Overview of Yangxiongshan Mountain (羊雄山)

Yangxiongshan Mountain (羊雄山) is a prominent peak located in Qiubei County (丘北县), known for its breathtaking landscapes and natural beauty. It rises to an elevation of 2,502 meters, making it the highest peak in the Liuzhao Mountain Range (六诏山脉) within Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山壮族苗族自治州). The mountain is shrouded in pristine forests, with ancient trees towering above.

Scenic Features

The most spectacular aspect of Yangxiongshan is the Yangxiongshan Wind Farm (羊雄山风电场), situated in the Shede Yi Ethnic Township (舍得彝族乡) at an average elevation of 2,300 meters. The wind farm features 66 wind turbines standing majestically on the mountain, harnessing the area’s abundant wind resources. The surrounding landscape includes nearly 100,000 acres of alpine grasslands, making it a picturesque spot with a cool climate.

From the summit of Yangxiongshan, visitors can enjoy stunning views. Looking east, the beautiful pastoral scenery of Puzhehei (普者黑) unfolds, while to the west, the mountain overlooks the Nanpan River (南盘江) and the regions of Mile (弥勒) and Huxi (沪西). The area is often enveloped in mist, creating a paradise for photographers and hikers alike.

Additional Information

Yangxiongshan Mountain is increasingly recognized for its natural beauty and wind energy potential, making it a significant spot for both eco-tourism and renewable energy initiatives.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Buses run from Wenshan City to Qiubei County, with further local transport available to Shede Township.
• By Car: Driving from Wenshan City takes approximately 1.5 hours, with clear signage leading to the mountain area.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for hiking, with mild weather and clear skies.
• Preparation: Bring adequate supplies, including water and snacks, as amenities may be limited on the mountain.
• Respect Nature: Follow local guidelines to protect the natural environment and wildlife.
• Photography: Early mornings or late afternoons provide the best lighting for capturing the mountain’s beauty.

Overview of the Cemetery of Martyrs (文山烈士陵园)

The Cemetery of Martyrs (文山烈士陵园) is located in the Shihuibiao Community (石灰窑社区) of Wolong Street (卧龙街道), Wenshan City (文山市), Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州). Covering a total area of 186 acres, with a green space of 117,000 square meters and a built area of 3,783 square meters, the cemetery serves as a solemn resting place for the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the nation.

Historical Background

• 1986: Construction of the Cemetery of Martyrs began.
• 1988: The cemetery was completed.
• 2016: On August 14, it was approved by the State Council as a national-level martyr memorial facility.

The cemetery is dedicated to the ashes of martyrs who fought against both internal and external enemies since the May Fourth Movement (五四运动), striving for freedom and happiness. It particularly honors those who sacrificed their lives during the Liberation War (解放战争), the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (抗美援朝), and the 1979 Defense War against Vietnam (对越防御作战), with 199 martyrs buried here, including 78 martyrs from the conflict with Vietnam.

Facilities and Features

The cemetery is situated 7 kilometers from the city center and is designed to be a place of remembrance and reflection. Key features include:

• Memorial Monuments: Various monuments dedicated to the martyrs.
• Martyr Graves: A designated area for the graves of the fallen soldiers.
• Exhibition Hall: Divided into two sections:
  • Southern Hall: Displays the history of the Defense War against Vietnam.
  • Northern Hall: Chronicles the revolutionary struggles in Wenshan, featuring 749 images, 74 artifacts, and 50 landscape paintings. The exhibits include 13 thematic displays, such as “The Blood Shed on the Frontier” (《烈血洒边陲》).

The cemetery is adorned with evergreen pines and cypresses, creating a serene environment conducive to remembrance.

Cultural and Historical Significance

In July 2023, the Cemetery of Martyrs was included in the Second Batch of Unmovable Revolutionary Cultural Relics (云南省第二批不可移动革命文物名录) in Yunnan Province, further solidifying its importance in preserving the memory of those who fought for the nation.

How to Get There

The Cemetery of Martyrs is easily accessible:

• By Bus: Local buses run frequently from the city center to Wolong Street.
• By Car: Driving from Wenshan City center takes approximately 15 minutes.

Travel Tips

• Visiting Hours: Check local listings for opening hours, especially around national holidays.
• Best Time to Visit: The cemetery is beautiful year-round, but spring and autumn provide pleasant weather for outdoor visits.
• Respectful Conduct: Visitors should maintain a respectful demeanor as this site honors the sacrifices of many.
• Photography: Be mindful of the solemn nature of the location when taking photographs.

For further details and visitor experiences, online resources and local travel guides may provide valuable insights into the Cemetery of Martyrs and surrounding areas.

Overview of Daxing Temple (大兴寺)

The Daxing Temple (大兴寺), located in Wenshan City (文山城), is a tranquil site of Buddhist cultural significance. Designated as a Yunnan provincial-level cultural heritage protection unit (云南省文物保护单位), the temple is renowned for its serene atmosphere and its role as a spiritual sanctuary for both locals and visitors.

