Overview of Zhutian Temple

Zhutian Temple, located on East Zheng Street (东正街) in Yilong Town (异龙镇), Shiping County (石屏县), was originally established during the Yuan Dynasty (元代) and has undergone several renovations since then. Currently, the temple is home to the Main Hall of Great Hero (大雄宝殿), which faces east. The hall features a double-eaved pointed roof, measuring 12.9 meters wide, 11.5 meters deep, and over 10 meters high.

Yilong Town (异龙镇)

Yilong Town is composed of three townships: the original Yilong Town, Maohe Town (冒合镇), and Tao Village (陶村镇). It is situated in the central urban area of Shiping County, at the intersection of urban and rural regions. The town is located between longitudes 102°17′—102°37′ E and latitudes 23°29′—23°47′ N. It borders Baxin Town (坝心镇) to the east, connects with Niujie Town (牛街镇) to the south, is adjacent to Baoxiu Town (宝秀镇) to the west, and shares a boundary with Xinchang Town (新城乡) to the north.

Yilong Town is approximately 241 kilometers from the provincial capital, Kunming (昆明), and 149 kilometers from the prefectural capital, Mengzi County (蒙自县). The town stretches 23 kilometers from east to west and 24.2 kilometers from north to south.

Zhutian Temple, situated in Yilong Town, is recognized as an important Buddhist cultural heritage site, with a vibrant atmosphere of devotion and numerous followers. The architectural style of the Main Hall of Great Hero is unique and majestic, showcasing the depth and richness of Buddhist culture. Visitors to the temple can experience a strong religious ambiance, listen to the chants of monks, purify their hearts, and seek inner peace.

Key Attractions

• Zhutian Temple (诸天寺): A significant Buddhist site featuring the Main Hall of Great Hero.
• Yilong Town (异龙镇): A town that combines urban and rural elements with cultural heritage.

How to Get There

To reach Zhutian Temple in Shiping County, you can travel by road:

• From Kunming (昆明): Take a bus or drive along the highway, covering a distance of approximately 241 kilometers.
• From Mengzi (蒙自): The journey is about 149 kilometers by road, accessible by bus or car.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The temple is open year-round, but visiting during the spring or autumn offers pleasant weather and fewer crowds.
2. Local Culture: Respect the religious practices and customs while visiting the temple. Dress modestly and observe the silence within the prayer areas.
3. Transportation: Public buses frequently connect Yilong Town with major nearby towns. Consider renting a bike or using local transportation to explore the area further.
4. Accommodation: Plan your stay in advance, as nearby lodging options may be limited. Consider staying in Shiping County for more choices.
5. Respect the Environment: Maintain cleanliness around the temple and in surrounding areas to preserve the site’s beauty for future visitors.

Overview of Sanjiao Palace

The Sanjiao Palace (三教殿) is located at the foot of Xilongtan (西龙潭) in the western part of Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province. It is named after the three deities enshrined within: Guanyin (观音), Zhenwu (真武祖师), and Wenchang Dijun (文昌帝君). The building covers an area of 116 square meters.

Historical Background

Originally built during the Ming Dynasty (明代), the palace was initially known as Guanyin Temple (观音寺). It was destroyed during the turmoil of the Xianfeng Era (咸丰) in 1856. Reconstruction began with donations from officials and the public between 1898 and 1928. The architecture follows the slope of Longtan and is aligned along the central axis from west to east. The entire complex includes the main hall, middle hall, lower hall, two wings, and two symmetrical hexagonal pavilions, covering an area of 1900 square meters.

Architectural Features

The main hall features a single-eave hard hill roof with a wooden beam structure, measuring 13.5 meters long, 8 meters wide, and 9.6 meters high. The ceiling is adorned with elegant watercolor paintings of fruits, bamboo, and orchids. The side rooms, built in a two-story wooden structure, measure 10.7 meters long and 6.7 meters wide, standing at 8.5 meters high. Historically, the north wing housed statues of Mu Guiying (穆桂英) and other deities, symbolizing protection against autumn frosts.

The middle hall originally housed statues of Guanyin, Manjushri (文殊), and Samantabhadra (普贤), but these were destroyed in 1931. It was later renamed Caishen Hall (财神殿) after new statues of Earth Mother and the God of Wealth were added. The hexagonal pavilion, constructed in traditional wooden style, stands approximately 9 meters tall.

Recent Renovations

In 1994, community funding led to significant renovations, replacing decayed wooden columns with brick columns. By 1997, further improvements included the roof’s redesign and the replacement of grey tiles with yellow glazed tiles. In April 2004, additional decorative work was done, altering some historical aspects of the building.

Xilongtan Pool

Xilongtan (西龙潭), also known as West Dragon Pool, is located at the foot of Longtan Hill (龙潭坡), measuring over 20 meters in length and 10 meters in width, with a total area exceeding 200 square meters. Surrounded by stone walls, the back wall stands 5 meters high and is inscribed with the phrase “水不在深” (The depth of water is not what matters) by Wu Xizhong (吴锡忠), a renowned calligrapher from Yunnan during the late Qing Dynasty.

Natural Beauty and Cultural Significance

The springs flow from both sides of the pool, providing clear, sweet water year-round, with fish swimming and ancient trees leaning nearby. The water is considered a blessing, and locals often use it for making tea. Historically, this spring irrigated large fields outside the city, demonstrating its importance as an ancient irrigation facility.

