visitors are advised to carry rain gear during this period.

Travel Tips

• Packing Suggestions: Light clothing is recommended for summer, and don’t forget sun protection like hats and sunglasses. During the rainy season, an umbrella or raincoat is advisable.
• Dining: Local delicacies include sour and spicy fish, Dali raw skin (大理生皮), seaweed flowers, papaya chicken, and various traditional Bai dishes.
• Duration of Visit: Plan for about 3 hours to fully enjoy the hot springs and surrounding attractions.

Accommodation

The resort offers various accommodations, including charming VIP wooden cottages. Visitors can experience the serene ambiance while enjoying hot springs, delicious local cuisine, and the beautiful natural scenery of the area.

Notable Legends

It is said that the local residents, who have long consumed the spring water, enjoy excellent health, with no reported cases of cardiovascular diseases or hypertension. The area has a significant number of centenarians, attributed to the beneficial properties of the spring water.

The famed traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) once noted about Putuo Spring: “The locals say there is a hot water cave in Putuo Kong… Water surges from the cave bottom as if boiling. Entering the cave, one is enveloped by hot steam, causing perspiration. Those with ailments find relief.”

Introduction

Xiaguan Hot Springs, located 3 kilometers west of Dali City (大理市) in the Xier River Canyon (西洱河峡谷), lies alongside the Kunwan Highway (昆畹公路), also known as National Route 320 (320国道). Originally named Dali Desheng Pass (大理德胜关) and also called Tangzipu (塘子铺), the nearby village is now known as Qingcaizhuang (青菜庄). According to the “Zhaozhou Gazetteer” (赵州志), it states: “Deshengpu, to the north connects to Taihe County (太和县, now Dali Ancient Town), has Desheng Pass City.” This indicates that it was originally a strategic pass linking Dali to Baoshan (保山), later transforming into a marketplace, and eventually gaining fame for its hot springs.

• Location: 3 kilometers west of Dali City (大理市), in the Xier River Canyon (西洱河峡谷), alongside Kunwan Highway (昆畹公路)
• Water Temperature: 76°C
• Spring Flow Rate: 200 tons per day
• Source: Springs erupt from rock fissures
• Therapeutic Benefits: Beneficial for skin diseases and rheumatism
• Transport: A bus from Dali Passenger Transport Center can reach Xiaguan Hot Springs in about 30 minutes
• Accommodation: Nearby inns charge around 20 to 30 RMB per person per night
• Dining: Unique method of cooking fresh fish in spring water and local cold chicken rice noodles available at roadside eateries

Detailed Information

The hot spring water at Xiaguan flows from rock fissures, with a daily output of 200 tons at a temperature of 76°C. It contains over ten types of minerals, including carbonates, resulting in high-quality water. After bathing, the skin feels smooth and rejuvenated, providing certain benefits for skin conditions and rheumatism. As noted in Ming Tongxuan’s poem “Desheng Pass Hot Springs” (《德胜关温泉》):

蒸蒸本元气，澡雪人争浴。虽无泽物功，远胜贪泉屈。
“Rising steam embodies original energy, bathing in snow, people vie for immersion. Though lacking in worldly benefits, it surpasses the greedy springs.”

Xiaguan Hot Springs is nestled in a valley, backed by Mount Zhema (者摩山), with steep rocky cliffs facing the surging waters of the Xier River. The courtyard features pavilions and corridors, adorned with flowers that bloom year-round, creating a tranquil and picturesque environment—an ideal place for relaxation and recuperation.

Travel Tips

Best Time to Visit

The best times to visit are during the March Street Festival (三月街, March 15–20) and the Butterfly Festival (蝴蝶会, April 15) in Dali. With an annual average temperature of around 15°C, spring (March to April) is the optimal period following the cold winter.

Travel Reminders

When visitors feel tired from hiking or exploring parks, they can choose to relax at Xiaguan Hot Springs, which provides excellent bathing facilities. Positioned alongside the winding Xier River and backed by the majestic Zhema Mountain, it is a perfect spot for unwinding and rejuvenation.

How to Get There

To reach Xiaguan Hot Springs, take a bus from the Dali Passenger Transport Center (大理客运中心), which takes about 30 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Plan Ahead: Consider visiting during festivals for a unique cultural experience.
• Local Cuisine: Try local dishes like fresh fish cooked in spring water and cold chicken rice noodles for an authentic taste.
• Bring Swimwear: Don’t forget your swimwear if you plan to enjoy the hot springs.
• Respect Nature: Maintain cleanliness and respect the natural environment while visiting the springs.

Tianjing Pavilion is situated on the eastern side of Erhai Lake, on Yuyan Mountain (玉案山). The mountain dramatically extends into the lake, flanked by water on three sides and featuring steep cliffs, making it a strategically important site with mountains surrounding the lake, creating a mirror-like surface.

Tianjing Pavilion, built during the Jin Dynasty (晋代), is a millennium-old structure that, along with Luoquan Temple (罗荃寺) and other attractions, serves as both a Buddhist holy site and a cultural landmark enhanced by the legend of “Wangfu Cloud” (望夫云), making it the best viewpoint for enjoying the beautiful scenery of Cangshan Mountain (苍山) and Erhai Lake.

Location

• Geographical Position: Dali Prefecture (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Climate: Low-latitude plateau monsoon climate
• Famous Attractions: Tianjing Pavilion, Guanyin Pavilion (观音阁)

Introduction

Tianjing Pavilion stands prominently on Yuyan Mountain, where the terrain meets the waters of Erhai Lake, creating a stunning visual effect. The pavilion was originally built during the Ming Dynasty (明代) and has become one of the four famous pavilions around Erhai Lake. Although it was destroyed, the current Tianjing Pavilion has been rebuilt on the original site.

