Overview

The Maludong Paleolithic Site is a significant archaeological location situated at the foothills of Huangjiashan (黄家山), approximately 7 kilometers south of Mengzi County (蒙自县). This site is classified as a Paleolithic cave, holding crucial evidence of early human life in the region.

Historical Significance

The cave was discovered in 1989 during a local quarrying operation. Initial excavations revealed a wealth of cultural artifacts, including human skulls, teeth fossils, stone tools, and bone implements. Notably, evidence of fire usage was found, with layers of ash and charcoal, indicating that humans inhabited this site around 10,000 years ago. In recognition of its archaeological importance, the site was designated as a cultural heritage protection unit by Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in 1991.

During the Paleolithic era, the landscape of the Mengzi Basin (蒙自坝) was vastly different, featuring a large, shimmering lake that supported a diverse ecosystem rich in marine flora and fauna. The surrounding primordial forests provided ample resources, creating a suitable habitat for early human settlers.

Archaeological Findings

The Maludong site is characterized by its cave entrance, which faces east and measures 8.2 meters in width, 9.5 meters in height, and 3 meters in depth. The entrance is approximately 15 meters above the ancient lake level, opening toward the southwest. Radiocarbon dating conducted by the Yunnan Seismological Bureau (云南省地震局) confirms that the site dates back to the Late Paleolithic period, over 10,000 years ago.

Artifacts Discovered

1. Human Fossils: Included skulls, jaws, femurs, and teeth, with a particularly notable complete skull fossil.
2. Stone Tools: Various implements indicative of hunting and gathering activities.
3. Bone Artifacts: Items made from animal bones, reflecting the diet and lifestyle of the inhabitants.
4. Ash and Charcoal: Evidence of fire usage, suggesting that these early humans had mastered cooking and possibly tool-making techniques.

The significant presence of deer bones among the artifacts indicates that these ancient inhabitants relied heavily on hunting large game, leading to the cave’s name, “Maludong” (马鹿洞), which translates to “Deer Cave.”

Importance of the Findings

The archaeological discoveries at Maludong are vital in understanding the early human presence in Yunnan Province. They provide concrete evidence that humans occupied this region more than 10,000 years ago, contributing to the broader narrative of human evolution and migration in East Asia. This site plays a crucial role in filling gaps in the archaeological record of the Honghe Valley, showcasing the region’s rich historical heritage.

Archaeological Impact

The Maludong site is one of the best-preserved ancient human habitation sites in Yunnan, shedding light on the lifestyle, diet, and social structure of early humans in the area. The findings have pushed back the recorded history of Mengzi by over 10,000 years, establishing the region’s significance in the development of human civilization.

Protection Status

Following the completion of excavations in 1989, the Maludong site was refilled to preserve its integrity. The designated protection area encompasses:

• East: 130 meters to the rear canal
• West: 72 meters to the main road
• South: 120 meters to Boundary Marker No. 5
• North: 100 meters to the quarry road

The total protected area measures 44,440 square meters. A monument marking the “Maludong Site” stands at the foot of Huangjiashan, serving as a reminder of its historical significance.

How to Get There

To visit the Maludong Paleolithic Site:

1. Travel to Mengzi City: You can reach Mengzi from Kunming (昆明) by bus or train. The journey typically takes around 3 to 4 hours.
2. Local Transport: From Mengzi, take a taxi or use local public transport to get to Huangjiashan, where the site is located. Ensure you confirm the driver knows the destination, as it may not be well-marked.

Travel Tips

• Timing: Plan your visit during daylight hours for optimal visibility and safety.
• Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes suitable for walking, as the terrain may be uneven and require some hiking.
• Supplies: Bring water and snacks, as facilities near the site may be limited.
• Guided Tours: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the site’s history and the significance of the artifacts discovered.
• Photography: Capture the natural beauty of the area, but be respectful of archaeological regulations regarding photography of the site.
• Respect the Site: Follow all guidelines and respect the protected status of the site to preserve its integrity for future generations.

Location and Historical Background

Majie Confucius Temple is located in Majie Village (马街村), Xiaolongtan Town (小龙潭镇), Kaiyuan City (开远市), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州). The temple was originally built during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) under the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆), and it underwent renovations during the Guangxu period (光绪). Covering an area of over 4,000 square meters (4000 m²), the temple complex includes several significant buildings.

Architectural Features

The temple is composed of several key structures, including the Dacheng Gate (大成门), Dacheng Hall (大成殿), and the two wings known as Xuehai (学海). The courtyard is adorned with ancient cypress trees that provide a cool, shaded environment. In 1983, Majie Confucius Temple was designated as a cultural heritage protection site by Kaiyuan City.