Historical Poets and Cultural Reflections

During the Ming Dynasty, local poets like Wang Tingbiao (王庭表) wrote poems celebrating the beauty of the area, capturing the essence of their experiences and the enchanting landscape. For example, in his poem “游观音诗·答杨用修留别,” he expressed:

“太平风物在南州，鹤舞春郊与客游。 气象欲干千缕笔，逍遥还听白云讴。”

Current Usage

Today, the Sanjiao Palace continues to serve as a multi-deity temple. It houses numerous statues of various deities including the Dragon King, God of Wealth, Earth Mother, and others, reflecting the rich cultural tapestry of Chinese religious practices.

How to Get There

To reach Xilongtan Pool and Sanjiao Palace in Kaiyuan City, you can take a bus or drive from nearby cities like Kunming (昆明). The journey typically takes about 2-3 hours by car, depending on traffic conditions. Local buses frequently operate from the city center.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during the months of March-April and September-November when the weather is mild and rainfall is minimal.
• Cultural Etiquette: When visiting temples, dress modestly and show respect during prayers. Photography may be restricted in certain areas, so always ask for permission.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss trying local dishes, especially those made with fresh ingredients from the area. Enjoy tea brewed with the pure spring water for a unique experience.
• Weather Considerations: The region experiences a subtropical plateau monsoon climate, so be prepared for varying weather conditions, particularly in the rainy season from May to October.

Overview

The Rainbow Creek Stone Arch (虹溪石牌坊) is located in the central section of Dongmen Street (东门街) in Hongxi Town (虹溪镇), Mile County (弥勒县). Constructed from bluestone, the arch measures 10 meters in height and 6 meters in width, covering an area of 64 square meters. It was built in the 26th year of the Guangxu reign (光绪) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), specifically in the year 1900.

Architectural Features

The archway features a three-tiered eave structure and is supported by four pillars. At the base of the pillars, there are four pairs of stone-carved lions facing each other. The ends of the stone ridge are adorned with eight opposing stone carvings of mythical creatures. Centrally located at the top of the arch is a hollowed-out stone plaque featuring a dragon, inscribed with the characters “圣旨旌表” (Proclamation of Imperial Edict). Below this is a horizontal plaque with the inscription “三代一品封典” (The Three Generations of First-Class Titles).

On either side of the platform base, there are seven-levels of inclined walkways, and three couplets are displayed on the vertical pillars. The arch was commissioned by Wang Zhi (王炽), a prominent local merchant and benefactor known for his loyalty to the Qing court, which earned him imperial recognition. Wang was also noted for his charitable deeds in the community, earning him a reputation as “乐善好施” (a kind and generous person).

Cultural and Historical Significance

The stone arch is intricately carved and possesses significant artistic value. It was recognized as a provincial cultural heritage site in December 2003 and was previously listed as a protected unit in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in 1983.

The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is situated in the southern Yunnan (云南) region of the Yungui Plateau (云贵高原), characterized by its diverse topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, plains, and hills. The region experiences a significant elevation difference and complex terrain, resulting in abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a mild annual temperature range. The climate is predominantly humid subtropical with monsoonal influences.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer (北回归线) passing through the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south. The rainy season in Honghe is concentrated from May to October, with frost periods occurring from late November to January and February of the following year. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is during the mild, less rainy months of March to April and September to November, avoiding the hot, rainy summer and autumn.

How to Get There

To reach the Rainbow Creek Stone Arch:

1. By Car: Drive to Mile City (弥勒市) and follow signs to Hongxi Town (虹溪镇). The arch is located on Dongmen Street (东门街) in the town center.
2. Public Transport: Buses regularly operate from major cities in Yunnan to Mile City. Once in Mile City, local transport options can take you to Hongxi Town.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: March to April and September to November for comfortable weather.
• Respect Local Culture: Be mindful of local customs and the significance of the site.
• Photography: The intricate carvings and architecture provide excellent opportunities for photography.
• Stay Hydrated: Bring water, especially if visiting during warmer months, as the area can be humid.

Overview

The Mengman Ancient Road (蒙蛮古道) is an ancient transportation route from southern Yunnan (云南) to Vietnam (越南). From 1890 to 1909, it was a peak period for the Mengzi (蒙自) mule caravan, with remnants of hoofprints still visible along the road.

• Total Length: 210 kilometers
• Width: 1.2 to 2.2 meters
• Category: Ancient transportation route

The Mengman Ancient Road (from Mengzi to Gejiu City (个旧市) to Manhao (曼耗)) extends approximately 210 kilometers, entering Vietnam through Manhao and Jinping (金平). The Mengzi section is about 60 kilometers long. The road, paved with stone, varies in width from 1.2 to 2.2 meters and features notable landmarks such as Liangshui Well (凉水井), cold springs (冷泉), rice fields (水田), and former postal stations.

Historical Significance

The Mengman Ancient Road is essentially a segment of the Tea-Horse Road (茶马古道). During the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清), Pu’er tea (普洱茶) produced in the Six Great Tea Mountains (六大茶山) of Xishuangbanna (西双版纳) was distributed through various routes, including this ancient road.

These routes facilitated trade by connecting Pu’er (普洱) to various destinations:

• North to Heqing (鹤庆) and into Tibet (西藏)
• North to Kunming (昆明)
• Through Shilin (石林), Jianshui (建水), and Mengzi to Hanoi (河内), and beyond to Hong Kong (香港) and overseas
• Direct routes from the Six Great Tea Mountains via Jiangcheng (江城) and Mojang (墨江) to Hanoi

With the establishment of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (滇越铁路), the significance of the Mengman Ancient Road gradually diminished.