The temple was originally built during the 32nd year of the Wanli Era (万历) of the Ming Dynasty (明朝) in 1604. Initially, it served as the ancestral temple for the Dragon Clan Chieftain (龙土司), and was later rebuilt in the early years of the Kangxi Era (康熙) of the Qing Dynasty (清朝). The reconstruction was sponsored by Feiya, a monk from Mount Wutai (五台山飞涯高僧), who decided to build the temple after admiring the beautiful landscape along the Panlong River (盘龙河).

Historical Background

According to legend, Master Feiya placed a copper coin in the waters of the North Bridge section of the Panlong River (北桥河段). The coin drifted downstream until it reached the waters by Yongji Bridge (永济桥), where it stopped and began spinning on the surface. Recognizing this as an auspicious sign, Feiya decided to convert the Dragon Clan’s ancestral temple (龙土司宗祠) into a Buddhist temple. In 1666, during the 5th year of the Kangxi Era, the temple was rebuilt and named Daxing Temple (大兴寺).

Today, Daxing Temple covers an area of 3,539.6 square meters and faces east, welcoming the sunlight throughout the day. The daily sound of morning bells and evening drums adds to the temple’s peaceful atmosphere, deeply rooted in the lives of Wenshan’s residents. Two towering osmanthus trees (桂树) grace the entrance, their swaying branches offering a picturesque and serene welcome to all who enter.

Architecture and Layout

Upon entering the temple, visitors are greeted by the Heavenly King Hall (天王宝殿), which exudes an overwhelming sense of golden light, with red pillars and brown walls complementing the timeless essence of the Buddhist sanctuary. The right side of the temple courtyard features ancient stone tablets, including a rare tablet from the old Wenyuan Gate (威远门), the former gateway of Wenshan’s ancient city.

Past the Heavenly King Hall, visitors arrive at a spacious central courtyard, surrounded by stone pathways. At the far end stands the Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿), a majestic structure that impresses with its grandeur. The stairs leading to the hall are inscribed with a meaningful couplet:

“All worldly matters are transient, and accumulating virtue leads to lasting rewards;
Life is fleeting, but each step on the path of cultivation is a return to the source.”

世事皆空积善无非图结果，人生浮幻修行一步即为根。

The wisdom embedded in this couplet reveals the profound teachings that visitors can reflect upon as they explore the temple.

Over its 400-year history, Daxing Temple has undergone numerous restorations, including the re-sculpting of 36 golden Buddha statues (36尊菩萨金身). Every first and fifteenth day of the lunar month, the temple is filled with worshippers, with incense smoke rising and light shining, casting a serene glow over the bustling city. The temple stands as a beacon of Buddhist tradition and an architectural gem in the heart of Wenshan City.

Cultural Significance

Daxing Temple serves as a peaceful retreat for residents and visitors alike, offering a glimpse into the spiritual practices of Wenshan’s people. It is not only a place for Buddhist devotees but also an excellent site for tourists to experience the region’s rich history and Buddhist heritage.

As home to the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Buddhist Association (文山壮族苗族自治州佛教协会), established in 2005, the temple plays an important role in guiding local Buddhists in following the tenets of the faith, respecting Buddhist codes, and participating in charitable work.

Attractions

• Heavenly King Hall (天王宝殿)
• Mahavira Hall (大雄宝殿)
• Weituo Hall (韦驮殿)
• East and West Side Halls (东西配殿)
• Ancient stone tablets, including the Wenyuan Gate plaque (威远门石门匾)

Modern Features and Amenities

The temple is surrounded by convenient services, including hospitals, supermarkets, and hotels, making it a comfortable visit for travelers. Several bus routes, such as the 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17, and 37 lines, provide easy access to the temple.

How to Get There

To reach Daxing Temple, visitors can use the following options:

• By Bus: Many city buses, including routes 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17, and 37, pass near the temple. Get off at Kaifa Road (开化中路) or Shuangqiao Garden (双桥花园).
• By Taxi: Taxis are available throughout Wenshan City, and drivers are familiar with the temple’s location at Kaifa Middle Road (开化中路).
• By Foot: If you are in the downtown area, the temple is within walking distance from many central locations.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The temple is open year-round, but it is most lively during Buddhist festivals and the first and fifteenth days of the lunar month.
• Respectful Conduct: Visitors should maintain a quiet and respectful demeanor, especially during prayer times. Photography may be restricted in certain areas, so it is best to ask for permission.
• Dress Code: Modest clothing is encouraged, as the temple is a place of worship. Avoid wearing overly revealing clothes.

For those seeking a spiritual retreat in the heart of the city, Daxing Temple offers a serene and culturally rich environment, perfect for reflection and a deeper understanding of Buddhism in Wenshan (文山佛教文化).

Overview of Dutian Pavilion (都天阁)

The Dutian Pavilion (都天阁) is located within the Guangnan County People’s Hospital (广南县人民医院) in Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县). Named after the statue of Prince Dutian (都天太子) originally enshrined inside, the pavilion holds significant cultural and historical value.

Historical Background

The Dutian Pavilion was constructed in the 24th year of the Jiaqing Era (嘉庆) during the Qing Dynasty (清朝), specifically in 1819. It stands at a height of 9 meters and covers an area of 60 square meters. The pavilion features 24 columns—with 6 interior columns reaching the ceiling—illustrating the sophisticated architectural techniques of its time. The base is made of stone blocks arranged in an equilateral triangle, adorned with carvings of clouds and dragon water patterns (云龙水纹) on the steps, while the beams showcase motifs of qin (琴), chess (棋), calligraphy (书), and painting (画).