The pavilion is a four-story, eight-sided structure towering above the mountain’s peak, harmoniously complementing the renowned Luoquan Temple. Luoquan Temple features significant halls like the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿) and the Hall of Pilu (毗卢祖师殿).

Not far from the pavilion in the lake, there lies the “Stone Mule” (石骡子) from the Bai ethnic mythology “Wangfu Cloud.” According to legend, a hunter named Alang (阿龙) stole a precious robe from Master Luoquan to keep Princess Afeng (阿凤) warm. Unfortunately, he was struck down by Master Luoquan’s mat and transformed into the “Stone Mule.”

Every year during autumn and winter, floating clouds known as “Wangfu Cloud” appear atop Cangshan Mountain, stirring up waves in Erhai Lake, preventing boats from sailing. Locals refer to this phenomenon as “Wuduyun” (无渡云). Visitors often come to hear the stories of Luoquan Temple, the Stone Mule, and Wangfu Cloud, adding a unique charm to their experience.

Location Details

The Dali Tianjing Pavilion Scenic Area is located on the Luoquan Peninsula (罗荃半岛) on the eastern shore of Erhai Lake. It is 25 kilometers from Dali Railway Station (大理火车站) by land and 10 kilometers from Dali Port (大理港) by water. The ancient town of Dali is 3 kilometers away, both by land and water.

During the Nanzhao (南诏) and Dali (大理国) periods, this area was a significant Buddhist holy site, and the legendary tale of “Wangfu Cloud” originated here. The rocks directly south of the scenic area are known as the Stone Mule, where the Nanzhao king had it inscribed with “National Gate Here” (国门在此).

Within the scenic area, you can find Tianjing Pavilion, Guanyin Pavilion, Prince Pavilion (太子阁), Eight Immortals Building (八仙楼), Luoquan Temple, the ruins of Luoquan Tower (罗荃塔), inscriptions at Eryan (洱岩), and poetry by Guo Moruo (郭沫若), each spot carrying ancient legends.

Historical records indicate that Tianjing Pavilion and Guanyin Pavilion were established as a monastery in the fourth year of Tianfu during the Jin Dynasty, dating back over a thousand years.

The famous couplet by a renowned figure reads: “The majestic peaks rise out of the water; East is water, West is water. The tower appears to be in the sky; Above is heaven, below is heaven” (逸峰斜插水中东是水西是水，杰阁遥临天外上有天下有天).

Inside Guanyin Pavilion, the “Guanyin of Nanhai” (南(洱)海观音) is worshipped, drawing many visitors seeking blessings and fortune. During major festivals like Guanyin Day, Buddha Day, Sea Festival, Star Festival, and Torch Festival, the area becomes lively with crowds of worshippers and tourists.

The Eight Immortals Building features the Upper and Lower Eight Immortals and reflects the local cultural phenomenon of combining three religions, with villagers’ deities also enshrined in Luoquan Temple. Visitors often adhere to vegetarianism on the 1st and 15th days of the lunar month, while enjoying the local delicacies throughout the rest of the month.

Today, this area has become a famous attraction in Dali, offering the best views of Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake. On fortunate days, you may also witness the remarkable phenomena of Wangfu Cloud and Yudai Cloud (玉带云).

If you take a boat ride on Erhai Lake, you can appreciate the profound meaning of the ancient saying, “This water can hold an army of a hundred thousand” (此水可当兵十万), and learn why the Nanzhao king ordered “National Gate Here” to be inscribed. You may ponder why the Nanzhao Dali Kingdom lasted for over 600 years and why ancient figures chose this location for temple construction.

Related Legends

According to legend, the Nanzhao king had a beautiful daughter, Princess Afeng, who fell in love with hunter Alang. When the king forbade their union, they eloped to Cangshan. To protect Afeng from the cold, Alang, with divine help, flew to the eastern sea to steal Master Luoquan’s robe. However, he was caught and transformed into the Stone Mule by Luoquan’s spell. Devastated by the news, Afeng died and turned into a white cloud atop Yujufeng (玉局峰), gazing longingly at Alang.

Guanyin took pity on them, providing a wind bottle to help Afeng see Alang, but despite the years passing, the winds and waves continued to rage, preventing their reunion. This cloud formation signifies the natural wonder that occurs every winter and spring, symbolizing the deep love and yearning of youth, highlighting their resistance against feudal oppression.

Dining and Accommodation

The scenic area provides dining and accommodation facilities. Visitors are warmly welcomed and can enjoy authentic Bai ethnic customs, including the famous “Three Teas” (三道茶) — one bitter, two sweet, and a lingering aftertaste. Folk artists perform charming Bai traditional music, and guests can savor “Eight Bowls” (海八碗) made with Erhai fish, a delightful culinary experience described as tasting “earthly delights in a celestial paradise.”

How to Get There

To reach Tianjing Pavilion, you can fly to Dali Airport (大理机场) and take a taxi or local bus to the Dali Erhai Lake Scenic Area. From there, it’s a short hike to the pavilion.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather and stunning views.
• What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes, water, snacks, and a camera to capture the scenic beauty.
• Respect the Environment: Follow local guidelines and maintain cleanliness in the area.
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of local customs, especially in sacred spaces.
• Accommodation: Consider staying in nearby guesthouses to fully immerse yourself in the local culture and scenery.

Introduction

Located in the ruins of Nanzhao Taihe City (南诏太和城遗址) west of Taihe Village (太和村), Dali City (大理市), the Dehua Stele (德化碑) stands as a black ancient monument, acclaimed as “the first stele in Yunnan” (云南第一碑). The stele is 3.97 meters high, 2.27 meters wide, and 0.58 meters thick. The front side features 40 lines of inscriptions, totaling approximately 3,800 characters, although only 256 characters of the original inscription remain intact. The reverse side has 41 lines detailing the titles and names of officials such as the Qingping Officer of Nanzhao and the Great General. After centuries of weathering, over 800 characters remain.