Route Details

The Mengman Ancient Road spans approximately 77 kilometers from Mengzi to Manhao, passing through several notable locations:

• Hongzhai (红寨)
• Liangshui Well (凉水井)
• Cold Springs (冷泉)
• Honey Rock (蜜蜂岩)
• Rice Fields (水田)
• Yaotou (摇头)
• Liangshui Ditch (凉水沟)

As early as the 4th century BC, Mengzi was a crucial route connecting Yunnan to Jiaozhi (交趾), modern-day Vietnam. By the Han (汉) and Tang (唐) dynasties, the road had become a vital transportation hub for trade, facilitating both export and import.

After the opening of the Mengzi customs office in 1889, local mule caravans shifted to the Manhao route, transporting goods like tin from Gejiu to Vietnam. At its peak, caravans consisted of hundreds to thousands of mules, with over 200 horse stalls established along the route. Between 1890 and 1909, the Mengman Ancient Road saw tens of thousands of mules transporting goods.

In 1909, after the opening of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, mule caravans began to decline, leading to the gradual cessation of river traffic on the Red River (红河).

Conservation Efforts

Recognizing the historical, artistic, and scientific value of the Mengman Ancient Road, local governments have initiated conservation measures. In 2016, it was designated as a state-level cultural relic protection site. Protective boundaries and construction control zones have been established along the ancient road, and efforts are ongoing to catalog movable cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage related to the route.

How to Get There

To reach the Mengman Ancient Road:

1. By Car: Drive to Mengzi City (蒙自市). From there, follow the signs to the ancient road, which can be accessed from various points along its route.
2. Public Transport: Buses frequently run from nearby cities to Mengzi. Once in Mengzi, local transport options can help you reach different sections of the ancient road.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant weather for exploration.
• Respect Local Culture: Be respectful of local customs and the historical significance of the site.
• Hiking Gear: If you plan to hike along the road, wear suitable footwear and carry enough water.
• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide for a more enriching experience and deeper insights into the history and culture of the area.

Overview

The Tomb of Fan Shichang (范世昌墓) is a designated cultural relic protection site located in Mile County (弥勒县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), China. This historical site is situated approximately 1.5 kilometers east of Shanggaodian Village (上高甸村) in Gaodian Township (高甸乡). The tomb has a diameter of 6.5 meters and stands 3 meters tall.

Historical Background

Fan Shichang (范世昌) was born during the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), passing away during the Jiaqing reign. He was an Azhai (阿哲) Yi ethnic minority and a former student at the Qing Imperial Academy. The tomb was constructed in the first year of the Xuantong era (宣统元年), specifically in 1909. It serves as a joint burial site for Fan Shichang and his wife.

Architectural Features

The design of the tomb features a stone enclosure with a soil mound, making it a typical couple’s joint burial tomb. The impressive size of the tomb—6.5 meters in diameter and 3 meters in height—conveys a sense of dignity and solemnity.

The tombstone follows an archway (牌坊) architectural style, which highlights the artistic techniques of the time. The stone carvings on the tombstone are intricate, measuring 2.5 meters in height and 5.9 meters in width. It features four pillars and three sections, with two of the middle pillars adorned with carved stone beasts, adding an artistic flair and an aura of mystery to the monument.

Cultural Significance

The historical significance of the Tomb of Fan Shichang was officially recognized when it was designated as a cultural relic protection site by Mile County in 1981. This recognition emphasizes the importance of preserving and inheriting this historical memory. The tomb is not only a resting place for an individual but also a testament to history, conveying the characteristics of the era and the story of Fan Shichang.

How to Get There

To reach the Tomb of Fan Shichang, you can follow these steps:

1. By Car: Drive to Mile City (弥勒市) in Honghe Prefecture. From Mile City, head east toward Gaodian Township (高甸乡), then to Shanggaodian Village (上高甸村). The tomb is approximately 1.5 kilometers east of the village.
2. Public Transport: Take a bus or taxi from Mile City to Gaodian Township and then ask for directions to Shanggaodian Village.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is during the spring or autumn months when the weather is pleasant.
• Respectful Behavior: As this is a cultural and historical site, visitors should maintain respectful behavior while exploring the area.
• Photography: Take photographs to capture the beauty of the tomb and its surroundings, but be mindful of local customs regarding photography in sacred sites.
• Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and significance of the site.

Overview

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve (红河苏铁自然保护区) is located in the southeastern part of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) in Yunnan Province, China. The geographical coordinates are 103°22′49″E to 103°28′19″E and 22°59′48″N to 23°4′05″N. It is situated on the northern bank of the Yuanjiang River (referred to as the Honghe River in Honghe Prefecture) in the central section, bordered by Gejiu City (个旧市), Mengzi County (蒙自县), Pingbian Miao Autonomous County (屏边苗族自治县), and Hekou County (河口县). The reserve has an intended area of 31.95 square kilometers.

Attractions and Highlights

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is primarily dedicated to the protection of rare plants such as cycads, Dongzong palm (董棕), and Camellia reticulata (金花茶) along the banks of the Honghe River. The most precious among them is the Honghe cycad (红河苏铁), which has garnered enough significance that the Postal Department issued a commemorative stamp in its honor.

Recent Natural Phenomena

Recently, five Honghe cycads (两雌三雄) located in the Baohe Township (保和乡) of Gejiu City simultaneously bloomed, creating a rare sight. These cycads, which grow on cliff faces, showcased their impressive flower clusters.