Architectural Features

The Dutian Pavilion boasts an elegant and ancient design, reflecting the craftsmanship of its era. The intricate structure is composed of:

• Columns: 24 columns supporting the roof, with 6 interior columns extending to the top.
• Base: Constructed from stone blocks arranged in an equilateral triangular shape, providing a stable foundation.
• Carvings: Decorative patterns of clouds and dragons on the staircase, and cultural symbols of music, games, literature, and art on the beams.

In 2003, the Dutian Pavilion was recognized as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit (省级文物保护单位), highlighting its importance in preserving local history and culture.

Cultural Significance

The pavilion is part of the Wanshou Palace complex (万寿宫) and serves as a testament to the religious and cultural practices of the region during the Qing Dynasty. The enshrinement of Prince Dutian signifies the local reverence for this figure, reflecting the intersection of local customs and historical traditions.

Tourist Information

Location

The Dutian Pavilion is situated inside the Guangnan County People’s Hospital (广南县人民医院).

How to Get There

Visitors can access the Dutian Pavilion by traveling to Guangnan County. Local transportation options include:

• Buses: Take a local bus to the Guangnan County center, then proceed to the People’s Hospital.
• Walking: The pavilion is within walking distance from the bus station in the county center.

Travel Tips

• Visiting Hours: Check in advance for any visitor regulations, as the pavilion is located within a hospital.
• Best Time to Visit: The pavilion can be visited year-round, but it is recommended to go during the cooler months of spring or autumn.
• Respectful Conduct: As the site is part of a hospital, visitors should maintain a respectful demeanor and follow any posted guidelines.
• Photography: Be mindful of taking photographs, especially if there are patients or staff present.

For more detailed information about the Dutian Pavilion and surrounding attractions, consider researching online for visitor reviews and local guides.

Overview of Nongshi Tusi Government Office (侬氏土司衙署)

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office (侬氏土司衙署) is located within the First Elementary School in the city center of Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县城区第一小学). Established during the early Yuan Dynasty, it once housed several offices and official buildings. Covering an area of approximately 60 mu (around 40,000 square meters), it features traditional architectural styles from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The government office’s position and layout reflect its importance as a center of local governance and its architectural grandeur signifies its historical significance.

In 2013, the site was designated as a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit (全国重点文物保护单位), affirming its importance in Chinese history and culture.

Historical Background

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office was originally established during the Yuan Dynasty (1275), with the founding of the Guangnan West Route Pacification Commission (广南西路宣抚司). It developed and flourished during the Yuan and Ming periods but began to decline during the Qing Dynasty. The Nong family held the hereditary tusi position for 673 years, governing the region across 28 generations, from the 12th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1275) until the end of the Republic of China (1948).

In 2020, the Guangnan County Government invested over 11 million yuan to restore and preserve the ancient buildings of the Nongshi Tusi Government Office.

Architectural Layout

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office covers an area of about 60 mu (roughly 40,000 square meters) and faces north to south. It is designed with typical Ming and Qing architectural characteristics. The office complex is built on four levels of stone steps, with a grand gate, a middle gate, and a third gate leading to the inner courtyard. Each level of the office is distinct and functional.

• Grand Gate (大门): At the front of the complex, the Grand Gate is guarded by two stone lions and features a drum pavilion to the left of the entrance. This is where petitioners could beat the drum to submit complaints. There are two rooms designated as prisons for holding criminals.
• Small Office Hall (小衙门殿): The Small Office Hall is one of the best-preserved buildings in the complex. It is built with a hipped roof and beam-lifted wooden structure, standing 9 meters tall, with a width of 14.3 meters and a depth of 21 meters. Supported by 42 large wooden pillars, this building demonstrates the grandeur of the ancient tusi’s government.
• Other Structures: The complex also includes a signing room and temporary office, as well as rooms on the east and west sides serving as study halls and meeting rooms. In the back courtyard, there is a Five Phoenix Tower (五凤楼) and the tusi’s living quarters. Unfortunately, due to historical changes, many of the original structures have been destroyed.

Historical and Cultural Significance

According to historical records, such as the Ming History (明史), Guangnan was known as Temo Road (特磨道) during the Song Dynasty. The tusi position of the Nong family was passed down over generations, with the office gaining prominence over the centuries. At its height, the government office complex was larger than the government office of Guangnan Prefecture during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office is considered a valuable cultural relic, exemplifying Ming and Qing architectural styles. Its historical, artistic, and scientific value is immense, offering a glimpse into the local governance and culture of ancient Guangnan.

Protection and Restoration

• In 1985, the Nongshi Tusi Government Office was declared a county-level cultural relic protection unit by the Guangnan County Government.
• In 2013, it was listed as part of the 7th batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

In 2020, efforts were made to restore and protect the historical complex, with a focus on maintaining its original style and structure.

Tourist Information

Location

The Nongshi Tusi Government Office is located inside the First Elementary School of Guangnan County (广南县城区第一小学), in the heart of Guangnan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州广南县).