The inscription on the Dehua Stele is traditionally attributed to Zheng Hui (郑回), the Qingping Officer of Nanzhao, while the calligraphy is said to be by Du Guangting (杜光庭), a Tang Dynasty (唐朝) official. However, this attribution remains contentious. The text primarily praises the governance and military achievements of Ge Luofeng (阁逻凤) and discusses the relationships between Nanzhao, the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo (吐蕃), outlining the reasons and processes of various wars. It reflects both the necessity of rebelling against the Tang and a desire for reconciliation. This stele is a valuable artifact for studying the history of ethnic groups in Yunnan and local Tibetan history.

Stele Specifications

• Height: 3.02 meters
• Width: 2.27 meters
• Thickness: 0.58 meters

Overview of the Artifact

Taihe Village, located 7 kilometers south of Dali County (大理县, now part of Dali City), was once renowned as the capital of the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) over 1,200 years ago. Although the remnants of Nanzhao have faded into history, the ancient village still proudly displays the Dehua Stele. The text on the stele continues to resonate deeply, attesting to Nanzhao’s historical prominence and narrating its complicated relationship with the Tang Dynasty. The eloquence and grandeur of the inscription are unmatched in ancient Yunnan.

The Dehua Stele is the largest Tang Dynasty stele in Yunnan, standing at 3.02 meters tall, 2.27 meters wide, and 0.58 meters thick, with a total of 3,800 characters on one side and 1,200 characters on the other. Made from red sandstone, it is an important cultural relic for studying Nanzhao’s history and has been designated as a key national cultural heritage site alongside Taihe City.

Historical Background

The stele was erected after the “Tianbao War” (天宝战争) when Ge Luofeng, the ruler of Nanzhao, decisively defeated the Tang general Li Mi (李宓) and his army of 100,000 soldiers. The victory allowed Ge Luofeng to establish a commanding presence, leading him to inscribe the stele to commemorate his triumph. The inscription passionately conveys his grievances about being forced into rebellion against the Tang, while also expressing a desire for peace.

Sequence of Events

Background of Ge Luofeng’s Rebellion

After establishing its kingdom, Nanzhao grew in power and aimed to expand eastward. The Tang Dynasty, while seeking an alliance with Nanzhao, was reluctant to see it grow too strong, leading to rising tensions. During the Tianbao period, corrupt officials like Yang Guozhong (杨国忠) exacerbated the situation through military aggression and mismanagement, resulting in frequent conflicts along the borders.

In the ninth year of Tianbao (750 AD), Ge Luofeng traveled to Yunnan to pay his respects to the then-governor Zhang Qiantuo (张虔陀). However, his wife was insulted by Zhang, leading Ge Luofeng to demand justice from the Tang court. When the court failed to respond, he retaliated, killing Zhang and seizing numerous territories.

The following year, General Xianyu Zhongtong (鲜于仲通) led an army of 80,000 against Ge Luofeng. In a display of diplomacy, Ge Luofeng attempted to negotiate but was met with hostility. Faced with overwhelming odds, he allied with Tubo, leading to a significant defeat for the Tang army at the West Er River, with 60,000 casualties.

Despite these victories, the Tang Dynasty sent General Li Mi with another 100,000 troops to attack Nanzhao in the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754 AD), resulting in further destruction for the Tang forces in what became known as the “Tianbao War.”

Ge Luofeng’s Political Vision

Despite his victories over the Tang, Ge Luofeng was a visionary politician who, considering Nanzhao’s long-term interests, sought to avoid prolonged hostility with the Tang Dynasty.

Details of the Dehua Stele

The Dehua Stele is located west of Taihe Village, about seven miles from Qilichang (七里桥乡).

Ge Luofeng’s strategy involved respecting the fallen Tang soldiers. He built a memorial called “Datang Tianbao Warrior Tomb” (大唐天宝战士冢), also known as the “Tomb of Ten Thousand Soldiers,” and annually held memorial services. He also constructed the “Temple of General Li” (将军庙) at the foot of Cangshan Mountain (苍山), honoring the fallen Tang general Li Mi and his officers. These actions demonstrated Ge Luofeng’s deep consideration for the consequences of war and laid a foundation for future peace between Nanzhao and the Tang.

Peace with the Tang Dynasty

After Ge Luofeng’s death, his grandson Yimou Xun (异牟寻) succeeded him and sent envoys to Chengdu, requesting a return to the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the Tang was weakened and had to confront reality, accepting Nanzhao’s request. Recognizing past mistakes, Prime Minister Li Pi (李泌) acknowledged that “Yunnan has been a tributary of China since the Han dynasty, and Yang Guozhong’s interference led to rebellion,” thus proposing a strategy of “Southward communication with Yunnan” to counter Tubo’s influence, which was ultimately accepted by the Tang Emperor Dezong (唐德宗).

In the tenth year of the Zhenyuan period (794 AD), the Tang Dynasty dispatched Yuan Zi (袁滋) as a special envoy to confer the title of king upon the ruler of Nanzhao, marking 28 years after the establishment of the Dehua Stele and re-establishing Nanzhao’s connection with the Tang Dynasty.

Historical Significance

Historical Value

The Dehua Stele serves as a monumental historical record, documenting various aspects of Nanzhao’s history, including city planning, bureaucratic structures, agriculture, and industries like horse breeding, mining, and weaving. It even includes details about local hot springs used for healing. Therefore, it is an essential primary source for studying Nanzhao’s history, economy, politics, military affairs, culture, customs, and ethnic relations, filling gaps left by official historical records.