• Female Flowers: The female flowers are golden yellow and spherical, resembling large hydrangea blooms atop the tree.
• Male Flowers: The male flowers are also golden yellow and shaped like pagodas, with a texture reminiscent of pineapple skin, arranged in a scale-like pattern among the green feather-like leaves.

Cycads are known as the oldest seed plants still existing on Earth and are often referred to as “living fossils.” The Honghe cycad, unique to the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve (云南大围山国家级自然保护区), is also known as the gray dry cycad (灰干苏铁) or fine-leaved cycad (细叶苏铁).

Conservation Efforts

With fewer than 1,000 individuals found globally, the Honghe cycad is considered the “giant panda” of the plant world. Li Wenqing (李文清), the director of the Gejiu Management Station in the Dawa Mountain National Nature Reserve, and his team monitor and document the growth environments and conditions of each cycad daily.

Due to the dioecious nature of cycads, if the male and female flowers bloom in different seasons or are too far apart, natural pollination becomes difficult. Therefore, the staff closely monitor blooming times, collect seeds for artificial breeding, and have successfully returned over 500 cycad seedlings to their natural habitat.

Ecological Impact

The successful flowering of the cycads symbolizes the positive results of wildlife conservation in Gejiu City. In recent years, the city has implemented comprehensive protective measures, resulting in clearer skies, cleaner waters, and greener mountains. Plans are underway to expand cycad populations and continue safeguarding biodiversity.

How to Get There

The Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve is accessible from Gejiu City. You can take a taxi or a local bus to reach the reserve. If driving, follow local signage to the reserve entrance.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The blooming season of cycads typically occurs in the spring; visiting during this time will provide the best chance to witness the flowering phenomenon.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for a more informative experience about the flora and fauna of the reserve.
• Respect the Environment: Maintain a respectful distance from the plants and wildlife, and follow all conservation rules to help protect this unique ecosystem.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning scenery and unique flowers, but ensure to respect the reserve’s guidelines on photography.

By visiting the Honghe Cycad Nature Reserve, you will not only enjoy the beauty of rare plants but also contribute to the ongoing efforts to preserve biodiversity in this unique ecological zone.

Overview

Lvya Temple (绿崖庙) is located in Midong Township, Mile City (弥勒市), Honghe Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It was established in the 32nd year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in 1767 and has undergone several renovations since.

• Area: 1,084 m²
• Established: 1767

Architectural Features

Lvya Temple faces southeast and covers an area of 1,084 square meters. The layout includes a main hall, side halls, and two ear halls, with the two ear halls featuring a double-eaved hip roof, while the others have a single-eaved structure. A prominent hexagonal pavilion with a double-eaved spire is built on a giant stone peak behind the main hall, accessible via a path of 23 steps.

The temple is surrounded by ancient cypress trees and golden bamboo groves, next to the Dianxi River (甸溪河), with small streams flowing around it. The streams enter a crescent pond near the pavilion, where a stone dragon head sculpture directs the water. In 1981, Lvya Temple was designated as a protected cultural site in Mile County.

Natural Environment

Honghe Prefecture is located in the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by a variety of landforms, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The area experiences significant elevation changes, with a complex topography, abundant rainfall, sufficient sunlight, and a mild temperature range. The climate is primarily subtropical highland monsoon.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, exhibiting a humid and hot characteristic. The rainy season occurs from May to October, while frost is common from late November to February. Therefore, the best time to visit Honghe is during the mild and less rainy months of March to April and September to November.

Temple Layout and Historical Significance

Lvya Temple is positioned next to the Dianxi River, with the existing structures dating back to the Guangxu period (光绪) of the Qing Dynasty, aside from the demolished front hall. The temple features a unique architectural design, with a two-story main hall having a single-eaved hard mountain roof. Side rooms also share this architectural style, with Western-style door openings popular during the Republic of China period connecting to the back rooms.

Behind the front hall lies a honeycomb-shaped rock surrounded by water flowing into a crescent pond. Above this, a hexagonal pavilion is built, with plaques hanging that read “Bamboo Green” (竹翠) and “Lotus Fragrance” (莲香), dedicated to the deity Kuixing (魁星). The temple’s tranquil environment is enriched by ancient trees and banana plants, creating a serene atmosphere.

Visitors can ascend from the second floor of the main hall via stairs to overlook the lush landscape along the Dianxi River, where fields stretch for miles and mountains loom in the distance. This temple is one of the few remaining ancient religious structures in Yunnan that perfectly blends temple architecture with garden design.

The current structure reflects the renovation in the 24th year of the Daoguang period (道光) and contains inscriptions that are vital for studying the history of Lvya Temple.

How to Get There

Lvya Temple is approximately 5 kilometers from Mile City. You can take a local bus or hire a taxi to reach the temple area. Look for signs directing you to Shiyanjiao Village (弥寺哨村) near the Dianxi River.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: March to April and September to November for pleasant weather and fewer rains.
2. What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes, a camera, and some snacks or drinks for the trip.
3. Cultural Respect: Be mindful of local customs, especially when visiting the temple, as it holds significant cultural and historical value.
4. Photography: Capture the stunning architecture and natural surroundings, but be respectful of sacred areas.