Address: 115 Beijie Street, Guangnan County (广南县北街115号)

Main Attractions

• Grand Gate (大门)
• Small Office Hall (小衙门殿)
• Five Phoenix Tower (五凤楼)
• Prison Cells (监狱)

How to Get There

Visitors can take local buses from within Guangnan County. Bus lines 1 and 2 stop at Lianhu Park Station (莲湖公园站), from which the site is easily accessible. For those arriving from outside the county, it is recommended to travel to Guangnan County first by long-distance bus or train from nearby cities in Wenshan Prefecture.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The Nongshi Tusi Government Office can be visited year-round, but it is best to go during the spring or autumn when the weather is mild.
• Cultural Etiquette: As this site is part of a working school campus, visitors should be respectful of the environment and adhere to any visitor guidelines.
• Guided Tours: It is recommended to hire a local guide to gain deeper insight into the history and significance of the site.
• Local Dining: After visiting the government office, tourists can enjoy the local cuisine of Guangnan, including dishes that feature flavors of the Zhuang and Miao ethnic groups.

Explore more information and plan your visit by researching online, where several resources offer detailed descriptions and reviews of the Nongshi Tusi Government Office.

Overview

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan (楚图南故居) is located at No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (文山市上条街11号), within the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山壮族苗族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). It is a specialized museum dedicated to the life and works of Chu Tunan (楚图南), a prominent figure in Chinese social sciences. Covering an area of 480.32 square meters, the site was established to commemorate Chu Tunan’s life and contributions.

Key Information

• Name: Former Residence of Chu Tunan (楚图南故居)
• Location: No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州文山市上条街11号)
• Type: Social Science-themed museum
• Opening Hours: Morning: 9:00 AM – 1:30 PM; Afternoon: 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM (Open year-round)
• Admission: Free
• Established: January 10, 2006
• Building Area: 480.32 m²

Historical Background

The former residence of Chu Tunan was originally constructed during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty (清道光年间). On April 25, 2005, the local government undertook a restoration project, transforming it into a museum. The official establishment of the site took place on January 10, 2006, with further improvements carried out in November 2009. The surrounding area was developed into Chu Tunan Cultural Street (楚图南文化街) and Chu Tunan Cultural Square (楚图南文化广场), integrating his legacy into the local urban fabric.

Layout and Exhibits

Museum Layout

The residence is a two-story traditional courtyard building (四合院), with the main structure facing south. The first floor houses an audio-visual room, as well as exhibits showcasing various production and living tools used by Chu Tunan. There is also a small vegetable garden. The second floor features a temporary exhibition hall, which primarily displays the “Life of Chu Tunan” Exhibition (楚图南生平展). This floor also contains historical artifacts, including Chu’s personal notes, daily items, and a calligraphy hall.

Main Exhibits

The Life of Chu Tunan Exhibition

The core exhibition, titled “The Life of Chu Tunan”, covers an area of 160 square meters and is divided into three main sections:

1. Life Exhibition Hall (楚图南生平展厅)
2. Artifacts Exhibition Hall (实物展厅)
3. Calligraphy Exhibition Hall (书法展厅)

The exhibition presents a collection of photos, documents, and personal artifacts, vividly portraying Chu Tunan’s illustrious life and accomplishments. Visitors can appreciate his role as a scholar, educator, and politician through the display of his writings, historical documents, and personal effects.

Architectural Features

The Chu Tunan Former Residence is a typical example of Qing Dynasty residential architecture (清代民居建筑风格). The building features a hard-gable roof (硬山顶) and post-and-beam timber construction (穿斗式土木结构). The courtyard is enclosed by a high wall with an intricately designed main gate (带暗销的大门), which separates it from the busy street outside. The residence maintains a simple yet elegant aesthetic, using materials such as earth, wood, tiles, and lime in natural tones, with minimal decorative elements.

Notable Artifacts

The museum’s collection of over 100 artifacts (截至2012年12月，故居藏品共计100件) includes items donated to the museum and is protected under a surveillance and management system.

Honors and Recognition

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan has been recognized as a Provincial Patriotic Education Base (云南省省级爱国主义教育基地), acknowledging its importance as a cultural and historical site.

Chu Tunan: A Life of Scholarship and Service

Biography of Chu Tunan

Chu Tunan (1899—1994) was born in Wenshan County (文山县), Yunnan Province. He pursued higher education at Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学) and later became a professor at institutions such as Jinan University, Yunnan University, and the Shanghai Law College. During his career, he held numerous prominent positions, including Chairman of the Foreign Cultural Association, Acting Chairman of the Democratic League, and Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.

Chu was not only an influential political figure but also a distinguished writer, translator, and calligrapher. His works include essays, poetry, and translations of foreign literature, such as Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass” (《草叶集选》) and Nekrasov’s long poem “Who is Happy in Russia?” (《在俄罗斯谁能快乐自由》).

Chu’s calligraphy, highly regarded for its elegance and classical style, was deeply inspired by traditional aesthetics, embodying a moral philosophy in both form and content. His famous verse, “First comes strength and grace, only then does the ink carry fragrance” (先有风骨俊，始能翰墨香), reflects his belief in the importance of character and integrity in art.