Literary Value

The Dehua Stele is revered as a literary masterpiece. Its narrative style is intricate and nuanced, capturing the complexities of historical events. The emotional depth and grandeur of the writing reflect the fierce justice of Nanzhao and the invincibility of its army. The text conveys a powerful sense of pride and defiance, describing the battles against Li Mi in vivid detail, illustrating the ferocity of the Nanzhao forces.

Authorship

The authorship of the Dehua Stele’s inscription is traditionally attributed to Zheng Hui (郑回), who was initially a magistrate in the Tang Dynasty’s Xilu County (西泸县, present-day Xichang County, Sichuan). After being captured by Nanzhao, he was entrusted with significant responsibilities and served as a teacher to royal family members. However, scholars like Wang Shuwu (王叔武) argue that based on the date of the stele’s erection, its narrative, and the author’s self-description, the inscription was not written by Zheng Hui.

The author of the inscription claims to be from a prominent family with ties to the Han dynasty, and some scholars suggest he might be Wang Miansheng (王蛮盛). Others speculate that he could be a descendant of the Sima family from the Jin dynasty (晋朝) or even Zheng Hui himself.

The calligraphy on the Dehua Stele is credited to Du Guangting, but this attribution is also debated.

Inscription:

Huideng An Temple (慧灯庵) is located approximately 850 meters below Jinding Temple (金顶寺) in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省). Nestled against Tianzhufeng (天柱峰) and facing the majestic mountains, the temple offers a broad view and serves as a starting point for climbing Jinding. Situated to the west of Mile Courtyard (弥勒院) and behind Kasyapa Hall (迦叶殿), the temple was first established as a dwelling by monk Hongping (洪平) during the Ming Dynasty (明) and was later constructed into a temple during the Chongzhen period (崇祯).

Main Buildings and Environment

The temple complex features significant structures, including the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿), meditation hall (禅堂), guest hall (客堂), and mountain gate (山门). The courtyard is adorned with flowers and trees, with the sound of a trickling spring enhancing the serene atmosphere. In 1985, the State Council and the Religious Affairs Bureau allocated funds to renovate the Mahavira Hall, Abbot’s Room (方丈室), and other facilities, covering a total area of 993 square meters. The main hall is designed in a five-bay, double-eaved style, with pointed corners resembling a palace. Inside, statues of Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦佛) and the revered figures of Bodhidharma (达摩) and Guan Yu (关羽) can be found.

According to Buddhist legend, during the Three Kingdoms period, General Guan Yunlong (关云长) of Shu died and received a precept from the monk Zhizhi on Mount Tiantai (天台), where he learned Zen from Master Shenxiu (神秀). The statue is adorned with gold leaf, shining brilliantly and exuding a dignified aura. The temple’s courtyard is lush with greenery, and behind it stands a 250-year-old ancient tea tree (古茶). Many visitors stop here to rest before their ascent.

Historical Development

Huideng An Temple is situated at the foot of Tianzhufeng (天柱峰) and faces the path to the summit. Historical records indicate that in 1605 (Ming Wanli, 乙巳), monk Hongping established a hermitage here. By 1634 (Chongzhen, 甲戌), his disciple Puxian (普现) initiated fundraising to expand the temple. In 1692 (Qing Kangxi, 壬申), monk Zonghai (宗海) again raised funds for renovations.

Scenic Views

From the car window, one can see the post-rain Chicken Foot Mountain (鸡足山) shrouded in clouds, with lush green cliffs reaching the sky. At the foot of the mountain, small bridges and flowing streams are framed by green trees and traditional houses with white walls and blue tiles. The scene is reminiscent of a paradise, especially with the sounds of roosters and barking dogs adding to the atmosphere.

The bell at the mountain gate rings softly, and the calligraphy “Ling Shan Yi Hui” (灵山一会) by Mr. Zhao Puchu (赵朴初) can be seen overhead. At this moment, we stand in the sacred place of Kasyapa, reflecting on the historical Ling Shan meeting, where the Buddha smiled while holding a flower, and Kasyapa understood without words—an exquisite Zen moment.

Journey to the Temple

Starting from Jiulian Temple (九莲寺), the car winds up through the mountains to Wanshou An (万寿庵) at the waist of the mountain. The air is fresh and moist, and the tall trees offer shade, making the atmosphere slightly cool yet refreshing. The Zhusheng Temple (祝圣寺), built by Master Xuyun (虚云法师), lies hidden among the tall trees not far from Wanshou An. Looking up towards the summit, the clouds roll and the mountain views reveal themselves, with Kasyapa’s meditative portal enveloped in auspicious energy.

Climbing Experience

Initially, we planned to travel light for our ascent, but due to the allure of comforts, we brought along musical instruments and tea, making the horses carry our burdens. Our luggage set off ahead, allowing us to start our journey leisurely. The nearby Biyun Temple (碧云寺) has been under construction since my first visit three years ago. The main hall, reflecting Tang-style architecture, is nearly completed and has begun to radiate solemnity.

Following the stone steps leading into the clouds, Huideng An is now in sight, and Fanguang Temple (放光寺) is not far off. The path from Huideng An to Fanguang Temple lacks smooth stone pavement; we tread on fallen leaves, guided by markers in the original dense forest. The famous tree flowers and frog skins of Chicken Foot Mountain, typically found in primitive forests, are in abundance, once the main food of the Yunnan golden monkey (滇西金丝猴).