Significance of Confucius

Confucius (孔子), born Qiu (丘) in 551 BC and passing in 479 BC, was a philosopher, educator, and politician from the State of Lu (鲁国), in present-day Qufu (曲阜), Shandong Province (山东). He is recognized as the founder of Confucianism, which has significantly influenced Chinese history and culture, as well as having a profound impact worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. Confucius’s ancestor, Wei Zi Qi (微子启), was a younger brother of King Zhou (纣王) of the Shang Dynasty (商朝) and was granted the fief of Song. The sixth-generation ancestor Kong Fu Jia (孔父嘉) adopted the surname Kong (孔), and the fifth-generation ancestor Mu Jin Fu (木金父) fled to the State of Lu, where the family eventually settled.

Xiaolongtan Town Overview

Xiaolongtan Town is located in the northwest of Kaiyuan City and serves as a hub for transportation, electricity, and coal energy. It borders Chake Town (岔科镇) to the northwest, Xunjiansi Town (巡检司镇) and Pengpu Town (朋普镇) to the northeast, and is adjacent to Lebaidao Office (乐百道办事处) in the east and Lingquan Office (灵泉办事处) in the south. The town covers a total area of 179.44 square kilometers, accounting for 9.06% of Kaiyuan City’s total area, ranking fifth among the eight townships in the city. It administers six village committees, one community committee, 46 natural villages, and 62 village groups.

How to Get There

To reach Majie Confucius Temple, take a bus from Kunming (昆明) to Kaiyuan City. Once in Kaiyuan, you can hire a local taxi or use public transportation to Xiaolongtan Town. The temple is a short walk from the town center.

Travel Tips

• Visit during weekdays for a quieter experience.
• Dress respectfully when visiting the temple.
• Bring water and snacks, as there may be limited options nearby.
• Explore the surrounding area to appreciate the local culture and scenery.

Overview

The Tomb of Chen Xubai石屏县陈虚白墓 is located in Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It sits southwest of Heilangpo (黑龙坡), about 1 kilometer west of Shiping County town, facing south. The tomb is constructed with blue stone, standing 1.6 meters tall, with a mound diameter of 8 meters.

• Chinese Name: 陈虚白墓
• Location: Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Material: Blue Stone (青石)
• Height: 1.6 meters

Tombstone Details

The tomb features a qu fortress-style blue stone stele, which is 1.8 meters high, 70 centimeters wide, and 20 centimeters thick. The inscription on the stele is written in regular script. The central text reads:
“明赐进士出身中宪大夫予告广西按察使司副使虚白陈公墓”
(This translates to: “The grave of Chen Xubai, granted the title of Jinshi, a former Zhongxian Grandee and Deputy Commissioner of Guangxi.”)
This stele was erected on the twenty-fifth day of the twelfth month in the third year of the Chongzhen era (崇祯三年, 1630) and was rebuilt in the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十四年, 1898). It was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Shiping County in 1983.

Biography of Chen Xubai

Chen Xubai (陈虚白), whose courtesy name was Jian (鉴), was a native of Shiping County. He was granted the title of Jinshi in the twenty-sixth year of the Jiajing era (嘉靖二十六年, 1547) and initially served as a Langzhong in the Ministry of Justice. He later served as the Deputy Commissioner of Wuzhou, Guangxi. The “History of Shiping Prefecture” (《石屏州志》) records that Chen Xubai excelled in poetry and calligraphy but left no known works.

In the fifth year of the Tianqi era (天启五年, 1625), the earthen city of Shiping suffered from erosion and earthquakes. During this time, Chen Xubai returned to his hometown and advocated for the reconstruction of the city into a brick structure. His proposal gained the support of officials and local gentry, and he contributed 2,000 taels of silver to fund the construction.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Chen Xubai, start from Shiping County town and head west towards Heilangpo. The tomb is about 1 kilometer away and can be accessed by local roads. Public transportation options may include buses or taxis.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) for pleasant weather.
• Respect Local Customs: Show respect while visiting the tomb and observe any local practices.
• Photography: Feel free to take photos, but be mindful of privacy when photographing individuals.
• Local Cuisine: Explore nearby eateries for local specialties to enhance your travel experience.
• Hydration: Bring water, especially in warmer months, to stay refreshed during your visit.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for deeper insights into the history and cultural significance of the site.

Location and Construction

Changchun Pavilion is located at the foothills of Xishan (西山) in Zhengying Village (郑营村), Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇), Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was constructed in the 15th year of the Republic of China (民国15年, 1926) under the initiative of Chen Jun (陈钧), also known as Chen Heting (陈鹤亭).

Architectural Features

The pavilion is designed as a three-tiered building with a hip roof, facing south and built against the mountains. The first level features the main hall, with plum blossom-patterned windows. Visitors ascend to the second level via stone steps, which are flanked by covered corridors. Continuing up the stairs leads to the third level, where a plaque inscribed with “Round Sky High Suspended” (圆境高悬) hangs, written by the Jinshi (举人) Tu Rizhuo (涂日卓) during the Kangxi era (康熙).