Introduction

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace (竹元文昌宫) was originally constructed in the 51st year of the Kangxi reign (康熙五十一年) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝), which corresponds to 1712. The palace has undergone several renovations since its inception. The architectural complex is built against the mountains, facing west, and features a tiered design. The Dianhui Canal (甸惠渠) winds around the site, adding to its natural beauty. The structures of Wenchang Palace include the main gate, main hall, side wings, and the Wujing Building (五经楼). To the north, there is the Eight Immortals Temple (八神庙) connected to the main complex, which consists of a front hall, main hall, and two side halls, all designed with the hip-and-gable roof style and wooden beam construction. Behind the main hall, there are stone buildings including the Zi Zhi Ku (字纸库) and the Wenbi Pagoda (文笔塔). In 1983, the palace was designated as a cultural heritage site by Mile County (弥勒县).

Location and Environment

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace is situated within Zhuyuan Middle School (竹园中学) in Mile City (弥勒市), an area known for its beautiful natural surroundings: “东起峯颖群峦之挺，西环玉带籍工水之交潆” (From the eastern peaks to the western waters, surrounded by beautiful hills). The current architectural layout is complete; apart from the archway, all buildings remain intact, arranged according to the mountain’s contour with a front hall, central hall (Wujing Building), and main hall, accompanied by two wings and double eaves.

Historical Background

Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace was established in the 51st year of the Kangxi reign. In the 9th year of the Qianlong reign (乾隆九年), a tribute scholar named Zhao Yi (赵玘) led the villagers of Shangwu (上伍村) in renovations and acquired land for incense offerings. In the 12th year of Qianlong, a student named Fan Rong (樊荣) organized further repairs. The palace underwent another renovation in the 9th year of the Jiaqing reign (嘉庆九年) and has been preserved in its current state since then. During the Daoguang reign (道光十八年 and 三十年), as well as the Xianfeng reign (咸丰元年) and the Guangxu reign (光绪), various repairs were made, all maintaining the architectural style from the Jiaqing period. In the 31st year of the Republic of China (民国三十一年), the Zhuyuan District Junior Middle School briefly operated within the palace before moving to the Wanfusi (万福寺) library.

Architectural Features

The palace complex presents a grand architectural style. The main hall is designed with a single-eave gable roof and measures three bays wide and two bays deep. Its sides extend into a single bay entrance hall, creating a five-bay building. The main hall features intricately carved brackets between the beams, adorned with longevity symbols, and the front columns have a vase-shaped base, with the lower half styled as a Xumi pedestal. The upper half showcases high-relief cloud and dragon patterns, giving the structure a distinctive character.

The Wujing Building (五经楼) features a double-eave gable roof, measuring five bays wide. The stairs leading to the entrance are paved with slab stones and square bricks, embedded with dragon patterns on the ceremonial stone steps. The Dianhui Canal flows beneath the stairs, creating a picturesque scene of water surrounding the mountain. The column bases of the rear eaves and corner pillars are also vase-shaped, with intricate carvings depicting scenes of “Fishing, Woodcutting, Farming, and Study” (渔樵耕读), “Pine and Crane for Longevity” (松鹤延年), “Phoenix in Peony” (凤穿牡丹), and “Deer Responding to Golden Bell” (鹿响金钟).

The main hall is constructed atop a stone platform, which features a Lingbi stone (灵璧石) placed in a stone basin. The basin, adorned with shallow relief carvings of cloud patterns and ribbons, rests on a Xumi pedestal shaped in a semi-circular form with engravings of copper coins, longevity symbols, and “Eight Treasures” (八宝). In front of the Lingbi stone, there is a stone-carved door featuring five dragons, with a strongman supporting each corner. The main hall has a single-eave gable roof, surrounded by a corridor that presents five bays and is three bays deep. The timber frame construction supports seven beams, with a ceremonial stone step featuring a “Fish Leaping over the Dragon Gate” (鱼跃龙门) and surrounded by floral relief carvings.

The interior of the main hall contains a carved inscription: “嘉庆九年岁次甲子阳春月…” (In the ninth year of Jiaqing, during the spring month of the year of the rat). The hall is adorned with nine colorful ceiling paintings from the Qing Dynasty, depicting various flowers, birds, and animals, preserved well from weathering due to their location inside the building, maintaining their vibrant colors to this day.

The column bases of the main hall are uniquely designed, with the front column bases shaped like drums featuring vine and scroll patterns, while the rear section is divided into three parts: an upper layer resembling a lotus platform with hollowed petals, a middle layer shaped like a gourd, and a lower layer forming a square Xumi pedestal with diamond-patterned engravings of offering scenes.

Stone Carvings and Inscriptions

The stone carvings at Wenchang Palace are crafted by skilled artisans from Tonghai County (通海河西县). Currently, four stone inscriptions remain, which include records of the Wenchang Palace from the 9th year of the Qianlong reign, the Kuaixing Pavilion (魁星阁) merit inscription, the 12th year of the Qianlong merit inscription, the 10th year of the Daoguang merit inscription for the restoration of the colored archway, and the merit inscription from the 1st year of the Xianfeng reign. These inscriptions are invaluable historical materials.

How to Get There

To reach Zhuyuan Wenchang Palace, you can take a bus to Mile City (弥勒市) and then use local transportation options like taxis or private cars to get to the palace located in Zhuyuan Town (竹园镇).

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are the most favorable seasons due to pleasant weather and the blooming of flowers.
• Comfortable Shoes: Wear comfortable footwear for walking and exploring the temple complex.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the beautiful architecture and natural surroundings.
• Respectful Behavior: Maintain respect for the cultural and spiritual significance of the site.
• Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the chance to sample local dishes in Mile City to enrich your travel experience.