Fanguang Temple, located directly beneath the Hua Shou Men (华首门) of Chicken Foot Mountain, is named for its luminous nightlight, a sight witnessed by a meditative monk. Although it was once damaged, only ruins remain today. Over a decade ago, Master Cifa (慈法法师) established a dwelling here to practice Pure Land Buddhism, advocating for the recitation of mantras and maintaining strict rules. Though many monks and lay practitioners now visit, the temple maintains its simplicity and spirit of practice, with morning bells and evening drums resonating throughout the day.

Accommodations and Daily Life

Due to the holiday season and the upcoming retreat, the temple is crowded. Our male group was fortunate to sleep at the feet of the Buddha in the Mahavira Hall, while the females rested in the guest hall of Hengyang An (恒阳庵). We awoke at 4:30 AM for morning prayers and had breakfast at 7:30 AM. Afterward, under the guidance of several monks, we transported logs for the new temple gate—a memorable experience despite the challenges.

Aside from special occasions like Buddha’s Joy Day, the temple observes the rule of not eating after noon. At midday, we arrived for lunch, but after 1 PM, only water was permitted until dawn the next day.

From any part of Fanguang Temple, one can admire Kasyapa’s portal of meditation. The Golden Summit (金顶) stands just above this gate, with the white pagoda pointing to the sky. My greatest joy during previous visits to Fanguang Temple was sitting in a rattan chair at the guest hall, watching the clouds drift and the sun set. However, due to various circumstances, we couldn’t stay long, and before dark, our group moved to the final rest stop before the summit: Huideng An.

How to Get There

To reach Huideng An Temple, you can fly to Dali Airport (大理机场) and then take a taxi or a local bus to the Dali Cangshan Mountain Scenic Area (大理苍山风景区). From there, you can hike up to the temple, which is about a 30-minute walk from the nearest parking area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer mild weather and beautiful scenery.
• What to Bring: Comfortable hiking shoes, water, snacks, and a camera for the stunning views.
• Respect the Environment: Follow local guidelines and maintain cleanliness in the temple and surrounding areas.
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of the local customs and practices, especially in sacred areas.
• Accommodation: Consider staying at nearby guesthouses or lodges to fully enjoy the spiritual atmosphere.

Dali(大理) is a beautiful city retreat from the heat of the Shenzhen(深圳). On July 21st, we fell into the arms of Dali(大理). The climate is very mild, neither too cold nor too hot throughout the year. Compare to Shenzhen(深圳), it will tell you how comfortable Dali(大理) is. We live in an inn which is 2.5 kilometers from the Dali Old City(大理古城). On non-touring days, we could surf the Internet in the inn during the daytime and wander through the streets around after supper. On the early evening of July 31st, we walked about hundred meters to Buddism godness Guanyin Temple (观音塘). The temple is a place of interest in Dali(大理). Several days ago, we always drove a u-turn near the guideboard of the temple. So we just walked here to find out what was in the walls of the temple.

There is a square near the front gate. By daylight, the voice of petty dealers and drivers accompanied us. Whereas at night, the unique cheerful dance and music replaced all of that and filled our ears with joys.

While wading into front gate, we saw the Buddism Godness Guanyin Temple made of stone and brick.

There is one 10-meter-high stone tower on each side of the temple. To take a meticulous count, it had 15 layers! They looked like the three pagodas in the Chongsheng Temple(三塔寺). Though it was not a site with a long history and deep cultural sense, it was beautiful with artificial element.

There is a pond on the left in which a Buddism godness Guanyin shaped fountain plays.

We could feel the delicate symmetry of the magnificent pavilions on each side of the courtyard. The yellow glazed tiles shined, revealing royal lordliness as Forbidden City.

We went across the yard and saw a postern. Through the postern, it was kind of blurry that a shadow of another old temple appeared.

 

We walked through the back door. An ornate gate showed herself on the other side of the street, hanging a sign of the Buddhist Association of Dali(大理佛教协会).

There you are, the Buddism godness Guanyin temple(观音塘). Looking upward, we could see the plaque with 3 Chinese characters” Guan, Yin, Tang” (观,音,塘). It is the vigorous and forceful calligraphy of Puchu Zhao(赵朴初), a famous patriotic religious leader in China.

 

There was a stone platform which was like the platform of the hall of supreme(太和殿) in the Forbidden City(故宫). On the platform was an exquisite temple. The core of the Guanyin temple(观音塘) was in this little bridal-like temple.

A huge stone was lying under the pond water.

The  Buddism Godness  Guanyin Temple( 观音塘 ) is  also called the  Huge Stone Temple(大石庵). This is the rock.

Tradition has it that in Tang Dynasty, Tang soldiers attacked Nanzhao Kingdom(南诏国), a country. Buddism godness Guanyin disguised as an old Bai lady with this huge stone on her back. The Tang soldiers met with a repulse. Guo Moruo(郭沫若) has been here in 1961. To this legend, he had his own view and wrote a poetry:

“老母负巨石，曾阻敌兵侵。
此必农家女，断非观世音。”

English:
“With a huge stone on her back, an old lady prevented the enemy’s attack.
Rather than the Buddism godness Guanyin, I’d more take it as a peasant woman’s fighting.”

The stone statue shows a woman who’s carrying heavy an object vividly. It is exactly what Bai women are we have met these days.

 

The outer layers of the bridal-like temple are inscribed with epitaphs, carrying rich history.

The goldfish were swimming in the pool freely, as if introducing us this touching story.

Another the Great Buddha’s Hall or Mahavira Hall(大雄宝殿) stands in the courtyard. We were told that this hall is also a new building. Whereas the real historic site is that temple standing in the pool.