Publications and Literary Contributions

• “Essays on Battle Drums” (《刁斗集》)
• “Essays on Warfare” (《荷戈集》)
• Translations: Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass”, Wilbur’s “Greek Myths and Legends”, Nekrasov’s “Who is Happy in Russia?”

Institutional Setup and Services

The Chu Tunan Former Residence operates as a state-owned institution, funded by government allocations. It employs a small staff of five people (two male, three female) and provides guided tours to visitors. The site receives an average of 21,034 visitors annually.

Visitor Information

Location

The Former Residence of Chu Tunan is located at:

• No. 11 Shangtiao Street, Wenshan City (文山市上条街11号)
• Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province (云南省文山壮族苗族自治州)

Opening Hours

• Morning: 9:00 AM – 1:30 PM
• Afternoon: 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM
• Open year-round

Admission

• Free entry

How to Get There

From the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Government, take Hualong North Road (华龙北路), then follow Phoenix Road (凤凰路), continue on Wenxin Road (文新路), and proceed via Puyang West Road (普阳西路) and Kaifa Middle Road (开化中路) to reach the residence.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during the morning to avoid crowds and have ample time to explore the exhibitions.
• Nearby Attractions: Combine your visit with nearby cultural sites like the Wenshan Cultural Square or Phoenix Park for a deeper experience of Wenshan’s history.
• Language Support: English guides may not be available, so it’s recommended to have a translation app or guidebook handy.

Overview

Xilongshan Nature Reserve (西隆山自然保护区) is located in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province. The reserve spans an area of 12 square kilometers with an elevation reaching 3,074 meters. It is a national-level nature reserve, renowned for its well-preserved forest ecosystems and rich biodiversity.

Location

• Chinese Name: 西隆山自然保护区
• English Name: Xilongshan Nature Reserve
• Location: Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
• Area: 12 square kilometers
• Elevation: 3,074 meters
• Type: Nature Reserve

Geography and Climate

Xilongshan Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of Zhemi Township (者米乡), Jinping County, near the northwestern border of Vietnam’s Lai Chau Province (越南莱州). This cross-border forest area is marked by its rugged mountain ridges, making it a unique ecological zone. The region boasts an average annual temperature of approximately 15°C, providing an ideal environment for the preservation of its rich flora and fauna. The landscape of Xilongshan is characterized by towering peaks, lush forests, and deep valleys, forming a scenic and ecologically significant part of southern Yunnan.

Biodiversity

Flora

Xilongshan Nature Reserve is home to over 1,000 species of plants, including many rare and valuable species:

• Qingfeng Tree (青枫树)
• Shuangshan Fern (双扇蕨)
• Huangxin Tree (黄心树)
• Teng Tiao (藤条)
• Hui Bamboo (灰竹)

These species contribute to the rich ecological diversity and are crucial for both conservation efforts and scientific research in the region.

Fauna

The reserve is a sanctuary for a variety of rare and endangered animal species, making it a critical part of China’s genetic bank of wildlife. Some notable species include:

• Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (金丝猴)
• Slow Loris (懒猴)
• Gibbons (长臂猿)
• Brown Bear (棕熊)
• Black Bear (黑熊)
• Pangolin (穿山甲)
• Python (蟒蛇)
• Wild Elephants (野象) (although they last roamed the area more than 50 years ago)

In addition to these animals, the reserve also hosts a wide array of medicinal plants and other natural products, such as:

• Sanqi (野三七)
• Eucommia (杜仲)
• Chonglou (重楼)
• Cardamom (砂仁)
• Turtles (山乌龟)
• Shiitake Mushrooms (香菌)
• Black Fungus (木耳)

These plants and products are not only important for local economies but also contribute to traditional Chinese medicine practices.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Before the establishment of the nature reserve, the Kucong people (苦聪人), a subgroup of the Lahu ethnic group (拉祜族), lived for generations in the vast expanse of Xilongshan’s virgin forests. They maintained a simple, sustainable lifestyle in harmony with nature. Their deep connection to the land adds cultural and historical depth to the area’s natural beauty.

Establishment of the Nature Reserve

In 1958, Xilongshan was officially declared a provincial-level nature reserve in Yunnan. This marked the beginning of formal conservation efforts to protect its ecological treasures, making it one of the earliest designated natural conservation areas in the region. Today, the reserve plays a key role in protecting the unique ecosystems of southern Yunnan.

How to Get There

By Car

From Jinping County Town (金平县城), it takes about 1-2 hours to drive to the Xilongshan Nature Reserve. The route passes through scenic countryside and mountainous terrain, offering picturesque views along the way.

By Public Transport

Visitors can take a bus from the Jinping County Bus Station (金平客运站) to Zhemi Township (者米乡), where local transport options are available to reach the nature reserve. However, it is recommended to hire a guide or driver as public transport may not cover the last leg of the journey to the reserve.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Xilongshan is from March to May and September to November, when the weather is pleasant, and the forest is at its most beautiful. Summers can be hot and humid, while winters are cold but manageable.
2. Guides: Hiring a local guide is highly recommended for exploring the reserve. They are knowledgeable about the flora and fauna, as well as the best trails and scenic spots.
3. What to Bring: Be sure to pack essentials like water, snacks, sturdy shoes, and rain gear as the weather can change quickly in the mountains. Insect repellent is also advisable due to the dense forest areas.
4. Conservation Rules: As Xilongshan is a protected nature reserve, it is important to follow conservation guidelines. Do not disturb wildlife, pick plants, or leave behind any litter.