From the heights of Changchun Pavilion, one can admire the beautiful views of Baoxiu Dam (宝秀坝) and Chiru Lake (赤瑞湖). Behind the pavilion is the Yu Huang Pavilion (玉皇阁), with the Ancestor Hall (祖师殿) and Guanyin Hall (观音殿) flanking either side. Lush trees and blooming flowers adorn the halls, and both pavilions are nestled within tranquil bamboo groves, providing a peaceful retreat.

Changchun Pavilion is uniquely characterized by its Japanese architectural style. It is situated deep within the mountains, away from worldly distractions, and features an elegant environment with a fresh and minimalist architectural style.

How to Get There

To reach Changchun Pavilion, you can take a bus from Kunming (昆明) to Shiping County. Once in Shiping, hire a local taxi or use a ride-hailing service to get to Baoxiu Town. The pavilion is a short hike from the town center.

Travel Tips

• Visit early in the morning to enjoy the serene atmosphere and avoid crowds.
• Wear comfortable shoes for the hike up to the pavilion.
• Bring a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and architectural details.
• Check local weather conditions to ensure a pleasant visit, as the area can be misty.

Overview

Zhenjiangwang Temple is situated in Liupeng Village (六蓬村), Wuwan Township (乌湾乡), approximately 45 kilometers north of Yuanyang County (元阳县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). This temple has been an essential transportation hub historically, facilitating movement across the Red River (红河) between its northern and southern banks.

The temple was constructed during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty (清嘉庆, 1796-1820) and is built entirely from stone slabs. Its dimensions are 5 meters wide, 4 meters deep, and 2.5 meters high. The roof features an ornate peak, while inside, a stone tablet measuring 1.3 meters tall and 0.65 meters wide displays relief sculptures of mythical battles. Stone tables on either side hold 0.70-meter tall stone carvings of Guanyin (观音). A tall stone incense burner stands outside, allowing visitors to pray.

In 1991, the temple was officially designated a cultural relic protection unit in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture.

Historical Significance

Zhenjiangwang Temple was founded in the third year of the Jiaqing era (1798) and is located on the southern bank of the Hong River near the ferry crossing in Liupeng Village. It was built to appease the flooding of the Yuan River (元江) and serves as a religious site. As a key cultural relic at the prefectural level, the temple is 3 meters high, 4.8 meters wide, and 3.15 meters deep, encompassing a total area of 16.08 square meters. The exterior is rectangular, topped with a stone-carved gourd-shaped bottle, constructed from yellow and white stone slabs. Inside, the height reaches 2.2 meters, and the width is 2.6 meters, featuring an arched ceiling and a stone altar depicting a battle scene between Zhenjiangwang and a water monster. The stone carving measures 1.7 meters tall, 0.72 meters wide, and 0.11 meters thick.

Cultural and Architectural Importance

Currently, Zhenjiangwang Temple is a gathering place for the local Dai (傣族) community to hold temple fairs honoring Zhenjiangwang. The temple’s statues have significant historical and artistic value, and the location itself was once a vital transportation route for traders and migrating ethnic groups. The architecture reflects the water management and transportation practices of the Qing Dynasty, as well as local religious customs, featuring unique designs not found in other regions, thereby enhancing its cultural significance.

To safeguard this precious historical site during the construction of the Nansha Hydropower Station (南沙水电站), the temple was relocated and preserved between May and September 2007. This relocation was successful and passed inspection by experts from the provincial cultural relic bureau.

Geographic and Climatic Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southern Yunnan plateau, showcasing diverse geomorphology, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, plains, and hills. The region has significant elevation differences and complex terrain, characterized by abundant rainfall and ample sunlight. The area experiences a small annual temperature variation, resulting in a humid climate primarily classified as a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

The Tropic of Cancer (北回归线) traverses the region, leading to an increase in temperature and humidity from north to south. The rainy season is concentrated between May and October, while frost occurs from late November to the following January and February. For optimal travel conditions, visitors should plan trips for March to April or September to November, when the climate is mild and rainfall is less frequent.

How to Get There

To reach Zhenjiangwang Temple, travelers can take a bus or drive from Kunming (昆明) to Yuanyang County (元阳县). The temple is about a 1.5 to 2-hour drive from the county center. Local transportation options, such as taxis or shared vehicles, are available for the final leg of the journey to Wuwan Township.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March to April or September to November offers the most pleasant weather, avoiding the rainy season.
• Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local traditions during temple fairs and religious ceremonies; dress modestly and observe etiquette.
• Transportation: Public transport is available, but renting a vehicle can provide greater flexibility to explore the surrounding area.
• Photography: Capture the unique architectural features and vibrant local culture, but always ask for permission before photographing individuals.
• Stay Hydrated: Due to the region’s humid climate, ensure you drink plenty of water during your visit.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other cultural and natural sites in the Honghe Prefecture to enrich your travel experience.