However, the wisteria before the Mahavira Hall has existed for hundreds of years. By the way, because of the free admission of the temple and cheap incense sticks, it strongly contrasts with some other scenic spot tickets in Dali(大理). Not far from here, there’s a Zhang’s Garden(张家花园). The cost of drinking cups of tea is 36 times of burning 3 incense sticks.
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c4ad9c10102vsd2.html

Overview

The Xinguang Neolithic Site (永平新光遗址) is located on both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County (永平县), Dali (大理州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The newly constructed East-West Road (博南路) crosses over the site, which covers an area of 40,000 square meters and dates back to the Neolithic period.

This site can be divided into at least three phases, making it significant for studying the genealogy of Neolithic archaeological cultures in Yunnan. Situated in a border area of China, it plays a crucial role in researching the archaeological cultural landscape of ancient border regions, the relationship with Central Plain culture, cultural interactions with Southeast Asian countries, the issues of ancient cultural affiliations, and the origins of Yunnan’s Bronze culture. The site serves as invaluable material for these studies.

In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府).

Basic Information

• Chinese Name: 永平新光遗址
• Location: Both sides of Xinguang Street in the eastern part of Yongping County, Dali (大理州永平县城东部的新光街两侧)
• Period: Neolithic Period (新石器时代)
• Area: 40,000 m²
• Protection Level: Provincial-level cultural heritage site (第七批州级文物保护单位)
• Unearthed Artifacts: Includes jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, etc.
• Discovery Date: May 1993
• Approval Authority: People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州人民政府)

Historical Background

The Xinguang Neolithic Site was discovered in May 1993 when construction work for a bus station and traffic police building unearthed a large number of pottery shards and stone tools. Following an investigation by the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office and a reassessment by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, it was confirmed as a Neolithic site.

Archaeological excavations began on December 16, 1993, on a 1,000-square-meter area south of East Road. In March 1994, an excavation of 300 square meters was conducted on the north side of East-West Road. In May of the same year, a comprehensive survey of the entire site was performed to protect the underground relics. The two main distribution areas were identified: one behind the local police station covering 350 square meters, and another located east of the traffic police office and south of the bus station covering 700 square meters. Additional excavations continued through the 1990s.

Site Characteristics

The characteristics of the Xinguang Neolithic Site can be categorized into 19 layers and some independent archaeological features. Among these, ten layers belong to the Neolithic period, while the others date back to the Ming Dynasty (明代) and later. The Neolithic cultural layers can be over 2 meters thick in some areas, with the thinnest sections displaying only disrupted strata.

Artifacts

The site features remains typical of the Neolithic period, including ash pits, ditches, and house structures. Large quantities of charred rice and plant seeds were found at the bottom of the ditches. The houses were primarily built using stilt or semi-subterranean styles.

Artifacts unearthed include two main categories: stone tools and pottery. The stone tools are mostly polished axes, chisels, knives, sickles, and arrowheads, with a significant quantity of chisels and arrowheads. The pottery is quite complex, with primary types including jars, ceremonial vessels, pots, bowls, tanks, basins, cups, lids, and spoons, as well as some tripod vessels. The pottery was predominantly hand-made, mainly composed of sand-tempered clay, with colors ranging from gray to deep gray, brown, and increasingly more red pottery in later periods. The decorations on the pottery are intricate, featuring various patterns such as additive textures, incised designs, stamped motifs, and later appearances of scalloped edges, wavy patterns, circular designs, rhombic patterns, spiral motifs, zigzag lines, and net-like patterns. There is a clear evolutionary relationship in the forms and decorations of pottery from early to late periods, roughly classified into three phases representing different stages of cultural development.

Environmental Context

During the excavation, six bags of pollen samples were collected and analyzed by Yunnan Coal College (云南煤炭学院), revealing that the vegetation around the site consisted of sparse coniferous forests and grasslands, with a few broadleaf trees like oak, birch, hazel, willow, chestnut, and myrica scattered throughout. The area featured plains and hills, with some shallow lakes. The ancient climate was characterized by warm and humid subtropical conditions. This area is located at the edge of the Yinjing Basin (银江坝), with gentle terrain, and the Yinjing River flows slowly from the north to the south past the site, at an elevation of over 1,600 meters.

Cultural Significance

The choice of the Xinguang site by Neolithic humans for habitation reflects not only geographical convenience near water and flat land suitable for human activities but also the presence of fertile soil, vast forests, agriculture, animal husbandry, and primitive crafts. The presence of various stone tools for felling, clearing, plowing, and harvesting indicates a stable agricultural environment. Archaeobotanical studies of charred rice suggest that the crops grown were likely dryland varieties, complementing the development of livestock farming, evidenced by the discovery of cattle bones and numerous stone arrowheads and spears, highlighting the significance of hunting and gathering in the residents’ lives. The diverse pottery, textile, and architectural remains suggest substantial advancements in these industries by the late Neolithic period, with pottery production being particularly prominent.

The Xinguang site fills a historical gap in understanding the history of Yongping, pushing its known civilization back over a thousand years, thereby contributing to the recognition and prominence of Yongping.

Research Value

Radiocarbon dating conducted by Peking University (北京大学) indicates that the site dates back approximately 3,700 to 4,000 years, positioning it in the middle to late Neolithic period in Yunnan. It is the largest Neolithic site discovered in Yunnan Province as of 2019, with rich stratigraphic relationships and cultural connotations. The stone and pottery artifacts possess unique styles, particularly in pottery shape and decoration, not found elsewhere, reflecting the geographical diversity within the region between the Nu River (怒江), Lancang River (澜沧江), and Erhai Lake (洱海). Therefore, the cultural connotations represented by this site are considered a new archaeological culture, referred to by experts as the “Xinguang Type” (新光类型).

Protection Measures

On December 4, 1993, leaders and experts from the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Dali Prefecture Cultural Relics Management Office conducted an on-site inspection of the site, leading to a legal application for emergency excavation to the National Cultural Heritage Administration (国家文物局). In September 2020, the Xinguang Neolithic Site was officially designated as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the People’s Government of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture.