Xilongshan Nature Reserve offers a rare opportunity to immerse oneself in the untouched wilderness of southern Yunnan. Its rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes make it a perfect destination for nature lovers, eco-tourists, and adventure seekers alike.

Overview

Chinese Name: 孤山洞遗址 (Gushandong Yizhi)
Location: Northeast of Hekou Yao Autonomous County (河口瑶族自治县), approximately 60 kilometers from Qiaotou Grain Depot (桥头粮管所)
Protection Level: Cultural Relic Protection Unit (文物保护单位)
Era: Paleolithic Era (旧石器时代)
Unearthed Artifacts: Chipped stone tools, fossils of the Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger (东方剑齿象), Chinese Rhinoceros (中国犀牛), deer (鹿), and rodents (鼠)

Site Description

The Gushandong site is a significant Paleolithic cave located in the lush environment of Hekou Yao Autonomous County. The cave opens to the northeast and features a height of 2.6 meters and a depth of 6 meters, forming a circular shape. A natural stone pillar supports the smooth ceiling, and the activity area spans about 10 square meters. A clear river flows nearby, enhancing the site’s natural beauty.

Archaeological Discoveries

In 1980, excavations revealed artifacts and fossils dating back approximately 30,000 years, including chipped stone tools and mammal remains. The site was officially recognized as a cultural relic protection unit in 1984. Significant discoveries continued in 1982, including ivory fossils of the Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger. Workers unearthed scrapers made from diorite and a bone needle, demonstrating early tool-making techniques. Additional fossils from the Upper Paleolithic period (晚更新世) included those of the Chinese Rhinoceros, Eastern Saber-toothed Tiger, deer, and rodents, dating back around 35,000 years.

Historical Significance

The Gushandong Paleolithic Site provides valuable insights into ancient human life and their environment in the Honghe region. It is a crucial archaeological resource for studying the cultural and historical development of early humans.

Online Resources

For more information about the Gushandong Paleolithic Site and attractions in Hekou, visit:

• Honghe Tourism Official Site (红河旅游官网)
• Yunnan Provincial Government Site (云南省政府网站)

How to Get There

Transportation Options

• By Bus: Regular buses connect major cities, including Kunming (昆明), to Hekou. Local transport is available to reach the site.
• By Car: Driving from Kunming to Hekou via G320 National Highway (G320国道) offers picturesque views along the way.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal visiting period is from October (10月) to April (4月) when weather conditions are more favorable.
• Nearby Attractions: Explore local markets and other historical sites in Hekou.
• Respect the Site: As a significant archaeological location, visitors should follow preservation guidelines to protect the site.

The Gushandong Paleolithic Site stands as a remarkable testament to early human history and a vital resource for archaeological studies in the region.

Overview

Chinese Name: 河口县海关旧址 (Hekou Xian Haiguan Jiu Zhi)
Location: No. 5, Renmin Road (人民路5号), Hekou Yao Autonomous County (河口瑶族自治县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), China

The Site of the Former Customs in Hekou is located in the southeastern part of Hekou County (河口县) and is approximately 50 meters from the China-Vietnam Railway Bridge (中越铁路大桥). This historic site features a French-style building that was established in the 23rd year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十三年, 1897). It is one of the best-preserved examples of French architecture in the Hekou region and serves as a valuable resource for studying modern history and customs history in Hekou.

In 1998, the site was designated as a provincial-level cultural relic protection unit. In 2001, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命) and the 93rd anniversary of the Hekou Uprising (河口起义), the site underwent renovations and was converted into the Hekou Uprising Memorial Hall (河口起义纪念馆), becoming an important venue for patriotic education in Hekou County.

Architectural Significance

The architectural style of the Former Customs site is unique, showcasing the elegance and solemnity of French architecture. Features include a flat roof, brick-concrete structure, and an “L”-shaped corridor, all contributing to its distinctive aesthetic. Upon entering the site, visitors feel as if they are transported back in time to an era rich in historical significance.

Historical and Cultural Importance

Beyond its architectural value, the Former Customs site holds significant historical and cultural importance. It has witnessed the historical changes in the Hekou area and stands as a testament to the friendly exchanges between the people of China and Vietnam (中国和越南). It is a rare and precious treasure of Hekou.

In the 13th year of the Guangxu era (光绪十三年, 1887), customs were established in Hekou to manage affairs related to Vietnam (越南). The customs office consisted of five brick and wood structures with red tile roofs, covering an area of 1,127 square meters, making it one of the earlier customs buildings in the region. In 1998, it was officially recognized as a cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province.

How to Get There

Transportation Options

• By Bus: Public buses run regularly from major cities, including Kunming (昆明), to Hekou. Once in Hekou, local buses or taxis can take you to the Former Customs site.
• By Car: You can drive from Kunming to Hekou via G320 National Highway (G320国道), enjoying the scenic views along the way.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit is from October (10月) to April (4月), when the weather is more pleasant for sightseeing.
• Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to explore other historical sites in Hekou, including local markets and the China-Vietnam Railway Bridge.
• Respect the Heritage: Be mindful of the site’s historical significance and avoid any actions that could damage the building.