Overview

Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve (金平分水岭国家级自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Jinping County (金平县), Honghe (红河) Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省), China. The reserve covers a total area of 42,026.6 hectares and was upgraded to a national nature reserve on June 1, 2001. It aims to protect rare and endangered species such as the black gibbon (黑长臂猿) and honey monkey (蜂猴), as well as the forest ecosystem. The reserve is home to China’s largest and most intact primitive montane moss evergreen broadleaf forest, which plays a crucial role in forest and water source conservation.

Key Details

• Location: Jinping County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (云南省东南部金平县境内)
• Climate: Marginal tropical humid climate
• Area: 42,026.6 hectares
• Status: National Nature Reserve
• Protected Species: Black gibbon, honey monkey, etc.
• Type: Forest ecosystem protection area
• Approval Date: March 20, 1986
• Approval Document: National Office Document [2001] No. 45

Historical Development

• December 11, 1956: The Dawaishan Forest Area was designated as a logging prohibition zone.
• 1959: Establishment of the Dawaishan Forest Farm.
• October 10, 1958: The Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Area was included in Yunnan Province’s nature reserve planning.
• 1959: The establishment of Jinping Fenshuiling Forest Farm.
• November 6, 1981: The Fenshuiling Nature Reserve was included in the plan by the Yunnan Provincial Government to establish nature reserves.
• March 20, 1986: Official establishment of the Fenshuiling provincial nature reserve.
• June 2001: Approval from the State Council to establish the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve.

Geographic Environment

• Location: The reserve is situated in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县). The geographic coordinates are approximately 102°31′36” to 103°31′50” E and 22°26′26” to 22°57′44” N.

Topography

The highest peak in the Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve is Hétóu Dàshān (河头大山), with an elevation of 2,597 meters, and the lowest elevation is 990 meters, giving a significant relative height difference of 2,084.3 meters.

Climate

The climate within the reserve is categorized as a marginal tropical humid climate. The elevation ranges from 105 meters to 3,074 meters. The Tropic of Cancer crosses through the area, leading to mild temperatures and abundant rainfall, with an average annual sunlight exposure of 2,000 hours and average annual temperatures ranging from 16 to 20°C. The reserve experiences a pronounced vertical climate gradient.

Hydrology

The reserve features a mountainous canyon landscape, with the Ailao Mountain Range (哀牢山脉) extending from north to south. This forms the natural watershed between the Hong River (红河) to the northeast and the Tengjiao River (藤条江) to the southwest. The area is characterized by deep canyons, with a relative height difference of 1,577 meters and an annual precipitation of 2,303 mm, making it one of the rainiest areas in southern Yunnan. Major rivers in the region include Mala River (骂腊河), Bai River (白河), and Jinping River (金平河).

Regional Scope

The reserve is divided into:

• Core Area: 32,378 hectares (57.5% of total area) with strict protection measures prohibiting human interference and destruction.
• Experimental Area: 23,947 hectares (52.5% of total area), which is further divided into a tourism sub-area covering 2,638 hectares (4.6% of total area). The experimental area allows for non-consumptive sustainable activities (e.g., educational practices, scientific research, ecological tourism) with prior approval.

Conservation Goals

Protected Species

The main conservation targets of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve include rare and endangered species like:

• Black Gibbon (黑长臂猿)
• Honey Monkey (蜂猴)

Plant Resources

As of 2001, the reserve had more than 700 species of higher plants across 140 families. Notable prehistoric plants and endemics, such as the primordial lotus fern (原始莲座蕨) and tree ferns, are present. The vegetation types primarily consist of:

• Monsoon Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Montane Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
• Alpine Shrubland

The complex terrain and vertical climate create a diverse ecosystem, with numerous wild tea trees found primarily at altitudes between 1,500-2,300 meters, with some estimated to be over 500 years old.

Animal Resources

The reserve is home to a diverse array of fauna from subtropical and tropical zones, including:

• Mammals: Commonly found species include primates, carnivores, ungulates, lagomorphs, and rodents.
• Birds: Numerous species from subfamilies like turdinae, cuculidae, estrildidae, ioridae, and railidae.

As of 2001, the reserve reported:

• Mammals: 120 species from 29 families across 9 orders, with 32 species classified as rare or endangered.
• Amphibians and Reptiles: 91 species
• Birds: 338 species, with 58 species listed as nationally protected.

Nationally Protected Species

• First-Class: Black Gibbon, Honey Monkey, Peacock Pheasant, Giant Monitor Lizard, Python
• Second-Class: Pangolin, Black Bear, Water Deer, Large Civet, White Pheasant

Management Measures

Current Management Status

The wild tea trees in the reserve face varying degrees of damage. The Jinping County Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Jinping Forestry Bureau, and Forest Public Security Bureau work together to patrol and monitor key routes within the reserve. Since March 2007, over 1,000 personnel and 80 vehicles have been deployed, resulting in 700 penalties issued to offenders. The reserve administrators are committed to enhancing management efforts and protecting wild tea trees in accordance with local government directives.