How to Get There

To reach the Xinguang Neolithic Site from Dali (大理), you can take a local bus or taxi to Yongping County (永平县), which is approximately 38 kilometers away. The journey usually takes about an hour.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal seasons for visiting due to pleasant weather.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local practices and exhibit respect during your visit.
• Bring Supplies: If you plan to explore the area, consider packing a picnic to enjoy amidst the scenic surroundings.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to visit other cultural sites or natural parks in the vicinity to enhance your experience.

Overview

Puguang Temple (普光寺) is located within the YunTai Mountain Forestry Bureau (云台山林业局), approximately 5 kilometers south of Yangbi County (漾濞县). Nestled against lush hills and surrounded by dense forests, it offers convenient access and stunning natural scenery, characterized by vibrant flowers and the melodious sounds of birds. The temple is believed to have been founded during the Song Dynasty (宋朝) but was destroyed during wartime. It underwent reconstruction during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (明末清初). In the 1950s, it was converted into a granary by local food authorities.

In 1976, the food department sold the temple property to the YunTai Mountain Forestry Bureau. By 1983, the land was reclaimed for redevelopment, and in early spring 1986, local residents raised funds to restore the temple. By 1991, it attracted visitors from Dali, Wenshan, Xiangyun, Kunming, Sichuan, and beyond, generating an annual income of approximately 70,000 to 80,000 RMB from incense offerings, which funded temple activities and renovations. Local craftsmen created an architectural complex comprising 11 buildings with 27 rooms, centered around the main hall, “Puguang Gao Zhao” (普光高照).

The main temple, originally a single-story building, has been renovated and expanded twice since 1983, now featuring three stories adorned with intricate carvings and numerous Buddha statues, continuously surrounded by incense smoke. The complex includes the Great Hero Hall (大雄宝殿), a pharmacy with four rooms, a guesthouse with four rooms, and a three-story building known as the “Zhutian Pavilion” (诸天阁).

Architecture and Surroundings

From afar, Puguang Temple presents a picturesque sight with ancient trees towering above, wisps of smoke rising, and various halls peeking through the lush greenery. Outside the temple walls, towering eucalyptus trees (老桉树) and rows of silver locust trees (银槐) create a serene environment. The temple comprises several significant halls, including:

• Guanyin Hall (观音殿)
• Great Hero Hall (大雄宝殿)
• King Yue Hall (岳王殿)
• Ten Generals Hall (十帅殿)
• Laojun Hall (老君殿)
• Nüwa Hall (女娲殿)
• Mountain God Hall (山神山王殿)
• White Dragon Prince Temple (白龙太子庙)

These halls feature flying eaves and intricately carved beams, exemplifying exquisite craftsmanship. The colorful statues representing Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism depict various expressions, while the presence of monks and attendants brings the vibrant historical relics to life, merging the beauty of human artistry with natural splendor.

Community Involvement

Leadership at Puguang Temple is primarily community-driven, with members often recommending individuals to serve as the temple’s hosts. This includes the president and vice president of the Lotus Pool Association (莲池会), along with accountants and long-term residents who contribute to the temple’s upkeep. The guesthouse caters to visitors traveling from afar.

The temple hosts a total of 27 major events annually, including:

• Maitreya Festival (正月初一弥勒会) on the first day of the lunar new year
• Jade Emperor Festival (正月初九玉皇会)
• Guanyin Festival (二月十九观音会)
• Yellow Master Festival (三月十八黄主会)
• King Yue Festival (四月二十八岳王会)
• Five Grains Deity Festival (五月二十五五谷大神会)
• Southern Dipper Festival (六月初一至初六南斗会)
• Zhongyuan Festival (七月十五至十七中元会)
• Mid-Autumn Festival (八月十五0会)
• Northern Dipper Festival (九月初一至初九北斗会)
• Void Earth Mother Festival (十月十八虚空地母会)
• Sun Festival (十一月十九日太阳会)
• New Year Festival (十二月十五日0会)

These festivals attract thousands of participants, predominantly middle-aged and elderly women, with smaller gatherings drawing hundreds or even thousands from nearby towns and villages.

Due to its convenient location and beautiful surroundings, Puguang Temple frequently serves as a popular site for spring and autumn outings for local schools and community groups.

How to Get There

To reach Puguang Temple from Dali (大理), you can take a local bus or taxi to Yangbi County, which is approximately 38 kilometers away. The journey typically takes about an hour.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during one of the major festivals to experience the lively atmosphere and community activities.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local practices, especially during temple events, and dress modestly.
• Bring Supplies: If you plan to enjoy the beautiful surroundings, consider bringing a picnic as the area is great for outdoor activities.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other nearby cultural sites or natural parks to enhance your travel experience.

Basic Introduction for The Mosque

Chinese Name: 漾濞县新营盘清真寺
English Name: XinYingpan Mosqure in Yangbi County, Dali
Location: Xin Yingpan Mosque is situated within the old city of Shangjie, northwest of Yangbi County town.

Overview

Xin Yingpan Mosque, originally constructed in ancient times, suffered a devastating fire in April 1989, reducing much of its structure to ashes. However, through community effort and fundraising, reconstruction of the main hall began promptly in 1991 and was completed in 1992. The newly built main hall features a double-eaved hip-and-gable roof, spanning 22.6 meters in width and 17 meters in depth, with a lower floor height of 5.3 meters. Adorned with elaborate flying eaves, intricate carvings, and a grand architectural presence, it stands as a testament to resilience and craftsmanship.