Overview

Chinese Name: 河口邮政局旧址 (Hekou Youzhengju Jiu Zhi)
Location: Erbao, Hekou Ancient Street (二堡, 河口明清古街), Hekou Yao Autonomous County (河口瑶族自治县), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省), China

The Site of the Former Post Office in Hekou is a century-old building marked by two stone plaques inscribed with “邮政局” (Post Office) and “电报局” (Telegraph Office) in traditional Chinese characters. These plaques, though weathered, reflect the historical significance of this site, which is the only remaining post and telegraph office from the Qing Dynasty (清朝) in Jiangxi Province (江西省), having stood for nearly 120 years.

Historical Significance

Early Postal Services

In the Ming (明) and Qing (清) dynasties, Qianshan (铅山) had four relay stations (驿站), dozens of relay soldiers (驿兵), and several relay horses (驿马). The four relay stations included:

• Ehu Station (鹅湖驿)
• Zixi Station (紫溪驿)
• Chepan Station (车盘驿)
• Yunji Station (云霁驿)

Qianshan also established 16 postal relay offices (递铺), primarily serving military and governmental correspondence. These relay offices continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. In the 22nd year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十二年, 1896), with the establishment of the Qing Postal Service (大清邮政), they gradually ceased operations.

Establishment of Hekou Post Office

The first post office in Hekou was established in the 27th year of the Guangxu era (光绪二十七年, 1904), almost 120 years ago. Prior to this, in the 14th year of the Guangxu era (光绪十四年, 1888), the Senchang Civilian Postal Bureau (森昌民信局) in Nanchang (南昌) had set up two branches in Hekou. These branches handled civilian mail and provided services for the government until they were abolished in the early Republic of China (民国) period.

Initially, the Hekou Post Office was classified as a third-class office (三等局) under the dual management of the Jiujiang Postal General Office (九江邮政总局) and the Jiangxi Provincial Postal Bureau (江西省邮政局). In the 30th year of the Guangxu era (光绪三十年, 1907), the Qianshan Postal Agency (铅山邮政代办所) was established in Yongping Town (永平镇) under the Hekou Post Office.

Upgrades and Development

In the 6th year of the Republic of China (民国六年, 1917), the Hekou Post Office was upgraded to a second-class office (二等局), and the Qianshan Postal Agency also elevated to a third-class post office. Under these two offices were eight postal agencies:

• Yangcun (杨村)
• Chenfang (陈坊)
• Shitang (石塘)
• Shixi (石溪)
• Ehu (鹅湖)
• Zixi (紫溪)
• Chepan (车盘)
• Gangdong (港东)

The Hekou Post Office eventually managed several postal agencies from neighboring towns.

Telecommunications Development

As communication technology advanced, telegraphy emerged. In the 32nd year of the Guangxu era (光绪三十二年, 1909), a telegraph branch was established in Hekou. This branch was upgraded to a telegraph office in the 7th year of the Republic of China (民国七年, 1918), located within the Hekou Post Office. This explains the presence of two plaques on the building.

Before the War of Resistance (抗战), the Hekou Telegraph Office expanded its service routes and began offering long-distance telephone services in the 19th year of the Republic of China (民国十九年, 1930).

How to Get There

Transportation Options

• By Bus: Buses are available from major cities like Kunming (昆明) to Hekou (河口). Upon arrival, taxis and local transport can take you to the Old Post Office site.
• By Car: Driving from Kunming (昆明) to Hekou (河口) via G320 National Highway (G320国道) offers scenic views.

Travel Tips

• Best Time to Visit: The optimal visiting period is from October (10月) to April (4月) when the weather is pleasant.
• Explore Nearby Attractions: Take the opportunity to visit other historical sites in Hekou, including local markets and cultural spots.
• Respect the Heritage: Be mindful of the historical significance of the site and avoid actions that could damage the building.

Overview

The Ancient Fort Site (古炮台遗址) is located in Hekou County (河口县), within the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州) of Yunnan Province (云南省). This historical site, established during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (清光绪年间) between 1857 and 1908, spans an area of 1,000 square meters. The fort features a cylindrical, two-story reinforced concrete structure that stands 11 meters tall and has a diameter of 12.5 meters. It includes three gun emplacements facing different directions and three observation windows on the upper level. The lower level contains a basement measuring 4 meters long, 3 meters wide, and over 1 meter deep. Two iron cannons and one bronze cannon, originally cast in Britain, are preserved at the county’s cultural relic management office.

Historical Significance

The fort site is situated on Paotai Mountain (炮台山) in the southeastern corner of Hekou County, directly across the river from Vietnam. The fort, originally constructed in 1886, has a rich history of over a century, serving as a military stronghold built by the Chinese people in their struggle against invasion. Its fortress-like structure is approximately 12 meters tall, divided into upper and lower levels, and features an elliptical base with walls 0.8 meters thick, constructed from Western cement.

The fort originally housed gun emplacements and an ammunition depot, utilizing iron cannons marked with English inscriptions, classified as national cultural relics of Grade III by experts. It played a significant role in historical events such as the Anti-French and Anti-Japanese wars, as well as the Hekou Uprising (河口起义) led by Sun Yat-sen (孙中山), contributing to its reputation as a symbol of resistance.