Introduction

Xiushan Temple (秀山寺), located 15 kilometers southwest of Shiping County (石屏县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), is a historical temple with roots tracing back to the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). Originally named Zhenjue Temple (真觉寺), it was renamed Xiushan Temple during the late Ming Dynasty (明朝). This ancient architectural complex is not only a site of serene beauty but also a remarkable fusion of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism.

Geography and Climate

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is situated on the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by varied topography, including limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The region has significant elevation differences and a complex landscape. It enjoys ample rainfall and abundant sunlight, with a mild annual temperature range. The climate is classified as a humid subtropical plateau monsoon climate, making it suitable for diverse flora and fauna.

Temple Overview

Historical Significance

Xiushan Temple is the oldest temple in Shiping, covering an area of 1,826 square meters. The temple complex consists of several structures, including the mountain gate, front hall, middle hall, main hall, and side halls. Notably, in 1924, the prominent local figure Chen Heting (陈鹤亭) initiated the construction of Lingyun Pavilion (凌云阁) adjacent to the temple, enhancing the historical significance of the site.

Architectural Features

According to the Qing Dynasty (清) records, “Xiushan Temple was founded in the Tang Dynasty and originally named Zhenjue Temple.” Its name was changed to Xiushan Temple due to its elevated position on Xiushan Mountain (秀山).

The entrance features a grand inscription of “Xiushan” (秀山) in powerful calligraphy. Upon entering, visitors can find a serene courtyard surrounded by various flowering trees, such as cherry blossoms (唐樱), plum trees (宋梅), and an ancient Araucaria (罗汉松) believed to be over 600 years old. This tree was originally transplanted by the famous traveler Xu Xiake (徐霞客) during his exploration of the southern Yangtze River (南盘江) source.

Unique Features

To the left of the Araucaria is an 800-year-old plum tree. Despite its gnarled trunk, the tree produces abundant blossoms, releasing a subtle fragrance that enhances the peaceful atmosphere. This tree serves as a reminder of resilience, having survived through centuries of challenges.

In front of the main hall, visitors will encounter a statue of Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛). The couplet accompanying the statue reads: “Loyal to the country, loving the people; why should a righteous person not worship the divine?” This inscription encourages visitors to reflect on their moral integrity and the importance of loyalty and love in life.

Temple Surroundings

Natural Beauty

The temple is surrounded by lush greenery, including bamboo groves and a variety of trees that bloom in different seasons. The wintersweet (腊梅) tree, renowned for its fragrant yellow blossoms, adds to the temple’s charm, especially in winter.

Visitors can stroll through the temple grounds and appreciate the harmonious blend of nature and spirituality. The tranquility of the environment makes it an ideal location for meditation and reflection.

Cultural Heritage

Inside the middle hall, statues of the founders of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism—Shakyamuni (释迦牟尼), Confucius (孔子), and Laozi (老子)—are prominently displayed. These figures symbolize the cultural and philosophical richness of the region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The courtyard of the main hall features over a century-old flowering plum tree (青梅), golden osmanthus (金桂), and camellias (山茶). The lush greenery and blooming flowers create a serene atmosphere that evokes a sense of tranquility and spirituality.

Couplets and Philosophy

On a small door to the left of the main hall hangs a thought-provoking couplet: “Not vulgar is the immortal’s bone; emotional is the Buddha’s heart,” with the horizontal inscription reading “High Aspiration.” This couplet conveys a deep life philosophy, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and genuine appreciation of life’s experiences.

The ideal life state, as suggested by the couplet, is a perfect balance between the qualities of the “immortal” and the “Buddha.” This reflects the understanding that one should neither become detached from the world nor become lost in its distractions.

Ancient Blossoms

Near the main hall stands the ancient wintersweet tree, known for its rich fragrance and resilience through the ages. The unknown origins of its planting add to its mystique, and it stands as a testament to the beauty of nature and endurance.

Nature and Companionship

The temple grounds are alive with the sounds of nature. Birds flit among the flowers, singing joyful melodies that enhance the tranquil ambiance. These birds seem to share a special connection with the ancient plum tree, providing companionship throughout the seasons.

Conclusion

The vibrant blossoms and picturesque scenery of Xiushan Temple create an enchanting atmosphere, making it a perfect place for contemplation and appreciation of nature’s beauty. Xiushan Temple not only represents a cultural gem of Yunnan but also offers a unique experience for visitors seeking spiritual and historical enrichment.

How to Get There

To reach Xiushan Temple, you can take a bus from Shiping County to Xiushan Mountain. Taxis and private cars are also available for a more direct route. The journey provides beautiful views of the surrounding landscapes, making it an enjoyable trip.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for enjoying mild weather and blooming flowers.
• Comfortable Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes for walking along the hilly paths.
• Photography: Bring a camera to capture the stunning natural beauty and intricate architectural details.
• Respect the Environment: Maintain the cleanliness of the temple grounds and be respectful of the spiritual atmosphere.
• Local Cuisine: Consider trying local dishes in Shiping County to enhance your cultural experience during your visit.

Overview of Yumeng Temple

Yumeng Temple (禹门寺) is located about 1 kilometer north of Shiyan Jiao Village in Midong Township, Mile County (弥勒县), Honghe Prefecture (红河州), Yunnan Province (云南省), approximately 5 kilometers from the city center. The temple was first built in the 36th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty (明万历三十六年, 1608) and was reconstructed during the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (清康熙年间). Yumeng Temple is situated to the south of Xiaozhai Village (小寨子村) at the northern entrance of Yumeng Waterfall (禹门瀑布).