Management Structure

The management bureau of Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve consists of several departments, including:

• Office
• Protection and Education Division
• Research Division
• Community Management and Multi-Operation Division
• Forest Police Division

It has four protection stations and eight management points.

Protective Measures

1. Development of management plans and ecological tourism plans.
2. Training programs to enhance staff capabilities since 1996, with 62 personnel trained in relevant natural reserve management.
3. Establishment of a monitoring and patrol system, divided into 16 patrol lines totaling 239 km.
4. Segregation of the reserve into core and experimental zones based on relevant regulations.
5. Community co-management initiatives to improve local livelihoods and conservation awareness.

How to Get There

To reach Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve, visitors can travel to Jinping County by road or train from major cities in Yunnan Province, such as Kunming (昆明). The reserve is approximately a 3-hour drive from Kunming.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit the reserve is from April to October when the weather is pleasant and conducive for outdoor activities.
• Permits: Ensure to obtain necessary permits for entry, especially if planning to engage in research or tourism activities.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to explore the reserve and gain insights from local experts.
• Respect Wildlife: Follow all conservation guidelines to protect the unique flora and fauna within the reserve.

Overview

Jinzidong Cave and Cliff Painting (金子洞坡崖画) is located 70 kilometers southwest of Mile City (弥勒市) along the eastern bank of the Nanpan River (南盘江), at an elevation of 1,700 meters. Discovered in May 1985, the ancient cliff painting measures 8 meters in length and 3 meters in height.

Location and Elevation

• Elevation: 1,700 m
• Discovery Date: May 1985
• Location: 70 kilometers southwest of Mile City, eastern bank of the Nanpan River

Description

The cliff painting has suffered significant damage but still reveals 66 human figures and 17 Yi characters (彝族文字), all depicted in red. The pigments were made from hematite powder mixed with animal blood or fat. The artwork likely reflects ancient Yi people’s reverence for nature and their ancestors. The historical dating of the cliff painting is estimated to be over a thousand years, possibly dating back to the Tang (唐) or Song (宋) dynasties, or even earlier. In 1988, it was designated as a protected cultural site in Mile County.

Geological Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, featuring diverse landscapes such as limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, and hills. The region experiences ample precipitation and mild temperature variations, typical of a subtropical highland monsoon climate.

Travel Seasons

Due to the climate, it is advisable to avoid traveling during the rainy and hot summer and autumn months (May-October). The best times to visit are from March to April and September to November, when the weather is milder and rainfall is less frequent.

Local Legends

In the nearby Duijia Village (独家村), there are tales that the cliff may hide treasures. According to local lore, deciphering the inscriptions on the rock wall could lead one to hidden gold.

Cultural Insights

The local elderly, known as “Azhers” (阿者), regard the Jinzidong site as auspicious. They believe that ancient people hid gold within the cave. The cliff painting is perceived as sacred, with a belief that disturbing it would bring misfortune to families.

Other Cliff Paintings in Mile

Mile City boasts four ancient cliff paintings:

• Jinzidong Cave Cliff Painting (金子洞坡崖画)
• Tiger Mountain Cliff Painting (老虎山崖画)
• Lion Mountain Cliff Painting (狮子山崖画)
• Dove Rock Cliff Painting (斑鸠岩崖画)

Artistic and Historical Significance

The Jinzidong cliff painting depicts various scenes of ancient Yi celebrations, possibly relating to natural phenomena or ancestral worship. The artwork’s themes resonate with local myths, such as the story of the hero who shot down suns to save the earth.

Artistic Analysis

The painting consists of various human figures engaged in dances or performances, with a distinct style characterized by simplicity and vitality.

How to Get There

To reach Jinzidong Cave and Cliff Painting:

1. Travel to Mile City via bus or car.
2. Head towards Xunjiansi Town (巡检司镇) and follow local roads to Duijia Village (独家村).
3. Expect limited public transport options; a private vehicle may be more convenient.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March-April or September-November for optimal weather.
• Local Culture: Engage with local legends and customs; be respectful of cultural beliefs surrounding the cliff paintings.
• Preparation: Bring water and snacks as amenities may be limited near the site. Ensure to have a reliable map or GPS as signage may be scarce.

Overview

The Ancestral Hall of the Zheng Family (郑氏宗祠) is located in the southeastern part of Zhengying Village (郑营村), Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇), Shiping County (石屏县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was built in the 13th year of the Guangxu era (光绪) during the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1887.

• Chinese Name: 郑氏宗祠
• Location: Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Construction Year: 1887
• Area: 1452.61 m²
• Protection Level: Seventh batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

Architectural Features

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall has a main axis oriented north-south, covering a total area of 1452.61 square meters with a total construction area of 1481 square meters. The structure is built with wood and stone, featuring single-eaved hard mountain roofs, a combination of beam-column and purlin structures. The layout includes three courtyards consisting of the front hall, middle hall, main hall, ear rooms, and side rooms, containing a total of 40 rooms, all designed with hard mountain roofs and wooden beam structures.