Background Information

According to the “Complete Collection of Yunnan Cultural Relics,” the mosque’s original main hall faced east and was flanked by five side rooms on the right, adorned with flowers and fruit trees on the left, and featured a screen wall at the entrance. Within the courtyard, there were flower platforms and behind the main hall, a garden with pavilions, curved corridors, and ponds. The rebuilt main hall behind the roof has a width of 22.33 meters, a depth of 15.12 meters, and a height of 13.64 meters, featuring 14 lattice doors and two crescent-shaped windows adorned with painted, carved, and relief patterns.

Reconstruction and Historical Significance

“Reconstruction of Xin Yingpan Mosque in Shangjie, Yangbi” records the historical significance of the mosque, originally confiscated by the Qing government after the failure of the Du Wenxiu uprising. It was later rebuilt in response to community efforts to appease sentiments. The original three-story minaret on the east side of the main hall was dismantled in 1967. The reconstruction efforts in 1990 aimed to replicate the architectural style of the original structure, integrating elements from both the demolished structure and the ancient Xiajie Mosque.

 

Overview

The Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain (漾濞苍山崖画) is a remarkable archaeological site located on the eastern bank of the Yangbi River (漾濞江) and the western slope of Cangshan Mountain (点苍山). This site is affectionately known by locals as the “Place Where Immortals Play Chess” (仙人下棋处) due to its mystical aura. The cliff’s summit is shaped like a straw hat, leading to its nickname “Straw Hat Stone” (草帽石). The cliff painting is etched into a colossal rock that stands 8.2 meters high, with dimensions of 8.7 meters at the top and 18 meters at the base. Besides the upper right section, which is covered by corrosive lava, the artwork currently spans approximately seven square meters, measuring around 4 meters in height and 5.5 meters in width. The painting consists of three distinct layers, predominantly in ochre red, with yellow figures and handprints. Experts have confirmed that this is the first ancient cliff painting discovered in the Yangbi River basin, officially named “Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain” (漾濞苍山崖画). Numerous caves and stone chambers in the vicinity further enhance its archaeological significance. Standing before this mysterious rock evokes a feeling of traveling back to three thousand years ago.

Location and Significance

The cliff painting is located about three kilometers southeast of Jinniu Village (金牛村) in Cangshan West Town (苍山西镇), Yangbi Yi Autonomous County (漾濞彝族自治县), at an elevation of 2070 meters. The topography resembles a chair, with a gentle slope where the massive rock is situated. It possesses considerable artistic and collectible value, filling a significant void in the archaeological record of Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 漾濞苍山崖画
• Address: Cangshan West Town, Yangbi Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province (云南省漾濞彝族自治县苍山西镇)
• Altitude: 2070 m
• Significance: Fills the previous gap of no cliff paintings in Dali Prefecture (大理州).

Description of the Painting

The rock consists of granite and measures 19.9 meters in width and 8.25 meters in height. The cliff’s top features a relatively flat area, oriented at an angle of 59 degrees northeast. The base is a muddy flatland. The cliff painting measures 5.6 meters in length and 4 meters in width, covering a total area of 22.4 square meters. It is divided into five groups with earthy yellow and ochre red lines. Due to natural weathering and lava coverage, over 200 identifiable images can be discerned, including:

• Pastoral Scenes: Herding and gathering wild fruits.
• Hunting: Evidence of hunting activities, especially wild boar.
• Dance: Depictions of social gatherings and celebrations.
• Housing: Representations of stilt houses.

Experts across the nation believe this painting predates the Western Han Dynasty (西汉) and may represent the oldest form of prehistoric art in the region. It shares similarities with cliff paintings found in Guangxi and the Northwest while exhibiting notable differences from other artworks discovered in Yunnan. The concentrated and rich imagery makes it a rare cliff painting of considerable importance.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The discovery of this cliff painting fills a crucial gap in understanding ancient social history, ethnic history, and the development of art in the Dali region. It provides valuable insights into the life of early inhabitants, confirming that humans have lived on the western slopes of Cangshan for millennia. Additionally, it plays a vital role in expanding the cultural corridor of Cangshan and promoting tourism. This site is undoubtedly a priceless piece of ancient cultural heritage.

Additional Findings

The cliff painting is situated approximately five kilometers east of the confluence of three rivers: the Xiehe River (西洱河), Yangbi River, and Shunbi River (顺濞河). Discovered in 1994, it remains the only known ancient rock painting within Dali Prefecture. The artwork is etched on a prominent rock wall that faces south, characterized by:

• Height: 9 meters
• Width: 13 meters at the base
• Shape: Truncated rectangular, partially obscured by evergreen shrubs
• Structure: Comprises three distinct layers

Layer Details

1. First Layer:
   • Located on the upper right side, 5 meters above ground.
   • Condition: Severely damaged, with approximately 2 square meters of recognizable area.
   • Content: Faint images of several cows, with one cow clearly depicted.
2. Second Layer:
   • Contains over ten identifiable figures and handprints.
   • The figures are simply drawn, lacking clothing and facial features.
   • Handprint: A robust impression of a left hand, indicative of adult male size.
3. Third Layer:
   • Features a rich array of images, including various animals, handprints, and traditional dwellings.
   • The images include:
     • Domestic Animals: Cows, pigs, chickens, and dogs.
     • Structures: Stilt houses depicted with supporting columns.
     • Human Figures: A group of 21 dancers arranged in a coordinated manner, demonstrating social interaction.

How to Get There

To reach the Cliff Painting of Cangshan Mountain in Yangbi County:

1. From Dali City (大理市): Travel approximately 40 kilometers to Yangbi County.
2. Transportation Options:
   • By Car: Drive via local roads to Cangshan West Town, following signs to Jinniu Village.
   • By Public Transport: Take a bus from Dali to Yangbi County, then hire a local taxi to the site.