The temple houses remnants of ancient steles, including inscriptions related to Yang Shengwu (杨绳武) and his father Yang Zhen (杨祯). These inscriptions capture the essence of their time, preserving warmth amid the desolation of history. One weathered inscription known as the “Stele of Permanent Residence at Yumeng Temple” records that the temple was founded by a monk named Zhenkong (真空) in 1608. During the Kangxi era, a monk named Jiezhong (解中) traveled to Yunnan, captivated by Yumeng and chose to settle here, spreading teachings that gained widespread fame. In 1714, local citizens enthusiastically donated funds to rebuild Yumeng Temple, which features a main hall with three bays, a front hall with three bays, and side rooms, all arranged impressively.

Historical Significance of Yang Shengwu

My visit to Yumeng Temple stemmed from its simplicity, leading me to discover the remarkable figure of Yang Shengwu, a renowned military commander of the Ming Dynasty. Yang Shengwu was born with a deep love for literature and poetry, yet his father, Yang Sanyang (杨三阳), hoped he would pursue martial arts and military strategy. To facilitate his focus, Yang Sanyang carved a cave into a cliff by the Yumeng River (禹门河) for his son to study undisturbed.

In this tranquil setting, young Yang Shengwu immersed himself in literature, realizing the urgency of defending his homeland against floods and enemies. He pledged to become a righteous figure, dedicated to both loyalty and filial piety.

At the foot of the western cliff, ancient people excavated three interconnected caves, now adorned with three stone tablets (partially destroyed) that read “Famous Mountain Stone Chamber,” “Solitary Cloud on a Fragmented Rock,” and “Yang Zhuang’s Reading Place.” The latter reflects Yang Shengwu’s aspirations to govern his family and country, a place where he diligently studied.

One day, inspired, he wrote a poem titled “Thoughts at Yumeng” (《禹门漫兴》) stating:

“In the Zen forest, we remain unchanging; Let not the wise scoff at the passionate fools. If only the mountains and waters can be taken away, This is when the wayward youth emerges from the valley.”

Years later, he confidently entered the imperial examination, achieving various honors and culminating as a literary official in the Hanlin Academy (翰林院). Throughout his ten most brilliant years, he held numerous prestigious positions, earning a reputation for his contributions to governance and military prowess. Sadly, he passed away during a campaign against the invading Qing army, posthumously honored with titles and a commendatory name reflecting his legacy.

Yumeng’s Cultural Landscape

Mile County (弥勒县) is a place of tranquility and beauty, enriched by its association with figures like Yang Shengwu, who is celebrated for his efforts in flood control and military strategy, as well as for his literary achievements. He remains one of the ten great figures influencing Mile.

Yumeng Temple, Yumeng Waterfall, Yang Shengwu’s Reading Cave (杨绳武读书洞), and Yang’s ancestral hall collectively embody the area’s cultural significance. The waterfall’s majesty continues to resonate with the legacy of Yang Shengwu, offering a tranquil escape that echoes the past.

Visiting Yumeng Waterfall

Nestled just about 5 kilometers from Mile City, in Xiaozhai Village along the Yumeng River, Yumeng Waterfall is a breathtaking sight, particularly during the rainy season when it roars with impressive force. A trail leads directly from the waterfall to the historic Yumeng Temple, a place where visitors come to pay homage, especially during Buddhist festivals.

This largely undeveloped site remains unspoiled, retaining its natural beauty and echoing the inscription: “The scenery is completely tranquil here, enchanting countless lovers.” The local ecosystem, while beautiful, suffers from litter due to lack of management. Nonetheless, this picturesque area has the potential to attract tourism similar to that of the Stone Forest (石林).

Travel Tips and How to Get There

How to Get There:

1. From Mile City, take Mishi Road (弥师路) towards Luxi (泸西).
2. After crossing the old National Highway 326, continue toward Luxi until you reach a gas station.
3. Proceed over a bridge for about 500 meters and turn right into Yapun Long Village (丫普龙村).
4. Follow the signs towards Yumeng Temple.

Travel Tips:

• Visit during the rainy season for the best waterfall experience.
• Prepare for some hiking, as the trails may be rugged.
• Bring water and snacks, as facilities may be limited.
• Respect local customs when visiting the temple and surrounding areas.
• Consider visiting during Buddhist festivals for a lively atmosphere.

Yumeng Temple and Yumeng Waterfall offer a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty, making it a must-visit destination in Yunnan Province.

The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) is located in Luxi County (泸西县), within the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) of Yunnan Province (云南省). The temple was originally built in the 17th year of the Ming Chenghua era (1481) and was reconstructed in the 13th year of the Qing Guangxu era (1887).

Architectural Overview

The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) features a four-courtyard layout:

• First Courtyard: Contains a screen wall (照壁), pond (泮池), Phoenix Gate (腾蛟凤起门坊), and huabiao (华表).
• Second Courtyard: Includes the Lingxing Gate (棂星坊), Kong Gate (孔门), and Yilu (义路), leading to the Dacheng Gate (大成门).
• Third Courtyard: Houses the Hall of the First Teacher (先师殿), with side halls and ear rooms.
• Fourth Courtyard: Contains the Chongsheng Hall (崇圣殿) and additional ear rooms.

The Hall of the First Teacher (先师殿) is architecturally rigorous, featuring a hip roof with a width of 25 meters and a depth of 16.5 meters, sitting on a platform that is 1.45 meters high. The Chongsheng Hall (崇圣祠) has a single eave and also employs bracket supports. In 1983, the temple was designated as a cultural heritage site in Luxi County (泸西县). The temple now includes an exhibition room for cultural relics.