The meticulous selection of the site, orientation, planning, and architectural design reflects the grandeur of Ming and Qing architectural techniques and artistry. The hall’s structure is rigorous, holding significant value for the study of the development of historical culture.

Historical Timeline

• 1887: The Zheng Family rebuilt their ancestral hall.
• 1888: The hall was completed and has a history of over 100 years.
• 2013: A detailed survey of the 13 individual structures of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was conducted.
• 2014: The repair project of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was submitted for budget review by the National Cultural Heritage Administration.

Main Structures

Main Gate

The main gate of the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is built on a platform that rises 77 centimeters, exemplifying typical Qing Dynasty palace architecture. The gate consists of two solid and sturdy doors made of cedar wood, with a pair of stone door pillows positioned in front.

Middle Hall

The middle hall is 12 meters wide, 10.6 meters deep, and 7 meters high. It features a semi-circular stairway with four steps in front. The ridge of the hall is inscribed with the characters “大清光绪十三年郑氏合族人等重建” (Rebuilt by the Zheng Clan in the 13th year of Guangxu, Qing Dynasty), showcasing elegant calligraphy. The interior contains three six-paneled cedar wood screen doors, ornately carved with patterns of rolling grass, plum blossoms, ancient objects, and lotus herons, reflecting the refined taste and decorative value of the Qing Dynasty.

Main Hall

The main hall is preceded by a platform-style courtyard, featuring ten carved floral brackets on the eaves. The decorative carvings include images of dragons, pomegranates, and toads, depicting intricate designs that showcase the artistic craftsmanship of ancient artisans.

Cultural Significance

The main gate features nine circular patterns carved on the eaves, including themes such as:

• White Elephant Rolling Lotus Leaf (白象卷荷叶): Symbolizes strength and harmony.
• Carp Leaping over the Dragon Gate (鲤鱼跃龙门): Represents success in examinations and honor for the family.
• Rhinoceros Gazing at the Moon (犀牛望月): Symbolizes aspiration and pursuit of dreams.
• Monkey Picking Peaches (猴子摘桃): Reflects strong family ties and communal living.
• Kirin Bringing Good Fortune (麒麟呈祥): A mythical creature symbolizing power and divine assistance.

These motifs emphasize the careful craftsmanship of ancient artisans, showcasing their dedication to detail and artistic excellence.

Cultural Heritage Protection

On March 5, 2013, the Zheng Family Ancestral Hall was announced by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China as part of the seventh batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units.

Travel Information

Geographic Location

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is situated in the western section of Zhengying Village, Baoxiu Town, Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, close to the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (陈氏宗祠).

How to Get There

The Zheng Family Ancestral Hall is approximately 12 kilometers from the Shiping County People’s Government, which can be reached by car in about 25 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Consider visiting during the spring (March-April) or autumn (September-November) when the weather is mild and rainfall is less frequent.
• Cultural Respect: When visiting ancestral halls, be respectful of the customs and traditions associated with these historical sites.
• Photography: Be sure to ask permission if you wish to take photographs of any ceremonies or inside the halls.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to taste local delicacies in Shiping County, which may enhance your travel experience.

Overview

Naan Temple弥勒市那庵寺 is located 1 kilometer west of Ayang Village (阿阳村) in Zhuyuan Town (竹元镇), Mile City (弥勒市), in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The temple was originally built in the first year of the Shunzhi era (顺治元年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1644 and has undergone several renovations since its establishment.

Key Information

• Chinese Name: 那庵寺 (Naan Temple)
• Address: Zhuyuan Town (竹元镇), Mile City (弥勒市), Yunnan Province (云南省)
• Construction Year: 1644
• Area: 1,600 m²

Architectural Features

Naan Temple covers an area of 1,600 square meters and consists of a main hall, two side wings, and a grand entrance. The main hall features a single eave hip roof, with a width of 14.3 meters and a depth of 10.8 meters, built in a bracket-style structure. Surrounding the temple are lush green trees, gently flowing streams, and terraced fields. In a small ravine to the south, there is a waterfall cascading down, adding to the serene and tranquil atmosphere of the area.

Naan Temple is known for its historical and picturesque landscape in the Zhuyuan area, providing a refreshing and peaceful retreat. In 1983, it was designated as a cultural heritage site in Mile County (弥勒县).

Geographic and Climatic Context

Honghe Prefecture is situated in the southern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by diverse landforms including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The elevation variation is significant, leading to complex terrain. The region experiences abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a small temperature range throughout the year, primarily classified as a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the prefecture, temperatures and humidity levels increase from north to south, exhibiting a hot and humid characteristic. The rainy season in Honghe typically occurs from May to October, while the frost period lasts from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during March to April and September to November when the weather is milder and rainfall is less frequent.