Although the fort’s structure was damaged after liberation for various reasons, the base and several ancient iron cannons remain intact. Due to its historical importance and cultural relic protection value, the site was designated a provincial cultural relic protection unit in 1991. Currently, several cannons are displayed in the state museum, with one exhibited at the Hekou Uprising Memorial Museum (河口起义纪念馆).

Location and Accessibility

• Location: On Paotai Mountain (炮台山) in the southeastern corner of Hekou County, Yunnan Province, China.
• Opening Hours: Open all day.
• Admission Fee: Free.

How to Get There

1. By Train: Hekou is located over 400 kilometers from Kunming (昆明). There are direct trains from Kunming North Railway Station (昆明火车北站) to Hekou and Hanoi (越南河内). Travelers can take the 633 tourist train from Kunming North Station, which takes about 17 hours.
2. By Bus:
   • Sleeper buses take about 10-12 hours, with ticket prices ranging from 70 to 90 yuan.
   • The bus fare from Kunming to Hekou is approximately 85 yuan for a fast air-conditioned bus, 45 yuan for a minibus, and 60 yuan for a sleeper bus, with travel times varying between 10 to 14 hours.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to explore the fort is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) when the weather is pleasant.
2. Cultural Respect: As a historical site, visitors should maintain a respectful demeanor, particularly when observing local customs and traditions.
3. Photography: While taking photos, be mindful of other visitors and avoid capturing images of individuals without permission, especially locals in traditional attire.
4. Safety Precautions: Ensure you stay on designated paths while exploring the site, and be cautious when climbing areas with uneven terrain.
5. Local Cuisine: Take the opportunity to enjoy local Yunnan dishes in nearby eateries, as the region is known for its diverse culinary offerings.
6. Weather Considerations: Check the weather forecast before your visit and dress accordingly. Bring water and snacks for the journey, especially if traveling by bus or train.
7. Language: Basic Mandarin knowledge can be helpful, as English may not be widely spoken in rural areas.

Overview

Lingbao Temple (灵宝禅寺) is located approximately 3.5 kilometers southeast of Pingbian County (屏边县) in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州), Yunnan Province (云南省). The temple is oriented in a north-south direction, nestled against the primitive forest of Dawa Mountain (大围山) at its back. In front of the temple lies a volcanic lake (火山湖), while to its left is the volcanic crater (火山口). Surrounded by mountains and water, Lingbao Temple is enveloped in lush vegetation, providing a serene and picturesque environment for worshippers and visitors alike.

Scenic Features

The temple is renowned for its tranquil setting, which offers a solemn, peaceful, and beautiful atmosphere for spiritual activities. The rich greenery and shaded trees enhance the serene ambiance, making it an ideal location for meditation and reflection. The combination of natural beauty and spiritual significance attracts both local and visiting devotees seeking solace and enlightenment.

Architectural Highlights

While specific architectural details about Lingbao Temple are limited, temples in the region often showcase traditional Chinese design elements, including ornate roof structures, intricately carved wooden pillars, and stunning altars adorned with statues of Buddha and various deities. Visitors can typically expect to see:

• Main Hall: The central area for worship, usually housing a large statue of Buddha.
• Pagoda: A structure that may serve various purposes, often including storage of scriptures or relics.
• Gardens: Well-maintained gardens that complement the spiritual environment and provide areas for contemplation.

Cultural Significance

Lingbao Temple serves not only as a place of worship but also as a cultural landmark in Pingbian County. It represents the local community’s commitment to preserving Buddhist traditions and values. Events and festivals often take place at the temple, fostering community spirit and cultural exchange.

How to Get There

• By Bus: Frequent buses operate from Kunming (昆明) to Pingbian County. The journey typically takes around 6-7 hours. Upon arrival in Pingbian, local transportation options are available to reach Lingbao Temple.
• Local Transport: Taxis and local minibuses can be hired from Pingbian County to the temple, making it accessible for visitors.
• Private Car: Renting a car is an excellent option for those who wish to explore the surrounding natural beauty at their own pace. The drive to the temple offers scenic views of the lush landscape.

Travel Tips

1. Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during the spring (March to May) or autumn (September to November) for the most pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
2. Dress Code: As Lingbao Temple is a place of worship, visitors are encouraged to dress modestly and respectfully. Comfortable footwear is also advisable for exploring the temple grounds.
3. Cultural Etiquette: Be respectful of local customs and traditions while visiting. Observing rituals and ceremonies quietly enhances the spiritual experience.
4. Photography: While capturing the beauty of the temple and its surroundings, be sure to ask for permission before photographing worshippers or monks.
5. Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local Yunnanese dishes available at nearby eateries. The region is known for its diverse and flavorful cuisine.
6. Stay Hydrated: Bring water with you, especially if you plan to walk around the temple grounds or explore the surrounding areas.
7. Language: Basic knowledge of Mandarin can be helpful, but many locals may also understand some English.
8. Environment Awareness: Help maintain the natural beauty of the area by following eco-friendly practices, such as carrying out any trash you bring in and respecting wildlife.