Regional Geography

The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) is situated in the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by diverse landforms such as limestone mountains, plateaus, valleys, basins, and hills. The region experiences significant elevation changes and has a complex terrain with abundant rainfall, ample sunlight, and a mild temperature variation throughout the year, primarily featuring a subtropical plateau monsoon climate.

Due to the Tropic of Cancer traversing the region, temperatures and humidity increase from north to south, resulting in a humid and hot climate. The rainy season typically spans from May to October, while frost occurs from late November to February of the following year. Therefore, the best times to visit the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) are in March-April and September-November, avoiding the hot and rainy summer and autumn months.

Exploring Luxi Confucius Temple: A Cultural Treasure of Yunnan!

? The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙), an ancient building established in the 17th year of the Ming Chenghua era, embodies a profound historical and cultural heritage. Entering the temple feels like stepping back in time to an era that revered literature and education.

? The four courtyards of the temple are meticulously designed, with each section showcasing unique architectural styles and symbolic meanings. From the screen wall (照壁) and pond (泮池) to the Phoenix Gate (腾蛟凤起门坊) and huabiao (华表), every detail radiates an aura of ancient elegance.

? Particularly noteworthy is the Lingxing Gate (棂星门), the first gate of the temple. Its name derives from the “Lingxing” in ancient astronomy, symbolizing respect for Confucius as if worshipping the heavens, reflecting the significance of Confucianism in feudal society. The calligraphy on the gate—棂星门—displays a robust and majestic style that is truly awe-inspiring.

? Walking through the temple, the red walls and green tiles, along with the lush cypress trees, exude the beauty of time-worn elegance. Notably, the inscription on either side of the Lingxing Gate (棂星门)—“鸢飞鱼跃”—is closely related to Confucian educational ideals, allowing visitors to appreciate not only the calligraphy but also the profound impact of Confucian thought.

? The Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) is not only the second-largest Confucius temple in Yunnan Province but also a treasure of Chinese culture. Whether you are a calligraphy enthusiast or a history buff, this ancient structure rich in cultural heritage is a must-visit. Come to the Luxi Confucius Temple (泸西文庙) to experience the weight of history and the charm of culture!

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Kunming Changshui International Airport (昆明长水国际机场) and take a bus or train to Luxi County (泸西县).
• By Train: Regular train services connect Kunming (昆明) with Luxi County (泸西县).
• By Bus: Long-distance buses from major cities to Luxi County (泸西县) are available, with local transport options to the temple.

Travel Tips

• Respectful Visit: Show reverence at the temple, as it holds cultural and historical significance.
• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during the milder months of spring or autumn for the best experience.
• Local Cuisine: Explore local food options in Luxi County (泸西县).
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of local customs and etiquette while visiting historical sites.
• Weather Preparedness: Check the weather forecast to dress appropriately for your visit.

The Tomb of Yang Zhiting (杨治庭烈士墓) is located 0.1 km east of Aji Village Committee (阿基村委会) in Aji Town (阿基乡), Mile City (弥勒市), within the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) of Yunnan Province (云南省). It serves as a county-level martyr memorial facility.

Overview of the Tomb

• Chinese Name: 杨治庭烈士墓
• Established: 1948
• Location: 200 meters south of Aji Village (阿基邑村)
• Shape: Rectangular
• Dimensions: Length 3 meters, Width 2 meters, Height 1.5 meters
• Stele Height: 1.2 meters
• Protection Level: County-level martyr memorial facility

Protection Measures

The Tomb of Yang Zhiting (杨治庭烈士墓) has been designated as a county-level martyr memorial facility, ensuring its preservation and recognition.

Martyr Introduction

Yang Zhiting (杨治廷), a male member of the Yi ethnic group (彝族), was born in 1914. He was a member of the Communist Party of China (中共) and hailed from Aji Village (阿基邑村) in Aji Town (阿基乡). Yang joined the revolution in October 1947 and became the leader of the Mile West Mountain Guerrilla Team (弥勒西山游击队). He sacrificed his life on January 25, 1948, in Mile City (弥勒市).

Yang Zhiting (1914–1948) led the Mile West Mountain Guerrilla Team (弥勒西山游击队) in battles against the Kuomintang (国民党) forces. He was seriously injured and captured during combat. Despite enduring severe torture in prison, he remained unyielding and was executed in May 1948 at the eastern gate of the county town. Yang’s heroism and integrity showcased the spirit of a Communist Party member.

Geographic Location

The Tomb of Yang Zhiting (杨治庭烈士墓) is situated 0.1 km east of Aji Village Committee (阿基村委会) in Aji Town (阿基乡), Mile City (弥勒市), within the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州).

How to Get There

• By Air: Fly into Kunming Changshui International Airport (昆明长水国际机场). From there, take a bus or train to Mile City (弥勒市).
• By Train: Trains run frequently from Kunming (昆明) to Mile City (弥勒市). Local transportation options can take you to Aji Village (阿基村).
• By Bus: Long-distance buses from major cities to Mile City (弥勒市) are available, with connections to Aji Town (阿基乡).

Travel Tips

• Respectful Visit: When visiting the tomb, show respect for the site as it commemorates a martyr’s sacrifice.
• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal times due to mild weather.
• Local Cuisine: Take the opportunity to explore local delicacies in Mile City (弥勒市).
• Cultural Awareness: Be mindful of local customs and practices, especially in historical and memorial contexts.
• Weather Preparedness: Check the weather forecast and dress accordingly, especially if you plan to walk or travel in the area.