How to Get There

To reach Naan Temple in Mile City:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive approximately 260 kilometers to Mile City, which takes about 4-5 hours.
• From Mile City: The temple is a short distance from the city center, easily accessible by local transportation or taxi.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal seasons to visit are spring (March to April) and autumn (September to November) to enjoy mild weather.
2. Respect the Site: As a historical and cultural site, visitors are encouraged to show respect and maintain a quiet demeanor.
3. Pack Essentials: Bring water and snacks, especially if you plan to explore the surrounding nature areas.
4. Photography: The temple and its surroundings offer stunning views, so don’t forget your camera.
5. Local Delicacies: After visiting the temple, try local dishes in Mile City to experience the region’s culinary culture.

Overview

The Tomb of Deng Xuexian is located about 1 kilometer south of Renjiapo (任家坡) in Xinan Village (新安所镇), Mengzi City (蒙自市), Honghe Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州). This circular enclosed earthen tomb stands 1 meter high and has a diameter of 3 meters. The gravestone is designed in the style of a stone archway, measuring 1.08 meters in height and 85 centimeters in width.

Historical Significance

• Chinese Name: 邓学先墓 (Tomb of Deng Xuexian)
• Birth Date: 1801
• Death Date: 1831
• Tomb Height: 1 meter
• Tomb Diameter: 3 meters

Deng Xuexian (邓学先) was born in 1801 and passed away in 1831. His courtesy name (字) was Dianyu (典于) and his art name (号) was Hongqiao (虹桥). He became a successful jinshi (举人) in the second year of the Daoguang era (道光二年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1822. Hongqiao was known for his poetic talents and literary works. His collection of poems, “Baohis Book House Poetry Collection” (《抱其书屋诗集》), was included in the “Yunnan Anthology” (《云南丛书》). Later generations compiled his works into a volume titled “Supplement to the Lost Poems of Hongqiao” (《虹桥遗诗补》). In 1983, the tomb was designated as a cultural heritage site in Mengzi County.

Architectural Features

The tomb features:

• A circular design with surrounding stones.
• An earthen burial mound.
• An archway-style gravestone that stands out for its elegant design.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Deng Xuexian in Mengzi City:

• From Kunming (昆明): You can take a bus or drive, covering approximately 280 kilometers. The journey typically takes around 4-5 hours.
• From Mengzi City: The tomb is just a short drive from the city center. You can use local transportation options or take a taxi.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) for comfortable weather.
2. Respect Local Customs: As a site of historical significance, visitors are encouraged to maintain a respectful demeanor.
3. Plan Ahead: Consider checking the local weather forecast and plan your visit accordingly, as conditions can change.
4. Guided Tours: If you’re interested in learning more about the history of Deng Xuexian and the significance of the tomb, consider joining a guided tour.
5. Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local delicacies in Mengzi City after your visit to the tomb.

Overview

Xishan Pavilion, located within Xishan Park (西山公园) in Yisa Town (迤萨镇), Honghe County (红河县), was built in the tenth year of the Tongzhi era (同治十年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) (1871). The pavilion stands approximately 10 meters tall and covers an area of about 106 square meters. It features a wooden structure, a heavy eave, a curled roof, hexagonal flying eaves, and dougong brackets (斗拱) with soaring beams. The four walls have circular windows and the pavilion includes passageways with rounded doors on the east and west, surrounded by a winding corridor that is beautifully designed, novel, and quite spectacular. In 1983, Xishan Pavilion was designated as a cultural heritage site in Honghe County.

Location and Geographical Context

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated in the southern part of Yunnan Province (云南省) on the Yungui Plateau (云贵高原). The region features diverse topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basin areas, and hills, with significant elevation changes. The area experiences ample rainfall and abundant sunlight, with a small temperature variation throughout the year. The climate is predominantly a subtropical highland monsoon climate.

• Chinese Name: 迤萨西山阁 (Xishan Pavilion)
• Geographical Location: 红河县迤萨镇西山公园 (Xishan Park, Yisa Town, Honghe County)
• Area: 106 m²
• Height: Approximately 10 meters

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the prefecture, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, resulting in a humid and hot climate. The rainy season in Honghe Prefecture occurs mainly from May to October, while the frost period lasts from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, when traveling to Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, it is best to avoid the hot and rainy summer and autumn months, with optimal travel times being March to April and September to November when the weather is milder and rainfall is lower.

Architectural Features

The pavilion is characterized by its wooden structure with:

• Heavy eaves and a curled roof.
• Hexagonal flying eaves.
• Beautifully designed circular windows in all four walls.
• Winding corridors that enhance the visual appeal of the pavilion.

Opening Hours

• Daily: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM

Scenic Spot Location

• Address: 654401, Yisa Town, Honghe County, Yunnan Province (云南省红河县迤萨镇654401)

How to Get There

To reach Xishan Pavilion in Honghe County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive, covering approximately 280 kilometers.
• From Mengzi City (蒙自市): The distance is about 115 kilometers, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Plan your trip during March to April or September to November for more pleasant weather conditions.
2. Local Culture: Respect local customs and traditions while visiting the pavilion and surrounding areas.
3. Transportation: Public buses connect Yisa Town with nearby towns. Renting a bicycle or using local transportation is advisable for further exploration.
4. Accommodation: Consider booking your stay in advance, as lodging options may be limited. Staying in Honghe County offers more choices.
5. Environmental Awareness: Help preserve the beauty of Xishan Pavilion and its surroundings by disposing of waste properly and respecting the natural environment.

Overview of Chirui Lake

Chirui Lake, located south of Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇) in Shiping County (石屏县), Yunnan Province (云南省), sits at an altitude of 1,427.5 meters. Originally named West Lake (西湖), it was renamed Chirui Lake in the 52nd year of the Kangxi era (康熙五十二年, 1713) due to its striking red color resembling cinnabar (丹砂) observed for over a month.

• Chinese Name: 赤瑞湖
• Foreign Name: Chirui Lake (Chek Swiss Lake)
• Elevation: 1,427.5 m
• Original Name: 西湖 (West Lake)
• Area: Approximately 24.5 square li (平方里)
• Renamed: 赤瑞湖 (Chirui Lake) during the Kangxi era
• Water Storage: 10 million cubic meters

Introduction to the Lake

Chirui Lake is a natural plateau lake with an area of approximately 24.5 square li, which was reduced to 8 square kilometers by 1950 and currently holds a water capacity of 10 million cubic meters. The Duanxi River (端溪河) flows eastward into Yilong Lake (异龙湖). Presently, the lake area has shrunk to 589 acres. Historically, Chirui Lake has dried up twice. After a drought in 2010, the people of Shiping took the opportunity to rehabilitate the lake.

Historical Context

In the book Diary of Yunnan Travels: Panjiang Investigation (滇游日记一·盘江考), it is noted:

“I have seen the southern source of the Panjiang River (南盘江), and heard of a western source even farther, which flows southwest to Shiping Prefecture (石屏州). The water source originates from 40 miles west of Shiping, flowing into Baoxiu Mountain’s giant pond (即赤瑞湖), then southeast down to Shiping, merging into Yilong Lake…”

Changes in the Environment

A report from Yunnan Net (云南网) on March 10, 2010, states:

“From September 2009 to January 2010, the average temperature in Shiping County was 16.4°C, 1.1°C higher than the historical average for that period. Rainfall was abnormally low, with a total precipitation of only 84 mm during this period, 68% less than the historical average. The once shimmering Chirui Lake with fishing boats and soaring gulls is now completely dry, with cracked earth exposed at the bottom.”

Another report from Honghe Daily (红河日报) on March 13, 2010, mentions:

“Due to prolonged drought, Chirui Lake in Baoxiu Town has completely dried up, causing difficulties for over 10,000 villagers and hundreds of livestock in the area. The drought has impacted agriculture severely.”

The lake basin includes seven village committees with a population of 38,000. The drought has led to difficulties in water access for 14,155 people, 586 large livestock, and 36,300 poultry. Additionally, 2,465 acres of wheat and 816 acres of rapeseed have failed, while 2,800 acres of other economic crops are severely drought-affected. An estimated 7,158 acres of rice fields cannot be planted on time due to the lack of irrigation from Chirui Lake.

Renewal Efforts

Following the drought in 2010, the local authorities recognized the situation as a rare opportunity for lake restoration. The Honghe Prefectural Committee and government prioritized the issue, with directives issued to seize the moment for rehabilitation. The provincial government allocated 500,000 yuan in emergency funds, and relevant departments showed significant interest in the restoration efforts.

Yang Xiang (杨飏), the secretary of the Baoxiu Town Committee, expressed the local government’s concerns, stating:

“If we had sufficient funding, we could organize more excavators and transport vehicles to clear over 900,000 cubic meters of silt before the rainy season arrives. This could double the water storage capacity of Chirui Lake, addressing the water needs of 38,000 people and effectively regulating the water levels of Yilong Lake.”

Key Attractions

• Chirui Lake (赤瑞湖): A significant natural lake undergoing restoration efforts.
• Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇): The town adjacent to Chirui Lake, serving as a gateway to the lake.

How to Get There

To reach Chirui Lake in Shiping County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive, covering approximately 241 kilometers.
• From Mengzi (蒙自): The distance is about 149 kilometers, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploring the area.
2. Local Culture: Be respectful of local customs and traditions while visiting. Engage with the community to learn more about their efforts in lake restoration.
3. Transportation: Public buses connect Baoxiu Town with nearby towns. Renting a bike or using local transportation is recommended for further exploration.
4. Accommodation: Plan your stay in advance, as lodging options may be limited. Consider staying in Shiping County for more choices.
5. Environmental Awareness: Help maintain the cleanliness of Chirui Lake and its surroundings by disposing of waste properly and respecting nature.